“Gunpowder” Empires Why do you think these empires got this nickname? Where do you think these...
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Transcript of “Gunpowder” Empires Why do you think these empires got this nickname? Where do you think these...
“Gunpowder” Empires
• Why do you think these empires got this nickname?
• Where do you think these empires are located?
• What do you expect the culture of the empires to be?
The Ottoman EmpireToday’s Goal You will be able
to…
Describe the rise, characteristics, and decline of
the Ottoman Empire.
The Anatolian Turks• No central power• “ghazis” or warriors for Islam• Military societies led by emir, or
chief commander• Strict Islamic code of
conduct• Raided territories of
“infidels”
Osman’s State• a.k.a. Othman – most successful
ghazi– Followers known as Ottomans
• Military use of gunpowder– Replaced archers on horseback
w/musket-carrying foot-soldiers
• Among the 1st to use cannons as weapons of attack
Ottoman Conquest• Osman’s son Orkhan I
declared himself sultan (“overlord”, “one with power”)
• Ottomans acted kindly towards conquered people– Local officials appointed by
sultan– Improved the lives of peasants
• Muslims required to serve in armies– Non-Muslims did not have to
serve in army, but had to pay tax instead
Tamerlane• Timur the Lame =
rebellious warrior from Samarkand in C. Asia– Europeans called him
Tamerlane
• Burned Baghdad & crushed Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara (1402)
• This defeat halted Ottoman expansion
Summary Questions• How was the Anatolian Turk
society organized?• Why was Osman’s military
successful?• How did the Ottomans treat the
people they conquered?• What was the significance of
Tamerlane?
Siege of Constantinople• Mehmed II (“the
Conqueror”) “Give me Constantinople!”
• Constantinople dominated Bosporous Strait– Having control of this
waterway meant controlling trade & transportation between Ottoman territories
Siege of Constantinople• 1453 – began firing
cannons on city walls• Turkish fleet dragged 70
ships over hill on greased runners
• Attacked Constantinople from two sides
• After 7 weeks, Turks found break in wall & entered city
• Mehmed II opened Constantinople to new citizens of many religions & backgrounds– Jews, Christians, Muslims,
Turks, non-Turks helped rebuild city, now known as Istanbul
Ottomans & Islam• Selim the Grim defeated Safavids of
Persia• Conquered holiest cities of Islam
Mecca & Medina• Captured Cairo, the intellectual
center of Muslim world
Suleyman• Suleyman “the
Magnificent” • Great military leader
– Dominated Mediterranean– Controlled trade routes
• Moved northward into Hungary & Austria– Threatened central Europe
• Most powerful monarch of the time
Suleyman the Lawgiver
• Created law code to handle both criminal and civil actions– Simplified system of taxation – Reduced gov’t bureaucracy
• Bettered the daily life of almost every citizen
Summary Questions• What was the advantage to taking
Constantinople?• How was Mehmed II able to conquer
Constantinople?• What was the significance of
Mehmed’s military conquests?• Why was Suleyman given the name
“lawgiver”? Specific reasons
Structured Social Organization
• Palace bureaucracy staffed by 20,000 personal slaves
• Policy of devshirme army drafted boys from conquered Christian territories– Educated, converted to
Islam, trained as soldiers• Elite force of 30,000 soldiers
known as janissaries were trained to be loyal to sultan only
• Christian families sometimes bribed officials to take their children
Structured Social Organization
• Suleyman required to follow Islamic law– Granted freedom of worship to other religious
communities
• Treated communities as millets or nations– The heads of the millets reported back to
sultan– Minimized conflict between various religions
Cultural Flowering• Suleyman studied poetry,
history, geography, astronomy, mathematics, architecture
• Employed Sinan, one of world’s finest architects, to build Mosque of Suleyman– Complex w/domes, includes four
schools, library, bath, hospital
• Art & literature flourished• Painters & poets used foreign
influences to express Ottoman ideas
Decline of Ottomans• Became customary for
each new sultan to have his brothers strangled
• Kept sons as prisoners – cut off from education or contact w/world
• This produced line of weak sultans who led to decline
Summary Questions• What were the advantages of the devshirme system for the sultan?
• What was the importance of Suleyman’s religious tolerance?
• Which cultural achievements of Suleyman’s reign were similar to the European Renaissance?
• What factors led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?