Gundhigga Warbixinta Amniga iyo Nabadgelyada ee Degmada ... Boosaaso.pdf · District Baseline...

Gundhigga Warbixinta Amniga iyo Nabadgelyada ee

Degmada

Bossaso

August 2011

District Baseline Report: Bossaso (2011)

Community Security Approach to Peace-building page ii

Gundhigga Warbixinta

Amniga iyo Nabadgelyada ee Degmada

Bossaso

August 2011


Community Security Approach to Peace-building page iii

Gundhigga Warbixinta Amniga iyo Nabadgelyada: Bossaso

Qoreyaasha Yann-Cédric Quero, Criminologist, Senior Analyst (Ph.D. Candidate, University of Montreal) Mireille Widmer, Community Safety Specialist (UNDP Somalia) Katrina Aitken, Researcher (Saferworld) Lindsey Peterson, Analyst (UNDP Somalia and OCVP)

Copyright Published and Copyright ©2011 by the Observatory of Conflict and Violence Prevention

No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieved system without permission in writing.

First Edition (August 2011)

First Printing (February 2012)

ISBN: 987-9966-1614-4-4

Inquiries should be addressed to: Observatory of Conflict and Violence Prevention (OCVP) Hargeisa, Somaliland [email protected] http://www.ocvp.org

Riboodhkani wuxu ka kooban yahay ka turjumi mayso siyaasadaha iyo kaalinta UNDP Somalia.


Community Security Approach to Peace-building page iv

Mahadnaq Xarunta Somalida ee Daraasdda Kahortagga Rabshadaha iyo Colaada waxay u mahad celinaysaa Ururada soo socda (oo u dhigan hab xarfi ah):

Illaa bilowgii mashruucan, ururka Danish Demining Group waxay kaqeybqaateen la-talinta horumarinta qalabka sahanka, gaar ahaan Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga (CVS). Intaa waxa dheer, waxay keentay saad iyo caawimo muhiim u ah fududaynta dhowr wareeg oo wadahadalada ee kooxaha ku hawllan, caawimadaas oo ay ku jirto tabobarro loo qabtay bahda (NGOska) maxalliga, fududeynta iyo keydinta nidaamyada, iyo qorida qorshaha amniga degmada. Waxa kale oo ay hay’adu gacan ka geysatay ururinta xogo dheeraad ah ee maabinta degmooyinka Burco, Laas Caanood, Bossaso iyo Galkacayo.

NGOska Xaqsoor (Burco), Hornpeace (Laas Caanood), SORSO (Bossaso) iyo KAALO (Galkacayo) waxay diyaariyeen kaalmo maxalliya ee fududeynta maabinta iyo tijaabada degmada, CVs yada, iyo wadahadalada kooxaha ku hawllan (focus groups). SOYDEN iyo Xarunta Nabada iyo Dimuqraadiyada waxay diyaariyeen warbixinta maabeynta afar degmo oo Mogadishu ah waxayna kaalmeeyeen hirgelinta Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga (CVS).

Xarunta Ka-hortaga Dembiyada Caalamiga (Montreal, Canada) waxay keentay jawaab-celinta horumarka Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga (CVS).

Xarunta Japanka ee Ka-hortaga Colaada waxay door hogaamineed ka qaadatay horumarinta qalabka sahanka/surveyga iyo haggis nidaamsan, ugu horreyn Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga (CVS) iyo weydiimaha kooxaha ku hawllan/focus groups. Waxay ilaaleynaysay tijaabinta degmada Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga (CVS) ka hor, waxay ka qeybqaateen tabobarrada dadka liis garaysan, waxay habeeyeen kaydka xogta, kormeerayeena gelinta iyo nadiifinta xogta la ururiyey.

Xarunta Daraasada Ka-hortaga Rabshadda iyo Colaada, ee marka la soo gaabiyo loo qoro (OCVP) waxay ku deeqday kasoo ururinta Burco, Laas Caanood, Bossaso iyo Galkacayo warbixin dheeraad ah ee gabogabeynta Baadhitaanka Nabada iyo Amniga Bulshada.

Ururka SAACID wuxu isna ku deeqay aragtiyo faa’iido badan ee horumarinta CV yada.

Saferworld illaa bilowgii ururkani wuxu ku lug lahaa la-tashiyo ku saabsan horumarinta qalab sahan/survey oo kala duwan, gaar ahaan Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga (CVS). Waxay door

hogaamineed ka qaateen uririnta iyo falanqeynta warbixinta laga helo wadahadalada kooxaha ku hawllan/focus groups, taasoo ay ku jirto dib-u-eegid xafiiseed oo dheeraad ah, ee waxsoosaarka bilowga Baadhitaanka Nabada iyo Amniga Bulshada ee Burco, Laas Caanood, Bossaso iyo Galkacayo. Degmooyinka Galkacayo iyo Burco, Saferworld waxa kale oo ay ka fulisay falanqeyn ugu horreysay ee tirokoobka xogta laga helay Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga (CVS), oo ay kujirto wareysiyo/interviews saayid ah oo xog badan.

SOCDA waxay door hogaamineed ka qaataday hirgelinta Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga (CVS). Illaa bilowgii mashruuca, waxay ka qeybqaadatay horumarinta Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga (CVS),


Community Security Approach to Peace-building page v

shaqo-qorid sameeyeen oo ay kormeereen kooxaha maxalliga ah ee liis garaysan, kana qeyb qaateen tabobarka iyo kormeerkoodaba, weliba ay ku taboruceen xog gelinta iyo nadiifinta.

SOYDEN waxay tallaabadan qaaday iyadoo ka fulisay wadahadalada kooxaha ku hawllan/focus groups afar degmo oo Muqdisho, bixinaaya warbixin qaaliya oo tayoysan ee hababka dembiyada iyo rabshadaha ee Mogadishu.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)da Somalia guud ahaan, gaar ahaan mashruuca Dhimista Rabshada Hubeysan oo dhexjira Barnaamijka Nidaamka Sharciga iyo Nabadgelyada, oo bixiyey gebi ahaan gergaar farsamo iyo maaliyadeed oo ballaadhan.


Community Security Approach to Peace-building page vi

Shaxda Tusmada Koobid Sare ........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1. Hordhac .......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2. Hannaanka ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1. Maabeynta Degmada ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2. Sahanka/Surveyga Dembiga iyo Dulmiga (CVS) ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3. Wadahadalada Kooxaha Ku Hawllan ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4. Ansixin ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3. Naqshadeynta Degmada Bossaso ..........................................................................10

3.1. Xusuusimo Taariikhiga .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2. Juqraafiga iyo Dadka ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3. Kheyraadka iyo Dhaqaalaha ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.4. Helida Adeegyada Aasaasiga ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5. Xukunka/Maamulka ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4. Fikradaha Ammaan darrada ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

5. Hababka Ammaan-darrada iyo Rabshadaha ....................Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.1. Dad-dilis ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2. Faro-xumeyn ama Weerar Muuqaal ah .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.1. Dhibbaneyaasha ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.2. Dembiileyaasha ........................................................................................................ 28

5.3. Gaar-ahaansho ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.4. Dembiyada Hantida ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.5. Tahriibinta Dadka .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.6. Afduubka iyo Is-xambaarka .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.7. Rabshadaha Carruurta Lidka ku ah ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.8. Rabshadaha Haweenka Lidka ku ah ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.9. Cabsi laga qabo Koox Islaamiya oo Cartamaysa ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.10. Dhaqaajiyeyaasha Colaada..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6. Wadeyaasha iyo Isirrada Khatarta ..................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1. Isirro Bulsho .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.


Community Security Approach to Peace-building page vii

6.2. Isirrada Xukunka/Siyaasadeed ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.3. Isirrada Dhaqaale ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4. Isirrada la-xidhiidha Hubka/Nabadgelyada ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7. Fahamka Waxqabadka Jileyaasha Cadaalada iyo NabadgelyadaError! Bookmark not defined.

7.1. Aragtiyo Isbarbar yaalla ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.1.1. Aragtida Guud ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.1.2. Faro-xumeyn ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.1.3. Rabshado Galmo ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.1.4. Dembiyada Hantida ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.2. Bileys ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.2.1. Warbixinta Maabeynta .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.2.2. Aragtida Guud ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.2.3. Jawaabta ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.3. Maxkamadaha Qaanuuniga ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.3.1. Warbixinta Maabeynta .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.3.3. Jawaabta ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.4. Haweenka ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.5. Odayaasha iyo Hogaamiyeyaasha Diinta ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.6. Ganacsatada .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.7. Wixii kale ee Nabada Keena ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

8. Talobixinta ....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1. Xoogeynta Bileyska ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.2. Hagaajinta Habka Garsoorka .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.3. Hagaajinta Habka Jeelka ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.4. Wax-ka-Beddelka Qaab-sameyska Magaalo si looga Hortago Dembiyada ......................... 72

8.5. Taageero Xidhiidh oo inta a Fiican ee Mawduucyada AmmaankaError! Bookmark not defined.

8.6. Abuurka Fursado Shaqo ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.


Community Security Approach to Peace-building page viii

Tirada Tirada 1aad: Qeybaha Degmada Bossaso .......................................................................................... 8

Tirada 2aad: Qabiilka Madaxa Qoyska .............................................................................................. 13

Tirada 3aad: Sharciga Deganaanshaha .............................................................................................. 14

Tirada 4aad: Meherada Madaxa Qoyska ........................................................................................... 15

Tirada 5aad: Kharashka Cuntada Maalinlaha (US$) ........................................................................... 16

Tirada 6aad: Heerka iyo Nooca Waxbarasho ee Madaxda Qoyska ..................................................... 18

Tirada 7aad: Isbeddelka Fahamka Amniga ee 12kii Bilood ee u Dambeeyey ...................................... 20

Tirada 8aad: Heerka Fahamka Amniga ee Habeen Socodka .............................................................. 21

Tirada 9aad: Waxqabadyada la-iska Daayo Nabadgelyo-darro Awgeed ............................................. 21

Tirada 10aad: Tirada Dembiyada la Arkay ......................................................................................... 22

Tirada 11aad: Tirada Faro-xumeynta ee la soo Maray ....................................................................... 25

Tirada 12aad: Goobta iyo Waqtiga Faro-xumeyn/Weerar Maalinimo ................................................ 25

Tirada 13aad: Nooca Hubka loo Adeegsaday Weerarka .................................................................... 26

Tirada 14aad: Da’da iyo Jinsiga Dhibbaneyaasha............................................................................... 26

Tirada 15aad: Dhibbaneyaasha Weerarka ama Weerarka Muuqda ee Qabiilka ................................. 27

Tirada 16aad: Dhibbaneyaasha Weerarka ama Weerarka Muuqda ee Sharciga Deganaanshaha ....... 27

Tirada 17aad: Nooca Dhaawaca ........................................................................................................ 28

Tirada 18aad: Taariikh Nololeedka Dembiileyaasha Weerarka, ee Jinsiga Dhibbanaha ...................... 28

Tirada 19aad: Dembiga Hantida ee la Arkay, la soo Maray, iyo Dhaawaca ka Dhashay ...................... 31

Tirada 20aad: Nooca Hantida lagu Xadgudbay .................................................................................. 31

Tirada 21aad: Taariikh Nololeedka Dembiileyaasha Hantida ............................................................. 32

Tirada 22aad: Bisha Dembiga Hantida .............................................................................................. 32

Tirada 23aad: Dhibbaneyaasha Weerarka ee Caruurta ah ................................................................. 35

Tirada 24aad: Dhibbaneyaasha Weerarka ee Haweenka ................................................................... 36

Tirada 25aad: Xadgudub Galmo, Goobta iyo Waqtiga Maalinta ........................................................ 37

Tirada 26aad: Taariikh Nololeedka Dembiileyaasha Xadgudubka Galmo ........................................... 37

Tirada 27aad: Soo Noqnoqoshada Muranka Qabiilka ........................................................................ 40

Tirada 28aad: Sababaha ugu Waaweyn ee Muranka Qabiilka............................................................ 40

Tirada 29aad: Muranka Qabiilka ee Bisha ......................................................................................... 41

Tirada 30aad: Helitaanka Hubka ee 12kii Bilood ee u Dambeeyey ..................................................... 47

Tirada 31aad: Helitaanka Hubka ee Qabiilka ..................................................................................... 48

Tirada 32aad: Helitaanka Hubka ee Dadka Deggan ........................................................................... 48

Tirada 33aad: Haysashada Hubka ee Qabiilka ................................................................................... 49


Community Security Approach to Peace-building page ix

Tirada 34aad: Haysadhada Hubka ee Dadka Deggan ......................................................................... 49

Tirada 35aad: Nooca Hubka la heli karo ............................................................................................ 50

Tirada 36aad: Sababaha ugu Muhiimsan, sida la ogyahay, ee Yeelashada Hubka .............................. 50

Tirada 37aad: Aragtiyaha Khatarta Bamka Meel-fog-laga-xukumo, ama Muddaysan ........................ 51

Tirada 38aad: Fahamka Jiritaanka Waxyaabaha Qarxa iyo Miinaha ................................................... 52

Tirada 39aad: Heerka Aaminka ee Hay’daha U Adeega sida Nabad Dhaliyeyaal ................................ 54

Tirada 40aad: Helitaanka Jileyaasha Nabadgelyada........................................................................... 54

Tirada 41aad: Xawaarha Jawaabta Jileyaasha Nabadgelyada ............................................................ 55

Tirada 42aad: Qiimaha la-ogyahay, ee Faro-xumeyna ....................................................................... 55

Tirada 43aad: Hay’ada Dawlada ee ugu Horreynt la Ogeysiiyey Faro-xumeynta ................................ 56

Tirada 44aad: Qiimaha la-ogyahay, ee Dembiyada Galmada ............................................................. 56

Tirada 45aad: Qiimaha la-ogyahay, ee Dembiyada Hantida ............................................................... 57

Tirada 46aad: Hay’ada Dawlada ee ugu Horreynt la Ogeysiiyey Dembiyada Hantida ......................... 57

Tirada 47aad: Heerka Aaminka ee Bilayska ....................................................................................... 58

Tirada 48aad: Helitaanka Bileynka marka loo eego Fogaanshaha iyo sahal ku gaadhida .................... 59

Tirada 49aad: Helitaanka Bileynka marka loo eego Qeybaha ............................................................ 59

Tirada 50aad: Xawaarha Jawaabta Bileyska ...................................................................................... 60

Tirada 51aad: Qanaca Jawaabta Bileyska, iyo Qulqulatada ................................................................ 61

Tirada 52aad: Qanaca Jawaabta Bileyska, iyo Dembiyada Hantida .................................................... 61

Tirada 53aad: Sababaha Ku-qanac la’aanta Jawaabta Bileyska ee Dembiyada Hantida ...................... 62

Tirada 54aad: Heerka Aaminka Maxkamadaha ................................................................................. 63

Tirada 55aad: Helitaanka Maxkamadaha xaga Fogaanshaha, loona sahlo sameynta ......................... 63

Tirada 56aad: Helitaanka Maxkamadaha, illaa Qeyb-hoosaadka ....................................................... 64

Tirada 57aad: Xawaaraha Jawaabaha Maxkamadaha ...................................................................... 64

Tirada 58aad: Sababaha loogu Noqon waayey Maxkamadaha Dembiyada ........................................ 65

Tirada 59aad: Qanaca Dhibbanayaasha ee Go’aanka Maxkamadaha................................................. 66

Tirada 60aad: Sababaha ay Haweenku uga Qeybqaadan waayeen Shirarka Bulshada iyo Dawlada Hoose, iyadoo la Jinsi Soocayo .......................................................................... 67

Tirada 61aad: Aaminka Qabiilka/Guurtida Beesha ............................................................................ 68

Tirada 62aad: Aaminka Hogaamiyeyaasha Diinta .............................................................................. 68


Community Security Approach to Peace-building page 1

Koobid Sare

20kii sano u dambeysay, Bosaso waxay soo aragtay dad korodh xoogleh, sidii qaska koonfurtu u qarxiyey doolaal iyo dekedeeda ooy ku dhacday barokac dhaqaale oo badan. Marka laga yimaado dagaaladii cuslaa ee ay soo martay 1990dii, manta, marka la eego Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga (CVS), badiba dadka reer Bosaaso waxay dareemayaa in xaalada nabadu ay soo hagaagayso 12kii bilood ee ka horreeyey sahanka/surveyga.

Wadahadalada Kooxaha ku Hawllan/Focus Groups waxay shaaciyeen in waxa keliya ee badiba dadka reer Bossaso mashquuliyey, gaar ahaan meelaha magaalada, waxay laxidhiidhaan waxay ka-qeybgaleyaashu ugu yeedhaan “dilal aan la garaneyn”, sida, dilal aan la xidhiidhin aano qabiil iyo dil-sharafeed midna. Dilalkani waxay dadka ku abuureen cabsi iyo shaki waxaana qeyb ahaan lagu xidhiidhin karaa cabsida ay keentay kooxaha xag-jiroobay. Miyigana, dilalka aarka ah ayaa loo arkayey mushkilad. Guud ahaan, Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga (CVS) wuxu gacanta ku dhigay hal xaqiiqo oo dad-dilis ah.

Wadahadalada Kooxaha ku Hawllan/Focus Groups waxay ka-soo qeybgaleyaashu ahmiyad weyn siinayeen Budhcad-badeed. Waxay khaasatan carrabka ku dhufteen saameynteeda xun ee dhaqaalaha, oo burinaysa warbixino kala duwan oo sheegaya in lacagta Budhcad-badeedu kor-u-qaaday dhaqaalaha. Qiimaha kacay ee agabka guriga ayaa shirarka laga sheegay waxaana la muujiyey isu-xidhka ka dhexeeya ka faa’iidaynta korodhay ee hubka iyo isticmaalka iyo Budhcad-badeedda.

Marka loo eego Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga CVS, dembiyada hantidu waxay ahaayeen qaar ahmiyad leh, ha badnaato guryo-jabsi iyo tuugo (36% kala horreynta dembiyada hantida). Ka-soo qeybgaleyaasha Kooxaha ku Hawllan/Focus Groups waxay isla ogolaadeen in guri-jabsigu u badan yahay beegsashada meelaha sida xun loo ilaaliyo ee hoyga baro-kacayaaasha (IDPs), iyo guryaha kale ee la banneeyo bilaha xagaaga kulul oo ay dadka degani u guuraan meelo ka qabow. Intaa waxa dheer, tuugada dariiqa, waxa loo arkaa fursad, mana aha mid abaabulan, inta badan kuma lug laha adeegsiga hubka. Boqolkiiba 71 kiisaskani, dembiileyaashu waa shakhsiyaad dembiileyaal ah, halkay ahaan lahaayeen kooxo hubeysan oo abaabulan.

Tahriibta dadku waa arrin muhiim ah Bosaaso, mabdiyan sababtoo ah Dekeda oo ah meelay socotada kaga boodaan geeddiga. Ka-soo qeybgaleyaasha Kooxaha ku Hawllan/Focus Groups waxay caddeeyeen xidhiidhka ka dheexaya arrinkan iyo dembiyada iyo gacan-ka-hadalka yara-abaabulan; kiisaska xag-jirka ahna, waxa lagu xidhiidhin karaa tahriibinta dadka. Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga CVS wuxu qabtey 6 kiis oo afduuba, laakiin war lagama hayo in lala xidhiidhin karo tahriibinta dadka iyo inkale. Ka-soo qeybgaleyaasha Kooxaha ku Hawllan/Focus Groups waxay xaqiiqjiyeen in tahriibinta iyo afduubka caruurta, oo ay weheliso ka ganacsiga xubnaha jidhka, iyo shaqada caruurta, oo gaar ahaan la beegsado dadka IDPs/baro-kacayaasha.

Dagaalka iyo weerarka cad waa habka aasaasiga ee dembiyada la ogyahay. Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga waxay qabteen 40 dhacdooyinkan oo kale ah, oo noqonaysa 5% tusaalaha. Dagaalku guud ahaan habeeku dhacaa, guriga iyo shaaracaba. Hubu wuxu tilmaamaa 25% kiisaska, iyadoo qoriga nooca Kalashnikov loo adeegsado boqolkiiba 20 dagaalka. Dhibbaneyaashu waa rag iyo dumar



2daba, inkastoo ay in yar da’da ku kala duwanyihiin. IDPs/baro-kacoyaash ayaa labeegsada in kabadan dadka rasmiga u deggan. Ta kale, dembiileyaasha xoogoodu waa dembiileyaal shakhi (80% kiisaska); kiisaska boqolkiiba 29, waxa la ogyahay inay qat ku mirqaansayeen.

Kooxaha ku Hawllan/Focus Groupsga IDPs, iyo Haweenka waxay sheegeen in rabshadaha haweenka ku lidiga ahi ay ahmiyad mudan yihiin. Hababka tacdiga ooy ku jiraan faro-xumayn, gabood fal, xad-gudub guri, iyo guur khasab ah. Runtii, Sahanka Dembiyada iyo Dulmiga waxay qabteen 5 kiis oo gabbood fala. Dhilaysiga ayaa isna la sheegay inay tahay arrin hor leh.

Cajaa’ib, Ka-soo qeybgaleyaasha Kooxaha ku Hawllan/Focus Groups may soo hadal qaadin inay muhiimad leedahay: boqolkiiba 61 jawaabuhu runtii cadeeyeen inaanay colaadan oo kale aanay weligeed degamada ka dhicin. Dhanka kale, jawaabuhu waxay cadeeyeen in muranka beesha ama colaada qabiilku ay dhacdo sannadle. Markay dhacaanna, inta badan waxay khuseeyaan dhl iyo biyo.

Wadahadalada Kooxaha ku Hawllan/Focus Groups waxay aad u raadiyeen cunsurrada iyo wadeyaasha qaababka kala duwan ee ammaan-darrada iyo rabshadaha. Ugu horreyn cunsurrada bulshada ee la sheegay waxay ahaayeen: aydhoolajiyada ficiltanka beelaha, gaar ahaan sheekooyinkii hore oo lagu soo gudbiyey gabayo iyo heeso, oo shida colaadaha, uu sooraaco isticmaalxumo qaatka iyo cadaadis qaababka xukunka bulshada eey keento xarakaatka dadweynaha, gaar ahaan xerooyinka baro-kacayaasha.

Sababaha la xidhiidha siyaasada iyo xukunka waxa lagu xidhiidhiyaa tartanka beelaha dhexdooda, oo markan ah dhamaan heerarka jagooyinka dawlada. Qaab-dhismee sharciga oo jaahwareersan – 3 hab sharciyeed oo iskumaran oo hadana tartamaya– horseedi kara khilaaf, gaar ahaan dhulka kirada. Ugu dambeyn, qeybsanka diintu waxay u muuqataa- ifafaale illaa xad hor leh.

Dhaqaajijeyaasha ammaan-darrada waxa door weyn ka ciyaara dhaqaalaha. Cunsurrada cad ee ammaan-darrada waxa kamida shaqo-la’aanta, muranka kheyraadka xadidan ee miyiga, iyo cadaadiska kheyraadka magaalooyinka oo ay isugu darsantay xoolo dhaqato sabool noqotay iyo qorshe xumo magaalo. Wadahadalada waxa ka soo baxay in kalluumaysiga saayidka ah ee shariikado dibedeed ee biyaha Somalia ay dhalisay in kalluumaysatadii maxalliga ahayd ay u wareegto hawlaha dembiyada ee faa’iidada badan sida tahriibinta dadka iyo budhcad-badeednimo. Waxa la cadeeyey in bixinta madaxfurasho faro badan ay tahay waxyaabaha sababa budhcad-badeednimada. Ugu dambeyn, cunta-qeybinta beelaysan ee xeryaha barokacayaasha ayaa la sheegay inay marmar dhaliso muran xooggan.

Ugu dambeyn, cunsurrada ammaanka la xidhiidha ooy kujiraan dabeecada millatariyeysan ee bulshada iyo naxariis-darrada nidaamka ammaanka ee xukuumada, iyo helitaanka baahay ee hubka. Jawaabaha CVS/sahanku waa qaar aan caddayn marka la eego isbedelka dhowaanahan ee haysadka hubka. CVSka waxa ka soo baxay in haysashada hubku uu aad ugu faafay magaalooyinka, boqolkiiba 6 jawaabuhu waxay cadeeyeen haysashada hub, marka la barbardhigo boqolkiiba 1 dhulka miyiga. Waxa xusuus mudan in qaddarka dhabta ahi uu aad uga sarreyo sidan, siday rumeysan ka-qeybqaatayaasha Sahanku/CVS. Intaa waxa dheer, boqolkiiba 50 jawaabaha CVS/sahanku ee qirtay lahaanshaha hubka inay haystaan qoriga nooca Kalashnikov, halkay 44% haystaan baastoolad. Waxa la yidh, hubkan waxa loo haysta isku-ilaalin. Intaa waxa dheer, arrinta bamka muddaysan ama meel-fog laga xukumo.



CVS/sahanku waxa kaluu keenay warbixinta fikirka laga haysto adeegeyaasha cadaalada iyo nabada. Heerka ugu saarreeya ee aammin-darradu waa hogaamiyeyaasha diinta, ooy soo raacaan, odayaasha dhaqanka, bileysa, iyo aakhirkii maxkamadaha, oo helay qiimeyn xun. Si kastaba, haweenku aammin kaweyn kan raga ayey ku qabaan maxkamadaha iyo bileyska. Wadahadalka kooxaha waxa kazoo baxay inuu jirey isbedelka werwerka leh ee “dukaansiga madasha ama forum shopping”, halkaasoo kooxda muranka ama kiiska ku xoogaysataa ay doorato ururka ay rejeynayso inuu natiijo fiican u keeno.

Qiimeynta gudbinta dhabta ahi waxay ku xidhan tahay nooca dembiga. Marka sahanka boqolkiiba 60 kiisaska waa gabbood fal, boqolkiiba 69 dembiyada hantida, oo boqolkiiba 80 weerarada si guud loo shaaciyey; keliya in yaroo jajab ah ayaa bileyska loo gudbiyey (20% kiisas gabbood fal, 19% dembiyada hantida iyo keliya 10% oo weerar ah), ama la gaadhay guddoon maxkamadeed (20% kiisas gabbood fal, 10% oo weerar ah, 17% dembiyada hantida).

Fiiro dhow oo waxaqabadka bileyska CVS/sahan wuxu muujiyay habdhaqanka aan caddeyn ee hay’adaha guud ahaan. Si kastaba, jawaabta bileyska ee dembiyada wanaag baa lagu qaddaray. Wadahadalada Kooxaha Sahanka waxa aad u taabanaysey eexda qabiil ee bileyska lagu eedeeyey.

Maxkamaduhu waxay heleen aragti xun, oo loo tixgeliyey marin la’aan iyo gaabis. Arrinta keliya ee ugu muhiimsan ee jawaab celiyeyaasha CVS/sahanka udiidaysey tegida maxkamada waxay ahayd inay rumeysan yihiin in go’aankeedu midaan xaq ahayn. Ka qeybqaatayaashu waxay kaloo sheegeen in go’aanka maxkamada ay saameyn ku yeelato dhinaca awooda inay laaluush badan bixiyaan.

