1

Guidelines on

Handheld Raman Field Identification

Devices for Seized Material

Acknowledgements

UNODC’s Laboratory and Scientific Section (LSS, headed by Dr. Justice Tettey) wishes to express its

appreciation and thanks to Ms. Ying Ying Tan, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore, for the

preparation of the final draft of the present Guidelines.

The preparation of the present Guidelines was coordinated by Ms. Yen Ling Wong, Scientific Affairs

Officer, LSS. The contribution of UNODC staff members is gratefully acknowledged.

Photos © UNODC, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore and Johannes Kittel

2

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2

Part 1. General guidelines for Raman devices ...................................................................................... 3

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4

2. Principles of Raman spectroscopy .............................................................................................. 5

3. Strengths and limitations of Raman technology ......................................................................... 6

4. General operating principles....................................................................................................... 7

5. Preventing cross contamination ................................................................................................. 9

6. Interpretation and documentation of scan results ..................................................................... 9

7. Validation of Raman devices ....................................................................................................... 9

8. Customisable user libraries ....................................................................................................... 11

Part 2. User guide for TruNarc handheld narcotics analyzer .............................................................. 13

1. Introduction to TruNarc handheld narcotics analyzer .............................................................. 14

2. Key components of TruNarc analyzer ....................................................................................... 15

3. Working principle of TruNarc analyzer ..................................................................................... 17

4. TruNarc Substance Library ........................................................................................................ 18

5. Safety precautions .................................................................................................................... 19

6. Operation of TruNarc analyzer ................................................................................................. 20

7. TruNarc Admin software ........................................................................................................... 31

8. References ................................................................................................................................ 45

3

Part 1.

General guidelines for

Raman devices

4

1. Introduction

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of Raman spectroscopy for

forensic analysis of substances of abuse. Raman spectrometers are available both as bench-top units

as well as handheld devices. The development of handheld Raman devices has drastically impacted

end-users’ ability to conduct field-based as well as in-situ analysis, allowing a rapid and non-destructive

identification of unknown samples including controlled drugs, precursors, chemicals and cutting

agents.

However, it is important to recognise and understand the limitations of such devices. For

instance, the handheld Raman devices cannot be used to analyse compounds that are dark in colour

or fluoresce. Its use in identifying mixtures with complex sample matrices may also be limited. As such,

these devices should only be used as a preliminary screening tool to provide information on the

possible identity of the seized material and should always be complemented with analysis using a

confirmatory technique performed by a laboratory.

Preliminary screening

Confirmatory testing

Fig. 1: Use of handheld Raman device as a preliminary screening tool, followed by confirmatory testing in a

laboratory

5

2. Principles of Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy1,2,3 is a form of molecular spectroscopy, based on inelastic scattering of

monochromatic light, discovered by C.V. Raman and K.S. Krishnan in 19284.

In Raman spectroscopy, the sample is first illuminated with a monochromatic laser beam which

interacts with the sample molecule, resulting in scattering of light. The majority of the photons

(>99.99999%5) will be elastically scattered, i.e. photons will be scattered in all directions without a loss

in energy or change in frequency. This form of scattering is known as Rayleigh scattering. On the other

hand, a small amount of scattered photons will be inelastically scattered, resulting in photons having

a change in energy. This form of scattering is known as Raman scattering.

A Raman spectrum is a plot of the intensity of Raman scattered light as a function of its

frequency difference from the incident radiation (usually expressed in wavenumber, cm-1)5. This

difference is commonly known as Raman shifts and such shifts provide information about vibrational

and rotational transitions in a molecule.

Generally, the vibrational and rotational transitions are unique for every molecule. As such,

Raman spectroscopy can be an invaluable and powerful tool in providing molecular information, based

on the structure of the molecule and its light scattering properties.

Fig. 2: A Raman spectrum of a GBL sample (in blue) compared to a reference spectrum (in red)

6

3. Strengths and limitations of Raman technology

While there are numerous strengths that promote the use of handheld Raman devices in the

analysis of unknown samples in the field, users need to be aware of the limitations of such devices.

Some notable strengths and limitations of this technology are highlighted below:

� Analysis is rapid and easy to perform

� Non-destructive

� High selectivity

� Provides specific functional group

information

� Samples can be analysed directly

through transparent or translucent

containers (e.g. plastic, glass)

� Suitable for diverse types of samples:

solid, liquid or slurry, either

transparent or opaque

� Little or no sample preparation

required

� No interference from water. Aqueous

samples are possible

� Relatively low sensitivity; may not be

able to detect drugs of interest present

in low levels

� Fluorescence from sample interferes

with analysis

� Not suitable for dark samples, which

absorb laser energy and can heat up or

ignite

� Not suitable for a sample with a

complex matrix

� Laser source may experience

fluctuation

� Only suitable for qualitative analysis

Strengths

Limitations

7

4. General operating principles

4.1 Performance check

A performance check is conducted to demonstrate that an instrument or equipment is able to

perform according to the manufacturer’s specifications and is appropriate for routine use. Most

handheld Raman devices are equipped with a reference material for conducting this check. Such

performance checks should be performed once at the beginning of a batch analysis.

