Guide to Concete for Housing

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CCAA T53

Guide to Concrete for Housing

G

u i d e



G

u i d e

Frt pbhed Jne 2000 a

The Housing Concrete Handbook

CCAA T53

© Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa 2007

Except where the Cprht Act aw therwe, n

part th pbcatn ma be reprdced, tred n

a retreva tem n an rm r tranmtted b an

mean wtht prr permn n wrtn rm

Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa.

The nrmatn prvded n th pbcatn ntended

r enera dance n and n n wa repace the

ervce prena cntant n partcar prject.

N abt can therere be accepted b Cement

Cncrete & Areate Atraa r t e.

DEsigN AND lAyouT Heen Rx Den

illusTRATioN TechMeda Pbhn Pt ltd

isBN 978-1-877023-20-0

Guide to Concrete or Housing

Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia



ii Guide to Concrete or Housing

Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa a nt-r-

prt ranatn etabhed n 1928 and cmmtted

t ervn the Atraan cntrctn cmmnt.

CCAA acknweded natna and nternatna

a Atraa' remt cement and cncrete

nrmatn bd – takn a eadn re n edcatn

and trann, reearch and devepment, technca

nrmatn and advr ervce, and ben a

ncant cntrbtr t the preparatn Cde andstandard aectn bdn and bdn matera.

CCAA' prncpa am are t prtect and extend

the e cement, cncrete and areate b

advancn knwede, k and prenam n

Atraan cncrete cntrctn and b prmtn

cntna awarene prdct, ther ener-ecent

prperte and ther e, and the cntrbtn the

ndtr make tward a better envrnment.

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sYDNeY offiCe:

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mailto:[email protected]





Guide to Concrete or Housing iii

Glssary Terms

Preace

01 Cocrete Propertes 1

02 Cocrete Materals

2.1 Cement and ppementar

cementt matera 2

2.2 Admxtre 3

2.3 Water 3

03 Specg, Orderg ad Testg

3.1 specn 4

3.2 ordern 4

3.3 Tetn 5

04 From Batchg Plat to Fshed Cocrete

4.1 Tranprtn 8

4.2 Pacn 9

4.3 Cmpactn and vbratn 10

4.4 Fnhn 13

4.5 Crn 15

4.6 Eect weather cndtn 17

05 Formwor ad Reorcemet

5.1 Frmwrk 20

5.2 Prpe renrcement 22

5.3 Tpe renrcement 24

5.4 Fxn renrcement 24

5.5 Cver t renrcement 25

5.6 imprtant cnderatn r

renrcement 25

5.7 inpectn 26

06 Cracs ad Crac Cotrol

6.1 genera 27

6.2 Prehardenn crack 27

6.3 Crack n hardened cncrete 296.4 Jnt 30

07 Footg Tpes

7.1 genera 35

7.2 stened rat 35

7.3 Wafe rat 35

7.4 stened ab wth deep ede beam 36

7.5 Ftn ab 36

7.6 strp/pad tn 37

7.7 Per/pe and ab 37

08 Paths ad Drewas

8.1 genera 38

8.2 Pannn 38

8.3 Den 38

8.4 Cntrctn 39

09 Cocrete Fshes

9.1 Cred cncrete 42

9.2 Patterned cncrete 45

9.3 Exped-areate nhe 49

9.4 spra-n tppn 52

10 Toppgs

10.1 genera 55

10.2 Tppn paced drn cntrctn

(mnthc tppn) 55

10.3 Tppn paced ver extncncrete ab 56

11 Mortars, Reders ad Roo-tle Beddg

11.1 Mrtar r manr 57

11.2 Render 59

11.3 R-te beddn and pntn 62

12 Trobleshootg ad Repars

12.1 Deect – Preventn and repar 63

12.2 Crack repar 67

12.3 genera repar 68

Apped A Reereced Australa Stadards 69

Apped B Releat CCAA Publcats 70

Contents



iv Guide to Concrete or Housing

Admtre

A btance ther than water, areate r cement

that added t a cncrete r mrtar mx t mprve

r md me the prperte the mx, r the

retn cncrete r mrtar.

Thee ncde pment (crn aent), mder

t w r acceerate the ettn tme, patcer

t ncreae wrkabt, water prn and water-

redcn aent.

Aggregates

The ranar nredent a cncrete r mrtar mx:

natra and, rave and crhed rck. Areate

make p t 80% the vme cncrete.

Alphatc alcohols

Aphatc ach are a tpe evapratn retarder.Thee prdct w the rate evapratn water

rm the cncrete race t enabe a beedwater

t re t the race wtht prematre drn

the race and pb drn hrnkae crackn

drn ht weather cndtn. The d nt aect the

cncrete’ trctra perrmance, r mt the chce

nhn technqe. The hd nt be cned

wth crn cmpnd.

