Guide to the Liebmann Collection of American Historical Documents Relating to Spiritous Liquors

Manuscripts & Archives Division New York Public Library

The Liebmann Collection of

American Historical Documents

An Appreciation by

R O B E R T W. HILL Keeper of Manusnipts

New York

The New York Public Library 1954

The Liebmann Collection of

American Historical Documents

M OST of us can recall instances during recent decades of pessimistic prophets insisting that our country had ceased to be a land of opportu-

nity; another theme of theirs at times has been that the "melting pot" had failed to refine the raw immigrant into a staunch American, especially in this twentieth century. A recent gift of manuscript letters and documents presented to the Library offers a living refutation of such charges in the person of its donor, Alfred J. Liebmann, of New York City.

Dr. Liebmann, born in Switzerland, came to this country about 1910, as a recent university graduate carrying little in his luggage but his diplomas -. - and an excess of hopefulness. is-education had been acquired-in his native city, Zurich, where the Polytechnic School awarded him its Chemical Engineer degree in 1907; the University conferred its Doctor of Philosophy in physical chemistry, when his dissertation, "Zur Kenntnis der Ober- flachenspannungen geschmolzener Metalle und Salze," was accepted in 1909. Within a year of his arrival here, Dr. Liebmann was at work as a research assistant in the laboratory of the General Electric Company. In 1921 he was placed in charge of the Elkon Works of that company, producers of ductile tungsten, molybdenum and appliances made therefrom. The interval of a. dozen years was filled with advancement in technical experience and in management responsibilities for Dr. Liebmann, his major scientific contribn- tions being in the field of filaments, particularly with regard to improved use of tungsten. He was not a secluded researcher; his extra-laboratory environ- ment was reacting upon him, too, so that he chose, before many years of residence here, to become a citizen and topledgehis allegiance to this country.

In 1933, Dr. Liebmann became associated with Schenley Industries, Inc. As their technical director, he has been president of the Schenley Research Institute, constantly seeking wider utilization of cereal crops and of distillery by-products, improved methods of making alcoholic beverages and ethyl alcohol, more e5cient production of plastics and of butadiene from grain. During World War n he served on the penicillin advisory committee of the War Production Board.

His interest in the fascinating "anti-biotics" did not cease when the urgent wartime needs for them tapered off at the close of conflict. In 1947 he reported on investigations conducted by a research team in the Schenley lakratories studying certain molds which promise to yield a substan&

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effective against viruses, thought by many medical men to be the basic factor in various types of infiuenza. These experiments were focused on a family of soil molds - the genera Aspe7gillus - also found growing in fruits and grains. Clearly a scientist conducting this kind of research must be in close understanding with the medical profession so dependent upon better pharmaceutics for conquest or control of disease. This collaboration of industrial chemist and doctor was recognized by Dr. Liebmann's election to the board of trustees of Knickerbocker Hospital, a post which he held for over twenty-five years.

The chemist uses distillation as a process for extracting the essence, or "spirit," of any matter; it is a method of ancient origin. Its history caught Dr. Liebmann's interest many years ago, and since then he has gathered a h e collection of early and rare printed works on the subject. He learned, too, as he read American history that distillation had been a significant factor in numerous situations or episodes in that record. Soon he found himself unable to resist collecting historic American documents relative to the production and use of whiskey, rum, and brandy, all these being spirit- uous liquors obtained by distillation. It is this group of manuscripts which comprises the new gift to the Library for its Manuscript Division. In the course of presentation to The New York Public Library Dr. and Mrs. Lieb- mann expressed a wish that the donation might be looked upon as a token of their appreciation for the opportunities which this country offers the immigrant citizen - freedoms such as the achievement of business success, participation in civic interests, and pursuit of happiness through hobbies and similar cultural activities. The Liebmann Collection of American Historical Documents contains

approximately 226 manuscript items and a dozen printed pieces, principally broadsides proclaiming governmental regulations or official forms requiring inseaion in handwriting of certain essential data. The period covered by these materials extends from 1665 to 1910. The earliest document is a bail- bond for two residents of Massachusetts bound to appear at the county court at Charlestown to answer a charge of selling strong liquor to the Indians of Wamesett; the most recent piece is a letter by President William Howard Taft. The major number of items reflect events or episodes in our nation's history prior to 1865; an effort to categorize the collection as one for the "economic" or the "social" historian defies solution.

The importance of rum and molasses as staples in the colonial economy becomes apparent repeatedly in the history of our seventeenth and eighteenth

The Liebmann Collection of American Historical Documents 5 centuries. Most of us learned from our school or college textbooks about the triangular trade from our northern or New England ports to the slave coasts of Africa and thence to the sugar islands of the West Indies, whence rum, or molasses for distilling into rum, would be the cargo on the homeward leg of the voyage. There was also a considerable short-run trade involving exchange of the New England fisheries catches for the products of the islands: fish and lumber outbound, rum and molasses inbound. While we were British colonies, the Crown's interest in revenues from such trade, and the efforts to exercise close control of the molasses trade especially, led to friction and to occasional smuggling. Much insight into the importance of these staple commodities can be gained from numerous letters of merchants, ship captains and such folk which are represented in the Liebmann Collec- tion. Although rum continued to be of importance in trade and diet during the decades after we declared our Independence of Britain, a more indigenous product gradually superseded it in primacy.

As the new nation pushed its settlements beyond the Appalachians local agriculture came to produce more grains. The predominantly temperate climate, and the geography of the land, much of it requiring the clearance of primeval forests, favored cereals and such fruits as apples and peaches; these are the essentials for making whiskey, brandy or the related mrdials. Neither environment nor agricultural heritage directed our early frontiersman into raising sugar cane; to him, flour or whiskey were the best f o m through which he might produce a marketable crop. Anything which prevented or retarded such conversion of aops into so much cash as he felt necessary was sure to meet his disfavor. This was the basic cause of the so-called Whiskey Insurrection of 1791-1795 in western Pennsylvania.