Sida kor ku xusan, odayaasha iyo hogaamiyeyaasha diinta waxa si heersare lagu qaddaray kartdooda ay ku tabarucaan ammaanka iyo nabada. Si cajiib ah, ka qeybqaatayaashu waxay ogaadeen, si kastaba ha ahaatee, inay u agab xunyihiin noocyo cusub oo rabshada ah sida dilalka qorsheysan, budhbadeednimo iyo tuugaysi kooxeed – oo ah 3da tabashoo ee ugu saarreeya bulshada Bossaso marka la eego sahanka/kooxaha ku hawllan.

Jileyaasha kale ee isbedelka ee lagu xusay wadahadalada kooxaha waxa kujira haweenka, ganacsatada, waardiyeyaasha gaarka, waardiyeyaasha xaafadaha, iyo waardiyeyaasha baro-kacayaasha. Kaqeyqaadashada haweenka waxa carqalad ku ahaa iyagoo aan ka hadli karin goobaha shirarka.



1. Hordhac

Cadaymo ku salaysan barnaamijyada iyo horumarinta siyaasada ee ammaanka bulshada, yaraynta rabshadaha iyo dhismaha nabada waxay u baahan yihiin falanqeyn dhameystiran oo sax ah ammaan-darrada kahor. Cabbirka natiijada iyo saameynta dhexgallada lagula tacaalayo ammaan-darrada waa inay si siman lama huraan ugu yihiin, horumarka fahamka guud ee waxa shaqeynaya iyo waxaan shaqeynayn, iyo la-xisaabtanka cidii ku lugleh, labadaba. Ururka Qaabdhismeeka Ammaanka Somalida (SCSF) waa isu-tag ururo caalamiya, maxalliya, NGOyo, iyo UNtaba oo siwadajir ah ujeeda, si hab waara ah, awood-dhisika Somalida ee fudaydsiga qaska iyo ammaan-darrada1. Iyadoo ay ka go’an tahay barnaamijeynta cadaymo ku salaysan, xubnaha (SCSF)tu waxay muujiyeen ururinta iyo falanqeynta xog/data dhan oo ay mudnaantu tahay amniga.

Qiimaha lagu daro data/xogohan sifiican bay ukordhinaysaa haddii loogu deeqo la-qabsiga tuseyaasha guud iyo hannaaka quudinta berkada guud ee warbixinta. Hab la-tashi ballaadhan baa socday 2009-2010 oo ay wadday dallada SCSF si loo horumariyo CVS/sahanka taasoo ay aqoonsan doonaan ka-qeybgaleyaasha SCSF.

Waa in la xaqiijiyaa lahaanshaha Somalida ee xogoha/data iyo nidaamka sahanka/survey. Illaa dhowaan, xogoha/data iyo aqoonta yaree la-helikaro ee sababaha iyo daliilka ammaan-darrada– ama ha la-xidhiidhi dembi ama colaad – waxay datadu ku hadhi jirtey ururka soo ururiyey, sida bandanna way luntaa markuu mashruucu dhamaado ama shaqaalaha muhiimka ay guuraan. Si loogu tabaruco lahaanshaha maxalliga, (OCVP)du waxay la wareegeysaa, xubnaha SCSF dartood, hawshan si loo xaqiijiyo inaanay hay’adaha akademi ahaan aan-xisbiyeysnayn haysanin xogaha/datada iyo warbixinta dembiyada iyo colaadaha gobolada Somalida. Ururinta, haynta, iyo wadaaga xogta la hayo, (OCVP)du waxay kacaawin kartaa xaqiijinta in dhexgalka ay hagaan cadaymo laisku hallayn karo, saameyntoodana lana cabbiro lana qiimeeyo. Waxa kaloo xarun dhexe ka dhigaysaa qalabka iyo nidaamka xog/data ururinta, waxaanay dhirrigelinaysaa adeegsigooda si loo hagaajiyo isbarbardhigida xogta laa ururiyey.

UNDP Somalia waa xubin aasaase ah OCVPda Somalida. Iyadoo usoo maraysa barnaamijka sharciga yo ammaanka, waxay kaalmaysay horumarinta iyo hirgelinta sahanka/survey ee degmooyin Somaliyeed oo la xushay inta udhexaysay 2009 iyo 2010kii. Khaasatan, sahankan gurigu waxa ka bilaabmay degmooyinka Burao, Bossaso, Galkayo iyo Laas Caanod, iyo lix degmo oo Mogadishu ah (Waberi, Shangani, Hamar Weyne, Hamar Jabjab, Dharkenley and Wadajir). Goobaha waxa loo doortey si loo gaadho meelaha waaweyn dadku ku badanyahay qaarkood, siay dad badani uga faa’iidaysto casharrada laga soo dheegtay sahanka, iyadoo isla markaana muujinaysa carqaladaha kaladuwan ee nabadgelyada. Gaar ahaan, goobaha la sahamiyey waxay ku kala duwanaayeen colaada, colaada-kadib, iyo la-xidhiidhka faldembiyeedka. Gebi ahaan xogta qeydhin, iyo weliba qalabka iyo nidaamka ururinta xog/data, waxay habeeyeen hibeynta bilowga ee OCVP si guud ayaana loo helikaraa ee baadhis inta kabadan.

1 See www.somalipeacebuilding.org for more information.



Iyadoo ku salaysan xogohan, UNDP Somalia waxay kaalmeysay qoraalka, OCVP darteed, shan warbixin ee Asaaska Ammaanka iyo Nabadgelyada Degmada, kaasoo lagu turjumi doono af Somali. Warbixinahan lafoguran waxa laisu ururiyey iyadoo la adeegsnayo xulashada xogaha laga helay CVS/ sahanka, kooxaha ku hawllan, warbixinta maabeynta, iyo wareysiyo xogo-badan oo muhiima, iyo tiro ilo muhiima. Natiijooyinka waxa ansixiyey bulshada iyo hay’adah kahor intaan shaacin. Warbixinaha waxa lagu dari doonaa casriyeynta/update isbedelka oo kooban kuna salaysan wadahadalada kooxaha ku hawllan iyo suurtogalka xog/data cusub oo tayo iyo tiroba leh.

Sawirka ammanka iyo bedbaadoda ee ka soo baxa warbixintan aasaasiga dabdeedna ay hagto faahfaahinta jawaabaha bulshada ee kuhabboon. Talooyinkan ooy faahfaahisay Guddiga Nabadgelyada Degmadu (DSCs), oo lagu aasaasay awooda Golaha Degmada ee goob kasta, waxay isugu jiraan wakiilada dhalinyarada, haweenka, odayaasha iyo hogaamiyeyaasha diinta, saraakiil ka socota Dawladaha Hoose, Bileyska iyo Cadaalada. Dhexgallada la hindisay waxay ku cadyihiin Qorshaha Ammaanka Degmada, oo la dhexgelin doono Qaabdhismeedka Horumarinta Degmada oo qeyb ka ah wareegyo sannadeedka qorshaha iyo miisaaniyada. Hay’adaha maxalliga iyo caalamiga ah waxay uyeelanayaan awood ay kaga faa’ideystaan qalabkan siay uxushaan, qaabeeyaan, uuna cabbiraan saameynta fulinta dhexgalladu ay leeyihiin marka loo eego xogtan/data la ururiyey iyo qiimeynta baahiyaha.

Riboodhkan Ammaanka Degmada ee Aasaasiga wuxu u qeybsamaa sideed qeybood. Marka laga tago Hordhacan, nidaamka cilmi-baadhistu wuxu ku sifeysan yahay qeybta 2aad. Qeybta 3aad waxa lagahelaa taariikhda guud (maabeynta) ee Degmada Boosaaso, ooy kujiraan farriimo taariikhi ah oo muhiima. Qeybta 4aad waxay eegaysaa arargtiyaha ammaan-darrada, iyo qeybta 5aad oo bandhigeysa tabashooyinka weyn ee xaga Amniga ee laga ogyahay Boosaaso. Dhaqaajieyaasha iyo cunsurrada ku lammaan mushkiladahan waxa lagu sahamiyey Qeybta 6aad. Qeybta 7aad waxay baadhaysaa aragtida waxqabadka jileyaasha cadaalada iyo amniga, ooy kujiraan bileyska, maxkamadaha, haweenka, odayaasha iyo hogaamiyeyaasha diinta. Ugu dambeyn, Qeybta 8aad waxay bixinaysaa talooyinka jawaabaha baadhitaanka.



2. Nidaamka

Riboodhkan Ammaanka iyo Amniga Aasaasiga ee Degmada Bossaso waxalagu diyaariyey iskujirka xogo/data iyo warbixin lagu soo ururiyey saddex qalab baadhis-cilmiyeed iyo nidaamyo: maabeynta degamada, CVS/sahanka, iyo wadahadalada kooxaha ku hawllan. Waxa dhameystirey dib-u-eegid xafiis oo inta kabadan. Warbixin inta kabadan ee horumarka, tusmada, iyo adeegsiga qalabka kala duwan waxa laga heli karaa Toolkitka2 Ilaalinta iyo Qiimeynta.

2.1. Naqshadeynta Degmada

Qalabka uhorreeya ee loo adeegsaday soosaarka Riboodhkan Aasaaska Degmada waa naqshadeynta ilaha jira ee rasmiga ama aan ahayn ee ay bulshadu ku dabbarto ammaan-darrada. Qaabka3 naqshadeyntu wuxu raadiyaa qabsashada cadaymaha bilowga ee curinta waxay bulshadu higsanayso, taariikhda dadka/demography iyo heerka iskuxidhnaanta bulshada (tusaale, saamiga/qeybta baro-kacayaasha/IDPs, taariikhda qabiilka). Xogta aasaaska taariikhiga ayaa kujirta siay ushaaciso dhacdooyinka xanuunka lahaa siay uxoojiso dayaca bulshada, iyo heshiisyadii hore ee nabada, oo laga yaabo inay keenaan casharro muhiima oo wax laga barto iyo saameynta aragtida laxidhiidha heshiis kasta oo nabadeed. Waxa la sahamiyey hay’adaha jira ee cadaalada, amniga, iyo daryeelka caafimaadka si loo naqshadeeyo awooda xukuumada ay ku xoojinayso nabad, amniga iyo cadaalada, iyo helida gergaarka dhibbanayaasha rabashka. Aakhirkii, waxa la naqshadeeyey awooda nabada sida ururada medeniga ah, heshiisyo ama qaabab – tusaale, qaababka maareynta colaadaha ama mashaariicda waardiyeynta xaafadaha – sababtoo ah dhowr shuruudood, waxaana laisugu dari karaa barnaamijyo. Ogaanshaha helida/qeybinta warbixinta ee bulshadu waxay faa’iido uyeelan kartaa koruqaadida wacyigelinta aayaha dambe.

Bossaso gudaheeda, ururka SORSO ayaa qaaday naqshadeyntii u horreysay bishii December 2009ka. Hay’ada Danish Demining Group ayaa dibu-eegtay April 2011kii, oo soo ururisay xidhiidhka GPSka ee hay’ado kala duwan.

2.2. Sahanka Dulmiga iyo Dembiga (CVS)

Qalabka labaad ee la adeegsaday wuxu ahaa foomka su’aalaha CVS/sahanka, kaasoo la habeeyey 2009kii. 4Sahanku/CVS waxay beegsanayeen inay helaan warbixin daruuri ah oo tayo leh siay umuujiso sawirka dhabta ee Dulmiga iyo Dembiyada degmooyinka la beegsaday, dabadeedna qiyaasa saameynta dhexgallada. NGOga SOCDA ayaa liisteeyayaasha ka qortey kuna tabobaray Boosaaso iyagoo kaalmo ka helaya hay’ada Japan Centre for Conflict Prevention (JCCP).

2 The Monitoring and Assessment Toolkit is available at http://www.somalipeacebuilding.org/pb-resources/maa.html 3 See Annex A of the Monitoring and Assessment Toolkit. 4 See Annex B of the Monitoring and Assessment Toolkit.



Mudaday naqshadeyntu socotay warbixintii la ururiyey waxa loo adeegsaday in la go’aamiyo suurtogalka qeyb-hoosaadyada sahanku/CVS ka fuli karayey. Qeyb-hoosaadyada waxa doortey kadib markii lala shirey maamulada hoose, NGOska ama duqeyda beesha si loogu helo taariikh sawirka naqshadaha, sameynta xuduudaha iyo qiimeynta tirada guryaha. Kuwan waxa dabadeed loo adeegsaday inay sameeyaan qeyb-hoosaadyada degmada. Baadheyaashu waxay dabadeed karaan inay cadeeyaan qodobada bilaabida, oo la socoto tijaabo nasiibin ee 20kii guri ee goob kastoo kooban. Sahanka/CVS waxa lagu maamulay 780 guri, oo qiyaastii 5,850 qof. Tirada iskucelceliska shakhsiyaadka gurigiiba waa 7.5 (3.9 lab iyo 3.6 dhedig) isucelceliska dhalintuna (kayar 15) ee gurigiiba, waa illaa 3.3 (1.8 lab iyo 1.6 dhedig).

Sahanka/surveyga waxa laga fuliyey 16 qeyb-hoosaad oo Degmada Bossaso. Jaantus 1 wuxu muujinayaa tirada sahanka laga soo ururiyey qeyb-hoosaad kasta – Gerible Ubah, Wadajir, Dayaha, Girible B, 26-June and Suweto, oo laxidhiidha qeybo magaalada Bossaso.

Jaantus 1: Qeyb-hoosaadyada Degmada Bossaso (Freq.)

Ref. R3_R (n= 736)

2.3. Wadahadalada Kooxaha ku Hawllan

Agabka saddexaad waa Kooxaha ku Hawllan oo ujeeda inay gacanta ku dhigaan fahamka ammaan-darrada ee degmooyinka, sababaha iyo khataraha, dhibbaneyaasha iyo dembiileyaasha, iyo awoodaha nabada.5 Hay’ada SORSO waxay shirisay kooxaha 3dii illaa 9kii June 2010kii, iyadoo isugu yeedhay haweenka, dhalinyarada, baroacayaasha/(IDPs), odayaasha, hogaamiyeyaasha diinta, dawladaha hoose, iyo reer guuraaga, todoba wadahadal oo kaladuwan. Kooxaha ku hawllani waxay bilaabeen inay ka qeybqaateyaasha weydiiyaan qeexida bedbaadada, amniga iyo rabashka, iyo inay ka hadlaan heerarka iyo isbedellada amniga 12kii bilood ee kahorreeyey. Kaqeybgaleyaasha waxa la weydiiyey inay soo uririyaan noocyada rabshadaha waaweyn eey Bossaso soo aragtay. Dabadeed waxa loo horseeday hab ay ku sifeeyaan sababaha, goobaha, waqtiyada iyo xilliyada, dhibabaneyaasha, dembiileyaasha, tabta iyo hubka, iyo heerarka agaasinka ee nooca kasta oo

5 See Annex C of the Monitoring and Assessment Toolkit.



rabash hore. Aakirkii, waxa la weydiistay inay sheegaan shakhsiyaadka ama hay’adaha ay aamineen kahortaga iyo jawaab-celinta rabshadaha.

Koox kasta waxa uga qeybgalay 15 illaa 20 xubnood, dedaalna waxa loo galay xaqiijinta jinsi kaladuwan, da’ kaladuwan, iyo dad deggan meelo kaladuwan in si isle’eg umattalaan; qeybta ugu muhiimsanayd, waa la gaadhay. Marka la eego reer guuraaga kujira kooxaha hawsha, si kastaba, kooxdoo daqiiqadii udambeysay la sameeyey awgeed, waxay kakoobnayd keliya qof haweena iyo shakhsi kale oo 30 jir kayar, su’aalaha qaarna waa laiska dhegotiray.

2.4. Ansaxinta

Natiijooyinka wadahadalada kooxaha waxa la soo ururiyey oo loogu soo bandhigay marka horeba bulshada siminnaar 4 cisho ooy hay’ada SORSO qabatay June 2010kii oo ay weheliyeen wakiilada odayaal, kooxo diimeed, ganacsatada, Golaha Degmada, cadaalada, bileyska, ururada haweenka iyo dhalinyarada, ururo xirfadeed, ardayda dugsiyada sare (dhalinta) iyo warbaahinta. Dibueegid xafiiseed oo inta kabadan kadib, qoraal qabyo ah Baadhitaanka Bedbaadad iyo Amniga Bulshada ayey Saferworld qortey bishii September 2010kii kaasoo ku salaysan warbixintan. Dibusixid inta kabadan kadib, UNDP waxay ugudbisay Gudiga Bedbaadada Degmada ee Bossaso bishii November 2010kii, xilligan oo la helay warbixin tayo leh oo dheeraad.



3. Naqshadeynta Degmada Bossaso

3.1. Farriimo Taariikhi

Reer guuraa Somaliya ayaa aasaasay magaalada Bossaso 1745, iyo nin kalluumeysato Carbeed ah oo la yidhaa Qasim, kaasoo dabadii ay yeelatay magaceedii horeBender Qasim. Bossaso waxay soo martay dad korodh dhaqso ah, gaar ahaan dadweynaha magaalada, kadib dagaaladii sokeeye ee Somalia 1991. Illaa 1990aadkii, waxay ahayd magaalo yar oo dekedeed oo ay deggan yihiin dad gaadhayaa 10,000–20,000. Xukunkii Siyaad Barre, waaridkii waxa loo wareejiyey dekedaha jawiga la heshiiska ah ee koonfurta bedeelkii boosaaso, taasoo sannadkii lais isticmaali karo qeyb ahaan.6 Sannadkii 1991kii, si kastaba, wuxu ahaa burburkii dawladii dhex iyo qabiilka Hartiga oo koonfur, iyo qeybo Somaliland, kasoo qaxay illaa woqooyi bari. Kadib dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991, dadweynihii Boosaaso si dhakhso ah ayuu labalaabmay. Dawlada hoose oon waxba gelinayn, dhismihii wuxu noqday qorshe la’aan, horumarkiina aan loo gudboonayn. Dhaxalku waa qaab-dhismeed isdhexyaal iyo iskuraran.

Si marka loo eego goobtu nasiib bay lahayd. Inkastoo Boosaaso ay tageen tiro ballaadhan oo barokacayaal, qaar soogaleetiya waxay ahaayeen ganacsato guulaysatay, farsamo-yaqaanno dawlada oo xirfad leh oo keenay xirfado iyo dhaqaale dhaqaajin oo saamaxday dhaqaale korodh iskudabaxiga. Intaa waxa dheer, badiba kaabeyaasha dhaqaale iyo dhismeyaasha guud ee woqooyi bari waxa la dhisay 1991 sababtoo ah gobolku isumu-dhiibin culayska rabshadaha iyo burburka ee Somalia inta hadhay.

Kadib dhicistii xukumadii kelitaliska Siyaad Barre ee 1991kii, Puntland waxay hoos tagtay xukunka Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), oo kursigooda maamul yaallo Bossaso. Ogolaanshahooda hadal-la’aan, waxay Ururka Al-Ittihad Al-Islami (AIAI) sameysteen goobo istratiijiya dhammaan woqooyi bari ee dalka, lawreegeen maamulka dekeda iyo cusbitaalka Bossaso, kana sameysteen saldhig military oo weyn magaalada Qaw, oo 20 kilometre ujirta Bossaso. 1992kii, kadib siideyntii 5 sano oo xabsiya, Abdullahi Yusuf, aasaasihii SSDF, wuxu bilaabay olole iska-caabbin oo dhan ka ah Itixaad – oo cududooda milatari ee sii koraysa Garoowe iyo Boosaasoba si siikordhaysay loo arkay cabsi. Subaxii 19ka Juun 1992kii, xoogaga Itixaad waxay xidheen magaalada Garoowe waxaanay weerarro iskumar ah ku qaadeen goobo woqooyiga-bari ee dalka, ooy kujirto Bossaso. Xoogagii SSDF, oo ku tiirsan milishiya beeleed deg-deg loo habeeyey, si dhakhso bay ujawaabeen dibna uqabsadeen woqooyi bari, ayna dileen 600 oo dagaalyahanada Itixaada.7

Maamulka Gobolka Bari ayaa lagu sameeyey Bosaaso intii udhexeysay 1993 illaa 1996kii wadahadal qabiilka dhexdiisa loo qabtay silo hagaajiyo qeybsanka xoogaga SSDF dhexdeeda iyo hogaamiyeyaasha qabiilka gobolka Bari dusha kahaysta ee Osman Mohamoud. Marhadday dekeda Bossaso ahayd ilaha ugu muhiimsan dakhliga guud ee Woqooyibari waqtigaa, wadahadaladan qeyb

6 UNDP, ILO & PI (July 2005) Territorial Diagnosis & Institutional Mapping: Bossaso-Galkayo Corridor. p.35. 7 See for example, ‘The Birth and Rise of Al-Ittihad Al-Islami in the Somali Inhabited Regions in the Horn of Africa’, A. Duale Sii'arag, November 13, 2005. http://wardheernews.com/articles/November/13__Alittihad_Sii'arag.html



weyn bay kulahayd. Wadahaladii bilowgu waxay soosaareen hindise maamul hoose ay dhamaan qabiilada iyo jilibaduba Bari tixgeliyeen oo dabasocday Shirweyne 6 bilooda ee Dhammaan Beelaha Bari ee 1995kii. Horraantii 1996kii, shirweynahani wuxu ku gebogeboobay heshiis in la sameeyo Gole Gobol, kaasoo qeexaya Maamul Gobol oo dabasocda. Muddo, 9 Gole Degmo ayaa la sameeyey; taasoo caddaynaysa in la hirgelin karo badiba arrimaha, waxay caddeeyeen xukunk daadejinta gobolka oo dhan. Waqtigaa guidihiisa, wuxu maamulka cusub ee gobolku la gaadhay heshiis uu kula wadaagayo dakhliga dekeda gobolladad kale, oo maal-gelinayo ciidanka Amniga guud iyo adeegyada bulshada.8

Si lamida, abuurkii maamulka Puntland ee 1998kii oo ka soo burqatay qorshe awood qeybsiya oo u dhexeeya qabiilooyina waaweyn ee woqooyibari. Xeerka xukumada ee ku-meelgaadhka ee 1998kii wuxu ku turjumayaa qabanqaabadan oo sitaxadir leh isugu dheelli-tiraya wakiilnimada dawlada gudaheeda iyo dhaqaale xukunka qabaa’ilka qaalibka dhexdooda, gaar ahaan Omar Mohamoud, Issa Mohamoud, Osman Mohamoud, Dhulbahante iyo Warsangeli. Inkastoo ay qabaa’ilka Daarood ee qaalibka ahi ku raaceen, kuwa laga tirada badanyahay waxay aaminsanyihiin in laga reebay. Dawladii Cabdillaahi Yusuf horumar bay ka sameysay dhismaha hay’adaha iyo dibudejinta, laakiin 2001da dhexdiisii, Yusuf kama dambeystii wuu diiday inuu uga dego ninay siyaasadu col ku ahaayeen oo la odhan jirey, Jama Ali Jama oo ay Isimad udoorteen hogaamiye. Tani waxay dhalisay labo sano oo dagaal ah – dhibyena Bossaso – illaa Yusuf guul la hoyday macaa kaalmadii Ethiopia. Jaamacna, aakhirkii wuu ka tegay dalka, 2003dii Cabdillaahi Yusuf madaxweyne loo doortay.

3.2. Juqraafiga iyo Dadka

Degmada Boosaaso waxay ku taallaa woqooyiga Puntlad ee Somalia. Waxay ku dhextaallaa Maamulka Gobolka Bari.9 Puntland badiba waxay ka koobantahay dhul oomane ah taageeraya xoolodhaqatada reer guuraaga ee dhaqa riyaha, idaha, iyo geela. Tiro yar oo magaalooyin ah, ooy kujiraan Gaalkacayo, Caasimada Garoowe, iyo dakaeda Boosaaso, mooyaane badi deegaamada kale waa tuulooyin yaryar, ooy kujiraan degamo farobadan oo xeebta safan oo ku tiirsan kalluumaysiga.

Degmada Bossaso waxa qaaliban magaalada dekeda ee Bossaso. Iyadoo ku taalla Gacanka Cadan, Boosaaso waa xarunta gacansiga Somaliya, ahna mid kamida dekedaha ugu muhiimsan ee Somalia. Degmadau waxay dhererantay qiyaastii illaa 36 kilomitir oo ka kooban magaalada lafteeda iyo 50 tuulo oo yaryar oo ku xeeran. Magaalada Boosaaso waxay leedahay 16 maamul qeybhoosaad10 iyo xaafado yaryar oo badan oo ku xeeran sida Laag, oo koonfurta ku taalla. Barigan waxa kaga taalla Dooxada Baalade galbeedkana, Biyokulul. Magaalada waxa labo ukala qeybisa waddo laamiya, oo socota dekeda illaa magaalada Gaalkacayo ee badhtamaha Somaliya. Gegida Diyaaradaha oo yar oo Caalimiya ayaa isna ku xidha dalalka Gacanka iyo kuwa jaarka ahba.

8 The Search for Peace, The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building, Interpeace and PDRC, 2007, p. 22. 9 Bari has ten administrative sub-divisions of which Bossaso is one. 10 These are: Wadajir, Hawl wadaag, Hurmuud, Kulmiye, Horseed, October, Girible Ubax, Gibible A, Girible B, Sanfarow, Dayaxa, Gusoore, 26 June, Suweyto, 1st Luulyo, and Xaafatul Carab.



Khariirad 1: Somaliya

Source: United Nations Administrative Map, 2011

Isku-celcelis Boosaaso wuxu roobku helaa saddex illaa afartii sanoba mar, kaaso caadiyan dhaliya daadad. Xilliga xagaaga, oo qiyaas ahaan socda April illaa September, waxa lagu yaqaana jawi kulul iyo dabaylo. April badhtankeeda illaa aakhirka August, maraakiib yar ayaa ka baxa soona gala dekeda Boosaaso, dad badan ayaa iyaguna udhoofa dhulka qabooba ah.