Cemet

A tpe prtand and bended cement cnrmn

t As 3972.

Cemet Paste

The mxtre cement and water

Compacto

Remva entrapped ar n rder t cndate

the cncrete mx: t the rm, rrnd the

renrcement and t acheve the trenth, drabt

and qat nhe peced.

Crg

Keepn the race cncrete, mrtar r render

cntn damp, ater pacement, t w

evapratn and t enre enh mtre r

ptmm hdratn and beqent hardenn. Prper

crn drn the ear e (7–10 da) cncrete

mprve t trenth and drabt, and redce

crackn and dtn race.

Eorescece

Dept be at that rm n the race

bdn matera ch a brck, mrtar, and

cncrete. The at ma be preent n the matera

r rndwater and mrate t the race drn

evapratn.

Flatwor

Cncrete fr and pavement.

Hdrato

A ere chemca reactn ater cement

mxed wth water, retn n the rmatn new

cmpnd that bnd the areate wthn the

cncrete tether. Drn hdratn the cncrete,

mrtar r render prreve an n trenth a

the cement pate harden.

Latace

A aer weak, nn-drabe matera brht t the

race b beedn, and exacerbated b verwrkn

the race wet cncrete when nhn.

Matr

The mxtre cement pate and ne areate

(and) that bnd the care areate.

Plastc settlemet cracg

srace crackn caed when cncrete ette ver

an embedded bject, r exampe renrcn meh rervce ppe, and at a chane n depth cncrete.

The crack a appear n the race parae t

the retrann bject. it ten happen n cncrete

cntann t mch water, and recevn ncent

cmpactn.

Plastc shrage cracg

srace crackn caed b prematre mtre

rm the race patc cncrete: a n ht and

wnd cndtn.

Glossary o Terms



Guide to Concrete or Housing v

Pozzolas

sce, r amn-ce matera that have tte

r n cementt prperte bt w, n the preence

me and water, react wth cacm hdrxde t rm

cmpnd wth cementt prperte. Pzzan

are better knwn a ‘f ah’ and ‘ca me’

Segregato

An neven dtrbtn ne and care areate

n the cncrete. The cae ncde exce water n

the mx; cncrete an mre than tw metre nt

pace; cement pate eakn rm rmwrk; and pr

(t tte r t mch) cmpactn.

Slmp (slmp test)

A tandarded meare the cntenc reh-mxed cncrete. it ve an ndcatn the water

cntent, and the wrkabt the mx. smp ne

the prperte peced when cncrete rdered.

Water-cemet rato

The rat the ma (a centc meare the

weht) the water n the cncrete t the ma

the cement n the cncrete, mrtar, render r rt.

Addn water t a mx ncreae the water-cement

rat. The hher the water-cement rat, the wer the

trenth and drabt.

Worablt

The deree eae handn, pacn and nhn

cncrete r mrtar. The reater the mp r water-

cement rat (ee bth term abve), the reater the

wrkabt.



vi Guide to Concrete or Housing

Th de wrtten, prmar, a a reerence de

r he bder and tradepepe wrkn wth

cncrete, mrtar and render. TAFE tdent and

ther ntrctr w nd t a hep reerence; and

den prena w nd t nrmatve. it pdate

and perede the earer pbcatn The Housing Concrete Handbook , Jne 2000.

it ve practca nrmatn abt the e

cncrete, mrtar and render n the cntrctn

he and ther ma bdn, ncdn fr,

drvewa, path, and pat.

it cver the eenta tpc n enh deta t ve

he bder a the need t knw abt d

qat cncretn, and t aert them t pr practce.

Mre cmprehenve technca nrmatn abt

the e cncrete n a rm cntrctn can

be nd n CCAA' Guide to Concrete Construction

(T41). Frther nrmatn n pecc appcatn

can be nd n a nmber pbcatn prdced

b Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa and

enera avaabe ree n CCAA webte

www.cocrete.et.a. Reevant ne appcabe

t the bject area cvered b th pbcatn are

ted n Apped B.

