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Managing workplace risk: how gutter guards can help prevent falls from height

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WORKING AT HEIGHTS + A Blue Mountain Mesh Information Guide + + 2013

THE SAFE SOLUTION FOR AVOIDING INJURIES AT WORK

Falls from height remain one of the most common causes of work-related fatalities and injuries in Australia, leading to the deaths of 140 Australian workers between 2003-2009. That’s an average of 20 deaths per year, with thousands more hospitalised due to ladder-related falls and injuries (Safe Work Australia 2009). Faced with this grim statistic, business and commercial property owners are being compelled to do more to manage the risks associated with maintaining their properties.

One of the key areas for maintenance on a property is the roof and gutters, which involves one of the most common work at height tasks – gutter cleaning and maintenance. While property owners may be tempted to ignore gutter maintenance due to the risks involved, avoiding the task altogether is no solution either – with many problems arising from leaving gutters unmaintained.

+ One of the key areas of maintenance of a commercial property is the roof and guttering system.

+ Blocked gutters can lead to flooding, causing extensive damage to roof and ceiling areas, walls and floors.

+ Gutter cleaning can be a dangerous task, with workers exposed to high-risk scenarios, working at height in difficult conditions.

+ Commercial property owners and employers have a duty of care to provide a safe workplace by eliminating or reducing workplace hazards, such as working on ladders to clean gutters.

+ Installing a high quality gutter protection system like Blue Mountain Mesh can deliver many significant improvements in safe work practices, eliminating or reducing the need to work at height.

Photo : NEIL CHAMPION, Nov 2010

A build-up of leaves and other debris in gutters can cause serious issues with a property, including an increased risk of flooding, pest and vermin infestation. Unprotected gutters also require more frequent cleaning, which just increases the risks to health and safety associated from working at height from roofs and ladders.

A recognised way to prevent blocked gutters, and effectively manage these environmental and safety issues, is to install a gutter guard. This paper will look at:

+ Why gutter cleaning can be a risky business.

+ The common problems with gutters and how gutter protection works.

+ How gutter guards can deliver significant improvements in safe work practices.

+ Why Blue Mountain Mesh provides superior protection to other gutter guard systems.



WHICH TYPE OF PROPERTY OWNER ARE YOU? When it comes to gutter maintenance and cleaning, which type of property owner are you:

Owner ‘A’:

Gutters are ‘out of sight and out of mind’. Content to do minimal maintenance. If something goes wrong, it’ll be dealt with then.

Owner ‘B’:

Gutter cleaning gets done as part of routine maintenance, something to be ticked off as quickly and cost-effectively as possible, usually done in-house.

Owner ‘C’:

Working from the roof or up a ladder? Definitely leave it to the professionals. It costs more but it’s worth outsourcing due to the risks involved.

While Owner A and B may think they’ve reached a reasonable short-term solution, significant injuries can result if gutter cleaning is undertaken in an unsafe manner – with devastating results for the workers who are injured and expensive claims for the businesses involved.

Owner C has opted for a conservative approach, which works very well from a risk management perspective but it can be costly

outsourcing regular cleaning all the time – particularly in leafy areas.

However, even outsourcing to contractors (just like using untrained staff) is not risk-free, as these owners and businesses have found out:

UNSAFE WORK PRACTICES MAKE GUTTER CLEANING RISKY BUSINESSMan plunges to his death while cleaning gutters at Auchenflower 15 June 2011

“A man cleaning gutters on a house in Brisbane’s inner-west has fallen off the roof and died.

A police spokesman said the 52-year-old man had been sub-contracted to clean the gutters on the house in Torwood St, Auchenflower. It is believed he lost his footing and fell up to 5 metres about midday Tuesday.

A report is being prepared for the coroner. Workplace Health and Safety is investigating.” (The Courier-Mail)

Apprentice cleaning gutters injured in fall from roof20 January 2012

“When he started work, the apprentice plumber was shown how to use the equipment in the plumbing van to clean drains and gutters. After three weeks of demonstration, he was expected to do the work unsupervised.

On 28 November 2007, the apprentice was sent to premises where gutters needed cleaning, although he had not yet covered this work in his TAFE course. He climbed onto the roof and started scooping leaves and dirt from the gutters into a bucket. However, he fell from the roof (about 3m) head first onto a concrete path. He fractured his skull, right wrist and cheek bone, dislocated his knee and bruised his face, head and arms. He was off work for three months and, when he returned, was made redundant. He was not able to continue his plumbing apprenticeship.