Amniga iyo degganaanshaha Boosaaso wuxu ku xidhanyahay Puntaland iyo gobolka intiisa kale. Muranka meelaha la jaarka ahi wuxu degmada ku keeni karaa qas, sida isbedellada siyaasadeed ee weyn ee heer qaran. Degmada Boosaaso, tuulada yare e beeralayda ee Galgala, oo 45 km koonfur-galbeed ka xigta magaalada Boosaaso xaga Buuraleyda Golis, ayaa ku yeelatay saameyn degganaansho la’aan ah. Galgala waxay saldhig milishia yar oo uu hogaamiyo Atom.11 Inkastoo inta badan ay hawlgalaan Galgala iyo tuulooyin yaryar eek u dhow sida, Laag, Yalho iyo Karin, hadana saraakiisha dawlada ayaa lagu beegsaday meelokale, ooy kujiraan dilal qorsheysan laga fuliyey magaalada Bossaso gudaheeda. Weeraro milatari oo taxane ah sannadihii 2010kii iyo 2011kii ayaa khatartan yareeyey.12

Waxa adag in la helo tirada sugan ee dadweynaha Boosaaso marhadday qiimeyntu siaad ah isubedeleyso, laakiin waxa had iyo goor la adeegsada tiro shaqeysa oo 200,000 ah.13 Marka la eego

11 United Nations, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1853 (2008), 10 March 2010, p. 45. 12 United Nations, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1916 (2010), 18 July 2011, p. 14. 13 UNDP waxay isticmaashaa tiro shaqeynaysa oo 120,000, oo ku taariikheysan illaa 2005. Bossaso Urban Household Economic Study: A special report by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network, FEWS NET/USAID, Somalia, October 2009, p. 11. Another study conducted by Progressive Interventions for the UNDP and ILO in



CVS/sahanka, degmada Bossaso waxa lagu soocaa reer magaalka boqokiiba 75.7 iyo boqolkiiba 24.3 reer miyi ama meel deggan. Tirada dadweynaha iyo qiimaha korodhkuba waa wax laga doodo.14 Sida hoos ku sii faahfaahsan, meeshu maaha oo keliya goob ay qaxooti badani usoo jeedaan, laakiin waxay noqotay goob ay qaxootiga sharci-darrada ahi uga kicitmaan dalalka jaarka iyo gudubka Gacanka Cadmeed.

Puntland waa hoyga taariikhiga ee Daarood, iyo gaar ahaan Hartiga.15 Qeyb ahaan sababtan, Puntland ilaa xad waa iskujaad heerka qabiilka marka la barbardhigo gobolada kale ee Somaliya. Degmada Boosaaso, jawaabeyaasha sahanku waxay sheegteen inay yihiin xubno qabiilka Daaroodka (72.5%), ooy soo raacdo Timoadag/Bantu (7.4%); qabiilada kale (4.1% ama ayar) oo ay kujiraan, iyo qaar kaloo badan, Hawiye, Dir, Arab, Madhiban, Digil-Mirifle iyo Isaaq (Jaantus 2).

Jaantus 2: Qoyska Qabiilka (Cabbiray)

Ref. RP9 (n=739)

Intooda badani dadka degmada Boosaaso degani waa joogto (71.9%), ooy soo raacdo IDPs (21.0%) iyo qaxooti (7.2%).

the same year estimated the population at 200,000. Territorial Diagnosis and Institutional Mapping, Bossaso-Galkayo Corridor, UNDP, ILO & PI, July 2005, p. 73. 14 A UN-HABITAT report published in February 2009 estimates a total town population of 250,000. Bossaso: First Steps Toward Strategic Urban Planning, UN-Habitat, February 2009, p. 18. A USAID report published in October 2009 estimates a total urban population of approximately 480,000. USAID, op. cit., October 2009, p.11, whereas the municipality estimates a total population of between 700,000 to 1 million inhabitants living in the district. Bossaso Community Mapping provided by SORSO. 15 The Harti clan group is composed of the Majeerteen (found mainly in Bari, Nugaal and North Mudug Regions of Puntland as well as in Zone 5 of Ethiopia), the Dhulbahante (in Sool and Sanaag regions), the Warsangeli (in Sanaag and Bari) and the Deshiishe clans (again in Bari region). Three other clans of the Harti clan group, the Geesaguule, Kaskiqabe and Liibaangashe, are found in all of these regions, as well as a number of other Darod clans, including the Marehan, Leylkase and Awrtable and minority groups, such as the Arab Mohamud Saalah, Madhibaan, Tumaal, and Bantu. Minorities in the area include Meheri Arabs and Ethiopians, many of who are transitory migrants. See Interpeace and PDRC (2007) The Search for Peace, The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building. p. 8



Jaantus 3: Sharciga Deganaanshaha (Freq. %)

Ref. RP10 (n=739)

Qiimeyn dhawayd, waxa jirey inta udhexaysa 2800016 illaa 50,000 oo IDPs gudaha iyo nawaaxiga magaalada Bossaso, ku filiqsan 24 xero xajmigoodu kaladuwan yahay. Inta badan kooxuhu/focus groups waxay ku qiimeeyeen IDPs/barokacayaasha kooxaha ugu nugul dhibbaneyaasha Bossaso gudaheeda, ooy ugu wacan tahay heerka dhaqaalahooda hooseeya iyo iyagoon jid uhelyn adeega iyo hay’adaha amniga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xidhiidhka udhexeeya bulshada loo martida yahay iyo IDPsku si cajiiba ayuu ufiican yahay. Malaha waxa jira dhowr sababood: marhadii IDPs/barokacayaashu is ballaadhan uga soo jeedaan gobolka badhtamaha koonfurta Somaliya, dhinacyo badan oo diinta iyo dhaqanka ah ayey kala mid yihiin dhiggooda bulshada martigelisay; Bossaso gudaheeda, labada bulshoba waxay siwadajira uwadaagaan adeega bulshada sida caafimaadka, caruurta IDP een waalidkood kabxin karaynin waxbarashada waxay isku iskool yihiin caruurta dadka martida looyahay; waanay kala-guursadaan. Kudarsoo, IDPs badan ayaa kadhex shaqeeya bulshada martida looyahay: raga badidiisu waxay ka hawlgalaan dhismaha, haweenkuna waxay qabtaan shaqi guri. Weliba, wadahadalada kooxaha waxa laga sheegay in odayaasha labada dhinac (IDPs iyo Martigeliyeyaasha) ay si caadiya uwada xidhiidhaan. Tusaale, 2009kii, odayaasha martida looyahay waxay ka dhiidhiyiin dhimista cashuurta dawladu kaqaado guryaha kumeelgaadhka ah ee IDPska.17 Ka sii daran, maruu dab ka qarxay mid kamida xeryaha, odayaasha martida looyahay waxay kaga jawaabeen gurmad, iyo gergaar ay ku taageerayaan IDPska.

3.3. Kheyraadku iyo Dhaqaalaha

Hantida gaarka waxay aasaas utahay dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale ee Puntland iyo Boosaaso. Seeraha qeybuhu wuu xadidan yahay, si kastaba haahaatee, waxa jira kutiirsanaan dheeraada ee xoolaha nool iyo dhoofintooda, iyo xawaalada iyo maalgelinta qurbejoogta. Maanta, Bossaso waa dekeda ugu weyn ee adeega dhoofinta iyo soodejinta ee baahiyaha Sanaag, iyo Sool iyo ints badan ee badhtamaha Somaliya, oo boqolkiiba 95 waxsoosaarka lakala ganacsanayaa uu yahay mid Emirati ah (UAE). Marka lagu daro hilibka, Bossaso, sida Puntland inteeda kale, waxay soodejisata badeecada aasaasiga iyo cuntada, ooy kujiraan bariiska, paastada, saliida cuntada iyo tamaad gur-gur. Ganacsiga badidiisu wuxu kayimaadaa Dubai. Suuqa soodejintu, si kastaba, ganacsato yar baa sixun uhabeysa oo uwada shaqeeya siay waxbadan u iibsadaan, dhamaana badeecad iskumida soodejiya, taasoo 16 “Puntland helps IDPs integrate, learn skills”, IRIN, 27 May 2010, http://www.irinnews.org/PrintReport.aspx? ReportId=89271. 17 The elders’ focus group.



abuurta suuq tartan sare leh oo laakiin xadidan.18 Waa in la xusuusnaado in dekeda Boosaaso tahay ilo dakhli guud oo muhiim u ah gebi ahaanba gobolka woqooyi bari, oo ka dhigaysa goob istaraatijiyad muhiima leh.

Dhoofka xoolaha iyo waxsoosaarkooda, kaluunka iyo cuntada badada, iyo beeyada, malmalka, iyo xabkaha kale ee udgoon. Suuqa xoolaha ee Somaliya si aada ayuu udhaawacmay markay Boqortooyada Saudi Arabia joojisay xoolaha 1998kii iyo 2000 siay uxakamayso faafka xumada Rift Valley. Sidii joojinta looga qaaday November 2009kii suuqu wuu soo kabtay illaa xad, hadana waxa ku dhuftay abaar iyo saameynta ay budhcadbadeedu ku yeelatay dhoofinta sannadkii 2009kii. Dhibka saylada xooluhu wuxu dhiirigeliyey koritaanka shaqada kaluumeysiga, laakiin tani way yartahay illaa xad miisaan ahaan waxaana sii qarribey kaluumeysiga sharci-darrada ah ee biyaha Somaliya heerarka sidda xad dhaafka ah ukordhaya ee budhcadbadeeda. Marka laga yimaado ganacsiga dhoofinta iyo soodejinta, intii xilligan Boosaaso waxay aragtay maalgelin farabadan oo hantida maguurtada oo laga helay ilo Qurbejooga, taasoo bedeshay bilicda, sida geedaha, dhulka, magaalada.

Dheefta korodhkan si siman looma qeybiyo, hadana, tirada faqiirnimada iyo sinnaanla’aanta dadka ku habsatay weli way sarreysaa. Marka la eego taariikhda bulsho ee jawaabeyaasha CVS/sahanka, boqolkiiba 21 ayaa shaqola’. Kuwa shaqeeya, boqolkiiba 38.0 waa kuuli, boqolkiiba 16.0 waa gadisley ama aasaase ganacsi, boqolkiiba 9.3 waa beeraley, iyo boqolkiiba 5.1 kaluumaysato. Mihnadaha ahmiyada yar waxay ka koobanyihiin jagooyinka dawlada (3.8%), shaqada NGOyada iyo Hay’adaha Qaramada midoobey (1.9%), amniga gaarka (1.5%) iyo xirfadaha kale (1.8%) (Jaantuska 4).

Jaantuska 4: Mihnada Madaxa Qoyska (Freq. %)

Ref. RP11 (n=732)

Badiba mushaharka iyo dakhliga ay xoogsadeen lama helikaro, dabadeed, CVS/sahanku wuxu ka daliishaday hantida qoyska isticmaalka kharasheynta. Ugu dhowaan badh qoysaska Bossaso waxay cunto ku isticmaalaan US$ 9.00 doolar ama kayar; boqolkiiba 27.3 waxay isticmaalaan US$ 0.00–4.00, iyo boqolkiiba 21.6 waxay isticmaalaan US$ 4.00– 9.00. Haseyeeshee, degmada gudaheeda waxa jira jeebado badan oo kharash-haya oo isticmaala intan kabadan: boqolkiiba 13.0

18 UNDP, ILO & PI, op. cit., p. 65.



jawaabeyaasha waxay caddeeyeen in miisaaniyadoodu maalintii tahay US$ 60.00–64.00; boqolkiiba 4.6 na, US$ 95.00–99.00 (4.6%), iyo boqolkiiba 6.2, kabadan US$ 99.00 (6.2%) (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Isticmaalka Cuntada Maalinlaha (US$) (Freq. %)

Ref. RP13_R (n=615)

Farqigu wuxu waxyeelay qaabkii magaalada Boosaaso. Marka lagu daro dhismeyaasha huteellada laladhacay, meheradu yaryar, iyo guryo ladego, waxa soo baxay isku-raran magaalo oon qorsheysnayn. Sda lafilaayo dhamaan Somaliya faqrigu kor buu ukacayaa, istaatistiko laisku daray ayaa odhanaysa n illaa boqolkiba 43 dadweynuhu ay ku noolyihiin in kayar US$ 1 maalintii.19 Waxa jira farqi udhexeeya gobolada Puntland iyo Bossaso, sikastaba. Tusaale ahaan, marka la eego hal qiyaas, dakhliga qofkii sannadkiiba Gobolka Bari, ooy Degmada Bossaso ku taal, waa US$ 250–300 sannadkii (oo lamida Sool iyo Sanaag), halkay gobolada Mudug and Nugaal ay tahay US$ 150–200 oo keliya.20 Magaalada Bossaso deegaamada ugu faqiirsani waa Hormud, Horseed, Wadajir, X. Carab, Suweto iyo Sanfaro.21

Shaqola’aanta yo iska-joogjoogu wuu kubaahay Puntland iyo Bossaso. Miyi iyo magaalo isku si baa dhibku ugaadhay, inkastoo sida lamalaysan karo, fursadaha shaqo ugu yaraan laga helikaro magaalooyinka, intabadan jagooyinka bannaani waxay ubaahan yihiin xirfado farsamo oo imika guud ahaan lala’ yahay. Marka la eego tirada sarreysa ee shaqo la’aanta, waa caadi in la arko da’yarta raga oo micnodarro isaga fadhiya magaalooyinka, laakiin haweenku khaasatan baanay uga dheefsan saylada shaqada, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay taariikhda karreebidooda habka dugsiyada iyo cadaadis dhaqameed dhanka guriga kahaysta. Intan oo dhami waxay sii iftiiminaysaa in, sida kucad daraasad 2005kii, boqolkiiba 70 qoysaska Bossaso, ooy kujiraan kuwa IDPsku, ay hogaamiso ama ay ku tiirsan yihiin qof dumar ah.22 Tani waxay caddaynaysaa in gidigeed Bosaaso haween yihiin aasaaska masruufka qoysas badan kuwaasoo ragii ama maqan yihiin, ama ay shaqo heli kari waayeen ama

19 Somalia Socio-Economic Survey, UNDP/WB, 2002. 20 UN/World Bank, op. cit., p. 6. 21 USAID, op. cit., p. 7. 22 UNDP, ILO & PI, op. cit., p. 73.



aanay doonaynin.23 Haweenkan badidoodu iskood bay ushaqeystaan waxaanay kulug leeyihiin gancsi yar oo badeecado yar-yar ah, inkastoo tiro badani, khaasatan kuwa ka soojeeda jaaliyadaha IDP, ay kushaqeeyaan maalinleh iyo adeega guryaha. Mushkilado dhaqan-dhaqaale ayaa cadaadinaya dadweynaha farahabadan ee barokaceyaasha reer Boosaaso. Dakhliga qoyska ugu qanisan barokaceyaasha wuxu qiyaastii udhigmaa ka ugu faqiirsan jaaliyadaha martida loo yahay.24

3.4. Jidka Adeega Aasaasiga

Adeega bulshadu lama socda korodhka dhakhsaha ee dadweynaha Boosaaso. Sida riboodh UN-Habitatka tilmaamayo, “adeega magaalada, waxbarashada, iyo daryeelka caafimaadku waxay kujiraan xaalad lagaxumaado, marhaday Bossaso sidhakhso uballaadhatay mudadii dagaalka sokeeye ee ay jirtey madhnaan siyaasadeed iyo mid maamulba”.25 Tusaale ahaan, 16kii qeyb-hoosaad ee magaalada Boosaaso 4 baan lahayn dugsi hoose, kuwa lehna, waxbarashadu waxay noqotay waxaan dhaqaalaha qoysas badani gaadhi karin. Fursadaha waxbarasho waxay si gaarah ugu xadidan yihiin gabdhaha, kuwaasoo intabadan loola sidii oo aanay uqalmin maalgashiga marhadii lafilayo inay guursato, kana guurta reerka illaa dhalashadeeda 15aad.

Marka la eego sahanka/CVSka, boqolkiiba 60 madaxa qoyska ee Degmada Boosaaso waxay heleen hab waxbarasho, (Error! Reference source not found.); boqolkiiba 44.6 jawaabayaasha waxay caddeeyeen in madaxa qoysku si rasmi ah wax-u-bartay, boqolkiiba 16.2 oo kale waxay heleen hab waxbarasho aan-rasmi ahayn boqolkiiba 39.2 madaxda qoysasku waxbarasho may helin. Inta sida dadban wax-u-baratay, boqolkiiba (58.4%) waxay heleen hab tabobar ee xirfadaha nolosha ama qorida boqolkiiba 41.6 waxay tageen dugsi diimeed. Kuwan sida rasmiga wax-u-bartay, boqolkiiba 17.6 ayaa waxbarasho sare dhameystay illaa heer jaamacadeed ama kulliyad. Qiyaas ahaan badh (46.6%) baa dhemeystay ama sakendary ama dugsi sare; boqolkiiba 30.0 kale baa dhameystay dugsi dhexe, iyo boqolkiiba 5.8 keliya waxay tageen dugsi hoose.

23 According to one estimate, the percentage of female-headed or female-dependent households in Bossaso is 70 percent, including IDP households. UNDP/ILO, op. cit., p. 73. 24 On many issues, however, it is not possible to obtain disaggregated data on women and IDPs; aggregate statistics conceal a good degree of inequality and disadvantage. UNDP/ILO, op. cit., p. 74. 25 UN-Habitat, op. cit., p. 18.



Jaantuska 6: Nooca iyo Heerka Waxbarasha Madaxa Qoysaska (Freq. %)

Ref. RP14 (n=722), RP15 (n=113) RP16 (n=313)

Sidoo kale, waxa jirta baahi weyn daryeel caafimaad oo hagaagsan, khaasatan arrimo waaweyn oo fayo-dhowrka iyo caafimaadka guud oo aasaasiya. Marka la eego warbixin Bankiga Addduunka, dhimashada caruurrta Puntland waxay kamid tahay kuwa ugu xun adduunka; 4 meelood 3 dadweynuhu waxay la’yihiin biyo lacabo oo nadiifa; iyo 19 cusbataal oo uadeega dadweyne qiyaastii ah 1.1 oo milyan oo qof.26 Weli, miisaaniyada dawlada Puntland way xadidan tahay (sida lagu qiyaasay 18.8 milyan oo dollar sannadkii 2005)27 oo boqolkiiba 11 keliya loo qoondeeyey horumarinta ama gaadhsiinta adeega. Sidaa awgeed, sida ka dhacda Somaliyada kale, waa jileyaasha aan-dawliga ahayn kuwa badiba adeega bixiya, sida hay’adaha/NGOyada caalamiga iyo hay’adaha Qaramada Midoobey.

Iyadoo sidaasa, goobaha magaalooyinku sida Bossaso waxay ka fiicanyihiin miyiga marka loo eego ku-talogalka adeega dawliga. Bossaso waxay leedahay laba cusbataal, Isbitaalka Guud ee Bossaso, oo 130 sariirood ah, iyo Isbitaalka Guud ee Puntland oo 30 sariirood ah. Intaa waxa dheer, degmadu waxay leedahay 5 MCH oo keliya.28 Marka la eego ilo dhow, ugu dhowaan badh dhamaan shaqaalaha caafimaadka ee Puntland waxay ka shaqeeyaan magaalada Bossaso, halka gobolka Bariga Sanaag uu leeyahay hal dhakhtar.29

Ereyo laxidhiidha, magaalada iyo minishiibiyada Bossaso baa soobandhigtay badiba cadeymaha dhaqan-dhaqaale, heerarka qoraalka illaa dakhliga. Sikastaba, halkay dadweynaha degmadu fideen labaatankii sano ee udambeeyey, adeegyada bulshadu waxay ku guuldarraysteen inay la jaanqaadaan isbedelladan dhakhso ah. Heerarka hada, shabakadaha bedbaadada bulshada iyo fursadaha dhaqaale waxay aad uuga yaryihiin inay dheellitiraan korodhka dadka ee siisocda iyo cadaadiska shaqaalaha. Wasaarada Arrimaha Guduhu waxay imika lashqeynaysaa dhowr hay’adood 26 UN/World Bank, op. cit., p. 16. 27 Ibid., p. 16. 28 District mapping by the Danish Demining Group, April 2011. 29 Somali Reconstruction and Development Programme: Deepening Peace and Reducing Poverty, Vol. 3, Puntland, UN/World Bank, 2007, p. 5.



oo caalami ah ee Barnaamijka Wadajirka Qaramada Midowbay ee Dawladaha Hoose (JPLG) iyo Hoos-u-daadejinta Gaadhsiinta Adeega ee Qaab-dhismeedka Horumarinta Degmada. Maamulka iyo Goleyaasha Degmadu waxay ku lugleeyihiin qaabeynta qorshe guud ee gaadhsiinta adeega oo lagu daro mudnaanta jaaliyada guud ahaan Degmada Bossaso.

3.5. Maamulka

Magaalada Bossaso waa caasimada Gobolka Bari, oo kamida todobada maamul goboleed ee Puntland. Nabadgelyada Boosaaso waxa kormeera Guddoomiyaha Gobolka Bari, oo guddoomiya shirarka nabadgelyada gobolka Bari, iyo weliba Qeybta Gobolka Bari, taasoo masuulka ah isuduwida iyo horjoogida saldhigyada bilayska. Intaa waxa dheer, magaaladu waxay leedahay tiro wakiilo qaran ah, sida Wasaarada Arrimaha Gudaha, Nabdgelyada, Horumarinta Haweenka iyo Arrimaha Qoyska, Xoolaha iyo Deegaanka, iyo Beeraha, iyo isuduweyaasha gobolka ee wasaaradaha caafimaadka, waxbarashada, qorsheynta iyo iskaashiga caalamiga, beeraha iyo qaar kaloo badan.

Degmadu waxay Gole Degmo oo uu guddoomiyo Duqa magaaladu. Heerka degmo-hoosaadka, maamulku wuxu qaataa qaab 16 guddi tuulo, iyo weliba guddiyada IDP/barokacayaasha30

30 Interview with the District Safety Committee as part of the District mapping by the Danish Demining Group, April 2011.



4. Fahamka Ammaan-darrada

Dareenka iyo aragtida ammaan-darradu waa lagama maarmaan in lacabbiro sababtoo ah dadku waxay ku hagaajiyaan hab-dhaqankooda gundhiga qiiro kooban. Kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxaha Bossaso waxay rabshada ku sifeeyeen xadgudubka lagula kaco qof xoolihiisa, sharaftisa ama jidhkiisa. Bedbaadada iyo nabada waxa lagu sifeeyey iska ilaalinta cabsida dibeda. Cabsidaasoo noqon karta muuqaal (garaacid, dil, iwm) deegaan (fatahaad, kul, iwm), dhaqan-dhaqaale (suurtagalka kasbasho nololeed ama safarka suuqa) ama diin (xornimo diineed cabbirka iyo rumeynta) nooc ahaan. Dhamaan kooxuhu waxay ku sifeeyeen baahida in ladhowro lana ilaaliyo sharafta shakhsiga iyo jaaliyada ay xudun utahay ammaan iyo nabad dhab ah, kooxaha dhamaan waxay ku sheegeen amniga xaalad habeen iyo maalinba nabad ah, ooy dadkuna seexdaan soona toosaan baqdin la’aan.

Afar meelood saddex jawaabeyaasha sahanka/CVSka waxay rumeysan yihiin inay Boosaaso ammaan badan tahay 12kii bilood ka horreysay sahanka; sikastaba, weli waxa jira tiro badan oo dareensan inay jaaliyadahoodu noqdeen qaar ammaan daran. Ifafaalahan wuxu uqalmaa baadhis dheer oo khaasatan jaaliyadaha dareensan inay nugul yihiin iyo sababta. Iyadoo raga iyo haweenka labadaba ay latahay inay fahamsanyihiin korodhka guud ee ammaanka, hadana haweenka waxaad moodaa inay inyar ka taxadir roonyihiin raga (Error! Reference source not found.).

Jaantuska 7: Isbedelka Aragtida ammaanka 12kii bilood udambeeyey (Miisamey %)

Ref. PV1 (n=735)

Heshiiska isbedelka amniga jaaliyada, aragtida ammaanku waxay kuxidhan tahay habeen socodka oo badi layskuraacay, iskucelcelis boqolkiiba 97.8 wadarta jawaabeyaasha oo cadaynaya inay tahay yara ammaan illaa ammaan aad ah, ooy kujiraan boqolkiiba 97.3 jawaabeyaal dhedig (Jaantuska 6).



Jaantuska 6: Heerka aragtida ammaanka socodka maqribka kadib (Miisamey %)

Ref. PV2xRP1 (n=740)

Dhaqdhaqaaqyo aad uyar baa layskadaayaa ammaan darro awgeed, hanti iyo xoolo bannaanka lagu hayo mooyaane (62.3%) (Jaantuska 7).

Jaantuska 7: Dhaqdhaqaaqyada loo daayey ammaan-darro awgeed (Freq. %)

Ref. PV3 (n=481), PV4 (n=480), PV5 (n=466), and PV6 (n=478)

Todobadii kooxoodba ugu yaraan shan baa kusoo gunaanaday in 12kii bilood ee hore ay unabdoonayeen siaan weligeed hore udhicin.31 Hadana, kaqeybgaleyaasha qaar baa dareensan “inaanay dib u aaminaynin walaaladood” oo looga cabsanayo inuu kulugleeyahay dilalka, taasoo la cadeeyey inay tahay isbedel cusub.

Iyadoo ku qotonta wadahadalka kooxaha waxaad moodaa in aragtiyaha nabadgelyada Bossaso si aad ah ugu xidhantahay dhacdooyin taariikhiya iyo isbedello ka ballaadhan: xusuusooyin dagaaladii qadhaadhaa ee degmada ee horraantii 1990yadii; sheekooyin dhowaa ee colaado xooggan ee

31 These were focus groups of women, elders, religious leaders, local authorities and residents from rural areas. The question was not posed to the IDP group, and the youth group responded that the situation had worsened.



gobolka badhtamaha-koonfurta Somaliya; iyo soobixitaankii dilalka faldembiyeed iyo siyaasadeed ee carriga Boosaaso min 2006dii illaa hadda.

Xusuusimo iskudhac xooggan oo udhexeeaya kooxaha SSDF iyo AIAI ee 1992 baa ucadaa qaar badan oo jawaabeyaasha katirsan. Tani waa mid cajiiba marhaday dadka imika Bossaso deggani ay qaxooti cusub yihiin oo aanay goobjoog u ahayn dagaalka. Waxa suurogala in sheekadan taariikhiga ay kutiirsan tahay dagaalo dhawaan kadhacay Bossaso 2001dii, ama imika, kasocda badhtamaha koonfurta dadlka. Runtii, tiro badan oo barokacayaasha ee soodhexmaraya ama degaya Boosaaso baa la yimaada sheekooyinka colaadaha xooggan ee koonfurta.

Maraga dagaaladu waa sabab muhiima dareenka amni-darrada. Marka la eego sahanka/CVS, 66 jawaabeyaal qoysas (8.5% ee tijaabada) baa usoo-taagnaa dembi hantiyeed. Intooda badani waxay arkeen hal illaa saddex dembi hantiyeed. Intaa waxa dheer, 68 jawaabeyaasha qoysasku baa arkay weerar, boqolkiiba 56 waxay arkeen hal dhacdo, iyo boqolkiiba 30.9 waxay arkeen laba dhacdo (Jaantuska 8).

Jaantuska 8: Tirada dembiyada la arkay (Freq.)