4.2 Analysis of samples

Direct analysis of the samples can be performed using handheld Raman devices with minimum

or no sample preparation. Such devices can be used to analyse samples present in different forms such

as powder, crystal, tablet, capsule and liquid as well as scan through a thin layer of common packaging

material such as transparent or translucent glass or plastic.

However, in some cases where the laser beam is unable to penetrate the packaging material,

sample preparation may be necessary. For solid samples, an appropriate amount is transferred into a

transparent plastic packet while for liquid samples, a small quantity is placed into a transparent glass

vial for direct scanning.

Scanning is usually performed by holding the test sample close to the laser aperture (for instance

through direct contact or point-and-shoot) and pressing a few buttons on the Raman device to initiate

the scan. Results of the scan will then appear on the screen of the device within 1 to 2 minutes.

TIPS

� Perform 3 scans in different positions as sample may not be

homogeneous

� To minimise interference from background light, perform scan in a

shaded area or away from direct sunlight

8

4.3 Safety precautions

General safety precautions should be adhered to when handling test samples, including the use

of protective gloves and eye protection e.g. safety glasses, if necessary.

The device makes use of a laser beam and as such, it is important for users to be aware of safety

issues associated with the use of this device and the types of samples that require extra care.

The following safety precautions should be adhered to at all times when operating the handheld

Raman devices:

! Handle the device at a safety distance recommended by the manufacturer in all direction

during a scan.

! Never look directly into the laser source, laser beam path or scattered laser light from any

reflective surface.

! Never point the device directly at a person.

! Avoid scanning dark-coloured compounds. The laser beam in this analyzer can potentially

cause the dark-coloured substance to burn or ignite if scanned directly.

! Avoid scanning a sample that is suspected to be explosive as the sample may burn or ignite

if scanned directly (for both light- or dark-coloured compounds).

! Avoid performing “point-and-shoot” scan on samples placed on a dark-coloured surface as

the surface may absorb enough laser energy to ignite a potential flammable or explosive

material.

9

5. Preventing cross contamination

Contaminated surfaces may result in inaccurate scan result indicated on the Raman device. All

working surfaces where sample analysis is performed should be properly wiped with alcohol (e.g.

ethanol, isopropanol) prior to performing each scan, to prevent cross contamination.

6. Interpretation and documentation of scan results

Interpretation of scanned results may be necessary when inconclusive results are obtained or

where additional intelligence information is available. In such situations, further confirmatory testing

performed by a laboratory is necessary. For instance, a packet of crystalline substance is tested

positive for lactose on the handheld Raman device. However, prior intelligence information indicated

otherwise, i.e. methamphetamine is present. In such a situation, it is still necessary to send the sample

to a laboratory for confirmatory testing to rule out the presence of methamphetamine, which may be

present at a low level that is beyond the sensitivity of the device.

Most Raman devices are supported with software which allows the user to upload or copy scan

results stored in the device to a computer or laptop for review, generation of test reports or archiving.

Alternatively, the scan results can be documented manually using a recording sheet for information

such as scan ID, date and time of analysis, test results and name of analyst performing the scan.

7. Validation of Raman devices

It is recommended that validation of the Raman device is performed by a laboratory to assess

and verify its operational performance and effectiveness in the preliminary screening of seized

material. The following studies may be performed:

(i) Verification study of the spectral library

(ii) Repeatability and reproducibility study

(iii) Interference study for packaging materials

(iv) Studies on matrix effects using street samples and sample mixtures prepared in-house

10

7.1 Verification study of library

The validity of the spectral library installed on the device can be verified by scanning a variety

of drug reference materials of different drug classes to determine if a correct identification can be

made. An example of a validation plan comprising of multiple drugs from different drug classes is

shown below:

Drug classes Examples of drug reference materials used for verification

Amphetamine-type stimulants Amphetamine, MDEA, MDMA, methamphetamine

Benzodiazepines Clonazepam, diazepam, nimetazepam, oxazepam

Opiates Heroin, methadone, morphine, oxycodone

Synthetic cathinones alpha-PVP, MDPV, mephedrone, methylone

Synthetic cannabinoids 5F-APINACA, JWH-018, MDMB-CHMICA, XLR-11

Other drugs 25B-NBOMe, acetylfentanyl, cocaine hydrochloride, GHB

Precursors Acetic anhydride, ephedrine, phenyl-2-propanone, safrole

Cutting agents/diluents Acetaminophen, caffeine, lactose, levamisole

Solvents Acetone, chloroform, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene

Table 1: Examples of reference material used for verification study of library

7.2 Repeatability and reproducibility study

For the repeatability and reproducibility study, each sample prepared for the above study (i.e.

verification study of library in Section 7.1) can be scanned in triplicate by three different operators.