The employer was charged with breach of s19(1) of the SA Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare Act 1986, namely, with a failure to provide and maintain a safe system of work for cleaning gutters. The employer was convicted and fined $53,000.” (Workplace OHS 2012)

Man electrocuted in cherry picker 14 July 2011

“A MAN has died and another has life-threatening injuries after their cherry picker struck overhead powerlines and caught fire in Melbourne. The plumbers were doing routine maintenance work on the roof of an adjoining building in Spotswood when the picker hit the powerlines.

Police Sergeant Bob Stanwick … said it was a shocking scene. “When I arrived I noticed that two men were hanging suspended beneath the power lines, both well alight,” Sgt Stanwick told reporters.

Nearby workers heard a big bang and paramedic Matt Culka said a number of people were distressed and had to be supported by emergency services workers at the scene. “It was very distressing to passers-by who witnessed this happen as well as the emergency service workers to see young men at work in their prime to sustain such significant injuries,” Mr Culka said.

Sgt Stanwick said the cherry picker had been hired and he did not know if it had a ‘dead man switch’. “It appears to me they may not have seen how close they were to the actual power line,” he said. He said police believed the two men were using a remote control to raise the cherry picker.

WorkSafe general manager for operations Lisa Sturzenegger, said while the investigation was at an early stage, the incident was a reminder of the dangers associated with working near powerlines.

“Understanding ‘no go zones’ when working near power lines is essential and strict procedures must be implemented,” she said. (news.com.au 2011)



IGNORING GUTTERS IS NO SAFETY NET With all the risks involved, it seems that some commercial property owners may be tempted to ignore gutter maintenance because of the access difficulties and mess. This is a high risk strategy when it comes to protecting the value of any commercial asset. Despite the dangers, gutter cleaning and maintenance is still not an issue that can be ignored, with several compelling reasons why. To understand these reasons, it’s necessary to understand the function of gutters and their role in protecting your property.

HOW GUTTERS PROTECT YOUR PROPERTY

Risks of leaving gutters unprotected:1. Blockages leading to flooding

of eaves from gutters

2. Pest and vermin infestation

3. Heavy fuel loads in gutters contributing to spread of fire

4. Unsafe work practices cleaning out blocked gutters

While each building is different, all are at risk from water damage. From a minor leak to violently destructive winds or storms, any unwanted water intrusion can significantly impact the value of a commercial property. Protecting the roofs, walls, windows and other components of ‘the envelope’ is essential to reducing the likelihood of water damage.

The main function of a gutter is to remove or transport water away from the roof – either into a drainpipe or water collection and storage system. A gutter does a good job of removing this water, so long as it is properly maintained. Blockages are common and gutters require ongoing maintenance to ensure they can function properly.

Every year, fallen leaves, branches, dirt and debris gets washed off roofs into gutters. This can build up at an alarming rate and can cause damage to the guttering itself or to your property. Left unchecked, debris can clog gutters and prevent water from entering the downpipes. As a result, gutters can overflow and flood the roof cavity, causing extensive damage to roofs, walls, flooring and structural problems at the building’s footings, leading to expensive (and avoidable) insurance claims or repairs.

Guttering also tends to be a haven for pests, including birds, possums and insects, who use gutters as their home and breeding ground. The wetter the climate, the more likely that moss and other build up will occur.

COMMON PROBLEMS WITH BLOCKED GUTTERS Common problems with litter and debris build up in gutters include:

+ Frequent blockages leading to overflow flooding at times of heavy rainfall and storms (see BMM Information Guide – Storm Damage Protection)

+ Reduced water harvest yields (both quantity and quality) at properties where water harvest is desirable.

+ Pest intrusion, with snakes, possums, rats and birds getting access to roof cavities; nesting and breeding in pooled water (mosquitoes); and causing blocked gutters (which in turn cause overflow flooding) (see BMM Information Guide – Pest Control).

+ Over the longer term leaf litter, debris and trapped water may increase corrosion in gutters, requiring early replacement.

+ Increased risk of spread of fire as a result of ember attack in bushfire-prone areas (see BMM Information Guides – Bushfire Building Compliance or Ember Attack Protection).