The Insurrection, sometimes called the Whiskey "Rebellion," can be traced from its inception to its climax through manuscripts in the Liebmann Collection. Although the most scholarly, recent study of this chapter in our history reveals several contributory factors, social and political, which entered into the disturbances of 1794 in the four western counties of Pennsylvania close by the Ohio River, the central fact is that the excise law of 1791 was the recurrent irritant in the situation. The Collection indudes some lengthy letters of merchants at the time of the adoption of the bill into law, showing the emergence of sectional dserences over the issue of taxes. A manuscript draft of the instructions for making the law effective, bearing Hamilton's signature, is also present.

For the events in the "Rebellion," after the efforts at settlement by a board of Commissioners had come to naught, there are a number of revealing

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source documents. These fall into the closing months of 1794, when an exped~tionary force of about 13,000 men, militia from the eastern sea board, marched into the area of disorder. The "right wing" set out from Carlisle and was comprised of Pennsylvania and Jersey men mainly; the "left wing," composed of Virginians and Marylanders, went by way of Cumberland. The hebmann Collection contains a series of letters of one of the Penn- sylvanians recording the intimate picture of the march, with news of others who participated; these have heightened interest because they were addressed to one of the unsuccessful Commissioners. A more o5cial account is given by the orderly book for the "left wing," which was kept by a member of the noted Virginia family, the Nelsons. By these two different types of records one sees the events of October to December, 1794, in a manner not supplied by the current reports in the eastern newspapers of the time. Washington's order authorizing the enrollment of additional troops, for a period of limited service in this emergency, is among the few broadsides accompanying the CoUection; this action was made necessary because so much of the regular army was engaged on the Indian frontiers. Although Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers, in August, 1794, had broken the power of the hostile Indians, the Old Northwest was not truly safe for settlers until the completion of the Treaty of Greenville, a year later.

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It was during this period that the military use of spirits forecast the general change from the colonial preference for rum. The Liebmann Collection has numerous items illustrating this shift. Many requisitions directed to the commissary departments during the campaigns in the Northwest show strikingly that whiskey had displaced rum in both medicinal and dietary use by the troops; this appears to be true also of its role as a bonus or reward for special services or for marksmanship at target shooting. The items of this class in the Liebmann Collection carry signatures of men who became famous in our military annals: Anthony Wayne, Wm. Henry Harrison, 7ebulon Pike. The Indian campaigns of the 1790s were proving grounds for many young officers of distinction in later years.

Documents related to the supply problems of the War of 1812, especially - - ~ .

several for the naval forces in the Chesapeake, under ~ommodoie JOG Rodgers, at the time of the British attacks upon Washington and Baltimore, rdect a similar change in the naval ration. Another item in this CoUectim, a small broadside, shows how our occupation forces entering Mexico via Vera CNZ, in 1847, issued regulations for fondas and cafes, speclfylng the beverages which might be dispensed by each of them; this is an unusually rare imprint, as it was presumably printed upon a press carried with the

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invasion forces. The Confederate States of America, during the few years of existence of that government, likewise had to issue regdati011~ upon distilling, and printed items showing the penalties for violators and the manner of disposing of confiscated stills also form part of this Collection.

As an element in the American scene, the village tavern has filled a role equally as prominent as the smithy of which Longfellow wrote. From colonial times onward it has been a social institution. There are most convincing arguments of the need for this public house in a manuscript petition of the inhabitants of the town of Faidield, supposedly in New Jersey, in 1792. The residents state that a tavern is "necessary for the Accomodating Strangers Travellers and other Persons, for the Benefit of Men meeting together for the Dispatch of Business, and for the Entertaining and Refreshing Mankind in a reasonable Manner." The last kind of service is portrayed by another piece also in the Liebmann Collection; it is a bill rendered by a tavern keeper who served as caterer for an ordination service in his community.

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Indeed, it was the communal regard of the tavern as a central meeting place which justified the system of control by licenses which evolved: it was essential to order and sobriety that the person keeping tavern be of good repute. A dozen or more examples of licenses, dating from early colonial times to 1870, and covering localities from Maine to Louisiana, reveal the - qualities and conduct required of anyone who wished to keep a public house of this kind. The document dated in 1870 has a two-fold interest for collectors. It is not accurate to c d the item a license; it is by reflection a statement of the kind of permit issued legally in Ohio. The document is really an indict- ment, resulting from a Grand Jury investigation. In the prescribed terminology it finds that the accused party has been unlawfully selling liquors "other than wines manufactured from the pure juice of the grape, cultivated in the State of Ohio, ale, beer or cider," in violation of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Ohio passed in 1854. The item's second point of collector appeal is that it was issued by William C. McKinley as the Prosecut- ing Attorney, and is signed by him; twenty-seven years later he took o5ce as the Chief Magistrate of the land.

McKinley is not the only President whose name is signed to items in the Liebmam Collection; there are some seventeen pieces having Presidential association, representing ten different men. When one recalls the basic criteria for inclusion, this emphasizes the noteworthy character of this portion.

The form of these items varies from patents to pardons and numbers also some lengthy letters by Washington, Jefferson, and Buchanan - all in their autographs. There are numerous military requisitions by William Henry

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Harrison and by Jackson, before they switched careers of arms for statecraft. The document signed by President Grant has a high degree of '!human interest"; it is a pardon for a Kentucky "moonshinez" because he was in abject poverty and had a wife and five children dependant upon him. Other Presidents represented by pieces are Madison, Johnson, and Taft. However, national history is not featured to the exclusion of purely local matters.

Many of the items bearing a New York heading have clear mercantile or shipping significance. The oldest piece of New York origin, dated in June, 1716, is the statement of complaint in a suit over nonpayment for a pipe of wine from Madeira. The second oldest is a deposition in the Mayor's Court in 1720; it relates to three mariners who were playing cards and drinking Wpp made from rum and beer," in the public house of Jacob Swan, in Maiden Lane. The tavern keeper allegedly did not receive full payment of the bill for the drinks. A dozen or so additional items, such as customs receipts and bills presented by mercantile h s , throw light on the importation and sale of spirits through this port city.