The triplicate analysis conducted on each sample will provide the repeatability data while the analysis

conducted by three different operators will provide the reproducibility data.

7.3 Interference study for packaging materials

Common packaging materials used to contain seized material can be used in this interference

study and may include plastic packet, straw and container as well as glass vial, bottle and tube.

Appropriate reference materials or street samples can be placed into these packaging materials for

direct scanning to determine if a positive identification is possible.

11

7.4 Studies on matrix effects

7.4.1 Study on matrix effects using prepared sample mixtures

Sample mixtures can be prepared by mixing drug reference material with common cutting

agents in different proportions. Each mixture should be sufficiently pulverized and homogenized using

a mortar and pestle prior to scanning. This study can be further extended to determine the

approximate limit of detection for the drug of interest. An example is shown below:

Mixture

No.

Drug of interest Cutting agents

Controlled substance Percentage (%) Cutting agent Percentage (%)

1 Heroin 75 Caffeine 25

2 Heroin 50 Caffeine 50

3 Heroin 25 Caffeine 75

4 Heroin 10 Caffeine 90

Table 2: Sample mixtures for study on matrix effects

7.4.2 Study on matrix effects using street samples

Street samples of the different drug classes with different purity and sample matrix are

scanned with the handheld Raman device. The scan results obtained by the device will then be

compared to that obtained using a confirmatory analytical technique (e.g. Gas Chromatograph-Mass

Spectrometry, GCMS).

8. Customisable user libraries

Some handheld Raman devices allow users to customise their own user libraries. This additional

feature is very useful especially when the substance of interest is not available in the in-built

commercial libraries. Some devices also permit users to highlight priority substances according to the

control status or level of safety risks.

For addition of new substances to the user libraries, certified reference material should be used.

When certified reference material is not available, a secondary standard verified by a combination of

confirmatory laboratory analysis can be used. The source of the reference material must be

documented manually for every new library entry. This traceability measure is important to ensure

the quality of results obtained.

12

Key information

� Handheld Raman devices should only be used as screening tools

� Follow-up confirmatory analysis should be conducted in a laboratory

� The device makes use of a laser beam, thus all users must understand

the potential dangers of this device and the types of samples that

require extra care

� As far as possible, certified reference materials should be used to build a

user-customised library

13

Part 2.

User guide for

TruNarc handheld

narcotics analyzer

14

1. Introduction to TruNarc handheld narcotics analyzer

The TruNarc analyzer is one of a number of commercially available handheld Raman devices.

It is used for the presumptive screening of suspected controlled substances, precursors, chemicals and

cutting agents. There are also other handheld Raman devices which are capable of screening other

analytes such as pharmaceuticals and toxic industrial chemicals.

Samples in various forms such as powder, crystal, tablet, capsule and liquid can be screened

directly on the TruNarc analyzer. Drugs or analytes that can be identified by the TruNarc analyzer

include:

• Opioids (e.g. heroin, oxycodone)

• Stimulants (e.g. cocaine, methamphetamine)

• Sedative/hypnotics (e.g. clonazepam, diazepam)

• Hallucinogens (e.g. GHB, ketamine)

• New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) (e.g. synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones)

• Precursors and chemicals (e.g. acetic anhydride, ephedrine, piperonal, safrole)

• Cutting agents and diluents (e.g. caffeine, dimethyl sulfone, lactose)

Fig. 3: Common drugs of abuse which can be screened using the TruNarc Analyzer

15

2. Key components of TruNarc analyzer

The key components of the TruNarc analyzer include the nose cone, keys on the analyzer unit,

self-check standard, laser indicator light/aperture, USB connector as well as the AC adaptor cable.

Nose cone

• Removable black plastic cap used for

holding of sample in the correct position

for scanning

Keys

• Buttons on the analyzer used for the

selection of the respective menu options

Self-check standard

• Removable transparent plastic bar used

for the performance of a self-check

Laser indicator light

• Indicator light on the analyzer that glows

when the laser light is active during a scan

(a safety feature)

Nose cone Keys

Self-check standard

Laser indicator light

16

Laser aperture

• Clear glass window beneath the nose

cone where the laser beam exits to strike

the sample during a scan

USB connector

• Beneath the access door of the analyzer

is the USB connector which allows two

types of cables to be attached:

o AC adaptor cable to connect the

analyzer to an electrical outlet for

charging the analyzer battery

o USB cable to connect the analyzer to a

computer/laptop for the

synchronization of scan results from

the analyzer to the computer/ laptop

as well as for software upgrades and

library updates of the analyzer

• To open the access door, grasp the tab on

the door and tug/pull gently to open it

AC adaptor cable

• AC adaptor cable connects the analyzer

to an electrical outlet for charging.