While each building is different, all are at risk from water damage. From a minor leak to violently destructive winds or storms, any unwanted water intrusion can significantly impact the value of a commercial property. Protecting the roofs, walls, windows and other components of ‘the envelope’ is essential to reducing the likelihood of water damage.



All major insurance companies warn property owners not to be complacent with gutter cleaning, as it keeps gutters clear of debris and is vital to prevent water and other damage to buildings. Regular cleaning may be sufficient to prevent many of these common problems; however, despite the best intentions, even regular cleaning programs have inherent risks and can fail. A significant storm event or even a few days of windy weather can deposit significant debris onto the roof and gutter, causing blockages. If followed by heavy rain, enormous amounts of water can back up onto the roof, run down behind sidings and flashings, and penetrate to interior walls.

HOW GUTTER PROTECTION WORKSA gutter guard (also known as gutter mesh) provides a long term solution to solve this problem by preventing debris from entering the gutter in the first place. There are various types of gutter protection systems on the market today.

Over-the-gutter systems that form a physical barrier to prevent leaves and debris from entering gutters offer a long term solution to minimise the risk of gutters flooding. Typically constructed using either steel or aluminium mesh, this form of gutter protection ensures year round low-maintenance protection.

The ski-slope design ensures that leaves and debris are blown off the roof through wind action whilst water is drawn through the mesh into the gutter. This form of gutter protection is highly superior to other in-gutter systems (e.g. gutter coils, foam or brushes) which don’t stop debris from entering the gutter and can lead to a myriad of other problems (clogging, dislodging and risk of falls from DIY installation and need for more regular cleaning and maintenance).

Photo : 1. NEIL CHAMPION, Nov 2010; 2. BRIAN SNELSON, Jul 2006; 3. 500PX, Nov 2011; 4. JAMES GATHANY, CDC, Feb 2006; 5. TED GARVIN, Dec 2007; 6. TEMPORALATA, Nov 2010

What’s lurking in your gutter?

+ Grass and plants growing in gutters and stopping water flow

+ Moss build up

+ Gutter blocked with leaves and debris

+ Pests including possums and birds making nests

Sometimes you can’t see the problem from the ground; and you won’t always notice the overflow until damage is done.

PLANTS AND OTHER PESTS COMMONLY FOUND IN GUTTERS1 4

6

5

2

3

Diagram of ski-slope / Over the gutter design



HOW A GUTTER GUARD PROVIDES A SAFE SOLUTION TO GUTTER MAINTENANCE

Working at height: accidents waiting to happen

The first step in examining how gutter guards can help is to acknowledge the inherent risks involved in gutter maintenance in the first place. There’s no denying that cleaning out gutters is a dangerous task, with falls from ladders, roofs, scaffolding and elevated work platforms (i.e. a cherry picker or boom lift) a significant cause of severe injuries and even death among workers.

Of the 18 worker fatalities as a result of falls from height that occurred between 2009-10 (Safe Work Australia 2011):

+ 4 workers died falling from elevated work platforms

+ 4 workers died falling from roofs or a building

+ 2 workers died falling from scaffolding or planking

+ 2 workers died falling from ladders

+ Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011

+ Part 4.4, section 78 of the Regulation states: – “the person conducting the business or undertaking must manage risks to health and safety associated with falls from one level to another that is reasonably likely to cause an injury”

+ (Workplace Health and Safety Queensland 2013)

Remove the need to access heights

Many of the risks relating to employees, tenants and contractors undertaking gutter maintenance on commercial sites can be removed altogether by getting rid of the need to work at height in the first place.

The law requires, through the Work Health and Safety Act 2011, that any person conducting a business or undertaking must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the health and safety of other persons is not put at risk from work carried out as part of the conduct of the business or undertaking.

There are a number of ways to control the risks of falls. The Workplace Health and Safety Regulations require duty holders to work through a ‘hierarchy of control’ measures to choose the control/s that most effectively eliminates or minimises the risk in the circumstances.

Photo : NEIL CHAMPION, Dec 2010

Furthermore, several studies published by leading accident research centres have tracked the incidence of ladder-related falls as a major cause of product-related (ladders) hospital-treated and fatal injury in Australia.