An indication of the European belief in this country as a land of opportunity is given by a letter from a British Admiral, addressed to Philip Hone, merchant and once Mayor of New York, introducing a young Briton, %ought up in the wine and spirit Trade," who came over thinking he could get on better in New York than in his native land. Another impressive document is a petition from the municipal gaoler asking that he be permitted to sell spirits to the inmates, because his pay was inadequate to support his family and his duties so conlining that he could not take additional work elsewhere.

It is impossible to describe here in detail all the items in the Collection. Dr. Liebmann's own earlier description in the Autograph Collectms Jd, for April and Summer, 1951, supplies additional detail. But beyond these two essays it is virtually unexploited material. Many of the manuscripts possess a double nature which should make them useful to either the economic or social historian. Therefore one can foresee their appeal to numerous students interested in a variety of aspects or in different periods of our nation's history.

THE ALFRED J. LIEBETANN COLLECTION ---

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Autographed r e c e i p t s f o r whiskey, 1793-95 & n.d.

Greenvi l le [Ohio]. Court martial dtd. 26 Nov. 1795 ;I Order f o r provisions f o r a p a r t y of Shawnee Indians, 5 Apr. 1796 $1

at Greenvi l le [Ohio?]. Siqned by James Wilkinson (1757-1825) !!

Document dtd. Jan. 24, 1794 a t Greenvi l le r e l a t i n g t o Anthony fl Wayne (1745-96) 11

Four o rde r s on the o p p ~ a r y a t Greenvil le f o r whiskey, e tc . f o r the Shaunee'fndlans, dtd. Jan , Mar & May 1796

Two orders f o r whirkey, etc . f o r t h e Eel (?) River and Miami Indlans dtd. 1 June 1794 and 10 A u g . 1795 a t Greenvil le . Signed by Lt. :dm. Clark and YJm. H. Barrison. ~ i . Clark of Lewis & Clark Zxnedit ionl .

Order f o r whiskey f o r J. Miles McCabe f o r "xaving made the b e s t s h o t a t a t a r g e t today", d td 26 May 1794 a t "reenvi l le . Signed by Lt. Wm. Clark, 1770-1838 (of Lewis 2 Clark Expedition)

Order on the quarter-master f o r "one g a l l o n of bear o i l" , dtd. Aug. 8, 1799 a t F o r t Wayne. Signed by Edward Whistler.

Two orde r s f o r whiskey dtd 6 Mar. and May 22, 1794 a t Greenvi l le (& no place) . Signed by John Greiner, Thomas Hughes, Edward Mi l l e r , e tc .

Order f o r whiskey f o r Capt. Van RF'ensselaer's Troop of Light Dragoons d-d. 29 May, 1794. Signed by Capt. S o l Van Rensselaer.

Order f o r whiskey dtd. war. 1, 1794 and signed by Zebulon Pike (177+18U), no place;

Order f o r whiskey signed by Zebulon Pike a: Capt. of Commissary.

Liquor l i c e n s e issued t o Yilliam Knight a t Por t land (Me.?) by &he se lec tnen, John Xoble, P e t e r Coue, and Nath. lolsom. Dtd. Feb. 1?86.

Order f o r whiskey dtd. 31 Dec. 1794 a t Greenvi l le and signed by W i l l i a m H. Harrison (1773-1841, 9 th P res iden t of U.S.).

A.L.S., 1795 Sep 14, Ensign John I.lallington, a t F o r t Jef ferson, t o Major John Eiills, a t Greenvil le , resarding a p p l i c a t i o n f o r tavern l i c e n s e , 1 p.

O f f i c i a l document containing lists of persons l icensed a s inn- holders and r e t a i l e r s (of l i q u o r ) i n the town of P I e w b u r ~ o r t , Mass. Dtd. Sept 1, 1813 a t Sa lea and Oct. 2, 1813 a t Newburyvort. -. Signed by ;c:1-bsJ T-c:.:i.:-, -3zczzer ::oszls-j, Sec , ;enkins, Zcshua (keenleaf , and Edward 2and. 2 p.

P r in ted pledge of the National Chr i s t i an Temperance &ion, n. d. Signed by Francis Mnrphy and Amos D. Eddy

Alfred J. Liebmann Coll. of American H i s t o r i c a l 3ocuments P* 2

Folder No. - O f f i c i a l c e r t i f i c a t e of the Supervisor of the Xevenue f o r

the d i s t r i c t of Pennsylvania, n. d. Signed.

Draft of order by "The General" concerning v i o l a t i o n by James F i s h e r of o rde r s regarding t r a d e with the Indians, dtd. M a r . 18, 1796 at Greenvil le .

License granted t o J m e s F i she r t o s e l l goods and l i q u o r near F t . S t . C l a i r , dtd. M a r 21, 1796 a t Greenvi l le

Order t o i s s u e t o the U.S. Laboratory t e n ga l lons of whiskey t o be d i s t i l l e d i n t w s p i r i t s of wine, dtd. June 5, 1795, no place.

Order t o the quar ter -nas ter t o i s s u e whiskey. Signed by W i l l i a m H. Harrison (1773-1841, 9 t h Pres ident of US.)

O f f i c i a l r e c e i p t of the D i s t r i c t of Maryland f o r d u t i e s on whiskey, dtd. 13 A U ~ . 1800

Two orders f o r whiskey. etc. f o r Indians, dtd. Apr i l 5 and 7, 1796 a t Greenvi l le

[missing]

Order f o r whiskey dtd. Jan. 1794. Signed by !Jilliam R: Harrison (1773-1841, 9 t h Pres ident of U.S.)

Le t t e r regardin5 bootleg Kentucky whiskey dtd. M a r . 15, Lou i sv i l l e . From H. Watterson, 2 p.

License t o s e l l rum and other d i s t i l l e d s p i r i t s z ranted ts Thornas Cu t t of Biddelford i n Yne County of York, 26 Sept , 1760. Signed by Andrew Brads t ree t .

/&.L.S., 1793 Nov 2 , Anthony Wape (General i n the Rev.), a t Greenvi l le , order ing whiskey f o r the Hospital Dept. 1 p.