• A fully charged battery can last for

approximately 8 to 10 hours

Laser aperture

Nose cone

Self-check

standard

USB connector

Connect to

electrical outlet

Fig. 4: Key components of TruNarc analyser and their functions

17

3. Working principle of TruNarc analyzer

3.1 How the TruNarc analyzer works

The TruNarc analyzer is based on Raman spectroscopy. Fig. 5 illustrates the working principle

of this device.

1. The sample packet is

placed against the nose

cone of the analyzer. The

key on the analyzer is

pressed to initiate the

laser beam.

2. The laser beam exits the

analyzer through the

nose cone and strikes the

sample contained in the

packet.

3. The energy of the laser

beam excites the molecules

in the sample causing them

to scatter Raman light. Some

of the scattered Raman light

enters the analyzer through

the nose cone, where it is

collected and analysed by

the detector.

4. The analysis produces

information about the

wavelength in the

collected Raman light and

creates a spectrum.

5. The spectrum created is

then compared and

matched against the

TruNarc substance library

using a chemometric

algorithm.

6. If a positive match is

found, the identity of

the drug of interest will

be reflected on the

screen of the TruNarc

analyzer.

Fig. 5: How the TruNarc analyzer works

18

3.2 Second derivative processing of spectral plot

The TruNarc analyzer uses the second derivative processing of spectral plot to sharpen peaks

of interest and remove broad fluorescence bands. As such, this helps to improve the sensitivity of this

analyzer, especially in the detection of drugs of interest in sample mixtures.

However, one drawback of the second derivative plot is that the spectrum obtained by the

analyzer cannot be compared with that found in literature which is normally a plot of the intensity of

Raman scattered light as a function of its frequency difference from the incident radiation (see Fig. 2).

4. TruNarc Substance Library

The TruNarc Substance Library is used by the TruNarc analyzer to identify compounds of

interest present in the unknown sample. This library can be updated during software upgrade which

is provided by Thermo Scientific annually throughout the lifetime of the analyzer.

Categories Types of Compounds

Alarm Controlled substances

Clear Cutting agents and diluents

Precursor/

Chemical Precursors and chemicals

Warning

(Cannot rule

out the

presence of

narcotic)

Substances that have strong Raman signals which can potentially mask

certain drugs of interest (e.g. aspirin, ephedrine, ibuprofen,

paracetamol). An alternative test method is recommended

Fig. 6: Second derivative processing of spectral plot

Table 3: Different categories of compounds of interest in TruNarc Substance Library

19

5. Safety precautions

The TruNarc analyzer makes use of a Class 3B laser to perform scans and this can cause ocular

damage. As such, they should be operated by trained personnel who are familiar with the safety

precautions when handling such devices. The safety distance of this device is 35 cm from the nose

cone of the analyzer in all direction.

Care should be taken to avoid performing “point-and-shoot” scan on dark-coloured samples,

or samples placed on a dark-coloured surface as the surface may absorb enough laser energy to ignite

potentially flammable or explosive material.

Fig. 7: Left and middle picture: Adhere to safety distances when scanning is performed. Right picture: Avoid

scanning substances on dark surfaces.

35 cm

� � �

20

6. Operation of TruNarc analyzer

6.1 Power on/off the TruNarc analyzer

6.1.1 Power on the TruNarc analyzer

The TruNarc analyzer can be switched on using the following procedures:

Fig. 8: Power on the TruNarc analyzer

2

1. Press and release the bottom key on the

TruNarc analyzer.

2. The Activate Laser screen appears.

Enter the laser activation code by

pressing the button next to each

number.

4. When you enter the last number of the

code, the laser activates and the

Welcome screen appears.

3. As the code is entered, asterisks will

appear in the boxes on the screen.

1

2

3

21

6.1.2 Power off the TruNarc analyzer

The TruNarc analyzer can be switched off at any time, even during the scan. The TruNarc

analyzer can be switched off using the following procedure:

6.2 Performing a self-check

A self-check serves as a performance check to ensure proper functioning of the TruNarc

analyzer in accordance to the manufacturer’s specifications. It is recommend that a self-check is

performed once at the beginning of a batch analysis.

The results of such self-checks will be stored in the analyzer and can be uploaded or copied

from the analyzer to the TruNarc Admin software along with other scan results. Reports of a self-check

can also be created and printed using this software and be kept as supporting evidence of proper

functioning of the analyzer during the sample scans.

For procedures on uploading of self-check results from the analyzer to TruNarc Admin software

as well as creation and printing of such reports, refer to Sections 7.2 and 7.4, respectively.

Fig. 9: Power off the TruNarc analyzer

1. Press and hold the bottom key for 10

seconds.

2. After holding for 5 seconds, the analyzer

will begin a 5 seconds countdown before

switching off.