CAuTiOn

Remember when wrkn wth cement, cncrete,

mrtar and ther cement-baed matera

r preabrcated prdct, awa w the

manactrer’ ntrctn, and eek advce rm themanactrer, WrkCver r Wrkae Atraa abt

wrkn ae wth thee prdct.

i have an dbt abt wrkn wth cncrete

r cement-baed matera cntact Cement Cncrete

& Areate Atraa bere tartn the wrk; r

are nre abt the tattr apprva

w need cntact the HiA bere tartn wrk. ue

nrmatn can be nd n the wn eafet

avaabe rm CCAA webte www.cocrete.et.a:

≥ Working Safely with Wet Concrete

≥ Working Safely with Dry Concrete Materials

≥ Concrete Safe Site Delivery

Preace




Cncrete a verate matera wth man e.

gd cncrete, that whch acheve t peced

prperte, depend rt a n the care eectn

and prprtnn t cnttent matera, and

n eectve methd r t handn, pacn,

cmpactn, nhn and crn.

in t bac rm, cncrete a mxtre cement,

water, ne and care areate, whch patc

(can be wrked and mded) when rt mxed, and

harden t a d ma.

The prperte cncrete, n t patc and hardened

tate, are aected b the phca charactertc,

the chemca cmptn, and the prprtn

the nredent n the mxtre. in t hardened

tate cncrete mt be trn enh t carr the

ad mped n t, and drabe enh t ret

wear, weather and chemca attack. in t patc

tate t mt t the methd handn, pacn,

cmpactn and nhn.

The cement pate (cement and water) n the mxtre

brcate the areate and aw them t

mve ree whe the cncrete ben paced and

cmpacted. genera, the mre cement pate n

the mxtre, the mre wrkabe the cncrete. it

mprtant that cncrete devered t te cent

wrkabe r t t be paced and cmpacted b the

mean avaabe. i t nt prper paced and

cmpacted, cncrete w nt acheve t ptentatrenth and drabt.

Addtn water ncreae the wrkabt, bt

dte and weaken the cement pate. in th

repect, cement pate ke an ther e: dtn

w weaken t. it the am cncrete mx den,

r prprtnn, t trke a baance between the

need r wrkabt, that cncrete can be paced

and nhed, and the need r t t be trn and

drabe. Wrkabt can a be mprved b the

e chemca admxtre ch a water redcer

(patcer).

Man the charactertc cncrete, partcar t

trenth and drabt, depend n the devepment

chemca and phca bnd: the cement pate

te a t hdrate (ee ar), and between the

cement pate and the areate partce a thecncrete harden. The chemca reactn between

cement and water (hdratn) take tme. Cncrete

mt therere be kept cntn mt (cred) r

a tme t enre that hdratn cntne and that the

cncrete acheve t ptenta trenth and drabt.

Technt e a rane matera ther than

cement, water and areate t md the

prperte cncrete. Thee ncde pzzanc and

ther cementt matera, chemca admxtre,

and peca areate.

Concrete Properties

O1




2.1 CEMEnTS AnD SuPPLEMEnTARy

CEMEnTiTiOuS MATERiALS

The term ‘cement’ cver a wde varet ranc and

nranc bndn aent. B ar the mt wde ed

are the knwn a prtand cement: ne rnd

nranc matera that have a trn hdracbndn actn. Thee bnder, when mxed wth water,

w harden n the abence ar t prdce a tabe,

drabe prdct.

Hdrac cement manactred n Atraa a

brad nt tw cae, name prtand cement

and bended cement, bth prdced t As 3792.

Tpe GP – Geeral prpose portlad cemet

Tpe gP cement ed a a enera-prpe cement

ted t a tpe cntrctn, ncdn majr

cntrctn prject and n precat cncrete prdctmanactre. Tpe gP cement ma cntan p t 5%

apprved mnera addtn (e metne, f ah

and rnd ranated bat-rnace a).

Tpe GB – Geeral prpose bleded cemet

Tpe gB cement ncrprate ppementar

cementt matera (ch a f ah and a) ed

at rate reater than 5%. Tpca 10–40% r f ah,

p t 65% a and p t 10% r amrph ca.

De t the bendn nredent, Tpe gB cement

ha a wde rane appcatn r redenta

cntrctn n cncrete, rt, mrtar and render.

Tpe gB cement an trenth at a wer rate than

Tpe gP cement bt 28-da trenth ma be mar.

Masor cemet

Manr cement a ne rnd mxtre prtand

cement cnker, pm and tabe nranc

matera ch a hdrated me, metne and

pzzan. it charactered b prdcn mrtar

hh wrkabt and hh water retentn, bt whch

have a wer rate trenth devepment than the

made rm prtand cement. Thee charactertc

make manr cement epeca tabe r manr

wrk bt ntabe r an rm trctra cncrete.