Ref. WV2 (n=66), WV3 (n=68)



5. Noocyada Amni-darrada iyo Rabshadaha

Noocyada dembiyeed ee dagaalada ooy kujiraan dembiyada heerka sida dad-dilis, weerarka, rabshadaha galmada, ama dembi hantiyeed. Ra’yiga Somalida, faldembiyo gooni ah ayaa sida badan loo arkaa curiyeyaal colaad salballaadhan iyo daqgaal-kooxeed. Waxa, hadaba, cajiiba, gudaha Boosaaso wadahadalada kooxaha colaaduhu mawduuc kamay ahayn. Sidaasoy tahay baa arrintan lagu falanqeynayaa qeybtan. Siday muujinayso Shaxda 1, tabashada ugu weyn ee kooxuhu isku-shuqliyeen waa butaacada dilalka qorsheysan oo jawaabeyaasha kooxuhu ugu yeedheen ‘dilal aan lagaranayn’, ooy soo raacdo budhcad-badeed, xatooyo, rabshada la xidhiidha socotada, tahriibta caruurta, rabshadaha guriga, iyo kufsi/rabshado galmo.

Shaxda 1: Kalahorreysiinta Noocyada kaladuwan ee Rabshadaha

Haweenka Dhalinta Waayeelka Kooxaha Diiniga

Baro-kaca yeyaasha

Dadka tuul- Ada/Dhulka Miyiga

Dawlada Hoose

1

“Dilalka aan la Garanayn

Qaraxayada (la xidhiidha “Dilalka aan la Aqoon

“Dilalka aan la Garanayn”


Rabshadaha Haweenka Liddi ku ah


“Dilka Qeyru-sharciga ah sida Dil aan aano ahayn Tahriibta

Caruurta

2

Xatooyo “Dilalka aan la Garanayn”

Budhcad-badeed

Xatooyo (guryaha, moobaylada, iwm)


Budhcad-badeed

Budhcad-badeed

3 Kufsi Socdaal Socdaal Budhcad-

badeed Kufsi Xatooyo

(w/o hubka) Socdaal

4 Domestic violence

Budhcad-badeeda

Tahriibta Caruurta

Socdaal Xatooyo

Qeybtan soo socotaa waxay soobandhigaysaa xog/data tayaysan oo laga soo ururiyey dembiyo gooni, oo bedelaysa ra’yigii hababka qaalibka ah ee rabshadaha ee lagu sheegay wadahadalada kooxaha, loona soobadhigay illaa inta suurigalka ah nidaamka muhiimada jaaliyada.

5.1. Dad-dilka

Dad-dilista waxa loo baadhay sidii curiye dagaal ee jawbeyaasha sahanka/CVSka. Xisaab keliyaa lagu caddeeyey sahanka/CVSka. Nooca dembigan, hadaba, wuxu umuuqday mudnaanta ugu weyn ee kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxaha dhexdooda. Waxa lacaddeeyey in dilalka caadiyan lagu fuliyey adeegsiga qoriga AK-47 iyo baastoolado.



Marka la eego kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxaha, ‘dilalka aan la aqoon' waxa loo xiganayey dad-dilis aanay sababin aano qabiil iyo arrin sharafeed. Dembiileyaasha iyo sababaha kadambeeya dilalkan way garan waayeen kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxuhu kuwaasoo cabsi weyn kaqabay xataa inay kahadlaan mawduuca. Taariikhda badanka dhibbaneyaasha waxay soojeedinaysaa inuu jiro dhinac siyaasadeed, oo kuxidhan ama koritaanka kooxaha islaamiyiinta ee mayalka adag ama xiliftan qabiil (iyo dhinacyo dhexdood).32 Muhiimad ahaan, dhibaneyaasha waxa kujira haween iyo ragba. Tani waxay meesha kasaartey dhaqankii ku xeernaa birima gaydo, ama dhib kailaalinta haweenka iyo caruurta. Marka la eego xubnaha dawlada hoose ee focus groups/kooxaha, dileyaashu waa rag yar-yaroo dibeda laga soo kireystay oo telefoon lagu hago, xidhiidh horena aan lalahayn dhibaneyaasha. Su’aal kale, oo si guud loogu sooqaaday shirarka ammaanka dawlada, inay dileyaashu ka soojeedaan badhtamaha-koonfurta dalka iskuna qairyaan xeryaha barokacayaasha. Si kastaba, marka siaada loosii dhexgalo siday dilalkan loo agaasimay, jawaabeyaasha focus groups/kooxuuhu waxay umuuqdeen kuwo aan nafis ku ahayn habka su’aalo weyndiinta.

Tabashada ammaan degdega waxa dheer, inay dilalkani khatar geliyeen qaabdhismeedka bulshada Bossaso. Warkaan caddayn ee sababaha, dembiileyaasha, iyo heerka abaabulka ee dilalkan, iyo dhibaneyaasha soogelikara ooy kujiraan qeybaha bulshada ee la dhowrijirey, waxay sababtaa dareenka inay cidkastaaba noqon kadho dembiile ama dhibane. Jawaabeyaasha focus groups/kooxuhu waxay si kucelcelisa uga hadleen heerka cabsida iyo shakiga aad ukordhay, xataa gudaha qoysaskooda. Dhowr kaqeybgale baa cadeeyey inaanu qofna si furan uga hadli karin dhacdooyin khaas ah oonu xataa qofku walaalkii kala hadlikarin cabsi laga qabo inuu kulug leeyahay iyo inkale, halka kaqeybgaleyaal kale ay simuuqata unoqdeen jawaabahoodu inaanay nafis ahayn marka lagu cadaadiyo inay faahfaahin bixiyaan. Waxa kalooy kashakisan yihiin kartida hoggaamiyeyaashooda dhaqanka, kuwaasoo xalliyey dilal kale, siay uga hortagaan ama jawaabaan ifafaalahan.

Kuwa focus groups/kooxaha kujira ee kasoojeeda dhulka miyiga ah waxa tabasho weyn ku ahayd faham inta kafiican ee dilalka aargoosiga ee beelaha kadhexeeya, oo ay siihurinayaan mashaakilka keyn-xaalufinta, isticmaalka biyaha iyo db-u-xadaynta dhulka. Kaqeybgaleyaasha kale ee focus groups/kooxuhu aad ugamay werwersanayn dilalkan marka loo eego ‘dilalka aan-la-granayn’, laga yaabe inay ugu wacan tahay inay inyar ka arkeen laakiin ay s sahlan ufahamsan yihiin. Sida Somaliyada kale ka dhacda, beeluhu waxay ku tartamaan helida kheyraadka yar sida biyaha, dhul iyo daaq dhulka miyiga ooy weheliso xeerka keenaya qaab loo maareeyo colaadaha. Qaska noocan oo kale wuxu aragti xilliyeed xooggan: roobka iyo abaarta labaduba waxay huriyaan rabshadaha mar hadday bedeleyaan habka daajinta iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa xoolaha iyo dadkaba. Hal tuasaale waa korodhka dilalka aargoosiga markay roobabku bilaabmaan ee latago daaqa cusub. Mushkiladu waxay la xidhiidhaa aqoonsi/magac, xusuus, iyo dhaqamo heeso iyo gabayo ah, intay beel waliba tirinayso baytyo xusay xumaanta iyo samaanta lagu sameeyey, iyo ka ciyaari kara wareegyo aargoosiya oo ka dhan ah kan xadgudubka sameeyey.

32 Victims have included court officials, politicians and parliamentarians, elders, religious leaders and civil society organizers, among others.



5.2. Weerarka ama Weerarka Oogada Jidhka

Sagaal iyo soddon jawaabe (5.4% ee tijaabada) baa cadeeyey in ugu yaraan xubin qoyskooka uu noqday dhibane dagaal jidh ama weerar 12kii bilood ee ka horreeyey sahanka. 32 qoys (82.1%), dhacdo keliya baa dhacday; haddana, lix qoys (15.4%) baa diwaangeliyey labo dhacdo oo weerar ah intii mudadaa, iyo hal qoys (2.6%) oo weerarka usoojoogay afar jeer (Jaantuska 9).

Jaantuska 9: tirada Weerarrada LaArkay (Freq.)

Ref. AA2 (n=39)

Intaa waxa dheer, 39 qoys ee jawaabay ee ahaa dhibaneyaal weerar, 8 baa cadeeyey inay jireen laba ama kabadan oo dhibaneyaal ee goobta faldembigu kadhacay.

Weerarradu waxay inta badan kadhacaan guryaha habeenkii (35.0%) iyo wadooyinka habeenka (30.0%). Guud ahaan, boqolkiiba 20 weeraradu waxay dhacaan subaxdii iyo boqolkiiba 12.5 gelinka dambe (Jaantuska 10).

Jaantuska 10: Goobta iyo Goorta Maalinta ee Weerarka/Dagaalka (Freq.)

Ref. AA4 (n=40)

Keliya boqolkiiba 12.5 baa sheegay inaan hub loo adeegsan weerarka. Kuwan goobjoogo u ahaa weerar hubeysan, badiba hubkay dembiileyaashu adeegsadeen wuxuu mid qadiima sida dhagaxaan, dhalooyin, quraarado, xadhko, ulo, iyo dab (32.5%). Hubka labaad ee aad loo adeegsaday wuxu ahaa midiyo, soodhadh, faashash, gudmo, iyo budhadh (25.0%). Hubka labaad ee aad loo adeegsaday



wuxu ahaa nooca qoriga Kalashnikov (20.0%). Hubkaan aad loo adeegsanin wuxu ahaa bitooladaha iyo tamuujada (5.0%); bunduqa ugaadhsiga ama shoodhgaanka (2.5%); iyo bambooyinka, garneylka, ama waxyaabaha kale ee qarxa (2.5%) (Jaantuska 11).

Jaantuska 11: Nooca Hubka Weerarka Loo Adeegsaday (Freq. %)

Ref. AA6 (n= 40)

5.2.1. Dhibaneyaasha

Tusmada weerarka ama dagaalka oogada jidhka oo loo kalasaaray jinsi iyo da’ wuxu muujinayaa in lab kabadan dhediga ay noqonayan dhibaneyaal weerar intay da’yar yhiin; hadana, dhedigu way nugulyihiin xilliga fog. Weerarka raga da’yarta ee udhexeeya 15 iyo 29 waxay yihiin kuwa ugu daran (28.3% wadarta weerarada). Si lamida, dhediguna waxay badanyihiin inay weerar lakulmaan da’da 25 illaa 29, weli waxa khatar weyn kusugan da’da 15 illaa 44 (Jaantuska 12).

Jaantuska 12: Jinsiga iyo Da’da Dhibaneyaasha Weerarka (Freq.)

Ref. AA12_R1 by AA11_R: male (n=26) and female (n=27)



Ku darsoo, boqolkiiba 14.5 dadka Bantuga baa dulmiyey 12ka bilood kahorreeyey sahanka, oo ka soo horjeeda boqolkiiba 10.0 Hawiyeha iyo boqolkiiba 8.0 ee Dir (Jaantuska 13).

Jaantuska 13: Beesha Dhibaneyaasha Weerarka (Cabbirey %)

Ref. AA1xRP9 (n=40)

Sharciga deganaansha, boqolkiiba 11.6 qoysaska barokaceyaasha baa la dulmiyey, tiro taa lamida qaxotiga, boqolkiiba 11.3; boqolkiiba 3.0 dadka joogtada udeggan baa la dhibay (Jaantuska 14).

Jaantuska 14: Sharciga Degganaanshaha ee Dhibaneyaasha Weerarka (Cabbirey %)

Ref. AA1xRP10 (n=40)

Badi dhibaneyaasha weerarku waxay ubaahan yihiin, markay ugu yaryihiin, dhegeysi caafimaad, iyadoo boqolkiiba 13.2 keliya cadeeyaan inaanu dhaawac jirin haba yaraatee. Qiyaastii kalabadh dhibaneyaashu (50.9%) waxay cadeeyeen inay kudhaceen dhaawacyo fududi; boqolkiiba 22.6 kalena waxay sheegeen inay kudhaceen dhaawacyo dhexe oo ubaahday gergaar daaweyn, iyo boqolkiiba 11.3 dhibaneyaasha uu soogaadhay dhaawac khatar ah oo ubaahday cusbataal (Jaantuska 15). Kiiska soo hadhayna wuxu keenay dhimashada dhibaneha.33

33 See Section Error! Reference source not found., Error! Reference source not found..



Jaantuska 15: Heerka Dhaawaca (Freq. %)

Ref. AA13_R (n=53)

5.2.2. Perpetrators

Badi dhibaneyaashu waxay sheegeen inay dembifaleyaashu yihiin shakhsiyaad dembiileyaal ah (80.0%), oo ay sooraacaan xubno qoyska ama qaraabo (7.5%), saaxiibbo ama deris (5.0%), xoogaga dawlada sida bileyska iyo ciidanka (5.0%), iyo aakhirkii, xubno koox hubaysan oo abaabulan (2.5%). Faraqa udhexeeya jinsigu ma weyna, inkastoo haweenku khatar ugu yara sugan yihiin dembiileyaasha shakhsiyaadka iyo qoyska/ehelka, halkay kooxaha abaabulan ee hubaysani beegsadaan raga oo qudha (Jaantuska 16).

Jaantuska 16: Taariikhda Dembiileyaasha Weerarka, Jinsiga Dhibaneha (Cabbi. %)

Ref. AA7xAA11_R (n=40)



Shakhsiyaadka dembiileyaasha, kooxaha hubaysan, iyo ciidamada dawlada oo keliya baa adeegsada hubka. Waxa dheer, CVS/sahanka gudihiisa waxa jirey ten dhacdo (29.4% weerarka) kuwaasoo ay dhibaneyaashu sheegeen inay dembifaleyaashu isticmaaleen daroogo, khamri ama qaat. 34

5.3. Budhcad-badeed

Arrin kaloo weyn oo ammaanka ooy ka hadleen kaqeybgaleyaasha focus groups/kooxahu wuxu ahaa budhcad-badeeda, inkastoo CVS/sahanku aanu keenin xogo gaara oo muujinaya ifafaalahan. Xeebaha dheer iyo dekeda xiimeysa ee Bossaso baa kadhigay degmada kowaad ee xarumaha dhaqdhaqaaqa budhcad-badeedka ee Puntland, xeebaha iyo gudaha magaalooyinka labadaba. Kaqeybgaleyaasha focus groups/kooxahu baa qeexay inay dhibaatadu kabilaabantay kalluumaysato doonaysay inay biyaha Somalida kailaaliyaan doonyaha kalluumaysiga sharcidarro oo waaweyn oo jimidhka iyo tiknoolajiyo horumarsan oo u ogolaaday inay qabtaan kalluun xadi badan iyagoo si aada wax uyeelay doonyaha iyo shabakadaha Somalida aad uyar. Iyadoo dabasocota dumistii Dawlada Somalida iyo awood-darrada qaranku ku kormeero oo ilaaliya xeebihiisa, kalluumaysato da’yar baa doorkan laakiin durba waxay bilaabeen inay lacag kadoonaan adeegyadooda. Manta, qeylodhaantii yareyd ee ilaalintu waxay noqotay ganacsi malaayiin doollara oo dembi-la-xidhiidha oo leh heerar mushahar habeysan iyo shaqo qeexan oo raad-raac leh.

Sannadihii hore, shabakadaha budhcad-badeeda waxa aasaas ahaan loo sameeyey isku-xidhka tuulada illaa xidhiidhka beesha, ooy hogaamiyeyaashu qortaan kuway shakhsiyan garanayaan. Natijo ahaan, beelaha qaar baa bilaabay inay xukumaan suuqa budhcad-badeeda. Budhcad-badeeda maantu waxay ushaqeysaa si aad uga weyn sida hay’ad shaqo-qoris ah kana gudubta hababka qabiilka iyo isirka siay ubeegsadaan xirfado gaar ah. Dabadeed, askartii hore baa laqortay siay hubka iyo ammaanka u hayaan, kalluumaysatadii hore doonyahay wadaan, iyo kuwa xirfada luqadaha leh oo loo qortay turjubaanno ahaan.

Budhcad-badeedu waxay asal ahaan hawlgashaa min September illaa May waxa soo raaca xilliga xagaaga ooy Gacanka Cadan kadhacaan dabaylo xoog lihi iyo biyaha oon sida badan qallafsan safarkana ammaan u ahayn. Inkastoo badi shaqada budhcad-badeedu badaha kadhacdo, hadana saameynta ay budhcad-badeednmadu u geysatay Degmada Bossaso waa md aga naxo. Illaa 2007, khatarta kordhaysa ee budhcad-badeedu waxay circa ku shareertay qiimaha badeecadha aasaasiga ee dibeda laga keeno. Shariikadaha maraakiibtu waxay dalbadeen in lasiiyo caymis aad usarreeya siay ubilaabaan khatarta marida badaha Somaliya.35 Natiijadu waxay noqotay hoos-u-dhac ku yimaada ganacsiga madaxbannaan ee Bossaso, kuwaasoo intooda badani aanay iska bixin karaynin

34 Qat is a central part of many Somalis’ lives and is readily seen on almost every street corner in Bossaso, despite its reputation for inducing criminal and violent behaviour. Shipments of miraa, one of two varieties of the drug consumed in Puntland, are flown into Bossaso daily from western Ethiopia. From there, they are transported throughout the Bari and Sanaag Regions, where the district supplies most of the drug that is consumed. In 2005, it was estimated that imports of qat likely exceeded 3,000 tonnes, at an annual retail value of US$15 million in Bossaso, although profits are concentrated in the hands of a few major importers and distributors, and most local traders see very little economic gain. UNDP, ILO & PI, op. cit., pp. 65-66.

35 Rafi Chaudhury, “The New Face of Maritime Piracy in Somalia”, International Affairs Journal, December 2008.



badeeco ay dibeda ka keenaan. Budhcad-badeedu waxay kalooy kordhisay heerka dhaqaale jabka qoysas marka horeba sabool ahaa, kuwaasoo iminkana la hirdemaya qiimeha kacsan ee badeecadaha aasaasiga. Qoysas farabadan baa laba jeer ugu dhibaatooday marhadii keenida dekeda cuntada mucaanida lagu dhib mutay.

Kaqeybgaleyaasha focus groups/kooxahu waxay kalooy qeexeen marka ladhaafo saameynta tooska ee dhaqaalaha Bossaso, joogitaanka budhcad-badeeda berrigu waxay sixooga uga qeybqaadataa khataraha kordhay ee rabshadaha, kafaa’iidka hubka iyo isticmaalka daroogada labadaba. Hubkay budhcad-badeedu caam ahaan adeegsadaan waa AK-47, iyo qoryaha daranddoorriga ee Badh-dolol iyo PKM, basuuke iyo baastoolado. Inkastoo hubkan asal ahaan lagu isticmaalo bada, baahiday uqabaan dadka lashaqeeya budhcad-badeeda baa keenta korodhka helitaanka hubka ee Bossaso laftigeeda. Si lamida, waxa jira cadaymo muujinaya in joogitanka budhbac-badeedu dhalisay isticmaalka kordhay ee daroogada ee gobolka, gaar ahaan ragga da’da yar. Intay dhulka joogaan, budhcad-badeedu waxay sifuran lacagtooda ugu isticmaalaan qaat ama walxaha kale sida khamriga iyo xabagta/koolada. Waxa kaloo la sheegay inay tijaabo lacag la’aana siiyaan dhalinyarada kale.

Inkastoo aan lagaga wadahadlin focus groups/kooxaha, United Nations Monitoring Group waxay carrabka ku adkeeyeen “in woqoyiga bari Somaliya, ay hogaamiyeyaasha budhcad-badeedu la heshiiyeen hay’adaha dawlada kudarsiga iyo musuqeynta saraakiil heer sare iyo hooseba.”36 Hadana, illaa aakhirkii bishii April 2009ka, ciidanka amniga dawlada waxay fuliyeen olole ka dhan ah oo wax kasoo baxa, iyagoo weeraraya meelo qarsoodi oo xabsiyo dheer ku fuliyeen. Kudarsoo, olole wacyigelina baa gaadhay waxtar yar oo kahortaga.37 Dawladu waxay muujisay ballanqaakeeda ladagaallanka budhcad-badeeda tilmaamayna inay xidhay ugu dhawaan 300 oo lagu helay ama looga shakiyey budhcad-badeed shantii sano udambeysay.38

5.4. Dembiyada Hantida

Waxa jiirey 65 kiis oo dembiyada hantida oo jawaabeyaasha CVS/sahanka 12kii blood ee ka horreysay sahanka; 36 jawaabeyaasha qoysaska (4.6% tijaabada, ama 4.9% jawaabeyaasha) waxay ahaayeen nooc-dhibane dembiyada hantida, oo sagaal kamida dhaawacyo gaadheen una baahdeen daaweyn (Jaantuska 17).

36 ICG, op. cit., p. 11.; United Nations, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia pursuant to Security Council resolution 1853 (2008), 10 March 2010, p. 39. 37 Ibid., p. 12. 38 Allafrica.com, op. cit.



Jaantuska 17: Dembiyada Hantida ee la Arkay, la Soomaray, Dhaawacna Keenay (Freq.)

Ref. WV2 (n=66), PC1 (n=36/741), and PC7 (n=36)

36 qoys ee dhibane dembiyada hantida ahaa, sagaal kamid ahi waxay soomareen dembiyada laba jeer, iyo qof saddex jeer la dulmiyey. Majiro jawaabe la dulmiyey saddex jeer kabadan.

Inta badan dembiyada hantidu waxay ahaayeen ama guri jabsi (36.1%) ama xatooya hanta shakhsiyeed iyagoo wado maraya (36.1%). Xadgudubyada kale ee hantida waxa kujira xatooyada dalaga ama xoolaha nool (16.7%), dhul boob ama goob biyood sixun loo adeegsado (8.3%), iyo dembiyo kale oon ku xusnayn weydiimaha (2.8%) (Jaantuska 18).

Jaantuska 18: Nooca Hantida lagu Xadgudbay (Freq. %)

Ref. PC3 (n=36)

Marka loo eego CVS/sahanka, dembiyada hantida waxa inta badan fala dembiileyaal shakhsiyaad ah (71.4%). Heer kasii hooseeya, dembiileyaasha waxa la cadeeyey inay yihiin kooxo hubaysan oo abaabulan (14.3%), qoyska ama ehelo (5.7%), saaxiibbo ama deris (5.7%), ama xubno ciidanka amaa bileyska dawlada (2.9%) (Jaantuska 19).



Jaantuska 19: Taariikhda Dembiileyaasha Hantida (Cabbir. %)

Ref. PC6 (n=35)

Dembiyada hantidu waxay badan tahay sannadka horraantiisa, oo sagaal dembi – in kabadan rubuc wadarta dembiyada hantida (26.5%) baa la galay bisha January oo keliya, ooy soo raacdo February, oo lix dembi la xaqiijiyey (17.6%). Intaa kadib, waxa jirey hoos-u-dhac bishii March oo lasheegayo dembi keliya (2.9%). Bilaha April iyo November lama sheegin wax dembiyada hantida; bilaha hadhay waxay ku kaladuwan yihiin hal iyo saddex dembi bishiiba (Jaantuska 20).

Jaantuska 20: Dembiyada Hantida Bishiiba (Freq. %)

Ref. PC4 (n=34)

Marka la tixraaco kaqeybgaleyaasha focus groups/kooxaha, tuugadu waa khatar sihalis ah ugu kordhaysa reer Bossaso. Kaqeybgaleyaasha waxay tuugada si guud ugu kalasaareen labo qeybood: danayste iyo aan-hubaysnayn kasoohorjeeda hubaysan iyo yara-abaabulan.

Marka la tixraaco wadahadalada focus groups/kooxaha, nooca tuugada ugu caansan Bossaso dabci ahaan waa danayste kumana xidhna adeegsiga hubku. Wax badan oo tuugadani waxay dhacaan saacadaha fiidka markaasooy dadku mashquul ku yihiin baayactan ama ay ka soonoqonayaan Masjidka magaalada iftiinkeedu liito ama suuqyada dhexe ee buuqa badan. Guri-jabsiguna waa caan,



oo waxyeela qoysaska tijaarta ee usafra meelaha qabow xilliga xagaaga kulul kana taga guryahoodii oon cidi kujirin iyo barokaceyaasha, labadaba,39 oo guryahoodu aanay nabad qabin.

Kaqeybgaleyaasha focus groups/kooxahu waxay sheegeen in barokaceyaasha iyo haweenku dhibaneyaasha ugu badan ee tuugada magaalada Bossaso sida bandanna ay beegsadaan tuugta danaystaha. Hooyga barokaceyaasha, oo ka dhisan kartoonno iyo waxyaabaha la qubo, oo dadka ka yeesha dad aan ilaashaynayn. Aqaladu aad bay ubuuxaan, mana laha albaabo iyo dariishado hagaasan, waxaana kuwareegsan xayndaab gaaban ooy dembiileyaashu sidhakhso ah uga soo boodi karaan. Tuugtu, dabadeed, waxay isumari karaan guryo, sida bandanna waxay xadaan dhowr xidhiidha. Waxa si kordhaysa khatar ugu sugan qoysaska dhedigu hogaamiyaan, sababtoo waxa loo arkaa in tuugta iman kartaa khatar yar kuyihiin. Sabab taa la mida, haweenka waxa beegsada tuugta wadada kahawlgasha fiidkii saacadaha suuqa.

Nooc tuugo ah oo labaad, aan caan ahayn laakiin ka soobaxaysa Bossaso waa xatooyo hubaysan, taasoo umuuqata inay fuliyaan kooxo yar oo budhcad ah oo sidabacsan u abaabulan, oo dhalinyaro ah ka soojeeda barokaceyaasha iyo jaaliyadaha martida loo yahay, labadaba. Toorayda ama ablayda Somalidu waxay noqotay hubka ugu badan ee la adeegsado, laakiin kaqeybgaleyaasha focus groups/kooxahu waxay sheegeen inay baastooladuhu noqdeen caan lana helikaro iyadoo lagu bedelanayo qaadka oo laysu qaado ama wax laga goosto qiimaha alaabta la xaday. Wadahadalada kooxaha ooy kujiraan saraakiil dawlada hoose, aragtidu waxay ahayd inay jaaliyada martida loo yahay hubka leedahay, barokaceyaashuna ay yihiin dembiileyaasha. Xatooyadani inta badan waxay kutacaluqdaa xadida waxyaabo ay kamid yihiin moobayllada ama tiro yar oo kaash ah. Tuugta qaar waxay bilaabeen inay fuliyaan tuugo hanweyn, hadaba, iyagoo wadooyinka kabaxa magaalada iyo inta udhexeysa tuulooyinka ka sameystay kontoroolada, kuna hubaysan hub halisa sida nooca qoriga-Kalashnikov.

5.5. Tahriibinta Dadka

Inkastoon lagu muujinin CVS/sahanka, tahriibtu waa muhiimada saddexaad ee khatarka ku ah amniga dadka Bossaso deggan, marka la eego kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxaha. Bulshaday sitoosa ugu dhibaan kuxidhnaanta dembiyada yara-abaabulan iyo hababka cad ee rabshadaha muuqda labadaba, iyo si aan toos ahayn oo ah saameynta xun ee kartida bulshada ee iska-caabiga iyo jawaab-celinta rabshadaha.