22

6.2.1 Self-check procedures

A self-check can be performed using the following procedures:

1. Place the self-check standard in the closed

position

closed position

2. Select the “Check” option in the

Welcome screen by pressing the key next

to it.

3. The Self-check screen appears.

Select “Check” option again by pressing

the key next to it

4. The laser light glows indicating that the

laser is on and analyzer is scanning.

5. The analyser will display a result in the

Self-check Result screen.

Select “OK” to return to the Welcome

screen.

1

2

3

4

Fig. 10: Procedures to perform self-check

23

6.2.2 Types of self-check results:

Two possible self-check results can be obtained:

6.3 Preparation of sample for scanning

The TruNarc analyzer can be used to scan samples present in different forms, such as powder,

crystal, tablet, capsule or liquid. In addition, the analyzer can scan through common packaging

materials such as transparent or translucent glass or plastic with a thickness of less than 2 mm. As

such, direct scanning can be easily performed with minimum or no sample preparation except in

situations where the Type H test kits are used. For sample preparation procedures using such test kits,

refer to Section 6.6.3.

PASS

� This result indicates that the analyzer is

operating in accordance to the factory

specifications.

FAIL

� This result means that the analyzer is not

operating correctly.

� Wipe the self-check standard with a

clean tissue damped with ethanol.

� Perform the self-check again. If a “Pass”

result is achieved, select “OK” to return

to the Welcome screen to start scanning

samples.

� If a “Fail” result is achieved again,

remove the analyzer from use and

contact Thermo Scientific Customer

Support for technical help.

24

6.4 Scanning of sample

6.4.1 Scanning of sample through a plastic packet

Scanning of a sample contained in a plastic packet can be performed using the following procedures:

Fig. 11: Procedures to scan samples

6. The analyzer will display a result in the

Scan Result screen. Select “OK” to return to

the Welcome screen.

2. Select the “Scan” option in the Welcome

screen by pressing the key next to it.

3. The Scan Ready screen appears. In this

screen, select the “Scan” option again by

pressing the key next to it.

1. Self-check standard should be in the open

position. Press the packet of sample firmly

against the nose cone of the analyzer. Ensure

the laser focal point (i.e. 2 mm away from nose

cone) is positioned at the sample inside the

packet.

1

4. The laser light glows indicating that the laser

is on and the analyzer is scanning. Hold the

sample still during the scan.

5. When the laser indicator light turns off,

the analysis screen appears. The packet can

now be removed away from the nose cone.

3

5

2

4

25

6.4.2 Scanning of sample through a container

Scanning of a sample contained in a plastic or

glass container can be performed using the same

procedures outlined in Section 6.4.1. However, the

wall of such containers must be relatively thin (i.e. < 2

mm) since the laser focal point is only 2 mm from the

nose cone. When you try to scan through a thick-

walled container, the laser focal point is inside the

container wall instead of the sample contained within

the container. This makes it hard for the analyzer to collect enough data to identify the sample.

6.4.3 Scanning a tablet or pill

Scanning of a tablet or pill can be performed

using the same procedures outlined in Section 6.4.1,

except that the tablet or pill must be pressed firmly

against the nose cone.

If the tablet or pill is coated, its coating may

interfere with the scan. In such a scenario, the coating

can be removed by scraping it off and the resulting

exposed surface is then pressed against the nose cone

for scanning. Alternatively, the tablet or pill may be broken into half and the exposed interior surface

is then scanned.

6.4.4 Scanning a spilled powder

Scanning of spilled powder can be performed using

the “point-and-shoot” technique. The powder is first worked

into a pile and the nose cone is positioned on the surface of

the pile to perform the scan using procedures outlined in

Section 6.4.1.

6.5 Types of scan results

Different types of scan results may be returned by the TruNarc analyzer. Examples of possible

scan results obtained are shown in Table 4 below.

26

Type of scan

results Display on result screen What it means?

Alarm

• A controlled substance present in the TruNarc

Substance Library is detected

• If any precursor, chemical, cutting agent or

diluent is also present, it will not be identified

Precursor/

chemical

• A precursor or chemical used in the

manufacture of illicit drugs and present in the

TruNarc Substance Library is detected

• No controlled substance present in the TruNarc

Substance Library is detected

• Note: If a controlled substance is present in

trace amounts as compared to that of the

precursor or chemical, it may not be detected

Clear

• A cutting agent or diluent present in the

TruNarc Substance Library is detected

• No controlled substance, precursor or chemical

present in the TruNarc Substance Library is

detected

• Note: If a controlled substance, precursor or

chemical is present in trace amounts as

compared to that of the cutting agent or

diluent, it may not be detected

Inconclusive

• No controlled substance, precursor or chemical

as well as cutting agent or diluent present in

TruNarc Substance Library is detected

• However, the possibility of the above

substances not present in the library, cannot be

ruled out

• Other techniques of analysis should be used to

identify the unknown sample

Cannot rule

out presence

of narcotics

• Acetaminophen/aspirin is detected

• Such drug is sometimes found in combination

with narcotics present in trace amounts which is

below the detection limit of this analyzer

• Other techniques of analysis should be used to

rule out the presence of controlled substances

Polystyrene

(check that

self-test

standard is not

in the closed

position)

• Polystyrene warning indicates that the self-

check standard may be in the closed position

Table 4: Different types of scan results shown on TruNarc analyzer

27

The priority of scan results displayed on the Scan Result screen is in the following order:

(i) Controlled substances

(ii) Precursors or chemicals

(iii) Cutting agents or diluents

If the sample contains a mixture of substances in group (i) to (iii), only substances in the higher

priority group will be displayed on the screen.