O-whte ad whte portlad cemets

The re cr prtand cement de man t

the preence rn. B wern the rn cntent, ht

cred cement can be prdced. o-whte and

whte cement are ed prncpa r archtectraappcatn. o-whte cement prdced n

Atraa t meet the enera reqrement r Tpe

gP cement whe whte cement are mprted. i a

‘whte’ cncrete reqred, n -whte cement

wth a whte ttanm xde pment n e the

mre expenve mprted whte cement hd be

cndered.

Spplemetar cemettos materals (SCMs)

sCM are dened a f ah, rnd ranated

bat-rnace a and amrph ca, whch are

added t cncrete t mprve t charactertc and

prperte. Thee addtve are rced rm ndtr

b-prdct.

Fl ash the ne rede extracted rm the fe

ae at ca-red pwer tatn. Thee partce are

pherca hape wth a a appearance and are

prceed t meet the reqrement As 3582.1.

Grod gralated blast-race slag (slag) a

nn-metac matera prdced mtane wth

rn n a bat rnace and whch then ranated

b the rapd qenchn prce. it pee atenthdrac prperte t wn whch are actvated b

an akane matera ch a prtand cement, th

prdcn addtna cementt matera. sa

prceed t meet the reqrement As 3582.2.

Amorphos slca a ver ne pzzanc matera

cmped mt crtane ca. Ether natra

ccrrn r a bprdct prdcn cn meta

r errcn a (ca me), r redenta

appcatn t man e wd be n htcrete mxe

r wmmn p. A mre ecnmca aternatve

whch ncrean ben ed tra-ne fah. Amrph ca prceed t meet the

reqrement As 3582.3.

How do SCMs wor cocrete?

When prtand cement react wth water, cacm

hdrxde prdced. Th matera be and

add tte t the trenth cncrete. F ah and

amrph ca, hwever, react wth the cacm

hdrxde t rm nbe cementt cmpnd

mar t prtand cement. sa actvated b

cacm hdrxde and the akane envrnment wthn

cncrete.

Concrete Materials

O2




Potetal beefts o SCMs

≥ imprved wrkabt

≥ lwer water demand r cntant wrkabt

≥ Redctn n beedn

≥ Enhanced cncrete drabt

≥ Mre cheve mx

≥ lner ettn perd

≥ Hher tmate trenth

≥ Redced heat hdratn.

2.2 ADMixTuRES

Admtres are caed b the charactertc, r

prncpa, eect n the cncrete. Mt cncrete

decrbed b the pper a ether a ‘mmer-mx’

r a ‘wnter-mx’, and w ncde admxtre thataect ettn tme t t the prevan cndtn.

Admxtre are prdced n Atraa t the

reqrement As 1478.1.

Ar-etrag admtres are added t cncrete

t mprve t wrkabt and chevene and t

redce the water demand, thereb redcn beedn

and matera ereatn. Exceve amnt w

redce ptenta trenth. As 1379 aw p t 5%

ar entranment.

Set-retardg admtres w the ettn

cncrete. The are e drn warm t ht weathercndtn, and when a cncrete mx mt be

tranprted n dtance.

Set-acceleratg admtres redce the ettn tme

cncrete. The are ten ed drn c t cd

weather cndtn.

Water-redcg admtres dpere the cement

partce and mprve the wrkabt the cncrete

wtht the addtn water.

Hgh- rage-water-redcg admtres

(sperpatcer) ncreae the fdt thecncrete; mprvn the wrkabt r eaer

pacement where, r exampe, renrcement

cneted r the rmwrk make pacement dct.

Wrkn tme depend n the tpe and dae. un

perpatcer de nt remve the need r prper

cmpactn.

2.3 WATER

Mt cncrete peccatn mp reqre that

mxn water ha be ptabe, e t r drnkn; r

that t be cean and ree rm mprte harm t

cncrete. genera, water drawn rm retcatedtwn-water ppe tabe r makn cncrete.

The reqrement r mxn water and mt r

mprte are ven n As 1379.




3.1 SPECiFyinG

3.1.1 Geeral

Atraan standard As 1379 et dwn a nmber

wa pecn and rdern cncrete t prmte

nrmt, ecenc and ecnm n prdctn and

dever.

it reer t tw cae cncrete:

≥ normal-class, whch ntended t cver mt

the cncrete devered t he bdn te

and ed man r trctra appcatn. it

peccatn and rdern ha been mped a

ar a practcabe.

≥ Specal-class, whch aw the prchaer t

ncrprate nt the prject peccatn an

peca reqrement r the prject. speca-ca

cncrete tpca peced r hh-trenth/

hh-perrmance cncrete, archtectra -rm

nhe and ther decratve appcatn where

the reqrement r the cncrete are enera

mre pecaed.