One study by Monash University’s Accident Research Centre examined the relationship between slips, trips and falls and the design and construction of buildings concluded that falls from ladders were a significant cause of more severe injuries. The study also noted that older people (45 years+) were more vulnerable. The report makes a number of recommendations to prevent injuries and fatalities from falls in and from buildings including removing the need to access heights and providing features such as hinged gutters and gutter guards to reduce the risks of a fall from heights injury (Monash University 2008).



The first control measure asks: Can the need to work at height be avoided to eliminate the risk of a fall?

No gutter guard system is maintenance free; however, installing gutter guards greatly reduces the number of times you’ll need to access the roof and gutter for cleaning and maintenance – reducing your exposure to unsafe acts and ‘at height’ falls at the same time.

Reduce the maintenance burden

Installing gutter guards can greatly reduce the maintenance activity spent on the roof and gutter (in terms of time spent and cost of cleaning) and eliminate the need to work at height several times a year to clear blocked gutters. This means that those property owners who would normally undertake gutter cleaning in-house in an attempt to save on routine maintenance work will more likely be able justify the cost of outsourcing this job to a professional. It’s a position recommended by UK Insurance company, AVIVA:

HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

Apply the highest level of control commensurate with the risk level - lower value controls may be used in the

interim until long-term controls are implemented.

ELIMINATION

SUBSTITUTION

ENGINEERING

ADMINISTRATIVE

BEHAVIOUR

PPE

INCREASING EFFECTIVENESS

AND SUSTAINABILITY

INCREASING PARTICIPATION

AND SUPERVISION NEEDED

“Gutter cleaning may seem like routine maintenance work, but working at height continues to be a major cause of death and injury at work. Businesses must not become complacent and should consider outsourcing jobs such as gutter cleaning wherever possible. Carrying out the work in-house can be a false economy. If there is an accident, businesses will be subject to an investigation… and could face prosecution and, if found guilty, heavy fines.” (Aviva 2010)

Furthermore, eliminating or reducing unsafe acts will inevitably lead to reduced workplace injury and so result in lower workers compensation costs. If the change in work practices are substantial, and lead to a total review of how work is carried out, then there is potential for a re-classification of the asset providers Workers Compensation Classification and further reduce premium costs.

Installing gutter guards can greatly reduce the mainte-nance activity (time/money) spent on the roof and gutter, the need to work at height and subse-quent risk of falls.

OTHER BENEFITS OF GUTTER PROTECTION

Calculable economic benefits of gutter guards

One of the key areas for maintenance on a property is the roof and gutter. When all the associated costs and workload required in maintaining roofs and gutters at all properties are put together, the financial load can be significant.

Evaluating the costs of regular cleaning, repairs and maintenance against the impact these have on capital values and desirability of the property to tenants is an important part of managing these major assets. Consideration of the other intangible, but equally important, economic factors (lower insurance costs and fewer workers compensation claims) must also come into play.

Working out the calculable economic benefits of installing gutter guards is possible with the

help of an interactive tool that compares the

ongoing gutter maintenance costs with the

cost of installing gutter guards. Developed by an

independent asset management firm, the tool

uses quantifiable terms including:

+ Cost of maintenance per visit

+ The number of maintenance visits per year

+ Lifespan of the gutter itself

+ Lifespan of the gutter guard

The Blue Mountain Mesh Information Guide

– Asset Protection provides a detailed look at

these issues to demonstrate the significant cost

savings that can be achieved through installing

gutter guards in commercial settings.



An investment that will extend gutter life

Photos : NEIL CHAMPION, Apr 2011

Installing a gutter guard acts to extend gutter life by keeping gutters clear of leaf build-up and ensuring gutters dry out quickly after rain. This significantly reduces the potential of the gutter to rust, extending the overall life of the gutter.

All environments are corrosive to some degree, although certain environments create more intense conditions for corrosion than others. This includes areas where there is more water exposure, such as marine or coastal environments. Unmaintained gutters that are left to fill with leaves, debris and water have a higher incidence of rust.

A steel gutter guard has superior strength to other common gutter guard materials including aluminium and

plastic. However, not all steel gutter guards are created equal. Some steel gutter guard products are formed by stretching sheets of steel and cutting small holes in it to make ‘mesh’/apertures which leaves a myriad of edges which are not zinc coated and therefore subject to rust.