L.S., 1795 Sept 16, Anthony Wayne (General i n t h e Rev.), order ing whiskey f o r the h o s p i t a l , 1 p.

A.L.S., 1789 May 25, George Thatcher, a t New York, t o John 'dai te ,

a t - ? reagrding t h e t r ade i n rum and molasses then being con- s ide red by t ? e Senate 2 p. w/ t r a n s c r i p t ,

General order regarding d i s t i l l e d s p i r i t s issued by the Confederate S t a t e of Georgia, Executive Dept. t o the J u s t i c e s of t h e I n f e r i o r Court. dtd. Jan. 12, 1864 at Mil ledgevi l le (Georgia). Pr in ted .

Broadside of t h e Third Congress of the U.S. grant ing the P res iden t pover t o supreas the 'ilhiskey Rebell ion of 1794. Pr in ted .

S t a t e of Louisiana, Ci ty and Paf i sh of New Crleans. 'Whole L i c e w e ?,sad dtd. J u l . 1, 183?.

Judgement and f i n e f o r i l l e g a l l y s e l l i n g rum, dtd. 1665

S t a t e of South Carolina, Town of Cheraw. License t o opera te a tavern issued by the t r e a s u r e r of t h e Town of Cheraw, 1 Apr. 1825.

Brca.ds5.de about naking s ~ i r i t s 'with charcoal and r e c i p e s f o r making cord ia l s . Pr in ted item, undated. 'dith neg. pho tos ta t copy.

Alfred L. Liebmann Coll. of American H i s t o r i c a l Docwents

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Province of Pennsylvania. Tavern l i c e n s e i ssued by the Lt. Governor, W i l l i a m Denny, t o John Gad of Phi ladelphia , dtd. Aug. 10, 1757. Signed by Vm. Denny.

Order f o r run by Andrew Marshall , dtd. Oct. 2 , 1776 ( t o Sam. C u t t s ) Order f o r rum by Lt. Wil l ian White a t F o r t Washington, Oct. 7, 1776

Tavern l i c e n s e f o r r e t a i l i n g s t r o n g l i q u o r s i n New York Ci ty , 10 Mar. 1790. Signed by Rdchard Varick (1753-1.8311, Mayor.

Document anpoint& John P. Jenkins Inspector of D i s t i l l e d S p i r i t s i n Columbia County, New York, d t d . 23 Jun. 1818. Signed by Dewitt Clinton.

Le t t e r , 1760 Feb. 27, s igned "Voltaire". A l e t t e r about wiLe.

1 l e s f from t h e "Excise 3ook" of Robert Scrns, with h i s cu t s i ~ n z t u r e pasted on. With a l e t t e r of t r s r s m i t t e l , 1845 Fe5. 9.

Tavern l i c e n s e , 1790 Xarch 9 , f o r Edward X~nnah azd s i p c d by Richwd Varick, I!ayor, New Yorlc City.

Le t t e r , 1891 May, from icdrew Clrnegie t o Pb. Phelps, about "Scotch." 42. '

Broadside, 1864 Apr i l 18, concerning S t i l l s . Mi l ledgevi l le , Georgia.

Le t t e r , 1721/2 June 20, from San: Yainwright, at Ipswich, Ymss, concerned about the s c v c i t y of PUIZI.

L e t t e r , 1783 d p r i l 11, Pe te r R. Livingston t o John Taylor , concerning Jamaica rum. l p .

L e t t e r , 1756 Kzrch 26, Thos. Penn, concerr icg t h e e s t a t e of h i s f a t h e r , Wm. Penn, and mer-tioning d i sposa l of run.

Tavern l i c e n s e , 1709 Apri l 9 , t o M a r ~ z r e t G z r e h r s n c e and signed by James Duane, gayor of t ! e ~ York City.

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L e t t e r , 17b9 ?larch 13, Edmond Kelley, . ~ t ' :ourtserrat, ' . . I nent ioninz t h e s c a r c i t y of rum i n t h e S e s t Indisn Is lands . l p .

P e t i t i o n , 1720 Apr i l 9 , aga ins t Jacob Swan and o t h e r s f o r se1lir.g "drirk" without a l i c e z s e and k e e p i ~ g a d i so rde r ly house. 3p. Signed by J. H. C o r t l i n d t , Msyor of New York City.

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L e t t e r , 1785 Oct. 6, PI. :leare a t H z p t o n F i l l s , t o %on. Col. :i'entworth, c o ~ c e r n e d v i t h t h e pqymert of z b u r e l l c f rum. I p . I

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Pr in ted g e r e r s l order t o Confederste .bmy .?bout. the d i s t i l l i n g of I

l i q u o r . 1862 ?,Larch 17 , at Kortgcnery, 41a. Signed by Gov. and Comn::nder-ir-?>.i?t, 2 . . 1 :ho::?-...

P e t i t i o n , 1749 Sept. 11, t o t h e Cai..stable of Rorxidh, [ C O ~ L . ] , r eaues t ing Urim Hosmor- t o ref r .3 in f ron s e l l i n g " s t r o ~ g d r i r k " v i t k u t a l i c t n r e , and s i g n e i by i s l ~ iiur.tifi;tm, J u s t i c e or^ Peace.

Not received :$itin tbe o r i ~ i m l Collect ion.

Alfred A. L i e h u m C o l l x t i o ? sf American I i i s t o r i c a l Docu~en t s -4-

65. L e t t e r , 1758 Nov. 20, f r m George Xatson t o Col. David Her-ley?, at Col. O u t l % w ' s , concerning s g i r i t s f o r medicical purposes. 2p.

66. Licerse , 1807 Jan. 23, g r ~ n t e d t o t l ichse l Africa t o kcep a p b l i c house ii! t h e town and county of Hufi t ingdo~ i n Pa. Signed by Thorn3s !?cKean.