3.1.2 normal-class cocrete

Nrma-ca cncrete peced b reerence t

bac parameter whch decrbe the charactertc

cncrete tabe r mt prpe:

≥ the trenth rade (N20, N25, N32, N40 r N50)

≥ the mp reqred at the pnt dever

(20–120 mm)

≥ the nmna maxmm ze the care areate

(10, 14 r 20 mm). i nt peced, 20 mm w be

the deat nmna maxmm areate ze.

≥ the eve entraned ar ( reqred).

in addtn, the rder r cncrete hd pec:

≥ the ntended methd pacement (a pmp

mxe are derent t the paced b chte r

ther mean)

≥ prject aement (tetn n te) t be

carred t b the pper.

3.1.3 Specal-class cocrete

in enera term, peca-ca peced where

the cncrete prperte are tde the a nrma

ca cncrete. it w be peced where pecc

perrmance charactertc are reqred ch an harh envrnment, partcar where crrve

eement are preent (ch a ar-brne ptn

r crrve rnd water) r where the cncrete

w be ed n the cntrctn qd-retann

trctre dened r hdn btance that

reqre a peca, retant cncrete. The reqrement

r ncn ch a pment, peca areate,

partcar cement r cr cntr necetate the

peccatn a peca-ca cncrete. Therere,

mt archtectra cncrete hd be peca-ca

cncrete.

3.2 ORDERinG

Fr mt hn prject, nrma-ca cncrete

adeqate, and the rdern t mpe. A tpca

peccatn :

strenth 20 MPa

Areate ze 20 mm

smp 100 mm (recmmended).

it hd be nted that the mp nt peced

cncrete wth 100 mm mp w be pped. The

ncreaed wrkabt a 100-mm-mp cncrete

w aw eaer pacement, partcar when mana

pacement necear becae retrcted acce

t part a prject; r when an 80-mm mp mht

prve dct t wrk, r exampe arnd cneted

renrcement. increan the mp b the addtn

exce water n te w ret n redced trenth

and cncrete prperte that ma nt meet the

reqrement r drabt.

T prdce a tabe mx, the pper hd awa

be adved the tak ben ndertaken, e tn,

fr ab r drvewa. Fr exampe t wd be

eenta t rder a ‘bck-’ mx (hh mp and

tabe areate ze) n the cae a prject that

enta cre-n bckwrk.

The tmn devere hd be care panned.

Trac r te dea can ret n evera trck

watn t dchare ad cceve devere

are t ce tether. it ma be pbe t ater the

tmn the devere (r me prperte the

cncrete, ntab mp) , ater pacn ha tarted,

the rna peccatn nd t be natactr.

Speciying, Ordering and

Testing

O3




3.3 TESTinG

3.3.1 Geeral

Bder w nd t beneca t have an ndertandn

the rean and prcedre r tetn cncrete.

Th ectn expan wh and when tet are carred

t.

Cncrete pped r fr ab and drvewa

n partcar, hd be teted r mp and

cmpreve trenth n accrdance wth the reevant

part As 1012.

A mp tet carred t n patc (reh mxed)

cncrete, wherea a cmpren tet carred

t n hardened cncrete, a at 28 da

ater pacement. The mp tet meare the mx

cntenc and wrkabt, and ve an ndcatn

the amnt water n the mx, whch w aect

the eventa trenth the cncrete (ee Secto 1

Concrete Properties ). The cmpren tet meare

the cmpreve trenth hardened cncrete and

dne n a abratr n a cncrete ampe made

n te rm a cnder md. Tetn a pecaed

prcedre and hd be carred t b experenced

and qaed pepe.

Bder have the chce takn repnbt r

tetn r the can rder pre-mxed cncrete rm a

manactrer wh ndertake tetn. Man pper

pre-mxed cncrete have qat arance

tem that, amn ther check, make perdca

tet the rade the cncrete the cmmn

pp. i bder rder rm a pre-mxed cncrete

manactrer wh ndertake tetn t mprtant

that the examne the dever dcket (reerred t a

an identcatn Certcate n As 1379 ) t enre t

matche ther peccatn. The hd be re

that the dcket ndcate the r man attrbte a

peccatn, name ca, trenth, areate ze

and mp. The hd retan th dcmentatn r

ther recrd.

Bder takn repnbt r tetn are adved

t enae a tetn abratr accredted b the

Natna Acatn Tetn Athrte (NATA).

Fr bder wh want t ndertake ther wn tetn

(r wtne the prcedre and be re that t ha

been dne prper), the mp and cmpren tet

prcedre are mmared bew.