By contrast, Blue Mountain Mesh is manufactured by weaving and welding steel to form a mesh, before it is put through a process of hot dipped zinc coating, priming, painting and oven baking to deliver a coating thickness that provides superior corrosion resistance, which performs extremely well across a range of environments (storm and bushfire) in independent test results (see BMM Information Guide – Corrosion Resistance).

PROTECTION FROM NATURAL HAZARDSSevere weather events tend to dominate Australia’s climate. Environmental risks from natural hazards pose real concerns for owners of commercial property in Australia, where natural hazards cost an average of $1.14 billion damage annually.

Damage caused by storms and high rainfall events is a particularly significant issue, with insurance payouts for storm damage topping the list ahead of cyclones, earthquakes, floods or bushfires (ABS 2010). During these events, poorly maintained roofs and gutters can lead to significant damage and put lives at risk as employees and contractors struggle to clear gutters in dangerous conditions.

At the other extreme, Australia is considered the most fire prone country in the world. Catastrophic bushfire conditions can affect many parts of Australia at different times of the year.

All new buildings built in designated bushfire-prone areas need to comply with the updated Australian Standard for the Construction of buildings in bushfire-prone areas (AS 3959 2009/Amdt 2011). Under the new standards and building regulations all new buildings built in bushfire prone areas need to be guarded by using an ember guard, and if they are installing a gutter guard or leaf guard, they must be non-combustible.

A Gutter Guard is designed to minimize the access of debris and leaf litter to the gutters. In a bushfire-prone area, it must :

+ be non-combustible

+ except for being non-combusitble there is no other requirement of a gutter guard product

All new buildings built in designated bushfire-prone areas need to comply with the updated Australian Standard for the Construction of buildings in bushfire-prone areas (AS 3959 2009/Amdt 2011).



Photo : EMKNOWLEDGE HUB, Oct 2008

An Ember Guard is designed to limit access of embers into areas

of risk, like the roof cavity. It must :

+ be non-combustible

+ have an aperture (or gap) of 2mm.

+ be made of corrosion-resistant steel, bronze or aluminium in

BAL 12.5 – BAL 29

+ be made of corrosion-resistant steel or bronze in BAL 40 &

BAL FZ

An ember guard is not specifically designed to act as a gutter

guard, but some gutter guards also meet the requirements to act

as an ember guard. Blue Mountain 2mm Superfine All Steel Mesh has been specifically designed to meet the Australian Standard requirements for the ember guard protection of sheet roofs for all Bushfire Attack Levels (BAL-12.5 clause 5.6.3; BAL-19 clause 6.6.3; BAL-29 clause 7.6.3; BAL-40 clause 8.6.3; BAL-FZ clause 9.6.3-2011).

The 2mm aperture is the prescribed opening to restrict burning debris from entering gaps and igniting buildings. The products have also undergone rigorous, independent testing by the CSIRO to certify that the materials used meet the definition of non-combustible prescribed in the Building Code of Australia, achieving Spread-of-Flame Index of ‘0’. (CSIRO,2009)

ELIMINATING ISSUES WITH PESTS

A gutter guard is also very effective at preventing birds, vermin and possums from entering the roof space; while eliminating mosquito breeding grounds by ensuring water doesn’t get trapped in the gutter (see BMM Information Guide – Pest Control).

IMPROVING RAIN WATER YIELD AND QUALITY

For commercial properties using rainwater tank systems, it also improves water quality by preventing leaves and debris collecting and breaking down in the gutter, and extends the life of gutters by ensuring they dry quickly after rain.



WHY CHOOSE BLUE MOUNTAIN MESH?

+ Blue Mountain All Steel Gutter Mesh® is hot dipped galvanised, zinc coated steel which provides a corrosion resistant layer.

+ Our zinc coated corrosion resistant steel mesh is strong and durable and will stand the test of time

+ Our entire range is bushfire compliant and conforms to the Australian Standard for the Construction of buildings in bushfire-prone areas (AS3959-2009) and the updated Australian Standard for the ember guard protection of sheet roofs (AS3959-2009/Amdt 2011).

+ Our unique steel profile ensures our steel mesh lies perfectly flat and means the finished product looks like a seamless addition to your roof.

+ Our mesh fits all gutter profiles and can be adapted for all roof types, custom made and available in a choice of over 30 colours.