6.6 Scanning of high fluorescence samples using Type H test kits

6.6.1 Emission of fluorescence light by test samples

Detection of test samples which fluoresce pose a challenge for the TruNarc analyzer. When a

laser beam strikes such a sample, it spontaneously emits a high amount of fluorescent light which

interferes and masks the Raman signals obtained. This makes it difficult for the analyzer to detect and

identify any substance of interest present in the sample and an inconclusive result will be obtained.

Some examples of high fluorescence samples include morphine and heroin.

6.6.2 Type H test kits

To resolve this problem, a special test kit that compensates for the emission of fluorescence

light can be used to produce a more reliable scan. This test kit is known as the Type H test kit. They are

equipped with a small 4 mL vial containing 1 mL of ethanol and a plastic test stick with a scoop at one

end.

At the base of the scoop is a small metal wafer that has been chemically treated to reduce the

amount of fluorescence light emitted by the test samples and therefore enhancing the Raman signal

received by the analyzer.

Fig. 12: Components of a Type H test kit

Metal wafer chemically

treated to reduce the

amount of fluorescence light

28

6.6.3 Preparation of sample for scanning using Type H test kit

Preparation of sample for scanning using the Type H test kits can be performed using the

following procedures:

Fig. 13: Procedures to prepare sample for scanning using the Type H test kit

1. Open the test kit from the package 2. Remove an appropriate amount of test

sample (~10 mg or ¼ scoop) using the

scoop of the test kit.

3. Insert the scoop containing the sample

into the vial and stir gently to dissolve the

sample. Ensure the filled scoop is fully

submerged in the ethanol solution.

4. Remove the test stick and shake it in the air

to allow the ethanol to evaporate.

A thin film of dried sample will be coated on

the metal wafer at the base of the scoop.

1

2

3

29

6.6.4 Procedures for scanning

Scanning of the metal wafer prepared in Section 6.6.3 can be performed using the following

procedures:

Fig. 14: Procedures to scan samples using Type H test kit

1. Hold the scoop end of the test kit against the

nose cone of the analyzer to scan the metal wafer.

The cup of the scoop should be centred over the

opening of the nose cone. Use the forefinger to

firmly press against the nose cone.

2. When the test kit is in the correct position,

select the “Scan” option in the Welcome screen

by pressing the key next to it.

3. The Scan Ready screen appears. In this

screen, select the “Scan” option again by

pressing the key next to it.

4. The laser light glows indicating that the laser

is on and the analyzer is scanning. Hold the test

kit firmly during the scan.

5. When the laser indicator light turns off, the

analysis screen appears. The test kit can now

be removed away from the nose cone.

6. The analyzer will display a result in the Scan

Result screen. Select “OK” to return to the

Welcome screen.

1

2

3

4

5

30

6.7 Reviewing of scan results on the analyzer

The TruNarc analyzer saves all sample scan and self-check results in the analyzer. Both sample

scan and self-check results can be reviewed at any time from the analyzer by performing the following

procedures:

Fig. 15: Procedures to review scan results

2. The Review Scans screen appears.

Scroll through the list using “�” or “�”

option by pressing the key next to it to

view the appropriate scan result.

1. Select the “Review” option in the

Welcome screen by pressing the key next

to it.

1

31

7. TruNarc Admin software

7.1 Introduction to TruNarc Admin software

The TruNarc Admin software is a program used by the TruNarc analyzer to allow users to

manage scan results on a computer/laptop. With the scan results are uploaded or copied from the

analyzer to the computer/laptop, users will be able to:

� create customised columns in the database to input additional information (e.g. case

officer’s name, case name)

� search for scan results by selection of different categories (e.g. name, result type, dates)

� create, save and print scan results as reports

� set date and time on the analyzer

� remove scan results from the analyzer

� view and update the TruNarc Substance Library on the analyzer

� revise customer account information and send email to customer service support

7.1.1 Launching of the TruNarc Admin software

After the TruNarc Admin software has been installed onto the

computer/laptop, this program can be launched by double-clicking this software

desktop icon as shown on the right.

Once the program is opened, the main window of the software appears. If the display area of

this window is empty, this means that the user has not synchronised the analyzer with the software.