3.3.2 The slmp test

Pre-mxed cncrete manactrer enera

prprtn the cncrete mx wth cnderatn t

the trave tme and ambent temperatre that the

cncrete meet the peccatn at the tme dever.The are nt reqred b As 1379 t carr t a mp

tet n te, ne water added t the mx drn

the dchare the cncrete, n whch cae the

cncrete mt be thrh re-mxed n accrdance

wth the standard and a mp tet carred t n the

remander the batch t enre t reman wthn the

terance the peced mp. The terance r

a mp p t 80 mm ±15 mm and rm 80 p t

100 mm ± 20 mm. The amnt water added t the

mx hd be recrded n the dever dcket. A

tated abve, the rdern a hher mp nta

(100 mm) hd emnate the need t add water n

te and hence the reqrement t carr t mp

tetn n te.

i a bder ha er cncern that the cncrete mx

de nt have the peced mp, an n-te mp

tet hd be reqeted. i the bder ndertake the

mp tetn, ampe hd be taken n te rm

cncrete dchared drect rm the cncrete trck.

The mp tet cvered b As 1012.3.1.

Handles

Galvanised steel sheet,1.5 mm min. thickness

Foot plates

Foot plate

ELEVATION

PLAN

100

50

50

100

300

200

Fgre 3.1 Typcal ce r slump test




The t ed are:

≥ standard mp cne Fgre 3.1

≥ sma cp/hve

≥ Bet-ned rd (600 mm n x 16 mm dameter)

≥ Rer

≥ stee fat

≥ smp pate (500 mm x 500 mm).

The prcedre (Fgre 3.2) a w:

1 Dampen the cean mp cne wth water and

pace t n the mp pate. The mp pate

hd be cean, rm, eve and nn-abrbent.

2 Cect a ampe rm the batch cncrete. i a

nmber ampe ncrement are taken (reqred

r batche ver 1 m3

) thee hd be mxed andthe ampe read r tetn wthn 20 mnte rm

the tme the rt ncrement wa taken. sampe

hd nt be taken rm the rt r at 0.2 m3

the batch/ad.

3 stand rm n the t pate the cne and

1/3 the vme the cne rm the ampe.

Cmpact the cncrete b ‘rddn’ 25 tme.

Rddn nvve phn a tee rd n and t

the cncrete t cmpact t nt the mp cne

r cnder md. Awa rd n a nrm manner

ver the entre area.

4 Nw t 2/3 and aan rd 25 tme, jt nt the

tp the rt aer.

5 F t verfwn, rddn aan, th tme jt nt

the tp the ecnd aer. Tp p the cne nt t

verfw.

6 leve the race wth the tee fat. Cean

an cncrete rm arnd the bae and tp the

cne; ph dwn n the hande and tep the

tpate.

7 Ver w t the cne traht p, makn re

nt t mve the ampe.

8 Trn the cne pde dwn and pace the rd

acr the ptrned cne.

9 Meare the averae dtance t the tp the

ampe.

10 i the ampe tde the terance (e the mp

t hh r t w), anther mt be taken. i

th a a, the batch hd be rejected.

11 i the mped hape nacceptabe (Fgre 3.3),

the tet mt a be repeated.

12 Cmpete the mp tet wthn 3 mnte cmmencement.

3.3.3 The compresso test

Cmpren tetn ma be a part ether prdctn

aement r prject aement a decrbed n

As 1379. Prdctn aement reqre the pre-mxed

cncrete pper t take ampe r tetn at a

denated reqenc, and that recrd and reprt

tet ret r each rade manactred are retaned

b the tetn ranatn r at eat 12 mnth.

The pper mt make avaabe certed cpe r

examnatn b the ctmer, name the bder.

Fgre 3.2 Slump test

(a) placg ad cmpactg sample ce

(b) leelg the tp surace

(c) remg slump ce

(d) measurg aerage slump

ACCEPTABLE Typical slump and high slump respectively

NON-ACCEPTABLE, REPEAT TEST Shear failures (lateral collapse)

Fgre 3.3 Examples slump

a b

c d




As 1379 a prvde r bder wh want t

receve prdctn aement nrmatn rm ther

pper. Ther prject retered wth the pper

and reprt reatn t the cncrete pped drn a

partcar prdctn nterva are ent t the bder r

h nmnee.

in the cae prject aement, the bder take

repnbt r tetn and reprtn, and make

reprt avaabe t the pper. sampe are taken

rm each 50 m3

cncrete at the prject te berehandn.

The makn cmpren-tet cnder cvered

b As 1012.8.1 and tetn b As 1012.9.

The t ed are:

≥ Cnder ether 100-mm dameter x 200-mm hh

r 150-mm dameter x 300-mm hh. The maer

cnder are ed r mt tetn becae the

are hter bt the maxmm areate ze

mted t 20 mm Fgre 3.4.