Socotada sharci-darrada ah ee ka imanaysa Bossaso illaa dalalka deriska waxay maraan laba jid oo weyn; mid waa doonyaha kalluumaysiga ee buux-dhaafsan oo katallaaba Gacanka Cadan illaa Yemen, ka kalen waa dhulka oo la sii dhexmaro Ethiopia iyo Sudan illaa laga galo Libya, halkaasooy socotadu ka qaataan doonyo safar kooban ooy kaga gudbaan bada Mediterranean siay ugaadhaan Talyaaniga. Labada marinba waxa ku sugan dhimasho badan.

39 It is noteworthy that IDPs did not prioritize theft as one of the four major forms of violence from which they suffered. Instead, they prioritized violence against women, child trafficking, murder and rape. Other focus groups, however, consistently identified IDPs as one of the most vulnerable groups of victims. The reasons for this are likely complex and deserve further exploration.



Safarka doonta Yemen, socodku wuxu dhacaa bilaha udhexeeya October iyo April, iyagoo iska ilaalinaya xilliga xagaaga. Dadka qaxootiga noqonayaa, oo badidoodu ka yimid Somaliya ama Ethiopia, waxay isugu yimaadaan mid kamida dekedaha yar-yar ee Bossaso. Dekeda dhabta ee laga dhoofo sijoogto ah baa loo beddelaa si laysaga dhowro ogaanshaha, laakiin waxa kujira goobaha sida Qow, Ceelayo, Shinbiro, Cadcado, Magero iyo Wasah. Socotadu waxay buuxiyaan doonyo kalluumaysi oo dayactir liita, kuwaasoo sida badan jaba, kaga taga rakaabka iyo shaqaalaha iyagoo sabaynaya maalmo cunto iyo biyo la’aan. Markay cuntadu yaraato ama ciidanka ilaalada xeebaha Yementu u hanjabaan shaqaalaha doonta, dad qaar baa bada lagu tuuraa; dadka ka samata baxa dhacdooyinkan oo kale waxay la dhibaatoodaan eed iyo xanuunka hadhaaga (residual trauma).40

Socotada qaadata marinka labaad ee dhulka ee Somaliya illaa Libya iyo weliba illaa Talyaaniga waxay ubadan yihiin inay safraan bilaha xagaaga ee May illaa September, sida badan waxay dhaqaajiyaan markay dugsiyadu fasaxa yihiin oo Bada Mediterraneankuna aad udeggan tahay. Geedigu wuxu qaataa qiyaastii 45 maalmood iyo dabaylo kadhaca saxaraha Sudan iyo Libya. Aarrintani, waxay ku keentaa socotada khataro ay kujiraan cunto iyo biyo la’aan, xaalado jawi oo qallafsan iyo ciidamada ammaanka dawlada oo garaaca ama jidh-dila markay yimaadaan.

Waxay umuuqataa tahriibinta dadka laga gudbinayo Gacanka Cadmeed ama saxaraha Ethiopia iyo Sudan uu yahay ganacsi si kordhaysa ufaa’ido badan si fiicanna uhabaysan oo siweyn uhogaamiyaan niman doonyo leh iyo kalluumaysato, oo ay noloshoodii hore wiiqday kalluumaysiga sharci-darrada iyo budhcad-badeedu. Dedaallo lagu joojinayo ganacsigan bay sameysay dawlada Puntland. April 2009kii, dawladu waxay sameysay Xarunta Jawaab-celinta Socdaalka (MRC), ooy la kaashatay Hay’ada Socdaalka Caalamiga (IOM) iyo urur wadaniya oo layidhaa Red Sea Fishing Organization, waxay wadajir uqaadeen mashruuc tijaabo ah oo tabobar xirfado iyo abuurida fursado shaqo siinaya socotada iyo wadaniyiinta labadaba. Xarumahan tabobaradu waxay xoogga saareen kalluumaysiga. Mar haddii ay badaha Somalidu ammaan-daran yihiin, ooy maqan yihiin wershadaha daruuriga ee wax sifeeya Bossaso gudaheeda iyo sooraacida suuqa diciifka ee kalluunka Somalidu qabatay, dhamaan waxay kordhiyeen dhiirrigelinta kalluumaysatu ay ku lugyeesheen dhaqdhaqaaqyada dembiga, waxa sahamin mudan dariiqyo kale oo dakhli soosaar ah.41

Focus groups/kooxuhu waxay sheegeen in dhalinta badan ee Bossaso katageysa ay sababtay degganaansho la’aanta bulshada iyo isku-xidhnaanta qoyska iyo bulshada oo siyar ufurfuranta. Sheekooyinka qurbaha nolol fiican siweyn baa loo wadaagaa, dhalinyaro badan oo qanci la’ oo weliba shaqo la’ baa doorbidaya inay isku dayaan inay haajiraan. Bossaso siday udhantay, maalgelin la’aantan dhaqaalaha maxalliga waxay baabi’isay raasulmaalka bina-aadamka waxaanay

40 Several focus group participants recounted stories of fishermen who had seen bodies floating in the ocean. These stories are confirmed by media reports, which talk of bodies washing up on the Yemeni coast. In 2007, the BBC reported 30 bodies washed up on beaches of Yemen one weekend. ‘French newsman seized in Somalia’, BBC News, 16 December 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ world/africa/7147068.stm. A more recent report quotes an Aden-based UNHCR spokesperson, who reported over 300 bodies washed up on Yemen’s coasts in 2009. ‘Global Post: Desperate refugees cross the Gulf of Aden to Yemen’, H. S. Edwards, 31 December 2009, http://sanaabureau.worldpress.com/2009/12/31/globalpost-desperate-refugees-cross-the-fulf-of-aden-to-yemen/. 41 ‘Offering migrants an alternative to death by water’, IRIN, 12 March 2010, http://www.bulshoweyn.com/ news.php?readmore=3560.



siixumaynaysaa kutiirsanaanta xawaaladaha ay soo diraan kuwan laftigoodu dibedaha degay. Xaga bulshada iyo qoyska, damaca iyo isku-dayga dhalinyaro badani inay uhaajiraan qurbaha waa ilo wax-ka-tari kara dhaawaca dhaqaale iyo bulsho. Qoysaska laga dhoofay, qofka katagayo waa dhib iyo dhacdo xanuun badan, khaasatan markay tiro badani si sir ah udhooofaan.

5.6. Afduubka iyo Kaxaynta Dadka

CVS/sahanku wuxu ogaaday lix dhacdo oo afduub ah 12kii bilood ee kahorreeyey sahanka. Hadana, data/xogtu ma cadaynayso da’da iyo jinsiga dhibaneyaasha.

Marka la eego wadahadalada kooxaha, afduubka iyo kaxaynta caruurtu wuxu noqday caan Bossaso gudahooda 12kii bilood ee kahorreeyey sahanka. Waxyar baa laga ogyahay halkay caruurtani kudambeyso iyo sababta dhabta ah ee afduubka, laakiin dhowr focus groups/kooxood baa tilmaamey in caruurta loo kexeeyo dalalka Afrikaanka ee deriska sababtoo ah qeybaha jidhkooda, gaar ahaan beerka iyo kelyaha. Waxa kaloo la tilmaamey in loo kexeeyo qurbaha siay ukorsadaan dad aan ubad dhalin. Tani waxa lamoodaa ganacsi si heersare ah uhabaysan ooy kahawlgalaan, lab iyo dhediga kala yaqaanna magaalada Bossaso halkay caruurtu dayaacan tahay iyo kuwa ka soconaya suuqyada dibeda. Afduubeyaashu ballamo iyo caruusado bay caruurta kusasabaan dabadeedna way maandooriyaan. Waxa sida muuqata laqaataa iyagoo ku socda dugsiga, guriga, ama suuqa. Caruurta barokaceyaasha baa si gaar ah khatar ugu sugan sababtoo hooygoodu uma hayo amni kufilan iyo iyagoo waalidkoodu kamaqnaado muddo dheer. Runtii, kaqeybgaleyaasha focus groups/kooxaha ee barokaceyaashu waxay uliisteeyeen kaxaynta caruurtu inay tahay mudnaanta kowaad ee amni-darrada ee jaaliyadaha aafeeyey, ooy weheliso qaska lidka haweenka, laakiin kahor kufsiga iyo dilka.

5.7. Rabshadaha Lidka Caruurta

CVS/sahanku wuxu ogaaday 11 kiis oo weerar ah oo lagula kacay caruur da’doodu udhexeyso 0 illaa 17 (Jaantuska 21).

Jaantuska 21: Dhibaneyaasha Weerarka ee Caruurta (Freq.)

Ref. AA12_R (n= 11)

Afduuka caruurta eek or ku xusan (qeybta Error! Reference source not found.) waxa dheer, focus groups/kooxuhu waxay xuseen qaababka rabshadaha lidka caruurta ooy kujiraan kerbaashka dugsiga, shaqaaleynta caruurta, iyo lacagta lagu kharribo caruurta. Tan dambe waxa loo arkaa mushkilad weyn gudaha Bossaso, ooy uga dartay tirada faraha badan ee caruurta wadooyinka ku nool. Marka la tixraaco Badhasaabka Gobolka Bari, caruur udhexeysa 4,500 iyo 5,500 baa kuisticmaala maalmahooda wadooyinka Bossaso, inkastoo laga yaabo inay tiradu aad uga sarreyso. Badidoodu waa caruurta barokaceyaasha, oo qaar ay qoysaskooda ku soonoqdaan habeenkii iyo qaar qoysaskooda waayey, ama ay kala lumen markay ka soocararayeen dagaalada koonfurta dalka.



Kuwo kale waxay isticmaalaan qaad, xabag, iyo aalkolo waxaanay ku hadhaan wadooyinka habeenoo dhan waxaanay noqdaan dhibaneyaal iyo dembiileyaal fala qaabab kaladuwan oo rabshado ah.42 Wiilasha yar-yari waxay qabtaan shaqooyin ay ka mid yihiin baalashaynta kabaha, nadiifinta baabuurta ama ururinta kiishashka, shiidaalka, iyo xaabada suuqyada dhexdooda. Gabdhaha yar-yari waxay sida caadada u ah qaataan shaqada guriga ee lacagta yar. Markay aad uyar yihiin, caruurtan waxa soo kaxaysta hooyooyinkood ama la amaahiyaa haweenka kale ee bilaa-caruurta siay uga gergaaraan tuugsiga. Caruurta sida badan lagama xaq-siiyo shaqadooda ama waalidkood ama cidda xannaanaynaysa baa kuqasabta inay kasamraan waxay soo xoogsadeen.

5.8. Rabshadaha Lidka Haweenka

CVS/sahanku wuxu ugu horreyn ku ogaaday rabshadaha lidka haweenka kiisas dagaal ama weerar jidhka. Waxa jirey 27 kiis (ka dhan ah 26 nin) oo ah weerar loo geystay haween iyo gabdho udhexeeya 5 illaa 64 sano. Soonoqnoqoshada weerarku waxay u egtahay inay aad udeggan tahay da’da 15 illaa 44, oo inyar kacday da’da udhexeysa 20 iyo 29. Waxa jirey weerarro dheeraada oo lid ku ah gabadh siddeed jira, iyo saddex weerar oo lagu qaaday haween 45–64 sano ah (Jaantuska 22).

Jaantuska 22: Dhibaneyaasha Haweenka ee Weerarka (Freq.)

Ref. AA12_R1 (n= 27)

Weerarka waxa udheer, waxa kaloo haweenku dhib-ku-mutaan rabshadaha galmada. CVS/sahanku wuxu shaaciyey shan kiis oo rabshadaha galmada oo jawaabeyaal qoysas kaladuwan ah. Saddex kiis oo la cadeeyey jinsiga, dhibanuhu wuxu ahaa dhedig. Saddex kiiskan ka mid ahi waxay ka dhaceen deegaamo go’doona sida xero, aay, ama kayn, ooy labo habeen ahayd, midna subax. Hal kiis wuxu ka dhacay guriga subax, iyo mid gelinkii dambe meel wado ah kadhacay (Jaantuska 23).

42 ‘Poverty pushes Bossaso children on to streets’, Reuters AlertNet, 8 March 2010, <http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/5b01e090ae47e22113252a688344ef8e.htm>.



Jaantuska 23: Goobta iyo Goorta Maalinta, ee Rabashka Galmadu Dhacay (Freq.)

Ref. SV7 by SV6 (n=5)

Mudadii sahanka, saddex qoysaska dhibaneyaasha oo keliya baa wadaajiyey warbixinta da’dooda markuu dhacay dembigu: mid wuxu ahaa 5 illaa 9 sano, midna wuxu udhexeeyey 10 iyo 14, iyo mid ahaa 25 illaa 29 jir.

Afarta kiis ee rabshadaha galmada ee dembiileha lagartay, laba waxa loo aqoonsaday dembiileyaal shakhsiyaad ah. Hal dembiile wuxu ahaa xubin qoyska ama ehelka, iyo hal loo aqoonsaday sidii xubin koox hubeysan oo abaabulan (Jaantuska 24).

Jaantuska 24: Taariikhda Dembiileyaasha Rabshadaha Galmada (Freq.)

Ref. SV10 (n=4)

Marka la eego wadahadalada focus groups/kooxaha, rabashka lidka haweenku, ooy kujiraan kufsiga, guurka qasabka, iyo xad-gudubka guriga, waa mawduuc aad ugu weyn Bossaso, inkastoo dhamaan kooxuhu aanay mudnaan siinin. Kooxaha haweenka iyo barokaceyaasha oo keliya baa cadeeyey in qaabab rabshadaha lidka haweenka ay leeyihiin mudnaanta sare maadaama iyaga iyo jaaliyadahooda kujira focus groups/kooxaha ay khatar kutahay. Marka loo eego, odayaashu waxay ku adkeysteen inaanu jaaliyadahooda kajirin rabshadaha lidka haweenka, inkastoo markii la sii cadaadiyey, ay qireen inuu kufsi kajirey jaaliyadaha barokaceyaasha.

Kufsigu wuxu ka mid yahay khataraha waaweyn ee haweenka Bossaso. Focus groups/kooxaha way ka cadaanweyday dhacdada kufsiga ee dhabta ahi, lana filimaayo in tirokoobtu ay sisaxa ugu turjunto iyadoo ay haween badani diideen inay soogudbiyaan weerarada, iyagoo ka cabsi qaba in bulsho ahaan la takooro ama lagu qasbo inay guursadaan kufsadeyaasha. Wadahadalada focus groups/kooxahu waxay tilmaameen in badi kufsigu kadhaco bannaanka qoyska iyo inuu yahay mid



danaysiya; inyar oo kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxaha baa sheegay dhacdooyin kufsi kooxeeda.43 Haweenka deggan degmooyinka barokaceyaasha Bossaso baa khatar ugu sugan kufsiga. Guryahooda ilaalin yar bay kahelaan waxaanay sida badan ku kalliftaa inay keli lugeeyaan masaafad dheer siay xaabo usoo guraan ama musqul uhelaan. Xilliga xagaaga, kulayku wuxu ku kallifaa in qaar badani dibeda ka seexdaan guryahooda, halkaasoo khatarta kufsigu ay weyntahay. Urur bulsheedka la yidhaa We Are Women Activists (WAWA) baa kudhiirriyey haweenka degmooyinka barokaceyaashu inay “afka furtaan” ooy soo sheegaan shilalka kufsiga. October 2009kii, waxay diiwaangeliyeen 30 dhacdo oo kufsiya, oo ay dabasocotay 45 kudarsantay bishii November 2009kii.44 Kumay caddayn wadahadalada focus groups/kooxaha in dembiileyaasha kufsigu ay badi ka soojeedeen gudaha ama dibeda jaaliyadaha barokaceyaasha, inkastoo barokaceyaasha laftoodu ay rumeysan yihiin in kufsi kooxeedka ay sida badan kulugleeyihiin xubno jaaliyadaha martida loo yahay, kuwaasoo haystay baastoolado iyo qoryaha AK-47s.

Qaska guriga (maxalli ahaan loo yaqaan ‘garaaca xaaska’) waa mushkilad kaloo weyn oo haysata haweenka Bossaso kunool. Markale, mushkiladu waxa lasheegay inay kuweyntahay jaaliyadaha barokaceyaasha, oo sida lafilayo ugu wacantahay xidhiidhka kadhexeeya rabshadaha guriga iyo welwelka dhaqaale iyo jaahwareerka kudhaca dagaalyahanadii hore.45 Gebiga Bossaso, haweenka soosaara bariiska qoysas badan taasoo raggu tahli waayey ama aanu rabin inuu shaqo helo.46 Haweenkan badidoodu waa kuwo iskood-u-shaqeysta, kuna lugleh ganacsi yar-yar, inkastoo iyagoo tiro badan ahi, gaar ahaan jaaliyadaha barokaceyaasha, ay qabtaan shaqada kuuliga iyo adeega guriga. Dhaqanka Somalidu wuxu dhigayaa inay waajibtahay inuu ninku reerkiisa biiliyo xataa haduu qabo hawweenay isaga ka taajirsan. Weli, raga Bossaso way ku adagtahay inay shaqo helaaan. Mushkiladu waxay umuuqataa inay ugu daran yihiin dagaalyahanadii hore, oo qaar badani soo noqdeen xaasaskoodii oo shaqeeya iyaguna dabinka balwada iyo shaqola’aanta dhakhso ugu dhaceen. Raggani goor dambey habeenkii guriga yimaadaan iyagoo mirqaansan, qaadkaas ooy ka gateen lacagtay xaaskiisu soo shaqeysay. Sida muuqata waa rabshado lidku ah haweenayda waxa laga dhaxlaa, oo sida badan kabilaabma muran waxa ninku kukordhiyey qoyskiisa ama iskudayga ninku inuu waxkaqaato ama wadaqaato waxay haweenaydu shaqeysay.47

43 Focus group participants variously attributed rape to a lack of religious teaching or to uncontrolled sexual desire, with some suggesting also that a woman’s inappropriate dress (i.e. not keeping her hijab tied tightly around her face and covering her body fully) could contribute to the problem. The inability of some young men to pay the necessary bride price or their rejection by young women were also said to be drivers of rape because a young man may reason that Somali custom would require a young woman to marry him after he has raped her in order to save her dignity within society. 44 ‘Rape a major problem for Bossaso IDPs’, IRIN, 16 December 2009, <http://www.irinnews.org/ PrintReport.aspx?ReportId=87453>. 45 Ex-combatants refers to former militia and gang members who were not formally registered under the armed forces and did not receive any demobilization assistance. 46 According to one estimate, the percentage of female-headed or female-dependent households in Bossaso is 70 percent, including IDP households. UNDP/ILO, op. cit., p. 73. 47 There also appear to have been a number of incidents of wives acting out violently in frustration against their husbands. At least two focus groups told stories of women pouring boiling water over their husbands while they were sleeping, including one story about a woman who sewed her husband into his bed so he could not escape when he refused to wake up in the mornings to help with work.



Ficilada kufsiga iyo rabashka guriga waxa dheer, in haweenka Bossaso ay si soonoqnoqota uyihiin dhibaneyaal dayac iyo xad-gudub laxidhiidha heshiishka guurka. Gudniinka Fircooniga (FGM) oo siweyn uga siisocda, inkastooy jireen ololeyaal lagu joojinayo hawsha. Gabdhaha yar-yar guur baa lagu qasbaa, sida badan rag aad uga da’ weyn, waxaanay leeyihiin waxyar oo xaqa furriinka. Gabadh bixinta/isa-siinta waxa xudun u ah magta/diyada iyo godob-reebka reeraha, qoysaska, iyo beelaha. Inkastoo ay jaaliyadaha kadhex dhaliso nooc nabada, waxay, shakila’aan, maroora-dillaac weyn ku tahay gabadhay khusayso/kulug leh.

Aakhirkii, wadahadalada kooxaha waxa lagu sheegay in dhilaysigu yahay mushkilad ku soo koraysa Bossaso, oo si gaar ah ugu xidhan budhcad-badeeda. Ifafaalahani inta uu leegyahay, warbixin faahfaahsan lagama hayo.

5.9. Khatarta Kooxaha Islaamiga ee Mintidka ah

Dawladihii isdaba joogay kooxaha islaamiga ee dagaalka badan baa culeys kuhayey, oo qaar kamid ahi si cad ugu hanjabeen dagaal siay ugaadhaan danahooda. 2010kii, waxa jirey taxane weeraro ah ooy sooqaadeen kooxahani. Tusaale ahaan, bishii July 2010kii, hawlgal amniga ooy dawladu qaaday kaalin military koonfurta galbeed ee Bossaso baa la sheegay inay horseeday 13 dhimasho mintidiin ah.48 Laakiin sidan oo kale umay beegsan oo keliya saraakiisha dawlada iyo dabaqada siyaasada: 2008kii, waxa jirey weerarro lidku ah socotada Ethiopianka ee Bossaso iyo bam lala beegsaday dhismeyaasha Sirdoonka Puntland oo lagu mudeeyey qaraxyadii Hargeisa.49 Mawjadan rabshadaha waxay dhiirrigelisay inay dawladu keento sharci ka-hortaga argagixisada oo soobandhigaya dar-dar gelin gaar ah ee habka maxkamadaynta ee eedaysanayaasha.50

Marka la eego wadahadalada focus groups/kooxaha, koox yar oo katirsan Islaamiyiinta xag-jirka baa imika ku hanjabta ama fulisa ficillo mintida iyagoo huwan magaca Islamka. Jiritaanka kooxahan oo kale waxay ubaahantay in wixii falanqeyn ah lagu isireeyo sababtoo ah waxay siwadajir ah utilmaamaan soobixida dhaqdhaqaaq cusub oo bulsho. Hanjabaad kale oo laxidhiidha falalka kooxaha Islaamiyiinta mintidka ah (lafilaayo in lagu xidhiidhiyo dilalka siyaasadeed) iyo jawaab-celinta milateri-siyaasadeed ee dawlada. Falalka mintidku waxay khatar horta runa (prima facie) ku yihiin nabada oo ubaahan faallo yar. Waa wax la arki doono inay jawaabta dawladu joojiso ama kiciso rabshado inta kabadan iyo inkale.

48 The men in question were said to be members of a group led by Mohamed Said Atom, who is mounting a violent campaign to pressure the government to introduce a strict version of shari’a law. Atom’s force was said to be hiding in the Galgala hills southwest of Bossaso (Allafrica, op. cit). 49 On 5 February 2008, the Al Shabaab militant group claimed responsibility for a grenade attack on Bossaso that left 25 civilians dead and 90 wounded in a residential area heavily populated by Ethiopian migrants. (‘February 2008 Bossaso Bombings’, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2008_Bosaso_bombings). Two more Ethiopians died in a similar attack in December 2009: (‘Explosion Kills Two, Wounds More than 20 Others in Bosaso Town’, http://allafrica.com/stories/200912020449.html). On 29 October 2008, the town was the subject of a twin bomb attack that also targeted Hargeisa. (‘Somalia Historical Chronology’, UN Security Council, http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/c.glKWLeMTIsG/b.2876199/). 50 Similar measures are mooted for those accused of piracy and human trafficking (‘Puntland Cabinet Approves Counterterrorism Law’, GaroweOnline, 17 July 2010).



5.10. Dhaqaajiyeyaasha Colaada

Khilaaf kooxeedku waa mawduuc kale Degmada Bossaso. Inkastoo boqolkiiba 60.9 jawaabeyaasha sahanku cadeeyeen in muranka qabiilku dhaco si naadir ah hadii, jirinba, jawaabeyaal badan boqolkiiba 31.5 waxay cadeeyeen in khilaafku udhaco si sannadle ah (Jaantuska 25).

Jaantuska 25: Soonoqnoqshada Muranka Beelaha (Freq. %)

Ref. CD1 (n=708)

Jawaabeyaashu waxay sheegeen sababaha ugu badan ee Bossaso khilaafka dhaliyaa colaaad dhulka iyo kheyraadka biyaha (46.7%); ooy sooraacda aargoosi (19.5%), muran qoys (14.7%) iyo halgan dhaqameed ama awoodeed (7.0%) (Jaantuska 26).

Jaantuska 26: Sababaha ugu badan ee Muranka Beelaha (Freq. %)

Ref. CD3 (n=272)

Huriyeyaasha colaada ee lagu liisteeyey wadahadalada kooxaha waxa kujirey dembiyada sida rabshadaha lidka haweenka, kufsi iyo xataa dagaalka deriska dhexmara haween iyo caruur. Waxay umuuqataa in qaabab badan oo dembi iyo rabshad ahi ay dhakhso usoojiidan karto beelaha hadday jirto aragti macquula oo kooxeed.



Kudarsoo, jawaabeyaasha qoysaska ee CVS/sahanka waxay sheegeen inay jireen muramo lixda bilood ee uhorreeya sannadka oo kabadan lixda bilood ee udambeeya (Jaantuska 27).

Jaantuska 27: Muramada Beelaha, Bishiiba (Freq. %)

Ref. CD4_R (n=51)



6. Dhaqaajiyeyaasha iyo Isirrada Khatarta

Inta badan kiisaska, isirrada iyo dhaqaajiyeyaasha amni-darradu waa kuwo bulsho iyo dhaqaale; inkastoo sababo kale oo amniga iyo siyaasada kuxidhan la sheegi karo. Kiisas badan, dhaqaaajiyeyaashu way badan yihiin iskuna xidhan yihiin, waxaanay ushaqeeyaan heerar kaladuwan. Halkan, farqi baa lagu sameeyey udhexeeya sababaha wiiqaya qaabka, isirrada sii-xumaynaya (sababaha dhow) iyo dhacdooyinka shida rabshadaha (rideyaal).

6.1. Isirrada Bulshada

Aqoonsiga qabiilka ama si kasii sifaysan, sheekooyinka xifaaltanka beelaha gudahooda ee soojireenka ahayd, waxa lagu sheegi karaa sabab qaabeedka amni-darrada. Sida dhaqanka aasaaska ah ee bulshada Somalida iyo ifafaalaha bulshada ee adag, qaababka iyo aqoonsiyada beesha waxay awood-siinayaan in kabadan ra’yi kabixin sahlan. Xifaaltanka beelaha-dhexdooda waxa sii murgin kara dhibaatooyin kale sida kheyraad yari colaad hurisa, laakiin habka qabiilku wuxu sifiican uga qeybqaadan karaa xaga awooda bulshada ee nabada. Wadahadalada focus groups/kooxaha dhexdiisa, hogaamiyeyaasha diintu waxay xuseen doorkay tixda odhaahda ahi kaciyaarto dhowrida tartanka beelaha mudo dheer, sabab qaabeedka colaada. Waxa kalooy xuseen inay gabayada iyo heesuhu guubaabin karaan rabshadaha munaasabadaha qaar.