On the other hand, if the display area of the main window of this software shows scan results,

this means that the analyzer has already been synchronised with the software and scan results

available on the analyzer have been uploaded or copied onto the database.

Fig. 16: Main window of TruNarc Admin software with scan results

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7.1.2 Key features on main window of the TruNarc Admin software

The key features on the main window of the TruNarc Admin software include:

(i) Display area showing rows of scan results (available after synchronisation)

(ii) Serial number of the analyzer that is connected to the computer/laptop

(iii) Buttons that are only visible when the analyzer is connected

(iv) Buttons that are always visible (i.e. even when analyzer is not connected)

(v) Tools for searching of scan results by selection of category or date

(vi) Buttons for generating scan reports for printing and saving scan data in a specified format (e.g.

PDF)

(vii) Check boxes for selection of scan results

(viii) Customisable headers for entry of useful information (e.g. case officer’s name, comments)

Fig. 17: Key features on main window of the TruNarc Admin software

(i)

(v) (ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

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7.2 Synchronisation of scan results

Synchronisation is performed to upload or copy scan results from the analyzer to the

computer/laptop. This synchronisation process can be performed by the following steps:

(i) Open the TruNarc Admin software

(ii) Power on the TruNarc analyzer

(iii) Connect the analyzer to the computer/laptop with the use of the USB cable

(iv) The software will check to see if the analyzer contains any new scan results or self-check results

which have yet to be synchronised with the software. If there are such results available, the

software will prompt the user to synchronise these scans

(v) The “Analyzer Detected” window appears. Click “Yes” to initiate the synchronisation process

Fig. 18: Synchronisation of scan results

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7.3 Searching for scan results

The TruNarc Admin software has search tools which allow users to quickly locate their scans

of interest. The search tools can be found in the main window of the software above the header row.

Searching for scan results can be performed at any time even when the analyzer is not connected to

the computer/laptop as long as the required scans have already been synchronised with the software.

Search for scan results can be performed either by selecting a category of interest or by selecting a

date range.

7.3.1 Searching for scan results by category

Searching for scan results by category can be performed by the following steps:

(i) Select the category of interest from the drop-down list by clicking on “�”

(ii) Enter a search term in the box next to “Filter scans”

(iii) If the search is successful, a list showing all scans containing the specified word in the specified

category will appear in the display area. If the search is unsuccessful, the display area will be

empty

Select a category

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7.3.2 Searching for scan results by date range

Searching for scan results by date range can be performed by the following steps:

(i) Select the start date from the drop-down list by clicking on “�” from the first date box. Any

date from the calendar having a white background can be selected

(ii) Select the end date from the drop-down list by clicking on “�” from the second date box. Any

date from the calendar having a white background can be selected

(iii) If the search is successful, a list showing all scans performed between the date range will

appear in the display area. If the search is unsuccessful, the display area will be empty

(Note: Dates having a grey background cannot be selected as these dates fall after the date

where the last scan result is synchronised to the software.)

Enter a search term

Fig. 19: Searching for scan results by category

Successful search showing list of

scans containing the specified

word in the specified category

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Selection of start date

Selection of end date

Successful search showing list of

scans performed between the date

range

Fig. 20: Searching for scan results by date range

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7.4 Report files

7.4.1 Information on report files

A report file is a printable record of a specific scan result which can be attached to case records.

Multiple report files can be easily created at any one time and information on the report files include:

(i) Scan spectrum which is the spectrum created by TruNarc analyzer from the scan data it collects

(ii) Library spectrum which is the spectrum that is saved in the TruNarc Substance Library

(iii) Summary of information about the scan and self-checks performed before and after the scan:

Scan: Result Scan ID Date and Time of Scan Name of

Compound

Analyzer

Serial No.

Self Check: Result Scan ID Date and Time of Scan

(iv) Thermo Scientific logo which can be replaced with the organisational logo

(i) Scan spectrum

(ii) Library spectrum

(iii) Summary of Information

(iv) Logo

Fig. 21: Example of a report file

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7.4.2 Creation of report files

Report files can be created using the TruNarc Admin software by performing the following

steps:

(i) Select the scan of interest by clicking on the check boxes of the scan

(ii) Once the scans are selected (i.e. check boxes are ticked), the rows will be highlighted in yellow

(iii) Click the “Report” button located at the bottom of the screen

(iv) The Report Preview Window will appear immediately

(v) If multiple scans are selected, click on “�” or “�” to scroll through the preview of each report

Click on the check boxes to select the scans

The selected scans are

highlighted in yellow Click on the Report button to generate reports

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7.4.3 Printing of report files

The report files created can be printed by performing the following steps:

(i) Click on the “Print” button located at the bottom of the screen

(ii) The Print window appears. Select the printer, specify the number of copies and the pages to

be printed

(iii) Click “Print”

Click on “Print” button

Fig. 23: Printing of report files

Fig. 22: Creation of report files

Click on left or right arrow to scroll

through the preview of each report

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7.4.4 Saving of report files

A PDF copy of report files created can be saved by performing the following steps:

(i) Click on the “Save” button located at the bottom of the screen

(ii) The Save PDF window appears. Specify the filename and location of the PDF file to be saved

(iii) Click “Save”

(Note: If the report preview shows more than one report, the PDF file saved will include all

reports created.)