≥ sma cp≥ Bet-ned rd (600 mm n x 16 mm dameter)

≥ stee fat

≥ stee pate.

The prcedre a w:

1 Cean the cnder md and cat the nde

ht wth rm and pace n a cean, eve and

rm race, e the tee pate.

2 Cect a ampe rm the batch cncrete.

Cmpete mdn the cnder wthn

20 mnte takn the ampe.

3 F the md wth cncrete.

Fr 100-mm-dameter cnder, the cnder

n tw eqa aer, cmpactn each aer b

rddn 25 tme. At eat the rt 10 trke

hd extend jt nt an prev aer.

Fr 150-mm-dameter cnder, the cnder

n three eqa aer, cmpactn each aer b

rddn 35 tme. At eat the rt 10 trke

hd extend jt nt an prev aer.

other cmpactn methd are a avaabe,

e vbratn, rammn.

4 F the cnder t verfwn wth the at aer.

5 leve the tp wth the tee fat and cean an

cncrete rm arnd the md.

6 Pace cap n cnder, cear ta the cnderand pt t n a c, dr pace t et r at eat

24 hr.

7 Ater the md remved, the cnder ent t

the abratr where t cred and crhed t tet

cmpreve trenth Fgre 3.5.

Fgre 3.4 100 ad 150-mm-dameter cmpress

test cylder mulds

Fgre 3.5 Cmpress testg ccrete cylder




4.1 TRAnSPORTinG

4.1.1 Geeral

When water added t cement t trer hdratn,

ettn ben and the cncrete mx ben n

wrkabt wth tme. Dea n devere rm the

batchn pant, n the rad and n the te, hd be

avded. Dea redce the amnt tme t pace

cncrete whe t t wrkabe. Addtna mxn

the cncrete ma be necear n te, rther

dean pacement. Nte that As 1379 reqre

dchare the cncrete wthn 90 mnte rm the

cmmencement mxn, r bere prper pacement

and cmpactn the cncrete can n ner be

acheved, whchever cme rt.

The ettn prce a acceerated n hh

temperatre. T avd prematre ettn and dct

pacement, the wn prcedre hd beadpted:

≥ seect a pre-mx pper ce t the te t

redce traven tme.

≥ Prvde d acce r trck t enter, and cear

pace r trnn and manœvern, t aw r

the qck dchare the ad.

≥ Enre that adeqate abr n hand t

mnme the nadn tme r the cncrete.

≥ Awa tr t nh the pacement a

renrcement, erectn rmwrk and te

npectn at eat 24 hr berehand.

≥ Check that a mechanca appance (e vbratr,

creed) are n wrkn rder the da bere

pacement t aw tme r repacement r repar

needed.

≥ When pmpn cncrete, pan dever chede

wth enh tme between ad t avd dean

trck.

≥ Cnder n a pmp the weather

npredctabe. overnht ran can mt acce

t the te and redce the amnt tme rpacement.

≥ When acce thrh a nehbrn prpert

necear, enre athred paae berehand

t prevent dea arn rm mndertandn.

≥ Check that a nderrnd ervce have

adeqate adbearn cver t prevent damae

rm trck and beqent rectcatn wrk.

≥ Where trck mt be drven ver trenche,

prvde trn brdn t carr a aden

vehce. A aded cncrete trck bed n a

trench w cae n dea.

≥ i the bearn capact the n dbt, d

nt brn trck n: pmp n.

≥ Have a t, eqpment and matera at hand t

avd drptn.

4.1.2 The addto o ecess water

Cncrete w e man eenta prperte exce

water added t t n te. The addtn exce

water w ater the water-cement rat (ee ar),

dtn and weakenn the cement pate, whch

the eenta nredent that bnd the areate

tether. Man cncretn cntractr mtaken

ame t acceptabe t add water n te t

mprve wrkabt. Hwever, the amnt added

n exce that reqred b the mx den, t w

aect the perrmance the cncrete.

The need t add water ten de t ncrrect

peccatn the cncrete mx r rdern deta.

A mentned prev, pecn a 100-mm mp

t prvde reater wrkabt recmmended t

avd the cmmn practce addn exce water n

te. A 100-mm-mp cncrete peca dened

t prvde ncreaed wrkabt whe mantann

the reqred water-cement rat r trenth and ther

perrmance reqrement.

