8/9/2019 GUIDELINES ON REFERENCE LISTING.docx

1/8

GUIDELINES ON REFERENCE LISTING:THE HARVARD SYSTEMThe Harvard reference system (or author-date system) is the means by which you identifybooks and other sources which you have used in your writing. It is the system you arerecommended to use unless your tutor directs you to use another. It is very important to beconsistent and accurate when citing references. Citations in the body of your writing should givethe author s surname with the year of publication. The full details of all these references shouldbe listed alphabetically by author name as a bibliography (sometimes called a list of references)at the end of your writing. If you are writing an academic essay or dissertation you need to usecitations to acknowledge your sources in the following circumstances!

• if you are using an actual "uotation from another source#• if you are paraphrasing another source#• if you are referring directly to another source#• if your own writing is closely based on$ or is drawn heavily from$ the work of another writer#• If you wish$ for some other reason$ to draw attention to a source.

Citing references in the textIn-te%t citations should give the surname of the author or editor$ the date of publication and$where necessary a precise page reference which is separated from the rest of the informationby a comma. &ome e%amples are listed below!

Sing e !"th#r 'aufman ( *+) advances the notion that elderly people maintain a sense of continuity withtheir past lives.

Health is dynamic and this makes it difficult to define it unambiguously as a concept(&eedhouse$ *,)

arly recordings show how distinctive the orchestras of different countries sounded at the startof the twentieth century ( oberts$ * $ p.//-0*)

1hen an author has published more than one cited source in the same year these aredistinguished by adding a lower case letter after the year!2urnard ( /a) wrote about communication for health care professionals that 3.2urnard ( /b) predicted problems of childhood obesity 3

T$# !"th#rsIn the study by 2asford and &levin ( 4)3.

M#re th!n t$# !"th#rs2enner et al ( ,) concluded that3.

Direct %"#t!ti#n1hen "uoting directly from a source use "uotation marks and acknowledge the writer s name$year of publication and page number.

&hort "uotations (up to / lines) can be included in the body of the te%t!

8/9/2019 GUIDELINES ON REFERENCE LISTING.docx

2/8

1eir ( 4$ p. 5) states that 6defining roles and their remits is not simple6.

7onger "uotations should be indented in a separate paragraph!In discussing staff development Thomas and Ingham ( 4$ p.88) state that!

69evelopment is infectious$ and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course have been encouraged by the success of others6.

Sec#n&!r' referencing&econdary referencing is when one author is referring to the work of another and the primarysource is not available. :ou should cite the primary source and the source you have read thus!

Torres ( 5) suggests that the individual is the ;core of nursing practice (cited byonty ( ,/$ cited by =unhall$ * ) suggests that key concepts relating to this areembedded in individual e%perience.

In your bibliography list details of the publications by

8/9/2019 GUIDELINES ON REFERENCE LISTING.docx

3/8

8/9/2019 GUIDELINES ON REFERENCE LISTING.docx

4/8

Offici! !n& G#/ern+ent )"( ic!ti#ns:Efficial and government documents include such items as laws and statutes$ reports of government committees and the debates that take place in the legislature of a country. There isno standard pattern for the citation of official documents# the information you are able to give willdepend on what is supplied by the official body that issued the document. If there is a possibilityof confusion$ you should give the name of the country concerned as the first part of the citation.This is followed by the name of the body or agency that issued the document$ the title of thedocument in italics$ the publication date$ the place of publication and the publisher?s name!

Freat 2ritain. >arliament. House of Commons. International 9evelopment Committee (/55 )he Globalisation White %aper. &eport' together with minutes o! e(idence' appendices and

proceedings o! the committee. 7ondon! The &tationery Effice (HC /555-/55 (/5*)).

Dnited ations. 9epartment of conomic and &ocial @ffairs (/55 ) World public sector report:globalization and the state 2001. ew :ork! Dnited ations.

C#nference *r#cee&ings

*"( ishe& c#nference )r#cee&ings $ith !"th#r #r e&it#r-s0:2anks$ &. et al ( *) Networked )i!elong )earning: inno(ati(e approaches to education and training through the *nternet: %roceedings o! the 1++, *nternational -on!erence held at theni(ersity o! $he!!ield. &heffield! Dniversity of &heffield.

*!)er fr#+ )"( ishe& c#nference )r#cee&ings $ith !"th#r #r e&it#r-s0:>roctor$ >. ( *) The tutorial! combining asynchronous and synchronous learning. In 2anks$ &.et al. Networked )i!elong )earning: inno(ati(e approaches to education and training through the*nternet: %roceedings o! the 1++, *nternational -on!erence held at the ni(ersity o! $he!!ield.&heffield$ Dniversity of &heffield.

Thesis #r Dissert!ti#n

=ost dissertations and theses are unpublished$ so they need a special citation method!

8/9/2019 GUIDELINES ON REFERENCE LISTING.docx

5/8

8/9/2019 GUIDELINES ON REFERENCE LISTING.docx

6/8

Other S#"rces

A"&i#2/is"! @uthor$ Initials. (:ear) itle (format). dition statement if given. >lace of publication! >ublisher. If no author$ use the title as the first part of the citation.

Now wash your hands . ( ,) (Gideocassette). &outhampton! Dniversity of &outhampton$Teaching &upport and =edia &ervices

Gandhi . ( */) (9G9). 9ir. ichard @ttenborough. Columbia.Thatcher$ =argaret. ( *,) Interview. In $i6 7-lock News . TG$ 22C . *,

8/9/2019 GUIDELINES ON REFERENCE LISTING.docx

7/8

8/9/2019 GUIDELINES ON REFERENCE LISTING.docx

8/8