67. B.D.S., 1870 Jm. 15, pardoning one Thonas !furley who was convicted of i l l i c i t distill in^. Signed by Ulysses S. Grsnt , Pres ident of t h e U.S., afid Haffiilton Pish. *

58. L e t t e r , 1790 Pec. 28, Xlexafider H ~ n i l t o n , i t the Treasury D e p l r t ~ e n t , concerxed with determining the proof cou!:t ss i p r l i e d t o t h e exc i se l l i w . 3p.

69. Le t t e r , 1799 Oct. 7, George Hashir.gton, st E,!ount Verr.on, t o Coh. .;u,ust Vizshirgton. [Photostnt negative only]

70. L e t t e r , 1805 Dec, 21, Thos. J e f fe r son , nt Yashington, t o John Hones Freeman, concerning the g iv ing of s p i r i t s servants . 2p. 'dith an i n i t l a l e d fragment, Th:J., C18111, Oct. 4.

L e t t e r , 1821 k c . 12 , Jmes 'auchznnn, a t '%shirgton, t o il. John Reynolds, concerning t h e excise tax. 27.

L e t t e r , 1794 h g . 27, E. Gerry, a t C:imbridge, t o Samuel Hodgden. l p .

D.S., 1792 h u g . 27, A. I tmil ton, concerning t h e duty of d i s t i l l e d s p i r i t s . l p .

L e t t e r , 1787 Xsy 3, Robt. Ibrris, a t F h i l a . , t o Wessrs. Constllj le liucker & Co., ~t ?!ex Ycrk. 1p.

A.F.S., 1848 Agri l 25, :1.9.bstor, o r d e r i c ~ a case of ch-mpsgne.

License, 1765 Sept. 2 , t o Zohn !,lollory of Sos toc , s igned by John Hancock 2nd o the r s . 2p.

A.K.S., 1795 Ju ly 21, Jonsthan Ileigs, o r d e r i r g whisky.

D.S., 1814 flay 24, Azdrev Jackson, i n an order f o r medicine scd h o s 2 i t a l s t o r e s f o r Ft . Strotb-er. lp .

Receipt , 1772 Oct. 13, f o r rum, mentioncng John Hz~cock. lp .

b i , i L ' , "

Let t e r , 1794 lug. 20, d.Y.Dnvy t o Col. .Augcstine Y a s b i n ~ t o n , a t V a . 2p.

L e t t e r , i r 3rd rerson, 1784 Fov. 4. Capt. :?atisrA.el 'Yest S: Jmen Carey, a t B ~ l t i r , o r e , t o S a ~ u e l Cc-tes, a t Philndelphi3. 1p.

L ice r se , 1'772 ::cv. 1, fcr t : : ~ s OF ?:ir?irlC, iz Clm?erlz,d Cc,>r.ty. 17.

T.L.S., 1910 .J.n. 7 , Yx. . T i f t , t o Ch=,rles F. Chwxller, s t Y.Y.C. 1 ~ .

85. D.S., 1P6S ?::wch 11, : - rdo r in G.F.E?11ard 3rd G.;i.D:rt f o r srll ir . ,- s y i r i t s . .. Sigr.ed by ?ndrel.i Jshfisor., Tres idez t of the U . S . , 2nd F. r . ae:.mrd.

Alfred L. Liebrnann Col lec t ior . of A x e r i c x 3 i s t o r i c a l Documents -5-

85. D.S., 1841 h g . 4 , e pa ten t on d i s t i l l i n s put f o r t h by Ssnuel O l i v e r , of Northampton, Pa.

87. L e t t e r , 1795 t:;.rc~ 10, T. Tickerin,, a t n'ar O f f i c e , t o Joseph Eowe l l , A c c o u n t s ~ t , Y ~ T . Office. l p .

88. A.L.S., 1794 Apr i l 6 , Tobias Lear, a t London, t o Jaqes Greenleaf , a t ---? 3p.

89. D.S., 1873 &rch 5, pard_oning one E.S.Resd f o r i l l e g a l d i s t e l l i r g . S i g ~ e d by h i l t o n F i sh , Sy t h e ? res ider , t , Ulysses S. Gr rc t .

90. D.S., 1791 Jur.e 25, A l e x x d e r :!milton, i t t h e Treasury Dept., t o John Ches ter , a t Elartford, Conn. l p .

91. D.S., 1804, s i g r e d Sy Zefferson and Wadisor,. [Cversize: Char te r ca se under U.S. Patents :

92. D.S., 1852 2:ov. l ? , Edi~ard S t sn ton , i t :!-ishifigton C i ty , t o t h e Hon. Bichx-d Wallach, coccer f i ics r e s t r i c t i o n s or. t h e l i l u o r t r a f f i c i n dashirAaton. 2p.

93. A.L.S., 1821 J u l y 5, Thomas Pinckxey, st A l t m o r t cez r Peridletor., t o P e t i t de V i l l e r s , a t Sav~cc -h . IPS

94. A.L.S., 1782 June 18, Jokn Trurnbull, st Xew Lor.don?, t o John J e f f e r s , a t Har t ford , CCona.1. l p .

95. D.S., 1870 M3y 26, 'Wi l l im ::cKii&y a s F r o s e c u t i r . ~ 8t torr .ey. An i r r l i c t m n t "For keeping rooas of publ ic r e s o r t f o r t he s a l e of i r . t o x i c ~ t i r ~ g li-.uors" t o a Chxrles Ecsixger.

96. A.L.S., 1794 Juce 18, Tench Coxe, z t Treasury Dept., t o Jed. H u ~ t i f i g t o n , at ---? 29.

97. License, 1792 Aug. 20, f o r Chris topher En&, s t Fh i l ade lph ia . Sixned by Gov. Thos. Mi f f l i n .

98. D.S., n.d., Acdre:i Jacksoa, 3s Bajor-Generd. l p . ?

99-106. ?lot with t h e or i ; ; i r .s l c o l l e c t i o n .

107. A.L.S., 1795 Oct. 30, $Cohn! F. : h t ~ a r n c k , a t F o r t Jrgne, t o "Dear ffajor" , a t ---? 2?. I c v i t a t i c r . t o cone from G r e e m i l l e and pa r t ake of f i s h , gsme, c l a r e t , brar.dy, charnpgne, e t c .