Xadgudubka qaadka waa sabab dhow oo muhiim u ah amni-darrada iyo isirka khatarta ee hab-dhaqanka faldembiyeedka iyo dagaalka. Sida kor ku xusan, boqolkiiba 29.4 kiis ee weerarka ee uu qabtay CVS/sahanka, dhibaneyaashu waxay kashakiyeen inay dembiileyaasha saameysay daroogo, alkolo, ama qaad. Sida mirqaanka, qaadku wuxu sababaa rayn-rayn khafiifa iyo is-celin; intii muddo ah, wuxu dhalin karaa deganaansho-la’aan caadifiya iyo hab-dhaqan iyo tasarrufaat waalliya. Tayadiisa laqabatimaa waxay sida badan caadaystayaasha uhorseedaa dembiyo siay ubixiyaan lacagta qaadka. Tusaale, isticmaalka qaadku waxa sidhow loogu xidhiidhiyaa iskudayga kufsiga. Geedkani wuxu kordhiyaa hammada raga isagoo yareynaya is-celinta (hadana wuxu xakameeya kartidu ninku ku dhameystirayo galmada). Suuqyada qaadka iyo meelaha lagu qayilo waxa caadiyan kashaqeeya haween khatar ugu sugan in laweeraro. Dadka qabatimay waxay ubaydhaan tuugada danaysiga siay ugu bixiyaan qaadkay amaahdeen. Suuqyada qaadka iyo meelaha lagu qayilo sida kan Isbitaalka Guud ee Bossaso hortiisa waxa weeye meelaha ugu daran ee ay kadhacaan dhaqdhaqaaqyo gacan-ka-hadal leh sida tuugada, kufsiga, iyo dilka oo kale.

Joogitaanka ballaadhan ee barokaceyaasha baa isna lagu sheegay sabab qaabeed amni-darro. Tusaale ahaan, “dilalka aan-la-aqoon” ee dhawaanta korukacay wuxu keenay in jaaliyada iyo hay’adaha martida looyahay ay uga shakiyaan inay dembiileyaashu ka soojeedaan badhtamaha koonfurta Somaliya laguna ilaalinayo ama iyagu laftirkoodu isku-qarinayaan degmooyinka barokaceyaasha. Marka la eego kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxaha, shakigan waxa sii xoojiyey haya’daha dawlada oo eedaymahan ka sheegtay shirar amniga. hal koox baa sheegtay in lixdii bilood ee hore ee 2010ka, ugu yaraan hal bam uu dhigay qof ka soojeeda badhtamaha koonfurta dalka shakigaasina kudhacay sidii ooy barokaceyaashu hooy-siinayaan dembiileyaasha. Aakhirkii, kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxaha qaar baa sheegay in dhibaatada tuugadu kabilaabantay jaaliyadaha barokaceyaasha dhexdooda, laakiin cadayn lama keenin sheegashadan taageerta. Natiijadii, xiisado ayaa dhexmaray



barokaceyaasha iyo jaaliyada Bossaso ee martida looyahay, marmarna barokaceyaashu waxay dareemaan cunsuriyad, inkastoo ay guud ahaan rumeysan yihiin inay helaan adeega aasaasiga si la mida sida dadka kale.

6.2. Isirrada Laxidhiidha Siyaasada/Maamulka

Sida hore kuxusan, sinnaanta muuqata ee qabiilka Puntland waxay qarisaa tartanka qadhaadh ee udhexeeya beelaha iyo jilibada hoose. Tan laftigeeu waxay cadaynaysaa in wareegyada siyaasada iyo dhaqaalaha ay tahay beelaha dhexdooda ee jagooyinka awooda ee maamulka ama sidii baratan si loo xukumo kheyraadka.51 Siyaasiyan, waa maamulka gobolka Puntland goobta ugu hirdanka badan, taasoo horseeday dagaal furan hal munaasabad kabadan. Laakiin baratanka jagooyinka hay’adaha dawlada waa sida muuqata sifada dhamaan heerarka iyo qeybaha– runtii, jawaabeyaasha focus groups/kooxaha reer guuraagu waxay sheegeen in tartanka xafiis siyaasadeed uu yahay dhaqaajiyaha khilaafka beelaha-dhexdooda ee heerka ugu hoosaysa ee tuulada illaa maamulka degmada. Tani waxay sii wiiqday hay’ado dawladeed oo badan oo marka horeba la halgamayey musuqmaasuq iyo xirfad yari.

Marhaddii Puntland taariikhiyan ahayd meel leh sinnaan diimeed: iyadoon la eegin faraqa udhexeeya bulshada, xidhmo qiimaha lawadaaga ah baa wax-u-qabtay sida xoog midaysan. Sannadahan dambe soobixitaanka dhaqdhaqaaqyada diimeed ee cusub baa bilaabay inay bedelaan arrinka. inkastoo dhaqdhaqaaqyada cusubi ay dad yaryihiin, qaar bay goroda iskula jiraan turjumida muhiimka ee Islamka dhulkaa, qaar badan iyaga ahina siyaasad ahaan bay kujiraan. Siyaasada Islaaku waa xoog ugu adeega mucaaridka siyaasaeed ee dawlada imika in lagu qasban yahay. Marka la eego kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxaha, imika, Bossaso waxa jira xiisado cad iyo marmarna gacan-ka-hadal udhexeeya shakhsiyaad meel-dhexaad ah iyo kuwo xag-jir ah (qaar laakiin dhamaan maaha rabshado doonku). Sida kor kucad, jiritaanka jabhadahan oo kale waxay welwel kuhaysaa dawlada Puntland iyo xoogageeda amniga, gaar ahaan Ciidanka Sirdoonka Puntland, kuwaasoo iskudaya inay kor ka ilaaliyaan kooxahan.

La’aanta hay’adaha iyo qalabka sharciyeed ee ilaalinta dadka nugul (e.g. haweenka, caruurta, iyo naafada) waa fursad maqan oo muhiim u ah xakameynta rabshadaha.52 Tusaale, Puntland malaha garsoor sharci oo caruurta ama hay’ado ugo’an inay kaalmeeyaan daryeelka caruurta oo kudhexjira habka garsoorka ama xataa dhaqanceliya dembiileyaasha da’da yar. Da’yarta xukuman, oo qaarkood ku xidhan yihiin dhaqanxumo bulsho, waxa lagula ridaa jeelasha dembiileyaal halis ah ooy kujiraan budhcad-badeed. Natiijo ahaan, waxay sida badan soobaxaan iyagoo aad usii dhexgalay

51 Clan groups have, of course, vied for control of Bossaso port as the primary source of income for the state. Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, World Bank, January 2005, p. 16. Uneven distribution of resources across Puntland also plays into clan faultlines, however. This is probably a natural consequence of overdependence on the livestock industry and its export to and from Bossaso port; however, Puntland’s internal regional and district sub-divisions often correspond with sub-clan groupings and those in outlying areas away from the main north-south commercial corridor between Bossaso and Galkayo, or away from main roads are economically disadvantaged. Ongoing intervention by the elders is apparently required to quell such feelings. UN/World Bank, op. cit., p. 18. 52 UN/World Bank, op. cit., p. 13.



shabakadaha dembiileyaasha oo kabadan markaan la xidhin. Maqnaanshaha meelo ku-jiheysan dibudejinaya oo dib-u-dhexgelinaya da’ yarta nolol waxsoosaar leh waa tabasho marka la eego nuglaanta dhalinyarada ee kulugyeelashada dhaqdhaqaaq dembiyeedka.

Sida meelaha kale, Bossaso waxa kale ooy ku kooreysantahay hab sharciyeed laga baxay oon naxwe lahayn iyo garsoor itaal daran. Shuruucda dhulku waa tusaale fiican marhaday kiisaska maxkamadaha dawlada badidoodu dhul kuxidhan yihiin.53 Mushkiladu waxa weeye iyadoo dhulka ay maamusho dawlada hoose, majiro qaab sharciyeed lafahmi karo oo joogto ah oo maareynta dhulka iyo hantida sababtoo ah saddexda hab sharciyeed ee Puntland oo mid waliba leeyahay kutalogallo kaladuwan ee arrimahan.54 Xeerku wuxu dhaqaajiyaa habaynta hantida guud sida daaqa, dhul-daaqsimeed iyo biyaha, waxaanay kakooban tahay kutalogallo fudud oo keliya. Sharciga xukuumadu, dhanka kale, wuxu dhigayaa inay dhulka dawladu leedahay, inkastoo laga kireyn karo shakhsiyaad si gaara u adeegsanaya intii muddo qeexan ah. Dhanka kalena, sharciyada Islaamiga waxay mamnuucaysaa dhaqdhaqaaqa ganacsi ee dhulka (inkastoo maalgelin aan lagu cadayn). Qaab-sharciyeed kastaa wuxu leeyahay dhan wanaagsan, laakiin gebi ahaanba waxay isla xanniban yihiin xaqiiqda Bossaso ee koritaanka suuqa dhulka. Dibu-eegid sharciyeed oo baaxad leh baa loobaahan yahay, sidaa darteed mulkiyada sisax ah baa loo qoondeyn kara loona xallin karaa muramada dhulka. Shuruucda dhulka cusub iyo qorsheynta oo latacaalaya arrimahan baa sida muuqata loo gudbiyey Parliament bishii February 2006ka, laakiin tani uuma muuqato inay wax kabedeshay xaqiiqda dhulka taalla. Kudarsoo, shuruucda ugu fiicani waxay kale ooy ubaahan tahay maxkamado iyo maamul guud oo si waxtar leh uxoojiya. Hay’aduhu imika malaha awooda loo baahan yahay: maxkamada shaqaaluhu kuma filla, kaabehuna waa diciif. Waxa kale oo aanay kutiirsanaan karin maamulka guud siay uga caawiyaan murannada dhulka sababtoo ah waxaan jirin diiwaan dhaxalgal ah.55

6.3. Isirrada Dhaqaale

Welwelka dhaqaalaha baa umuuqda inuu yahay sababe weyn amni-darrada ee magaalada Bossaso, oo khatar ku ah inay da’ yarta ragga gaar ahaan kuwa barokaceyaashu noqdaan dembiileyaal ama dhibaneyaasha dembiga. Waxa xusid mudan, ragga da’da yar ee jaaliyadahan kunool, waxbarashadu ma siiso ballan fursado shaqo shaqola’aantuna siqeracaadiya bay usarreysaa. Kaalinta Bossaso ee deked weyn iyo marin ganacsi awgeed, ragga dhalinyarada ah waxay sijoogta ah umaqlaan sheekooyinka fursadaha fiican ee qurbaha. Soobixitaanka budhcad-badeeda iyo rejooyinkeeda ‘dhakhso u-taajirada’ baa kor usii qaaday heerka quusta dhalinyarada. Laakiin tani waa wareeg qallafsan siday jawaabeyaasha kooxuhu ogaadeen in shaqola’aanta baahday ay tahay sababta gundhiga u ah budhcad-badeeda. Budhcad-badeeda manta waa da’da udhexeysa 15 illaa 30 sano gebi ahaan waa rag. Badidoodu waa jaahiliin aan xirfad lahayn, kuwo badani waxay ka soojeedaan jaaliyadaha miyiga waxaana si isasootaraysa ugu adkaatay inay kunoolaadaan xoolo-dhiqida. Kooxahan dhalinyarada raga, budhcad-badeedu waxay ufidiyaan ballan inay dhakhso utaajirayaan

53 UN/World Bank, op. cit., p. 13. 54 Ibid., p. 13. 55 The court system has been rehabilitated and undergone a number of reforms, but still only covers around 25 percent of Puntland. Bossaso District itself has a primary and an appeals court, and six judges in total. Ibid., pp. 13–14.



iyo inay ku istereexayaan faa’iidooyinka raaxo ee laxidhiidha budhcad-badeeda, guur iyo adeegsiga daroogada.

Sabab kale oo wax wiiqeysaa, kalluumaysiga xad-dhaafka ee badaha imika bilaa sharciga ee Somaliya, waa inaan la illaawin: dadka tuulooyinka qaar baa ku cawday inay dhamaan dhalinyaradoodii ay ku waayeen budhcad-badeeda kalluunkoodiina ay ku waayeen kalluumaysiga sharci-darrada.56 Dhanka kale, sababtoo ah nidaaminta iyo qalabka qaboojinta oo liita xaga dhulka, kalluunka Somalidu qabato kuma habboona in khatartan loo galo. Kalluumaysto badan baa hadaba raadiya inay xirfadahooda u adeegsadaan si kafaa’iido badan, kuna gebogebooba faldembiyeed. Aakhirkii, waxay uegtahay in shariikadaha maraakiibta ee caalamiga lacagta madax-furashada farahabadan ee ay bixinayaan siiqarribtay mushkilada, iyadoo caawinaysa qorashada budhcad-badeeda ee ragga da’da yar shaqadanna uga soojiida dibedaha maalgashi inta kabadan. Jawaabeyaasha focus groups/kooxuhu waxay xanaaq ka muujiyeen in dhinacyo shisheeye siiyeen lacag madax-fursho ah oo badan budhcad-badeeda, khaasatan marhadaanay arag maalgelin lagu dhiso awooda ciidanka ilaalada xeebaha Somaliya siay siwaxkuool ah uilaaliyaan una kormeeraan badaha Somalida.

Focus groups/kooxuhu waxay sheegeen in Murannada kheyraadka sida goobaha biyaha iyo dhulka daaqa ay yihiin sababaha horseedka ka ah isku-dhaca beelaha gudaha/dibeda ee reer guuraaga. Dhulka miyiga iyo meelaha durugsan ee Bossaso, murannadani waxay sida badan sii xoogaystaan roobka kadib sababtoo ah beeluhu waxay kusoo noqonayaan dhulkii hore ay degganaayeen laakiin ay kaguureen markuu waxtar yareeyey; ayna ogaadeen in dad kale degeen. Wixii dagaala ee dambe waxa maareeya odayaasha sida xeerku dhigayo, laakiin xilliga roob yaraanta ama xeer dhaqan ah lajebiyo, arrintani way adag tahay. Illaa 1990yadii, waxa jirey tabo cusub oo xoolodhaqatada Puntland ay adeegsi gaar ah u oodanayaan dhul iyo goobo biyood qiimo sare leh.57 Tani waxay is-burin adag ku tahay qabanqaabada dhaqanka ee beelaha dhexdooda taasoo dhinac laysaga dhigo adeegsigiisa xilliyada abaarta. Jid xidhka meelaha loo qaxayo waxay qastaa hababkii hore ee dhaqdhaqaaqa xoolo-jirta waxaanay keentaa meelaha hadhay oo isticmaal qallafsani kadhaco. Xaga fidintana, waxa kalooy koruqaadaa tiirarka guud ee maareynta dhul-daaqsimeedka beelaha dhexdooda.

Marka la eego jawaabeyaasha focus groups/kooxaha, dhul-oodashada sharci-darrada, ooy lajirto abaar xilliyeed, waxay dhaqaajisay haajirida xoolo-dhaqatada sabooshay ee Puntland illaa tuulooyinka xeebta iyo magaalooyinka sida Bossaso iyagoo badan. Tani waxay sababtay cadaadis dadka waxaanay horseeday khilaaf udhexeeya muhaajiriinta imanaya iyo dadka magaalada.58 Hadaba, socodaalka illaa Bossaso illaa maanta ma qorsheysna lamana maareynin qorshaha magaalada iyo habka jagooyinka dhulka oon kufillayn awgeed (kor fiiri).

Xunaha reer miyiga ee focus groups/kooxahu waxay ogaadeen inay dhuxulaysatadu dhulkii kaymaha degaanka ahaa xaalufiyeen ooy tahay sabab colaadeed, inkastoo qodobkani aanu raacin wadahadalada.

56 Elders’ focus group. 57 UNDP/ILO, op. cit., p. 38. 58 UN/World Bank, op. cit., p. 30.



Barokaceyaashu waxay uarkaan colaad dhaqqjiye tartanka dhulka iyo kheyraadka. Asalka mushkiladoodu waa xaqiiqda in dhamaan dhulka Bossaso gaar looleeyahay, sidaa awgeed ay barokaceyaasha iyo hay’adaha kaalmeeyaaba uafduuban yihiin doonista dadka dhulka leh. Barokaceyaasha waxa lagu qasbaa inay ogolaansho uraadiyaan dhisme kasta, xataa haduu yahay nadaafada aasaasiga. Tusaale ahaan, labo cisho kahor wadahadalada kooxaha bishii June 2010ka, hal jaaliyad barokaceyaasha baa lagu qasbay inay UNHCRta kuceliyaan teendhooyinkay u isticmaalayeen shirarka jaaliyada, sababtoo ah mulkiilahaan rabin inuu ku arko dhulkaa. Hal jawaabe oo kooxaha barokaceyaasha baa ku sookoobay rajobeelka haysta xataa haduu yahay muranka dhul qiime-hooseeya isagoo leh, “Hadii aanay dhimasho jirin, maxallin karno muranka dhulka. Waxay kufiican tahay inay dadku arkaan in muranku dhimasho horseeday. Hadaan u tago oon ku idhaa ‘Fadlan waxan joojiya!’, waxba ma samaynayaan.”

Mulkiileyaashu waxay munaasabad ahaan kuadkaystaan inay barokaceyaashu rabitaankooda ugu bedeshaan cuntada gergaarka adeegsiga dhulkooda. Tani waxay kaciyaartaa mushkilad sare ooy keento qeybinta cuntada gergaarka ee beesha-ku-salaysan, taasoo ay barokaceyaashu usheegeen focus groups/kooxaha mid mushkiladaysan. Habkan, oo soojirey sannado badan ayna isticmaalaan ururo badani, wuxu leeyahay dheeftiisa, ooy kujiraan xaqiijinta in lasiiyo qabiilada yar, kana caawiyaan inay kahortagaan in xubno jaaliyada martida looyahay isudiiwaangeliyaan barokaceyaal ahaan siay uhelaan caawimo aanay hadii kale xaq-u-lahayn. Sikastaba ha ahaatee, qoondeynta qaab qabiil waxa kalooy dhiirrigelisaa tartan beeleed (dhexdiisa iyo dibediisaba) taasoo noqon karta gacan-ka-hadal oo qabiil walba ‘waardiyeyaasha irridku’ baa awood sheegta inuu go’aamiyo wuxu kan kale helayo.59

6.4. Bunduqyada iyo Isirrada Amniga-laxidhiidha

Itaal-darrada qeybta amniga iyo cadaaladu waa fursad kaluntay xakamaynta rabashadaha iyo amni-darrada (eeg qeybta Error! Reference source not found.).

Qiyaasta ugu badan, Puntland waa bulsho milatariyeysan, oo ah xaalad dhaafsan hub haysashadii caadada ahayd iyo dhaqanka qoriga ee xoolo-dhaqatada. Dawladu waxay daryeeshaa ciidan amni iyo kharash qeyb ahaan ballaadhan. Laakiin latacaalida xukuumada ee dadkeeda, ooy kujiraan xataa ololeyaasha hub-ka-dhigista, waxtay kamuuqan karaa awood adeegsiga. Jawaabeyaasha focus groups/kooxuhu habka amniga dawlada kumay qiimeyn waxttarla’aan oo keliya, ee marmar yahay cadaadiye. Hubaal, Sirdoonka Puntland wuxu hayaa tiro xabisyo iyo xadhig-matalid kuwo loo arkay cadawga dawlada iyo kuwo dhabta ah, badiba kuwa looga shakisan yahay inay xidhiidh la leeyihiin kooxaha Islaamiyiinta mintidka ah. Hawlgalladoodu waxay culays saari kartaa bileyska iyo milatariga, kuwaasoo marmar aan bilo lacag lasiinin.60 Marka la eego warbixin World Bank, “Kutiirsanaanta maamulka ee rabshadaha baa kadhigay inay muwaadiniintu uarkaan inuu abaabul-ka-saarku yahay dhinac-qudha, oo maamulka gobolku afka ugu adeegayo bulsho hubka uxora isagoo kusoo rogaya xayiraado adag ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga”.61

59 IDP focus group. 60 ICG, op. cit., p. 14. 61 World Bank, op. cit., p. 33.



Sahal kuhelida bunduqyada iyo hubka kale ee bulshada gudaheeda waxay si xad-dhaafa koruqaadaa khatarta colaada noqota mid wada-dagaal ah oo lagu dhinto. Kadib burburkii dawladii Somalida labaatan sano kahor, helitaanka iyo rabitaanka hubku siweyn bay korukacday iyagoo muwaadiniinta sikordhaysa ay dareemeen cabsi iyo xoogaga amniga dawlada oon ilaalinaynin. Manta, helitaanka hubka waxa loo tixgeliyaa ilo muhiim u ah amniga. kaqeybgale wadahadalada dhalinyarada focus groups/kooxaha baa sheegay “Ninkaan hub haysani bina-aadam maaha!” halka uu barokace kale oo kaqeybgaleyaasha focus groups/kooxaha baa ku calaalay awood-li’idiisa aanu bundhuq helikarin, isagoo leh waxay siweyn ukordhinaysaa amnigiisa iyo kan jaaliyadiisa.

Aragtida hub helida jawaabeyaasha CVS/sahanku waxay kutusaysaa fikrado kaladuwan: boqolkiiba 38.4 jawaabeyaashu waxay cadeeyeen in helida hubku inta kabadantahay, boqolkiiba 31.4%, in helida hubku inta yartahay, iyo boqolkiiba 30.3 in helida hubku iskumid tahay (Jaantuska 28).

Jaantuska 28: Helitaanka Hubka 12kii Bilood ee u Dambeeyey (Freq. %)

Ref. WE1 (n= 578)

Isburintan waxa sifiican loo fahmayaa iyadoo la sii baadhayo aragtiyahan oo latixgeliyo lafta/jilibka qabiilka jawaabeha, sharciga degganaanshaha, iyo meesha oo uu degganyahay. Qeyb ahaan marka loo eego muhiimada qabiilka ee tijaabada sahanka, helitaanku waxa lafahamsan yahay inuu ku badan yahay Madhibaan, Digil-Mirifle iyo Dir, halka qabiilka Daarood ee meesha ugu badani uu leeyahay aragti cabbiran ee isbedelka helitaanka hubka (Jaantuska 29).



Jaantuska 29: Helitaanka Hubka xaga Beelaha (Weighted %)

Ref. WE1_RxRP9 (n=577)

Sillamida, helitaanka waxa lafahamsan yahay inuu si laxaadleh ugu kordhay qaxootiga dhexdiisa, waxa soo raaca barokaceyaasha; dadka deggani waxay leeyahiin aragti cabbiran ee isbedelka (Jaantuska 30).

Jaantuska 30: Helintaanka Hubka, xaga Sharciga Degganaanshaha (Weighted %)


CVS/sahanku waxa kaloo uu sahamiyey lahaanshaha hubka ee waaqiciga. Guud ahaan, keliya 37 jawaabeyaasha qoyska (5.1%) baa qirtey hub haysashada. Inkastooy suurtogaltahay inuu dhan ubadanyahay gudbin-xumada awgeed, hub haysadku waa ifafaale kaga badan magaalada xaga miyiga: boqolkiiba 6.3 guryaha CVS/sahanku baadhay waxay haysteen ugu yaraan hal bunduq guriga degmooyinka magaalada, oo kasoo jorjeeda boqolkiiba 1.1 ee miyiga.

Qaababka lahaanshuhu waxay ku kaladuwan yihiin iyagoo kuxidhan sharciga deganaanshaha iyo qabiilka: boqolkiiba 12.0 jawaabeyaasha Dirta waxay guriga kuhaystaan ugu yaraan hal qori/bunduq, marka la barbardhigo boqolkiiba 6.7 oo Hawiye, boqolkiiba 6.3 oo Isaaq, boqolkiiba 5.7 oo Daarood, boqolkiiba 4.2 oo Carab iyo boqolkiiba 0.0 oo Digil-Mirifle (81.3% ay yihiin barokaceyaal), oo Bantu (96.4% ay yihiin barokaceyaal) iyo Madhibaan (Jaantuska 31).



Jaantuska 31: Lahaanshaha Hubka, xaga Beelaha (Weighted %)


Marka la eego sharciga deganaanshaha, boqolkiiba 5.5 jawaabeyaasha dadka joogtada udeggan waxay guriga kuhaystaan ugu yaraan hal qori/bunduq, marka la barbardhigo boqolkiiba 3.9 oo barokaceyaasha iyo boqolkiiba 3.8 qaxootiga (Jaantuska 32).

Jaantuska 32: Lahaanshaha Hubka, xaga Sharciga Deganaanshaha (Weighted %)


Jawaabeyaasha sahanku waxay cadeeyeen in qoriga darandooriga nooca Kalashnikov lagu tiriyo kalabadh hubka yaalla (50.0%). Hubka labaad ee ugu badan waa baastooladaha iyo tamuujadaha, oo noqday boqolkiiba 44.4 hubka yaalla, iyo shoodhgaanada ama qoryaha ugaadhsiga oo boqolkiiba 5.6 keliya (Jaantuska 33).



Jaantuska 33: Noocyada Hubka Lahelikaro (Freq. %)

Ref. WE3_R (n=36)

33ka jawaabe ee sheegay sababahay hubka uhaystaan gudaha Bossaso, badh kabadan (51.5%) baa sheegay in iskaga ilaalinta beelaha iyo tuugta, iwm, ay tahay ta ugu weyn, ooy soo raacdo shaqadu sida sarkaal bileysa, waashmaan ama waardiye (21.2%) iyo ujeedo dhaqan (21.2%) (Jaantuska 34).

Jaantuska 34: Sababaha ugu Muhiimsan ee lasheegay in loo Haysto Hubaka (Freq. %)

Ref. WE4 (n=33)

Taariikh ahaan, Bossaso waa meel caan ku ah soogelida hubka ka imanaya xaga bada ee Yemen. Marka la eego kooxda Ilaalada UNta, illaa boqolkiiba 80 baa loo raraa xaggaa iyo jidka Muqdisho iyo Badhtamaha-Koonfurta Somaliya, halka baaqiguna ukaco kooxaha budhcad-badeeda ama loo adeegsado colaadaha kale ee hubaysan ama rabshadaha jaaliyadaha dhexdooda.62

Marka la eego wadahadalada focus groups/kooxaha, hubku iib buu uyaalla suuqyada Bossaso, gaar ahaan kuwa udhow suuqa sarrifka lacagaha qalaad ee xaafada Cirtoogte. Inkastoo sida muuqata aanay adkayn inaad hub heshaa, hal kaqeyble kooxaha baa sheegay in ganacsiga hubku dhawaanahan noqoday mid abaabulan oo qarsoodiya oo manta lahelo iyadoo dilaaliin la maro. Kuwo kalen waxay cadeeyeen in helitaanka qoriga Kalashnikov, baastooladaha iyo xataa garnaylka

62 United Nations, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1916 (2010), 18 July 2011, p. 35.



gacantu ay dhawaanta kordheen iyo in, natiijo ahaan, ay suurtogal tahay in hubka lagu kireysto yar sida kubedelasho qaad. Silamida, kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxaha jaaliyadaha miyiga Bossaso iyo tuulooyinka kuxeeran waxay ku adkaysteen inay hub helikaraan markay cabsadaan.63 Laakiin iyadoo helitaanka hubku kordhiyey qiyaasta hubkan loo adeegsado ee dilalka aargoosiga, hadana waxa xusuus mudan in dilalka kheyraadka iyo muranka qoyska ay umuuqdaan in lagu fuliyo hub dhaqameed sida ulaha iyo toorayda, ama midi dhaqameedka Somalida ee laba afley “abley”.