Click on “Save” button

Fig. 24: Saving of report files

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7.5 Resetting of date/time/time zone on TruNarc analyzer

It is important to update the date, time and time zone of the TruNarc analyzer to match the

local date and time of your country so that the timestamp on the scan results will be correct. Time

setting on the TruNarc analyzer can be changed using the TruNarc Admin software by performing the

following steps:

(i) Open the TruNarc Admin software

(ii) Power on the TruNarc analyzer

(iii) Connect the analyzer to the computer/laptop with the use of the USB cable

(iv) Click on the “Analyzer Settings” button located on the right hand column

(v) The Analyzer Setting window appears and shows the date, time and time zone currently set

on the analyzer

Note: Format of date setting: Year-Month-Day (e.g. 2017-11-13)

Format of time setting: Hour-Minutes-Seconds (e.g. 09: 52: 16)

(vi) To reset the date and time on the analyzer, click on “Same Time as This Computer” check box

and click “Set”. The date and time on the analyzer will be updated to match that of the

computer or laptop

(vii) To reset the time zone, click on “�” from the time zone drop-down list. Select the

appropriate time zone and click “Set”

Click on “Analyzer Settings”

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Click on check box to

reset date and time

Current date and time

indicated on analyzer

Fig. 25: Resetting of date, time and time zone on TruNarc analyzer

Click on � to select the

appropriate time zone

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7.6 Removal of scan results from the TruNarc analyzer

Scan results may be removed from the TruNarc analyzer once these scans have been uploaded

or copied to the computer/laptop after synchronisation. For scan results that have yet to be

synchronised, the TruNarc Admin software will prompt the user to perform synchronisation before

the user is allowed to remove these scans. Once the scan results are removed, they cannot be restored.

Scan results from the TruNarc analyzer can be removed by performing the following steps:

(i) Open the TruNarc Admin software

(ii) Power on the TruNarc analyzer

(iii) Connect the analyzer to the computer/laptop with the use of the USB cable

(iv) Click on the “Remove Scans from Analyzer” button located on right hand column

(v) The Remove Scans window appears. Click “Yes”

Fig. 26: Removing of scan results from TruNarc analyzer

Click on “Remove Scans from

Analyzer”

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7.7 Viewing and updating of TruNarc substance library

The list of compounds present in the TruNarc Substance Library installed on the TruNarc

analyzer can be viewed using the TruNarc Admin software by performing the following steps:

(i) Click on the “View TruNarc Library” button located on the right hand column

(ii) The TruNarc Substance Library window appears showing three columns, namely “Alarm”,

“Warning” and “Benign”

Alarm Controlled substances

Warning Precursors, chemicals as well as acetaminophen, aspirin and substances that

create special scan warnings (e.g. polycarbonate and polystyrene)

Benign Cutting agents and diluents

(iii) Click on “Close” button to exit this window after viewing

Fig. 27: Viewing of TruNarc Substance Library

Click on “View

TruNarc Library”

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8. References

1. D.A. Skoog, F.J. Holler and S.R. Crouch, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Cengage

Learning, 6th edition, 2006.

2. H.H. Willard, L.L. Meritt Jr., J.J. Dean. F.A. Settle Jr. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, CBS

Publisher & Distributors, 7th Edition, New Delhi, 1998.

3. G.S. Bumbrah, R. M. Sharma, Raman Spectroscopy – Basic Principles, Instrumentation and

Selected Applications for the Characterisation of Drugs of Abuse, Egyptian Journal of

Forensic Science, Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2016, page 209-215.

4. C.V. Raman, K.S. Krishnan, A New Type of Secondary Radiation, Nature, 121, 3048, 1928,

page 501-502.

5. http://www.nanophoton.net/raman/raman-spectroscopy.html; accessed 17 November

2017.

6. TruNarc Handheld Narcotics Analyser, Product Specifications, v.17_0817.

(http://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/TRUNARC; accessed 17

November 2017).

7. TruNarc Technical Evaluation Report, National Forensic Science Technology Center, 2012

(http://www.nfstc.org/forensic-technology/technology-evaluation/chemistry/; accessed

17 November 2017).

8. TruNarc Narcotics Analyzer, Training Guide, Thermo Scientific

(http://portables.thermoscientific.com/trunarctraining; accessed 17 November 2017).

9. TruNarc Substance Library: Display Names, Ver 1.7, Thermo Scientific, Aug 17

(http://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/TRUNARC; accessed 17

November 2017).