108. Bgcusent, 1793 Cct. 15-17, Thorn-s Jones. B i l l f o r ,wine 2nd siirits f o r "ordixat ion" s e r v i c e s of t h e C o n g r e p t i o n s l Soc ie ty . 23.

109. A.D.S., 1814 June 25, Bezekish Coberth, a t S t . Leoxwds. g e c e i p t of psyment f o r iriskey i s sued t o t roops by o rde r of Col. '!:-4s:~orth. 2s .

1 1 E :..L.S., 1784 Apr i l 29, 'Xillim "edvod, a t Antigu?, t o J o s i a h & S m n e l Co? te s , a t Phi1,delphia. 32.

Alfred L. T,iebnar.r Col lec t i3n of American H i s t o r i c a l Eoclments -5-

112. A.L.S., 1791 J3n. 17 and Peb. 3, Z ~ h r s i l Eowen, a t Providence, t o t h e Hon. B e n j ~ ~ i n 3ourn. a t W i l ~ ? d e l p h i a . 2 l e t t e r s ; 4p. i n all.

113. License, 1759 Jan. 24, granted t o Fathanie l Baclsus of Norwich, Conn. 1p.

A.D.S., 1691 J u l y 30. A c o m ~ l a i n t about t h e irxonvenience of a d i s t i l l e r y i n Boston. l p .

A.D.S., 1776 Oct. 25, S s m e l Cut ts , st F a r t Sielervon. Permit f o r rum. l p .

A.L.S., 1841 J u r e 20, H D l l a t Dajton, t o Allen Xamilton, a t For t Waine. 2p.

A.D.S., 1807 b!xy 20, S t sn ley Griswold, Co l l ec to r , a t D i s t r i c t c f D e t r o i t . l p . A shipping c e r t i f i c a t e .

D.S., 1795 Sept. 28, Katl. Gorhsm, a t Boston, t o S m l . q. Gerry, at ikrblehead. l p . Revenue repor t .

A.L.S., 1792 J u r e 11, h'at'n. Gorhm, it 3oston, t o Samuel R . Gerry, st Karblehead. l p . . .

A.D.S., 1757 J u l y 2 , 'Villiam Denny, Gov. c f Fa. Frocl .mst ion a e s i n s t s e l l i n g !dhiskey t o Indians. l p .

PTot with t h e o r i g i n s 1 co l l ec t ion .

lkr.uscript Orderly 3ook having t o do with t h e Yhisicey I n s u r r e c t i o n of 1794. General orders by Gen. Henry Lee, 33p.

123. Kewspa~er, "Zeneral Advertiser", Fh i l lde lph i3 , 1 7 9 ' ~ Aug. & Sept , 3rd published by Benjamir Fr'rsnklin Bache. Cont- ining i r t i c l e s on the %iskey 7 e v ~ l l i c n , French Revolution, e t c , [!Jith o the r n i sce l l ?ceous newsy?f;er znd c l i p p i n s mater ia l ] .

124. kbiskey Rebell ion. Report o f the Commisslor,ers, t o cor.fer with the I c su rge - t s i n the Yestern Counties of Pa., P h i l d e l p h i a , 179b. F i r s t e d i t i o n .

7

125. Five ( 5 ) l e t t e r s by Charles Smith t o Jasper ' ieztes , .Associate J u s t i c e of t h e Suprene Ccurt of Pa., Cct.-Xov. 1794, recoci ' t i rg h i s exper ierxes a s a member of the " r igh t w;ngl' o f t h e f o r c e s sen t t o subdue t h e whiskey " r e 5 ~ 1 s . "

126. "Journsl of a n Zxpedition Msde ir. t h e Autumn of 1794" by C l ~ t . David Ford, of !Jew Je r sey , c o ~ c e r n i x g 1 detschnrnt of E.J. t roops i x t o western PC. Pr in ted i r Albany, 1794.

127. ?hiskey l a b e l , 1837 Feb. 11, of the Great ::ester> 3 i s t i l l i c g Co., Feorin, I l l i n o i s .

128. A.D.S., l ? l 4 h u e . 30, invoice f c r '?.iisxey, bee f , ;orb, e t c . l p . 3 d t i m o r e , M.

129. .A.z.S., 1814 Sept. 15, I rxo ice t o J:..ces Sea t ty , 3 n v ~ a~pnt, f o r 20 Vzls . of vhis!iey, a t 3al t imore. R e c t i ~ t n d 3y Jchn Leverinz. ~ p .

130. A.J.S., 1814 S e ~ t . 16 , the s m e 2s ?hove eucept f o r 4 bbls . of h i s k e y .

1 1 A.D.S., 1814 Seyt. 1 5 , as above f o r 25 & 4 b l ~ l s . cf v>isl.uy. i p .

Alfred L. Liebnznn Col lec t ion of .!.nericsn 9 i s t o r i c o l DocuEents -7-

A.D.S., 1814 Sea t . 6 , Receiat s ignq tu re f o r " T k Gamble" f o r whiskey r e c ' d from J. S e s t t y , Navy Agent. 2p. Balt imore, Ed.

D.S., 1853 Feb. 23, z t Lewistor, F . Y . Record of convic t ion of Ssxpsor. Meyer f o r s e l l i n g l i q u o r t o I n d i a without a l i c e r s e . Signed by John D. 3-yrnn?

Document, 1847 Apr i l 1, r e l a t e s t o t h e occup-t ion of Vera Cruz by the U.S., and the o rde r :~uthor iza t ior . t o s e e l i y u o r . Signed by Major-Senera1 'dorth and Y. Y. I4acicall. [Frixted document:.

D.S., 1805 Mlrch 8, sh igping order f o r t h e s h i p , "Villiam of Beverly", st Mass, f o r 64 punchoons of Brmdy, e t c . Signed by Timothy S t i r d l e y . l p .

D.S., 1793 May 17, concerned wi t ! l t he proof of run , ~ i g x e d by Ph than ie l F i sh , Supervisor of t he Revenue of t he D i s t r i c t of ?!.Y. l p .