Qoryaha/bunduqyada waxa dheer, shilal baa jirey lagu fuliyey dilal qorsheysan iyadoo la adeegsanayo walxaha qarxa. Inkastoo bar-tilmaameedka laysku dayey sida badan layaqaano, qaraxyadani waxay caadiyan katagaan tiro dhibaneyaala oo aad uga badan shakhsiga muhiimka ee ay iskudayeen. Runtii, boqolkiiba 43.9 jawaabeyaasha CVS/sahanku waxay cadeeyeen inay jirtey cabsi muuqata oo ka, ama ha hooseyso (20.9%) ama ha sarreyso (23.0%), imanaysa bamka muddeysan ama meel-fog-laga xukumo (Jaantuska 35).

Jaantuska 35: Aragtiyaha Cabsida Bamka Muddeysan ama Meelfog laga Xukumo (Freq. %)

Ref. WE7 (n= 732)

Silamida, boqolkiiba 41.9 baa sheegay in heerka khatarta miinada iyo walxaha aan weli qarxin ee loo yaqaan (UXOs), udhexeeyo waxoogaa (39.0%) illaa waxbadan (2.9%) (Jaantuska 36).

63 The actual level of ownership of firearms in Bossaso is obviously very difficult to ascertain. When focus group participants were asked how many households out of every ten owned firearms, rates ranged from one out of ten, to ten out of ten. They estimated that in urban areas, ownership was concentrated among businessmen, while in rural areas, those tending livestock were the most likely weapon-holders. Rates of ownership were rated lowest among IDP communities, for whom ownership is affordable.



Jaantuska 36: Aragtiyaha Walxaha aan-weli-qarxin (UXOs) iyo Miinada (Freq. %)

Ref. WE8 (n= 692)



7. Sida loo arko Waxqabadka Jileyaasha Cadaalada iyo Amniga

CVS/sahanka iyo wadahadalada kooxaha labaduba waxay waraysteen waxqabadka ay hay’adaha guud ee kaladuwan iyo mateleyaasha ururada madaniga ahi awood uleeyihiin ay kaga kajawaab-celiyaan amni-darrada, sida bileyska, maxkamadaha, hogaamiyeyaasha diinta, odayaasha beesha ama jaaliyada iyo haweenka. Qeybaha soosocdaa waxay soobandhigi doonaan muuqaallada isbarbaryaal ee sida loo arkay waxqabadka jileyaashan kaladuwan, ooy kujiraan nooca dembiga. Jile walba si gooniya baa loogu eegayaa faahfaahin badan,

7.1. Muuqaalada Isbarbaryaal

7.1.1. Aragtida Guud

CVS/sahanku wuxu baadhay heerka aaminka guud ee loo hayo odayaasha beesha/jaaliyada, hogaamiyeyaasha diinta, bileyska, iyo maxkamadaha iyagoo weydiinaya jawaabeyaashu inay cadeeyaan aaminkooda mid kasta ma wuxu ahaa aad usarreeya, meel-dhexaad usarreeya, meel-dhexaad uhooseeya ama aad uhooseeya. Hogaamiyeyaasha diinta ayaa lagu qiimeeyey in aad loo aaminsan yahay, oo boqolkiiba 40.6 jawaabeyaasha CVS/sahanka. Odayaasha beesha/jaaliyada baa lagu qiimeeyey kuwa labaad, oo iskucelcelis ahaa boqolkiiba 34.6. Maxkamadaha iyo bileyska labadaba waxay muujinaysaa in heerka aaminka jawaabeyaashu sixad-dhaafa uhooseeyo, oo iskucecelis ah boqolkiiba 1.6 aaminka bileyska iyo iskucelcelis boqolkiiba 3.7 ka aamin-baxeen maxkamadaha. Hadaba, waa in la xusuusnaado in aragtiyaha ragga iyo haweenku aad ukaladuwan yihiin, oo jawaabeyaasha haweenku uhayeen maxkamadaha iyo bileyska heer aamin oo siweyn uga sarreeya kan ragga (Jaantuska 37).64

64 See subsections Error! Reference source not found. and 7.3.1 for a detailed perception of the police and statutory courts.



Jaantuska 37: Heer Aaminka Hay’adaha Guud ee Uadeega Aminga (Weighted %)

Ref. AR1_R (n=733), AR4_R (n=735), AR7_R (n=710), and AR10_R (n=709)

Faraqa udhexeeye jawaabeyaasha lab iyo dhediggu waxa kale uu soobaxay markii laga wareystay helitaanka iyo xawaaraha jawaab-celinta ee hay’adaha amniga (Jaantuska 38 andJaantuska 39).

Jaantuska 38: Helitaanka Jileyaasha Amniga (Weighted %)

Ref. AR2_RxRP1 (n=737), AR5_RxRP1 (n=735), AR8_RxRP1 (n=736), AR11_RxRP1 (n=732)



Jaantuska 39: Xawaaraha Jawaab-celinta Jileyaasha Amniga (Weighted %)

Ref. AR3_3xRP1 (n=727), AR6_RxRP1 (n=728), AR9_RxRP1 (n=703), AR12_RxRP1 (n=705)

Wadahadalada kooxuhu waxay daboolka ka qaadeen hawsha ‘madal dukaansi’: hay’adaha kooxo kaladuwan baa uraadsada sababo kaladuwan. Tusaale, kooxda haweenku waxay yidhaahdeen hadii dil dhaco waxay utagayaan culimada diinta, bileyska tuugada, iyo culimada haday kufsi tahay. Dhalinyaraduna waxay sharraxeen inuu dilku tago maxkamad markuu leeyahay aragti qabiil. Barokaceyaashu waxay ubadanyihiin inay bileyska ugeeyaan kiisaska rabshadaha qoyska waxa kalooy adeegsadaan xidhiidho qoys iyo qabiil.

7.1.2. Weerar

40ka shil ee weerarka ee uu qoray CVS/sahanku, boqolkiiba 80 baa dadka loo bandhigay, laakiin boqolkiiba 10 baa rasmiyan bileyska la ogeysiiyey, iyo boqolkiiba 10ka kale waxay ku gebogeboobeen maxkamad (Jaantuska 40).

Jaantuska 40: Qiimaha Ogeysiinta, Weerarka (Freq. %)

Ref. AA1 (n=40), AA34 (n=32), AA39 (n=4), AA42 (n=4)



Dhibaneyaashani waxay badi marka hore ogeysiiyaan odayaasha jaaliyada (46.9%) ooy soo raacaan dhamaan hay’adaha guud sida bileyska dawlada (34.4%), culimada (12.5%) iyo kooxaha aan-dawliga ahayn ama bileyska jaaliyada (3.1%) (Jaantuska 41). Ogow in haweenku ujanjeedhaan inay sida badan ogeysiiyaan bileyska iyo culimaa’u diinka.

Jaantuska 41: Hay’ada Guud ee Weerarka loogu hor Ogeysiiyey (Freq. %)

Ref. AA36 (n=32)

Siddeeda qoys dhibane een shaaci kaqaadin shilka, shan baa sheegay inay jireen habab kaloo arrinka lagu xalliyaa, iyo saddex cadeeyey inaanay jirin hay’ad ay helikaraan ooy unoqdaan.

7.1.3. Rabshadaha Galmada

Saddexda kiisee rabshadaha galmada ee dadka loo sheegay, hal baa la ogeysiiyey odayaasha, iyo laba bileyska la ogeysiiyey. Kudarsoo, sadex kiis baa gaadhay go’aan maxkamad dembiyada.

Jaantuska 42: Qiimaha Ogeysiinta Rabshadaha Galmada (Freq. %)

Ref. SV1 (n=5), SV11 (n=3), SV16 (n=1), SV19 (n=1)

Majirto warbixin lahayo ee sababta loo ogeysiin waayey rabshadaha galmada/faroxumeynta.



7.1.4. Dembiyada Hantida

36ka dembiyada hantida ee lagu sheegay weydiimaha CVS/sahanka, 25 (69.4% ee wadarta dembiyada hantida) baa dadka loo shaaciyey, todoba baa la ogeysiiyey bileyska (19.4%) iyo lix kudhamaadey go’aan maxkamada dembiyada (16.7%) (Jaantuska 43).

Jaantuska 43: Qiimaha Ogeysiinta Dembiyada Hantida (Freq. %)

Ref. PC1 (n=36), PC8 n(=25), PC13 (n=7), PC16 (n=6)

25ka kiis ee dadka loo shaaciyey, 14 baa marka hore la ogeysiiyey odayaasha jaaliyada (56.0%), tobanna bileyska dawlada (40.0%), iyo hal wadaad la ogeysiiyey (4.0%) (Jaantuska 44).

Jaantuska 44: Hay’ada Guud ee Dembiyada Hantida loogu hor Ogeysiiyey (Freq. %)

Ref. PC10 (n=25)

7.2. Bileyska

7.2.1. Naqshadeynta Warbixinta

Degmada Bossaso waxay leedahay lix saldhig bileys, labada ugu waaweyni ay ku yaallaan dekeda iyo gegida dayuuradaha. Afarta soohadhay waxay kuyaallaan gudaha ee meel udhow magaalada Bossaso, oo leh wadar saraakiil bileys 127 lab ah iyo 21 dhediga, oo aanay 48 kamid ahi waxna qorin



waxna akhriyin. Ilaalinta wadooyinka (patrols) waxa loo qabtaa saddex kal, waxaana weheliya xubno bileyska jaaliyada.65


Sida kor kuxusan, jawaabeyaashu waxay ku qiimeeyeen bileyska kaalinta saddexaad ee la aaminsan yahay ee kuxiga odayaasha beesha/jaaliyada, culimada, iyo maxkamadaha (Jaantuska 37). Hadaba, waxa jira kalacadaan la’aan dhanka aaminka bileyska ee Degmada Bossaso (51.5% jawaabeyaasha CVS/sahanka waxay cadeeyeen aaminku bileysku si aada illaa aad usarreeyo, iyo 48.5%, si aada illaa aad uhooseeyo). Aragtida jawaabeyaasha dhedig waxay sicad uga wanaagsanayd tan jawaabeyaasha lab (Jaantuska 45).

Jaantuska 45: Heerka Aaminka Bileyska (Freq. %)

Ref. AR7 (n=710)

In kabadan badh jawaabeyaasha (54.8%) waxay kuqadareen bileyska si aada loo helikaro marka la eego fogaanshaha muuqda iyo sahal kugaadhida goobta – mar kale jawaabeyaasha dhedig waxay bixiyeen qiimeyn kafiican tan jawaabeyaasha lab (Jaantuska 46).

65 These units are the Central Police Station, Biyo Kulule Police Station, Mijir Police Station and Balade Police Station. District mapping, Danish Demining Group, April 2011.



Jaantuska 46: Helitaanka Bileyska, Sahal ku Gaadhid iyo Fogaanshaha Muuqda (Cabbir. %)

Ref. AR8 (n=737)

Si kastab ha ahaatee, waa in la xusuunaadaa in helitaanka si weyn oo kaladuwan loo qiimeeyey oo udhaxeysa xaafadaha (Jaantuska 47), inkastoo faraq weyni udhaxeynin miyiga iyo magaalada.

Jaantuska 47: Helitaanka Bileyska, ee Qeyb-hoosaadyada (Freq. %)

Ref. AR8_Rx3_R (n=733)

In kabadan badh jawaabeyaasha CVS/sahanka (51.7%) waxay cadeeyey in bileyska Degmada Bossaso ujawaab-celiyo si aad ama aad uhoosaysa (Jaantuska 48).



Jaantuska 48: Xawaaraha Jawaab-celinta Bileyska (Freq. %)

Ref. AR9 (n=704)

Kaqeybgaleyaasha focus group/kooxuhu waxay kaxumaadeen dembiga aan lagu baajin karaynin xadhig iyo ku-oogis kufilan iyadoo ay ugu wacantahay habka cadaalada iyo amniga Bossaso oo shaqaale, tabobar, iyo qalabba aad uliita. Maqnaanshaha iyo waxtardarradoodu waxay kuguuldarraysteen inay hagaajiyaan amniga degmada. Hay’adaha maxalliga laftoodu waxay uqirteen focus groups/kooxaha in aaminka dadku hooseeyo jaaliyaduhuna ay sida badan kacagajiidaan inay ogeysiiyaan dembiyada iyagoo kabaqaya inay noqdaan tuhunka uhorreeya. Dhowr kooxood oo kale baa xaqiijiyey isla cabsidan, halkaasoo la sheegay marka bileysku yimaado, inay caadiyan yihiin qaar naxariis-daran, xidh-xidhaan sabab la’aan, laaluush dalbadaan iyo inay isk-indhotiraan dembiileyaasha.

Sida qeybaha kale ee nidaamka amniga dawlada, waxa lagu cadeeyey wadahadalada focus groups/kooxaha in madaxda sare ee adeega bileyska kamuuqato eex qabiil. Bilowgii waxa laga aasaasay xubnaha jabhadii SSDF,66 waxay ubadan yihiin beesha Majerteen gaar ahaan jilibka Moxamuud Saleban illaa waqtigii Madaxtooyadii Cabdillaahi Yusuf. Isudheellitir la’aantani waxa dar-dar gelisay xintanka iyo aragtida eex qabiil ee udhexeysa haya’daha kaladuwan ee amniga goortay dembiyada abaabulani gacanta sare leeyihiin Puntland. Tartanka udhexeeya qeybaha kaladuwani waa hal sharraxaad oo uu jawaab-cilye ku sababeeyey ‘dilaslka aan-la-aqoon’.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxuhu waxay uarkayeen inay dawladu dedaallo dheeraada sameysay siay uxaqiijiso in bileysku mushaharkooda lasiiyo, jawaabeyaashuna waxay sheegeen in bileysku kafeejig yahay sidii hore marka gabbalku dhaco. Intaa waxa dheer, wadahadalo iyo falanqeyn socday 12kii bilood ee udambeeyey oo dhexmaray bileyska, odayaasha, iyo culimaa’u diinka baa keentey wadashqeynta wacan ee jaaliyadahay u adeegayaan. Markii la weydiiyey siduu amnigu isubeddelay 12kii bilood ee udambeeyey, kooxo badani waxay tixraaceen shirarkii dhexmaray odayaasha jaaliyada iyo bileyska. Tusaale, barokaceyaashu waxay sameeyeen guddi

66 With the state’s formation in 1998, around 15,000 former militiamen came under government auspices. According to figures from 2005, 6,500 have since joined the security forces or civil service, 3,000 voluntarily demobilized and joined civilian life, while at least 6,000 remained unemployed. UN/World Bank, op. cit., p. 12.



sijoogto ah ula shaqeysa bileyska waxaana loo qoondeeyey lambarro telefoon oo gooniya oo ay la soo hadlaan hadday degdeg tahay ama khatari jirto.

7.2.3. Jawaab-celinta

Aragtida guud ee bileyska waxa dheer, CVS/sahanku waxa kalooy wareysteen sida loogu qanacsan yahay jawaab-celinta bileyska ee dembiyada dhabta. 14ka kiis weerarka ee bileyska la ogeysiiyey, siddeed dhibane raalli aad ah bay kuyihiin jawaab-celinta, halkay saddex raalli ahayn iyo saddex aad raalli-u-ahayn (Jaantuska 49).

Jaantuska 49: Qanaca Jawaab-celinta Bileyska, ee Weerarka (Freq. %)

Ref. AA40

Kuwan bileyska dawlada ogeysiiyey kiisaska dembiyada hantida, in kabadan badh baa sheegay heer fiican oo raalliya (35.3% raalli aad ah bay ahaayeen iyo 23.5% raalli yar bay ahaayeen). Hadana, tani weli waxay bannaynaysaa tiro badan oo cadeysay heerkooda qanacla’aanta ee jawaab-celinta bileyska (11.8% yara aan-raalli ahayn iyo 29.4% aan-aad raalli u-ahayn) (Jaantuska 50).

Jaantuska 50: Qanaca Jawaab-celinta Bileyska, ee Dembiyada Hantida (Freq. %)

Ref. PC14 (n=17)

Lixda dhibane een kuqanacsanayn jawaab-celinta bileyska cadho ugaara bay uqabaan bileyska dawalada: labo dhibane waxay kucawdeen in bileyska ay kuqaadatay waqti dheer inay u soo jawaabaan goobta dembiga; midna xidhiidhka bilowga ahaa waqti dheer ku qaatey; midna wax



tallaabo may qaadin habayaraatee; midna isga/iyada si xaqa loolama dhaqmin; iyo hal dhibane oo laga bajiyey ama laga argagixiyey (Jaantuska 51).

Jaantuska 51: Sababta aanay ugu Qanacsanayn Jawaab-celinta Bileyska, Dembiyada Hantida (Freq.)

Ref. PC15 (n=6)

Sida kor ku xusan, shanta kiis ee lagu shaaciyey CVS/sahanka, laba ayuunbaa bilesyka la ogeysiiyey. Labada mid kamida, dhibanenuhu yara raalli buu ka ahaa, halka kiiska kalena, dhibanenuhu aa raalli uga ahaa jawaab-celinta bileyska. Majirto warbixiin cabasho ku saabsan jawaabta-celinta bileyska ee rabshadaha galmada.

7.3. Maxkamadaha Qaanuuniga

7.3.1. Naqshadeynta Warbixinta

Degmada Bossaso waxay leedahay hal Maxkamad Dembiyada, oo xaakinka guddoominaya uu yahay siihayaha Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud. Waxay kalooy leedahay hal Maxkamad Degmo, hal Maxkamad Gobol iyo hal Maxkamad Racfaan. Maxkamadaha waxa lagu maamulo shuruucda qaanuuniga iyo sharciya islaamiya labadaba. Dhamaan saddexda xaakin waxay leeyihiin tabobar rasmi ah. 67


Maxkamaduhu waa kuwo ugu aaminka yar hay’adaha guud oo dhan (Jaantuska 37). Guud ahaan, waxa jirey abuur is-aamin la’aan ah. Hadaba, sida bileyska, haweenku waxay ujanjeedhaan inay uarkaan maxkamadahu si kafiican sida ragga (Jaantuska 52).

67 Interview with the Attorney General for the District Mapping, Danish Demining Group, April 2011.



Jaantuska 52: Heerka Aaminka ee Maxkamadaha (Freq. %)

Ref. AR10 (n=709)

Marka la eego fogaanshaha iyo sahal ku-helida, jawaabeyaasha qoysasku may hubin jidmarka ama helitaanka maxkamadaha, oo in ku dhow kalabadh jawaabeyaasha qoysasku (49.7%) kusababayeen waxoogaa illaa sarreya heerka helitaanka maxkamadaha iyo boqolkiiba 50.3 uarkaan in waxoogaa illaa si aada loo helikarin. Waxa xusid mudan, inay jireen jawaabeyaal aaminsan inay maxkamaduhu yihiin qaar aan si aada loo helikarin (Jaantuska 53).

Jaantuska 53: Helitaanka Maxkamadaha marka loo eego Fogaanshaha iyo Sahal ku-Helida (Freq. %)

Ref. AR11 (n=733)

Sida laga saadaalin karo, aragtida helitaanku waxay kukalageddisan tahay goobta maxkamada ee degmada gudaheeda (Jaantuska 54).



Jaantuska 54: Helitaanka Maxkamada, ee Qeyb-hoosaadyada (Freq. %)

Ref. AR11_RxB3_R (n=729)

Iyadoo la xeerinayo sida dhakhsoha leh ee maxkamaduhu ujawaab-celiyaan, jawaabeyaal badani waxay cadeeyeen inay maxkamaduhu ahaayeen yara hooseeya (15.4%) illaa aad uhooseeya (41.2%) (Jaantuska 55).

Jaantuska 55: Xawaaraha Jawaab-celinta Maxkamadaha (Freq. %)

Ref. AR12 (n=706)



Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 737da jawaabood, 554 jawaabeyaal (75.2%) baa cadeeyey inay tagi lahaayeen maxkamada dembiyada hadday dhibane noqon lahaayeen.

Sababahay jawaabeyaashu siiyeen CVS/sahanka ee aanay maxkamad dembi ugeeyeen kiisasku waxay ahaayeen: go’aamo aan-xaq ahayn (iskucelcelis 40.6%); musuqa maxkamada ama laaluushka (22.3%); ajuurada maxkamada oo qaaliya (16.0%); kiisaska oo dheeraada (10.9%); maxkamadaha oon tallaabo qaadin (6.3%); iyo helitaan-la’aanta maxkamadaha (4.0%). Faraqa udhexeeya jawaabeyaasha labka iyo dhedigu ma weyna (Jaantuska 56).

Jaantuska 56: Sababaha aan loogu Baydhaynin Maxkamadaha Dembiyada (Freq. %)

Ref. AR15 (n=175)

Marka la eego kaqeybgaleyaasha focus groups/kooxaha, musuqmaasuqu waa mushkilada maxkamadaha kajirta, iyo helitaanka cadaalada oo sixoog leh ugu kalagedisan kuna xidhan awood muddicgu kubixiyo laaluush. Xaga sharraxaada, hal barokace baa soo xigtay maahmaah Somaliyeed oo caan ah: “Intay faruhu dufan leeyihiin, way duugi karaan jidhka”, taasoo macnaheedu yahay, kuwa lacagta haysta, ayuu habka garsoorka Bossaso sifiican ugu shaqeeyaa. Hadaba, kuwa badan een lacagta haysanin nidaamku waa ku gaabis oo qallafsan, waxaanu sida badan ku yahay il ay kaga soobaxaan gef iyo cadaalad-darro dheeraad ah. Dhamaan kooxuhu waxay aamin fiican siiyeen odayaasha iyo hogaamiyeyaasha diinta.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida ciidanka ammaanka, kaqeybgaleyaasha focus groups/kooxaha waxay aqoonsadeen in aaminka iyo kalsoonida nidaamka cadaalada ee Bossaso kazoo reeyey illaa xad sannadkii udambeeyey, inkastooy weli hoosayso. Tan waxa sababay baa loo maleeyaa inay dawladu kaga jawaabtey iyadoo kuqaaday dembi-baadhis hab-dhaqanka xukaamta waxaanay sameeyeen guddi baadhiseed, oo xilkii kaqaaday dhowr xaakin.68

68 See, for example, ‘Puntland President Makes Minor Cabinet, Judicial Reshuffle’, Garowe Online, 17 May 2010, http://allafrica.com/stories/201005170789.html.



7.3.3. Jawaab-celinta

32ka kiis ee weerarka shakhsiga, afar baa soomaray maxkamad dembiyada. Laba kiis, dhibaneyaashu aad bay raali ugu ahaayeen go’aanka maxkamada, hal dhibane yara raalli bay ahaayeen, iyo hal dhibane oon raalli ahayn (Jaantuska 57). Sababha raalli-la’aantu lama caddeyn.

Jaantuska 57: Qanaca Dhibaneyaasha ee Go’aanka Maxkamadaha (Freq.)

Ref. AA43 (n=4)

Waxa jirey wadarta lix go’aan ooy maxkamad dembi samaysay oo dembiyada hantida (25.0% dembiyada hantida ee diiwaangashan).

Kudarsoo, waxa jirey hal go’aan ooy maxkamad dembi samaysay oo rabshada galmada; hadaba, lama hayo xog/data sheegaysa heerka qanaca dhibanaha ee xukunka.

7.4. Haweenka

Haweenku kaalin muhiima bay leeyihiin ooy kaciyaaraan amniga iyo ammaanka, runtii waxa lagu sheegay wadahadalada kooxaha inay ururada haweenku qeybkaqaataan nabad-dhiska. CVS/sahanka, keliya boqolkiiba 16.1 jawaabeyaasha qoysasku waxay cadeeyeen inaan haweenku kaqeybgalaan shirarka magaalada. Sababaha ugu weyn ee arrintani lagu sheegay waa: qoyska oo rumeysan in haweenaydu ahmiyad siiso arrimaha qoyska (35.0%) dareenka nafis-la’aanta ee kaqeybgalka xubnaha dhedig ee qoyska (30.0%), xubnaha qoyska ee lab oo diidan aragtida dhedig ee go’aan samaynta (23.0%); iyo hinaasaha ninka ama aamin la’aanta daacadnimada xaaskiisa (12.0%). Sikastaba, faraqyo xiisoleh baa kamuuqda oo laxidhiidha jinsiga jawaabeha: tusaale ahaan, haween kabadan ragga bay latahay inay haweenku joojiyaan kaqeygalka sababtoo ah dareenka nafis-la’aanta ee kaqeybgalku wato (Jaantuska 58).



Jaantuska 58: Sababaha ay Dhedigu ugu Qeyqaadan waayeen Shirarka Jaaliyada ama Magaalada, ee Jinsiga Jawaabeha (Miisaamey %)

Ref. RP19 (n= 117)

7.5. Odayaasha iyo Hogaamiyeyaasha Diinta

Marka la eego jawaabaha focus groups/kooxaha iyo xogta CVS/sahanka, odayaasha iyo wadaadada Bossaso waxay bixiyaan qaab cadaaladeed laysku hallaynkaro oo laga aaminsan kan ay hay’adaha rasmiga ee dawladu bixiyaan. Tani waxay sida cad laxidhiidhaa aragtiyaha kalgedisan iyo hawlaha cadaalada. Somaliya guud ahaan waxay ku shaqeysaa nidaam sharciyeed ged-geddisma oo adag, ooy dheertahay sharciga rasmiga ee dalka ee dembiilaha, waxaana kujira sharcia iyo tiro shuruuc qabiil kusalayasan oo layidhaa xeer. Xubnaha jaaliyada baa sida badan kagarnaqa shurrucdan in kabadan kiisaska nidaamka rasmiga ee maxkamadaha. Sida uu yidhi xubin kooxaha “dadku waxay aaminsan yihiin odayaasha. ‘Madax meel kasarreysa oo lataabtaa majirto.’ Odayaashu maqaataan laaluush awoodna waxay uleeyihiin inay sheegaan kee sax ah, kee qaldan.” Midkalena wuxu yidhi, “Odayaasha iyo wadaadadu way xallin karaan nooc kasta oo rabshado ah. Waxaanay xallin karaynin majiro.” Runtii, xataa dawladaa marmar arrimaha uleexisa xaga odayaasha, oo noqoda biriish isku xidha dawlada iyo dadka. Aaminkan guud waxa xaqiijiyey CVS/sahanka (Jaantuska 59 andJaantuska 60). Hadaba, aaminka badidiisu wuxu ku xidhanyahay baahiyaha la arkayo ee degganaanshaha iyo kahortaga rabshadaha, halkii laga tixgelinayo xuquuqal insaanka shakhsiga.