+ We offer a 12 year warranty based on minimum performance that we expect from our product. Results from independent tests offer a far longer projected life span with 12 years being the most conservative estimate.

IN SUMMARY

Despite the safety risks, the gutters still have to be cleaned. But there is a safer, more

cost effective way to address this task. There is another type of property owner – one

who chooses to install high quality gutter guards to reduce annual maintenance costs and

protect the property against water damage and other environmental hazards.

Perhaps more importantly, however, by installing gutter guards you can help protect people

– saving employees, contractors or even owners themselves from the dangers of working

‘at height’ on ladders to clear out blocked gutters – and helping to meet your obligations

under workplace health and safety legislation to keep your workforce safe.

It may also help reduce insurance costs and protect the long term property values of your

important assets.

HOW CAN THE RH GROUP HELP?

The RH Group is an Australian company driven to help every person and every community

make the most of their environmental assets.

We design, manufacture and wholesale high quality and sustainable water, environmental

and trade products for Australian and international markets. We work with governments,

retailers, distributors and consumers all over the world to find smarter, more innovative

solutions to challenges created by our environment, and in doing so, create more

sustainable futures.

Our Blue Mountain Mesh advanced gutter protection system offers homeowners

protection from a range of environmental hazards, including flooding during storms and

ember attack during bushfire.

ABOUT BLUE MOUNTAIN MESH

Born out of fire. The inspiration behind Blue Mountain Mesh’s all-steel gutter mesh came

from the most tragic circumstances: watching a man trying in vain to save his family

home from a savage bushfire, fuelled by an abundance of leaves and debris in the home’s

gutters.

Blue Mountain Mesh products prevent leaves and debris from entering gutters and

downpipes. The all steel, fire resistant gutter mesh minimises gutter maintenance and

improves the quality of rain water collected for tanks. The proprietary hot dipped zinc

coated and oven baked manufacturing process offers superior corrosion and heat

resistance, providing superior protection for homes over the longer term.

We look forward to opportunities to help more Australians reduce risk and protect

themselves and their greatest assets. For more information on our all steel, custom-made

gutter protection products visit www.bluemountainmesh.com.au or call 1800 612 908.



REFERENCES

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Feature Article 3: Understanding Natural Hazard Impacts on Australia, accessed 7 August 2013, <http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/00408ced366bb56aca2570de00029f46!OpenDocument>.

Le Grand C and Baxendale R 2013, ‘Fire licks at Melbourne’s northern fringes’, The Australian, 19 February, accessed 7 August 2013, <http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/fire-licks-at-citys-northern-fringes/story-e6frg6nf-1226580673790>.

‘Man electrocuted in cherry picker’, news.com.au, 14 July 2011, accessed 2 September 2013, <http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/man-electrocuted-in-cherry-picker/story-e6frfku0-1226094812203#ixzz2dDuSmSho>.

‘Man plunges to his death while cleaning gutters at Auchenflower’, The Courier-Mail, 15 June 2011, accessed 16 August 2013, <http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/man-plunges-to-his-death-while-cleaning-gutters-at-auchenflower/story-e6freoof-1226075373339>.

Ozanne-Smith, J et al. 2008 ‘The Relationship between slips, trips and falls and the design and construction of buildings’, Monash University Accident Research Centre Report No. 281, accessed 7 August 2013, <http://www.monash.edu.au/miri/research/reports/muarc281.pdf>.

Safe Work Australia 2011, Notified Fatalities Statistical Report 2009-2010, accessed 16 August 2013, <http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/about/publications/Documents/578/NotifiedFatalitiesStatisicalReport2009-10.pdf>.

Safe Work Australia 2013, Work-Related Injuries Resulting in Hospitalisation July 2006 to June 2009, accessed 16 August 2013, <http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/756/WR-Injuries-Hospitalisation-July-2006-June-2009.pdf>.

Workplace Health and Safety Queensland, n.d., Working at heights in the construction indstury, accessed 7 August 2013, <http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/workplace/resources/pdfs/working-at-heights-construction.pdf>.

Workplace OHS 2012, Apprentice cleaning gutters injured in fall from roof, 20 January, accessed 7 August 2013, <http://www.workplaceohs.com.au/printerfriendly.asp?URL=www.workplaceohs.com.au:80/hazards/slips-and-falls/apprentice-cleaning-gutters-injured-in-fall-from-roof>.

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