D.S., 1835 Kov. 3, c e r t i f i c l t e by H. B. Pace, I i x ~ e c t o r , D i s t r i c t of X.Y., f o r Madeira wine. l p .

Seven (7) i nvo ices , 1837-54, f o r d i s t i l l e d s p i r i t s .

A.L.S., 1837 Apr i l 22, Xlpheus Morse, a t &ton Madison, X.Y., t o Amos >l i l l iams, a t ---? l p . R e ~ u e s t i n g i r . f o r m t i o ~ f o r a l oc - t ion t o e s t a b l i s h a d i s t i l l e r y i n t h e "'destern Country."

A.L.S., 1881 Feb. 7 , Daniel Lorsey, a t Syrzcuse, t o ?ks . I . Clemmer, a t ---? l p . Concerning the condennir.g of !wine and l i q u o r i t d i n n e r s a t t h e 'White FIcuse :nd c r e d i t i n z Pirs. Polk ind Xrs. R. Xayes with it.

$ 1 D.S., 1864 Sept. 14 , A. , . r igh t & Co., st C i r c i r n l t i , t o Nessrs. E . J . . ' l l l l i ? ~ s & Co., a t Sp r i cg f i e ld . l p . B i l l f o r 800 bhls . xhiskey.

A.D.S., 1792 Jm. 15. P e t i t i o n by "Goder" J o m t ; ; ~ F e x s e r , of N.Y.C. , t o t he l e g i s l - ? t u r e of t he S t a t e of 6.Y. t o y?rnit him t o s e l l l i l u o r t o inmates of t he y r i s ~ n , so is t c be a b l e t o supyor$. h i s farr.ily.2p.

S , l8CO A . 3, L x r e n c d ::eshir.gton [nephew of G. : . '~shi"~; tonl , a s forenxr. of jury convic t ing '3l ieabeth ':iezvers? of hoot leggicz i n V s . l p .

hooroxim?tely a f i f t e e n (15) misce l l , r . t g~s i t e m , many concerzed ,xi th the making of d i s t i l l e d s p i r i t s , 2 . d .

146. D.S., 1819, TScense by t he r i t y of I : w Cr1e:ns f o r t he s a l e of s p i r i t u o u s l i q u o r s , pri::ted i ~ . Fr .gl is i Z French ( 2 pages, 2oir. t) . Sigr.ed by --,ug. Xaccir ty, Bzyor.

147. A.L.S., 1743 Cct. 10 , i:orm:;n Ilorlson, st Eor t for? , t o C z ~ t . F i she r , at ---? 11.. Corcer:ir.z t he s - i e ?.cd s?i?-ect of 5 bS1. of r.m.

148. :i.L.S., 1716 Aug. 29, 'ohn Cola3n i e : r i y 2osron s z t t l e r ? , a t Eoston, t o Thonzs .Ancry, cci .cerninj s t i l l s , >r%:.dy, s t z v e s f o r b l r r e l s , e t c . 4p.

Alfred L. Liebmir.n C o l l e c t i m of Anericzn B i s t o r i c a l Docu~en tc -- -8-

150. Seven ( 7 ) m i l i t a r y invo ices 3 r d o rde r s f o r r u n 3c3 whiskey, 17%-94.

151. A.D.S., 1794 Xmch 1, ;,!a. 8. Sa r r i son , a t Head > ~ a r t e r s , t o [Acthony Lkyne71, a t [Greenvil le , Cihio?]. l p . Order f o r t h e issuance of whiskey t o t h e Music of t h e Legion.

A.D.S., 1812 Aug. 30, i H. Harrison, a t C i c c i ~ n a t i , t o Col. Tho. Ju fo rd , Purchasing Corn. of th.e U.S., Kentucky, 1p. Author iza t ion f o r money t o be given t o Xajor Thomas Eodly f o r t he troops.

152. Docuaezt, 1735 May 2 , s e n t t o the Com~issary at Osvego CN.Y.1 f o r rum, and signed by J.i. De Peys ter at Albany. l p .

. .. 153. U.S., 1795 i4ay 30, Crder f o r whiskey f o r 1ndiar.s and s i ~ n e d J. A. n l k i n r o n , Brig. Gerera l . l p .

D.S., 1799 Jan. 31, Order r e c e i r t f o r c lo th ing f o r Indi-ins. 1p.

154. A.L.S., 1813 P!ov. 14 , Tho: Eodley, a t Lexir.gtor., t o H s j r . John A. P i n t t , a t '+'ashicgton C i ty , a t t w h i n g an invoice ( d u p l i c a t e ) dated ?.lay 1, 1813, f o r whiskey. 2p.

155. A.L.S., 1761 Dec. 1, Jn. Yaternan, a t Kewbury, t o Arthur Fecner, a t Providence, 9.1. l p . Concerned : r i t h a bus iness t r s r . s ac t io s i n Yest Indian ruz .

156. A.D.S., 1756 June 12 , Darius Cessicns t o Arthur Fe r re r . 17. B i l l f o r s p i r i t s and supp l i e s .

157. C17021, A pr in t ed b i l l f o r t h e "Er.couragin~ t h e Corsm;tior. of I h l t e d Corri and f o r t h e b e t t e r Prever.tin,rr t h e Running of French ar.d f o r e i g n Sr.=.?.dics." 3p.

158. D.S., 1793 KL-ch 13, C e r t i f i c , l t e f o r Gerev: of t h e "first proof", an2 s lgned by John Chester, Supervizor of t h e Revenue f o r Conn.

159. A.9.S.. 18Ol-&n. 15, 1802, U"Jnsra1l James :%my. R e c e i ~ t f o r rum. 1;.

160. A.D.S., 1800 Oct. 30, Receipt f o r Zordeaux 3rardy s i g r e d by I s s a c Coch, a t New York. l p .

?

161. N3- b\r\\ CD (\*it 9 % ~

162. D.S., 1795 Oct. 24, C e r t i f i c 3 t e of 1 Hhd. of rum, s igned by John Ches ter , Supervisor of' the Revecue f o r Conn.