Jaantuska 59: Aaminka loo Hayo Odayaasha Beesha/Jaaliyada (Freq. %)

Ref. AR1xRP1 (n=732)

Jaantuska 60: Aaminka loo Hayo Wadaadada (Freq. %)

Ref. AR4xRP1 (n=734)

Sida falanqeynta lagu furfurey, waxa cad in hababka dhaqanku aanay karti ulahayn ayku xalliyaan qaabkan cusub ee dembiyada abaabulan. Focus group/kooxahu waxay qireen in qaababka dhaqanku ay u agab-liitaan siay ula tacaalaan noocyada soobaxaya ee qaska sida dilalka qorsheysan, budhcad-badeed iyo tuugo-kooxeedka. Halka shuruucda xeerka iyo sharciyadu ay aad ugu habeysan yihiin dembiyada iyo dilalka dhaqanka sida dhaca iyo dilalka aargoosiga, kama hadlayaan noocyada habaysan ee dembiyada iyo rabshadaha. Xeerku khaasatan waxa kaloo uu kutiirsan yahay fulinta beelaha iyo aqoonsigooda guud ee sharciga. Kiisaska dembiyada abaabulan waxay kuxidhan yihiin musuqa dawlada iyo hawlaha qaraabaysiga, tani ma aha wax soosocda.

Awoodaha iyo arrimaha laxidhiidha siday odayaasha iyo wadaadadu uqeybiyaan cadaalada kor bay kufaahfaahsan tahay. Waxa carrab-ku-xejin mudan in hay’ada lagama maarmaanka u ah xallinta khilaafka (iyo qeybinta cadaalada) ee Puntland iyo Bossaso ay weli tahay xeerka. Su’aashu, hadaba, waa in qaababka dhaqanku ay dabbari karaan dhibaatooyinka casriga ah iyo fahamka guud ee shakhsiyeed ee xuquuqal insaanka. Dad badan baa rumeysan in cadaalada guud ahaan lagu xoojiyo iyadoo lamarayo habab cusub oo iskuxidha nidaamyada rasmiga iyo kuwa aan ahayn. Nidaamka maxkamada dawliga weli sidacad waa wiiqanyahay waana diciif inuu baahitiro, sida bandanna wuxu ku kooban yahay magaalooyinka waxaana wiiqay takhasuska sharciga ee yar laakiin sookordhaya. Inkastoo wadaada qaar udhaqaaqeen barashada shuruucda rasmiga, kuwa kale, waxa laga sheegay wadahadalada focus groups/kooxaha, inay ku meelaysan yihiin meel kafiican maxkmadaha oo latacaalida muranada ganacsi ee mucaqadka.



7.6. Jaaliyada Ganacsatada

Marka la eego kaqeybgaleyaasha focus groups/kooxaha, ganacsiga gaarka ahi ee Bossaso awood weyn buu kuleeyahay nabada, haddii firfircoonidiisu kashaqeynsiin karto dhaqdhaqaaqa ganacsi ee beelaha ukala gudba iyo qeybinta ballaadhan ee fursadaha dhaqaale iyo in lacagtuu abuuro ganacsigani aan loo arkin mid wax kalaqeybisa. Koritaanka dhaqaalaha iyo shaqadu waa inay yareysaa welwelka dhaqaale ee mushkiladaha kooxaha, laakiin isbedellani waxay bedel ahaan samayn karaan dhiirrigelinta wadashaqeyn inta kabadan dhamaan qeybaha bulshada hadii si la fahmayo loogu hagaajiyo looguna jiheeyo xaga nabad-dhiska. Wadahadalada focus groups/kooxaha qaar waxa lagu ogaaday in maamulka ganacsigu yahay hab dhexdhexaad ah oo xal ukeenaya muranada dhulka iyo ganacsiga magaalada. Kuwani waa ib ay ka soobaxdo colaada beeluhu oo carqalad ku ah sharciyeynta dhaqdhaqaaqa ganacsi.

7.7. Nabad-keenayaasha Kale

Tiro kooban oo ganacsiya ah baa kireysta waardiyeyaal gaara, oo ka diiwaangashan Wasaarada Amniga. Siday tan usameeyaan, waxay ubaahan tahay in labuuxiyo foomka diiwaangelinta, ooy kujiraan kuwan soosocda: magaca shariikada, magaca waardiyeyaasha, lambarrada taxane ah ee bunduqyada. Kadib gudbinta foomka diiwaangelinta ooy weheliso sawirka aqoonsiga waardiyeyaasha, Wasaarada Amnigu waxay usoo saareysaa warqada aqoonsiga waardiyeyaasha.69 Hadana, xoojintu waa diciif, oo waxa caadi noqday sheekooyinka ciidamada amniga ee gaarka ee ilaaliya shariikadaha saliida ama ladagaalama budhcad-badeeda.

Intaa waxa dheer, 16ka xaafadood ee Bossaso mid waliba waxay leedahay xaafad ilaaliyeyaal 10 waardiye ah, kuwaasoo lasheegay inay wargeliyaan Guddoomiyaha Degmada. Silamida, degmooyinka barokaceyaashuna waxay leeyihiin illaa 10 waardiye.70

69 Interview with the Deputy Ministry of Security by the Danish Demining Group, April 2011. 70 Interview with the Deputy Mayor by the Danish Demining Group, April 2011.



8. Talobixinta

Talobixintan soosocda waxa laga soodheegtay Qorshaha Amniga Degmada Bossaso. Siminaar baa laqabtay dhamaadkii June 2010ka ooy shakhsiyaad kaqeybqaateen wadahadalada kooxaha/focus groups ee Bossaso. Siminaarka waxa fududeeyey hay’adaha SORSO, (DDG) Danish Demining Group, UNDP iyo Saferworld. Kaqeybgaleyaashu waxay ansixiyeen qoraal-qabyada ogaanshaha cilladaha amniga jaaliyada, kala-horreysiinta tabashooyinka amniga, ayna soo ururiyeen xalka arrimaha lagartay. Waa in la xusuusnaado in warbixinta tayeysan ee CVS/sahanka aan markaa la heli karin. Guddiga Amniga Degmada baa dabadeed aqbashay Qorshaha Amniga Degnada. Qorshahan oo ay tahay in sannad walba dib loo eego si loo habeeyo qeyb kamida qorshe sannadeedka shaqo ee Golaha Degmada. Kaalmo dibedeedka loogu baahan yahay hirgelintiisa buuxda.

8.1. Xoojinta Awooda Bileyska

Himilada Farogelin iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu hirgelinayo farogelinta

Tabarruca Bulshada

Baahida Kaalmo Dibedeed

Bileyska Bossaso aad bay u tabobaran yihiin uuna qalabaysan yihiin, waxaanay awood uleeyiin inay bulsho ammaan ah ooy hoosayso heerka tuugada iyo dilalku.

1) Farogelinta Dhisida Awooda Bileyska: Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

a. Lacadeeyo 99 sarkaal oo bileysa oo loo tabobaro dembibaadheyaal.

Wacyigelinta bileyska

b. Lacadeeyo 99 sarkaal oo bileysa oo loo tabobaro maareynta gaadiidka.

c. Lala qabanqaabiyo casharrada tabobarka Akademiyada Bileyska ee Carmo.

d. Ladejiyo bileyska iyo kan gaadiidkaba illaa: 99

2) Farogelinta Hagaajinta Qalabka iyo Kaabeyaasha Bileyska: Dhaqdhaqaaqa

a) Puntland lahaato Wasaaratu Dawla Ammaanka oo loo qoondeeyey direys kaduwan/gooniya.

Gaadiid iyo Quud Habeen

Shaqaale aan-xirfad lahayn

b) Laga dhiso saldhigyo bileys Suweto (xerada barokaceyaasha) iyo Ridwan (xeebta udhow).

c) Ladejiyo 40 bileys ah Suweyto.

Bulshada iyo bileyska Bossaso oo wadajir sidhow uga wadashaqeya xoojinta sharciga iyo kahortaga faldembiga.

3) Farogelinta Hagaajinta Wadashaqeynta Bileyska iyo Jaaliyada: Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

a) Habee Guddiga Bileyska Jaaliyada (CBP).

Wacyigelinta jaaliyada

Wakiilnimada bileyska

Habeynta bileyska bulshada ama CBP

Tabobarka xubnaha Guddiga CBP

b) Tabobar sii xubnaha Guddiga Bileyska Jaaliyada ama CBP.

c) Shirar joogta uqabo falanqeynta wadashaqeynta, bileysku warbixin ha sooceliyo, jaaliyaduna talo-soo jeedin ha keento.

d) Uhabee guddi-hoosaadyo meelaha ladeggan yahay ee kaladuwan, xerooyinka barokaceyaasha iyo tuulooyinka reer guuraaga.

4) Farogelinta in la Hagaajiyo Amniga Meelaha Daran: Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

Dejinta bileyska

Wadashaqeynt

Maaliyad (shiidaalka gaadiidka iyo



Himilada Farogelin iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu hirgelinayo farogelinta

Tabarruca Bulshada


a) Samee kormeer bileys (6–9 pm) subaxii illaa fiidka badhtamaha magaalada, suuqa, wadooyinka mashquulka (sida Raffiyo Raho) iyo masaajidada.

b) Bileys dhar-cad ah deji meelaha daran oo ay kujiraan maqaaxiyaha shaaha, meelaha lagu qayilo, iyo wadooyinka mashquulka (maalintii).

a bulshada gawaadhida)

Tabaabushaha amniga gaarka ah waxa lagu xukumayaa oo lagu habaynayaa dhameystirka dedaalada bileyska.

5) Sahami Iskaashiga Amniga Guud iyo kan Gaarka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

a. Kadhex dhis isusoo dhawaansho ganacsatada ee u baahan nidaaminta iyo isuduwida ilaalinta/jabhadaha gaarka.

b. Habee heerarka iyo nidaamka kutalogalka amniga gaarka (hagida mabaadii’da qaab-shaqo).

c. Samee korjoogta amniga gaarka ah oo isugu jira dawlada (bileyska) iyo jaaliyada (hogaamiyeyaasha dhaqanka iyo diinta).

d. Utabobar waardiyeyaasha amniga gaarka kahortaga dembiyada iyo kutalogalka amniga ee sharciga.

e. Habee xidhiidhiyeyaal Guddiga Amniga Degmada (DSC), bileyska iyo wadaadada iyo odayaasha oo khuseeya amniga meelaha ganacsiga (oo laxidhiidha ogeysiinta shilalka faldembi iyo baadhista isbedellada).

Udoodista/wacyigelinta

Khabiirnimo kutalogalka iyo maareynta amniga gaarka

Dawlada

8.2. Hagaajinta Nidaamka Garsoorka

Himilada Farogelin iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu hirgelinayo

farogelinta Tabarruca Bulshada


Bulshada maxalliga waxay heleysaa nidaam garsoor xaqa, xora, oo madaxbannaan.

1) Tabobarka socda ee garsoorka

a) Dhis awooda xaakimada jooga siay uga jawaab-celiyaan cabashooyinka.

Maaliyad

b) Tabobar 9 xaakin oo dheeraada.

c) Tabobar xeer-ilaaliyaha imika.

d) Tabobar 99 xeer-ilaaliye oo dheeraada.

2) Sugida amniga shaqaalaha garsoorka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

a) Uqor oo tabobar 15 waardiye xaakimada iyo xeer-ilaaliyeyaasha.

b) Sii baabuur iyo qalab waardiyeyaal.

3) Kutalogalka Qalab Xafiis oo Garsoorka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

a) Uibi shaqaalaha garsoorka 15 kombuyutar, 5






daabacadood, 2 fotokoopi .

b) Uiibi 3 gaadhi xaakimada iyo shaqaalaha.

8.3. Hagaajinta Nidaamka Xabsiyada/Jeelasha



Baahida Kaalmo

Dibedeed

Nidaamka jeelashu wuxu daboolayaa baahida gobolka, hooynayaa maxaabiis kaladuwan da’ iyo jinsi ahaanba, iyo inuu bixiyo barnaamij dibudejina oo waxtar ah.

1) Dibuhaynta Imkaaniyaadka Jira. Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

a) Ballaadhi jeelka si uu gooni-gooni uqaado haweenka iyo caruurta.

Hagaajinta caafimaadka guud iyo fayodhowrka

Golaha/dawlaha hoose

Bulshada

Kaalmo maaliyadeed

b) Ballaadhi jeelka si uu xaalado dadnimo ugu qaado dhamaan maxaabiista.

c) Kasamee kaalin caafimaad jeelka.

d) Lahelo biyo lacabbo.

e) Hagaaji caafimaadka guud iyo fayodhowrka.

f) Loo helo maxaabiista weelka cuntada iyo furaashyo.

2) Farogelinta Kutalogalka Tabobarka Xirfadeed ee Maxaabiista. Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

a) Dibuhabee qalabka iyo mashiinnada imika yaalla.

b) Bar maxaabiista xirfadaha nijaarida iyo korontada.

3) Farogelinta Dibudejinta iyo Waxbarashada Maxaabiista.

c) Lahelo barida Quraanka iyo barashada Islaamka.

d) Loo helo maxaabiista waxbarasho akademi ah (iskuul/dugsi).

4) Tababarka Shaqaalaha Jeelka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

e) Kutabobar shaqaalaha jeelka xuquuqal insaanka iyo heshiisyada caalamiga ee laxidhiidha xuquuqda maxaabista.

8.4. Waxkabeddelka Qaabka Magaalada si looga Hortago Dembiga



Baahida Kaalmo

Dibedeed

Waxa jira magaalo sifiican uqorsheysan oo xor-ka ah faldembiga.

1) Wadooyin Ammaan ah

a. Ku abaabul ganacsatadu inay ku rakibaan laydhka amniga meelaha ganacsigooda (gaar ahaan Ariga).

b. U dood is-dhexgalka baahida rakibaada laydhadhka amniga.

c. Ku rakibida laydhadhka amniga wadada Ariga.

Wacyigelinta

Doonista ganacsatada

Khabiirro

Dawladaha hoose

Ilo maaliyadeed

2) Qorsheynta Magaalada Wacyigelinta Khabiirro





Baahida Kaalmo

Dibedeed a. Udood qorshe magaalo oo inta kafiican oo leh wadooyin ballaadhan iyo meelo loogu talogalay dhismaha wadooyinka.

b. Samee suuqyo qaad oo ammaan ah kana fog badhtamaha magaalada.

Doonista ganacsatada

Dawladaha hoose

Ilo maaliyadeed

La helo meelaha la deggan yahay iyo xeryaha barokaceyaasha oo sifiican u iftiimaya oo amni leh.

3) Guryeyn Fiican ee Xeryaha Barokaceyaasha

a. Abaabul xubnaha bulshada (iyo barokaceyaasha) si aad meel-mariso baahida guryo qorshe fiican.

b. Uhabee guryaha fagaareyaal (sida, xayndaabid tiro guryo oo meelo caan ah ootay oo leh kadimo keliya).

c. Hagaaji guryaha jaaliyadaha dakhligoodu hooseeyo iyo xeryaha barokaceyaasha ee Suweyto, Raffiyo Raaxo iyo Ridwan).

d. Ku rakib guryaha laydhadhka amniga.

Wacyigelinta

Doonista jaaliyada

Hawsha ilaalinta xaafadaha (iyadoo lamarayo CBP)

Ilo maaliyadeed

Khabiirro

Dawlada

8.5. Taageerida Xidhiidhka Fiican ee Arrimaha Amniga



Baahida Kaalmo

Dibedeed

Jaaliyada Bossaso waxay fahamsan yihiin, oo kaqeybqaata yaraynta budhcad-badeeda oo ay hagaajiyaan xaalada qaxootiga iman kara.

1) Farogelinta Wacyigelinta Bulshada ee Dhibka Budhcad-badeeda. Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

a) Horumari oo qeybi qalabka Warfaafinta, Waxbarashada, iyo Wadaxidhiidhka (IEC) (boodhadh garamo, iyo gabayo) ee anshaxa ganacsiga iyo doorka macmiilku uga fogaanayo maalgeshiga iyo lacagta fadaraysan ee budhcad-badeeda tusaale Ololaha Xaaraanta iyo Xalaasha oo siixoojinaysa qiimaha Muslimiinta ee xaalaynta waxsoosaarka iyo lacagta sifo sharciya ama daacada lagu shaqeysto.

Wacyigelinta

Horumarinta /hodminta farriimaha ololaha wacyigelinta.

Ilo maaliyadeed

b) Bil walba meelaha lagu qayilo kuqabo dodo ama wadahadallo ay ku lugleeyihiin wadaadada iyo odayaasha iyo dadka oo kusaabsan waxay dhaqanka Soomaalida iyo diinta Islaamku ay kaqabaan iyo siday udiidan yihiin dhaqanka budhcad-badeeda, waxa kale oo lagaga wadahadlayaa xujooyinka ku meersan qaxootiga.

DSC isuduwida madasha wadahadalka

Abaabulka xubnaha jaaliyada

Keydinta nidaamyada

Dawlada

Dabogal

2) Farogelinta Koruqaadida Wacyigelinta Dhibka Qaxootiga. Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

a) Horumari oo qeybi qalabka Warbixinta, W/barashada, iyo Wadaxidhiidhka (IEC) ee kusaabsan xaqiiqda iyo khuraafaadka socdaalka, tusaale, nolosha dhabta ah ee Yemen.

Wacyigelinta

Horumarinta /hodminta farriimaha ololaha

Ilo maaliyadeed





Baahida Kaalmo

Dibedeed wacyigelinta.

b) Koruqaad wacyigelinta dhibka qaxootiga iyadoo la marayo warbaahinta maxalliga (gabayo, barnaamijyo raadyaha, iyo jaraa’idka wadaniga) (sheekooyin dhab ah oo dhacay).

Martida makarafoonka

Sheeko-tebin

Ilaaleyn

3) Farogelinta Koruqaadida Wacyigelinta Amniga Guud ee Bulshada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

a) Ushiri afar-biloodle madalaha waxbarashada dadka ee kuseeya isbdellada rabshada iyo qaababka looga taxadirayo (shirkaasoo ay wadajir ufuliyaan odayaasha, wadaadada, iyo DSC).


(haweenka, dhalinyarada, odayaasha, shuyuukhda, waxgaradka)

Wacyigelin

Gole la gaadhi karo

Ilaaleyn iyo dabogal

b) Faafi qalabka Warbixinta, W/barashada, iyo Wadaxidhiidhka (IEC) (boodhadhka iyo sawir-derbiga) kadigaya goobaha daran ee dagaalka (tusaale, wadooyin mashquula, badhtamaha magaalooyinka, xerooyinka barokaceyaasha, tuulooyinka xeebta).

Farriimaha

Ilaalinta dhacdada

Ilo maaliyadeed

c) Hirgeli barnaamijyo waxbarasho dugsi, masaajid, ama kulliyadeed oo dadka dareensiinaya amniga (sida, koox uwada-socodka illaa masaajidka si loo yareeyo suurtogalnimada in lagu dilo) .


(haweenka, dhalinyarada, odayaasha, shuyuukhda, waxgaradka)


d) Uadeegso warbaahinta wadaniga khataraha caafimaad ee isticmaalka qaadka.



Dhamaan qareennada amniga bulshadu waxay leeyihiin iskaashi xooggan, sal-ballaadhan, oo

1) Wadaaga Warbixinta

a. Habee iskaashi udhexeeya ganacsiga gaarka,71 DSC, guddiyada barokaceyaasha iyo bileyska ee wadaaga warbixinta iyo isuduwida hawlaha amniga ee badhtamaha magaalada.

Abaabulka Bileyska

Dawlada hoose

b. Samee oo adeegso farsamooyinka wadaaga

71 The private sector includes the Chamber of Commerce and the business community – including qat sellers and owners of qat-chewing areas, where suspected pirates and lords of illegal immigration frequent – all of whom are critical actors in combating theft, piracy and migration-related violence.





Baahida Kaalmo

Dibedeed waxtar fiican. warbixinta (ee iskaashi haysan) iyadoo la xeerinayo:

i. Maalgeshadeyaal cusub, warbixinta ilaalinta socodka lacagta72 iyo qaabka maalgeshiyada cusub;

ii. Taboshooyinka ammaanka ee meelaha masaajidad iyo wadooyinka mashquulka.

c. Qabo shirar afar-biloodle ah oo is-aamin iyo kalsooni dhis ah ooy kujiraan bileyska iyo jaaliyadu (dhamaan daneeyeyaasha) si loo wanaajiyo rabitaanka dadku ay kashifayaan dilalka qorsheysan.73

d. Uqoondee sarkaal udhexeeya bulshada iyo bileyska.

e. Hanti-dhowr diiwaanka dawlada hoose ee ganacsiga ka hawlgala magaalada, oo baabi’i meheradaha aan diiwaangeshanayn.

8.6. Abuurida Fursado Shaqo




Waxa jira fursado shaqo iyo nolol oo dhalinyaarada, gaar ahaan kuwa barokaceyaasha iyo jaaliyadaha reer miyiga, si looga hortago inay kulugyeeshan budhcad-badeeda ama ubaahdaan inay haajiraan.

1) Ballaadhinta Barnaamijyyada Tabobarka Xirfadaha ee Jira. Dhaqdhaqaaqa:

a) Fidi barnaamijyada tabobarka xirfadaha si loo tabobaro dhalinyaro badan siay unoqdaan nijaarro, dawaarleyaal, koronto yaqaan.

Abaabulka Ilo maaliyadeed

b) Shaqo-sii machadyada farsamada gacanta ee imika si ay ubixiyaan tabobarrada.

c) Tabobar 99 lab iyo 99 dhedig, dhamaan dhalinyaro.

d) Iibi agabka iyo qalabka tabobarka.

Abaabulka Ilo maaliyadeed

e) Samee xidhiidho udhexeeya machadyada tabobarka iyo fursadaha shaqada (dadka ganacsatada).

Kaalmo farsamo

f) Kuxooji guddiyada maareynta biyaha tabobarada xallinta muranka, digniinta iyo jawaab-celinta hore ee colaada iyo xirfadaha heshiisiinta.

g) Wanaaji iskaashiga udhexeeya guddiyada maareynta biyaha iyo wadaadada iyo odayaasha xilliga dhexdhexaadinta khilaafka goobaha biyaha (iyadoo hogaamiyeyaashan lagu dooranayo shirarka guddiyada biyaha).

Samee xidhiidh udhexeeya guddiyada maareynta biyaha iyo wadaadada

Talo farsamo

Ilaalin

Dawlada

72 It has been observed that the Bossaso community can recognize suspicious money (i.e. pirates’ money) on the basis of the denominations of the dollars used for purchases, especially for bulk payments. 73 The main cause of police failure to arrest suspected perpetrators of ‘unknown killings’ is that witnesses choose not to divulge information for fear of their identity being revealed to the perpetrator. In the latest attack on 23 June 2010, witnesses feigned ignorance. This is blamed on lack of confidence in the police and concerns about being targeted for disclosure.






iyo odayaasha

Waxa jira dhaqaale firfircoon oo ku sifoobay sharci iyo anshaxa ganacsiga.

2) Koruqaad Horumarinta Ganacsiga

a. Uhabee ganacsiga yar illaa kuwa dhexe barnaamij horumarin oo la xaala:

Fududeynta amaahda ee ganacsiga yar illaa kuwa dhexe.

Kaalmeynta soodejinta (kayaraynta cashuurta waaridka, xaqiijinta jidka ganacsiga, warbixinta ilo kala duwan ee iibsiga badeecadaha waaridka, iwm.).

b. mabda’ ahaan habee oo fududee qaab hagaya xuquuqda shaqaalaha oo weliba kahadlaya xuquuqda mushahar ee dhamaan (ooy kujiraan shaqaalaha qaxootigu).

Ra’yiga guud ee baahida ganacsi anshax leh.

Ilo maaliyadeed

Dawlada

NGOyada Caalamiga



Warbixin ku saabsan Hay’ada Jeedaalinta Kahortaga Dagaalada iyo Khilaafaadka Somaliya ee loo soo gaabiyo (OCVP)

Hay’adan Somali OCVP – oo Somaliya looga yaqaan Homboro – waxay soo ururisaa xogaha iyo warbixinaha la xidhiidha hababka ay gobolka uga dhacaan fal danbiyeedyada, colaadaha beelaha ka dhex dhaca iyo kuwa siyaasiga ah, lagana baaraandegayo taasoo faa’iido u yeelan karta dhamaan dadka Somaliyeed. Homboro waxay Somalidu u taqaanaa hoombarada afka dheer leh, waa xayawaan badeed heesaha dhaqanka lagu maamuuso sida uu uga hawlgalo badbaadinta iyo samo bixinta Bini Aadanka. Hay’ada OCVP waxay u halgamaysaa ujeedo la mida tan sugida amaanka dadka.

Hay’adan OCVP waxay hadda meel iskugu keentaa xog sugan oo tayo leh oo ku saabsan nabadgelyo xumada iyo dagaalada ka jira gobolada Somaliya, oo siyaalo badan loo adeegsan karo. Xogta iyo warbixinta laga baaraandegay waxay gacan ka siin karaan. Xogta iyo warbixinta faahfaahsan ee ay diyaarisay Hay’ada OCVP waxay gacan ka siin karaan xirfadlayaashu inay xaqiijiyaan in hawlgaladooda ay hagaan xogtii iyo daliilkii ugu danbeeyay. Hay’adu waxa kale oo ay diyaarinaysaa nidaamkii lagula socon lahaa nabadgelyada iyo amaanka si ay taasi ugu noqoto dhagax dhigii Dalada Ka digida iyo Gurmadka Somaliya ee loo soo gaabiyo EWARN. Ka sakaw xog ururinta iyo faalayntisa, hay’ada OCVP waxay sawir ka bixinaysaa arinta maaraynta khilaafka – hab dhaqan iyo kan casriga ah – si ay u taakulayso hawl wadeenada iyo dadka sameeya siyaasadaha iyadoo bixinaysa qoraalo tilmaamo ah, kulano dood kooxeedyo ah iyo tababar. Iyadoo la soo ururinayo, meel lagu kaydinayo isla markaana siinaysa aqoonta laga yeeshay xaga yaraynta fal danbiyeedyada iyo dagaalada, waxay hiigsanaysaa sidii ay xudun ugu noqon lahayd kahortagida dagaalka iyo khilaafaadka.

Warbixin dheeraada:

Agaasimaha Observatory of Conflict and Violence Prevention (OCVP) Hargeisa, Somaliland [email protected] http://www.ocvp.org

Gundhigga Warbixinta Amniga iyo Nabadgelyada ee Degmada ... Boosaaso.pdf · District Baseline...

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