163. A.D., 1787 Oct. 2, Rsceipt f o r India rum bought by Xu& O'Bm2. 12.

164. A.D., 1813 b ? x ~ h 13, Receipt f o r whiskey t o Lym;~.r. R. Cobb. l p .

165. A.!I.S., 1814 :'krch 4, Receipt f c r whiskey t o Thomx Rimer. 1p.

166. A.D.S., 1738 Apr i l , c e r t i f i c . i t e s i i ? e d 5y J. ';!. Ce Pegs te r , a t [For t ] Osvrego, corcerre.! .)ilf'? 5b.e entl-;. o f ::-. 13.

167. A.I).S., 1716 June 9 , S u i t ir. t he F a p r ' s Court of t he Ci ty of Keu York over 1 pine of %.liera u i r e f o r 24 7ourds. l p .

168. A.D.S., [17!88, I s r a e l ?eyr.olds, a t ?!ot t i r .sh~m li.!ass.!, by Samuel Ccats , a t Phi lade lphia . 2ecei:t f o r rum, c a t t l e , e t c . l p .

Alfred &. Liebmann Col lec t ion of h e r i c i n S i s t o r i c a l Dccuner.ts -9-

169. A.D.S., 1794 Aug. 20, a r e t u r n f o r l i p o r f o r h . j o r A. Huston's b a t t a l l i o n of mounted voluc teers . l p .

170, 1794 Nov. 16 znd 18, whiskey r e t u r n s (2) f o r personnel of sub-legion, and l7Oa. s igned by John S i l l s , Eajor , Genl. John Taylor, Major J. Hsskel l and o t h e r s ,

a t Greenvi l le , Ohio. 2 i tems.

171. A.L.S., 1776 Aug. 4, Yath: C z t e r , a t Newburyport, t o Samuel Yhite , a t Marblehead. Concerns recovery of 2 casks Pevter. l p . -

172. Invoice, 1795 July-1796 4u.g. 12, Generql Hersy Knox, t o Y i l l i n g s & Fr3ncis , f o r i%diera ,.vine. 1p.

173. Ten (10) docuxents c o ~ c e r n i n i ; whiskey and o the r r a t i o n s , s igned by John d i l l s , b j o r , Genl. J. 3urbich and A . M. Clary, Hajors J. Haskel l , John Taylor , dm. P e t e r s , Ym. dins ton snd o t h e r s , a t Greenevi l le , Ohio, 1794-95.

174. A.D.S., n.d. [before 18001, Edward H111, Physician, g i v i z g d i r e c t i o n f o r p r e p u s t i o r , of l i q u o r a s a medicine. 31).

175. A.D.S., 1819 Juse 22, : l i l l i m Eovren, a t ---7, t o . L. Allen, a t ---? 19. Coccerns a shipment of puriCie3 rum.

176. Invoices, 1818 Oct. 6 & 1822 Jan. 9 , f o r beer and s l e t o John P. Groslon, 176a and John Sowdon.

m 177. ~wenty-two (22) invoices , r e c e i p t s , ncd S h i ~ p i X g documents f o r d i s t i l l e d s p i r i t s , s i g e 3 by var ious names i n va r ious ? l aces , 1783-1815.

178. D.S., 1798 S e ~ t . 30, a l i c e n s e t o s e l l wines f o r C u e v Fu:.ti:i$on, of Norwich, Conn., and s igned by John Chester. l p . [ f r s g i l e l

179. [Now r e f i l e d 2s o r i ~ i n a l $38 2nd , 3 9 . 1 180.

181. A.L.S., 1825 .?.yil 28, Ch, C a r r o l l of C n r o l l t o n r l x s t su rv iv ing s i g n e r of the Declara t ion cf I ~ d e ~ e n d e n c e ! , a t ---?, t o -3-?, st ---? l p .

The follorring i t e n s were adrlcd through access ion 56 !l 117: they a r e i n a f o l d e r c t the end of t h e Col lec t ion .

1. Srosdside, 1792 Lug., CGeorge !:Ixhi;-&onl Pres ident of t h e U.S. 1p. Comper.s;tion t o Inspectior, Of f i ce r s f o r i r s p e c t i c g 3rd c e r t i f y i n g d i s t i l l e d s p i r i t s . An anecdnent t o t h e f i r s t exc i se tnx i n the U.S., l ev ied March, 1791. CYith negat ive

2. 1794 Au5. 24-Kov. 2 , a b i l l f n r whiskey f o r ';:nrr.er ?!ashir.gton [a r e l s t i v e of t h e Fresident] . Z e c e i ~ t e d by Ylrner '?!sshin;;ton 3nd s igced by ?rancis Peyton. l p .

4. 1759. S. J c r e s ? , a t ---?. t o J x e s Erwin, a t ---? l p . A b i l l f o r pesch ,

b r x d v and i n s t r u c t i m s f o r obtz in inn a t t s c h n w t , 53cd 1x6 sec: i r i t j . " - needed t o rencve s 7 i r i t s from "the Col3cy." ,

Alfred - L. L i e b r a m Co l l ec t ion of k e r i c l n A i s t o r i c d D o c u ~ e n t s -10-

5. A.L.S., 1784 J u l y 23, J u s t i n Foote, a t Re:! York, t o Xbenezer Foote, a t ---? 2p. Concer:ls t'le s l l e and t r x s p o r t a t i c n of rum.

6 . A.L.S., 1794 .lug. 23, %. Findley, a t P i t t sbu rgh , t o A. J. D a l l a s , Sec. of t h e Trexsury. 2p. Concerns the 'Xhisicey Revel l ion , wi th comments on Washingtor.'s proclamation 2nd o r d e r f o r the armed f o r c e s , %nd about a meeting v i t h Alber t G d l a t i n .

7. License, 1786 Apr i l , t o r e t a i l l i y o r s t o Joseph Alcock, at Por t lnnd [Mass.]. l p . Signed by John 6 b l e and Ka th ' l Folsom.