Addn npeced amnt water n te hd

th be avded. The crrect wa t adjt th t add water and cement at rate that mantan the

peced water-cement rat. i the wrkabt the

cncrete nadeqate, awa dc thee matter

wth the pper.

in certan tatn, the addtn bre

(pprpene r tee) r ther matera (pment)

n te ma redce bth the mp and wrkabt

the cncrete. sch addtn need t be dced

wth the pre-mxed pper t enre the apprprate

cncrete pped.

The prperte aected b the addtn exce

water are mmared n Table 4.1.

From Batching Plant to

Finished Concrete

O4




Table 4.1

Prpertes aected by the addt excess water

Propert / perormace Eect

smp increaed

Wrkabt increaed

Cmpreve trenth Decreaed

Rk hrnkae crackn increaed

Rk race dtn increaed

Rk ereatn increaed

Vme beedwater increaed

Benet cmpactn Decreaed

Benet crn Decreaed

Drabt Decreaed

Permeabt/abrptn increaed

4.2 PLACinG

4.2.1 Geeral

Cmmn pacement methd (ther than chte

pacement and pmpn) reqre barrwn the

cncrete nt ptn r mana hven; a

n cceve pacement. Barrwn cncrete ver

renrcement ten necear. Dpacement

the renrcement hd be prevented b prvdn

rnnn bard pprted abve the renrcement n

bck.

it mprtant nt t ver-hande the cncrete a th

can ead t ereatn matera (ee ar)

and ret n pr nhe.

T mnme the rk ereatn, cncrete hd

be paced vertca and a near a pbe t t

na ptn. When t mt be mved, t hd be

hveed nt ptn and nt be et t fw nt

ptn.

other technqe r avdn ereatn drn

pacement depend n the tpe eement ben

cntrcted and n the tpe dtrbtn eqpment

ben ed. Fr fatwrk and ab ncrpratn

rb and beam (haw rm) the technqe

hwn n Fgre 4.1 hd be adpted. Fr wa

and cmn (deep, narrw rm), prbem ccr

when the cncrete drpped rm t reat a heht

and rcchet the renrcement and rm-ace,

retn n ereatn. The mean avdn th

var wth the tpe dtrbtn eqpment ben

ed Fgre 4.2. The e a tremme cd prve

the mt practca tn; hwever, the ze theeement and pacn renrcement mt be abe t

accmmdate the chte r tremme.

CORRECT

Use a drop chute if concrete hasto fall more than two metres

INCORRECT

Allowing concrete to free-fall morethan two metres can displace rein-forcement, damage formwork andcause concrete to segregate

CORRECT

Regardless of the distributionmethod, always deposit concreteinto the face of that already placed

INCORRECT

Depositing concrete away from theface of that already placed can causepoor intermixing and segregation

CORRECT

If placing on a sloping surfacewith a chute, always use a baffleand drop at the end of the chute

INCORRECT

The velocity from a free-end chutetends to carry the concrete down theslope, separating the aggregate,which goes to the bottom of the slope

CORRECT

If either the final surface or thesoffit is sloping, commenceplacing at the lowest point

INCORRECT

Placing commenced from the highestpoint makes it more difficult toachieve correct levels and can lead tosegregation as the concrete tends tosettle down the slope

CORRECT

Commence placing at one cornerof the formwork and progress awayfrom the completed work

INCORRECT

Random placing can result insegregation and cold joints, andmakes it more difficult to achievecorrect levels

DropchuteDropchute

Greaterthan2000

Greaterthan2000

Baffleanddrop

Baffleanddrop

Fgre 4.1 Placg techques r atwrk



0 Guide to Concrete or Housing

4.2.2 Placg laers

in deep ectn ch a wa, tn and are

cmn, cncrete hd be paced n 300-mm aer

t mprve cmpactn. immern (pker) vbratr

hd extend abt 150 mm nt the prev aer

reh cncrete t med the tw aer tether

and avd ‘cd-pr’ ne n the nhed race.

Dependn n the cmpactn eqpment, thcker

aer ma be pbe. laer that are t deep

make t vrta mpbe t adeqate cmpact

the cncrete (Fgre 4.3) eavn entrapped ar whch

w ret n vd (and bwhe at the race

the cncrete) and prevent t achevn t ptentadrabt and trenth.

4.2.3 Cold jots

Pacn cncrete n a cntn pr, practcabe,

avd the rmatn cd jnt. Cd jnt are

rmed when reh cncrete paced aant the ace

cncrete that abt t et. The crack retn

rm cd jnt w pa thrh the depth the

ab.

Cd jnt can be avded b wrkn new cncrete

nt extn, whch ked pavr can d wth

enh abr at hand. When cd jnt cd ccr

(de t ht r wnd weather, r dea r exampe)

t d practce t bend the ace b re-vbratn

the cncrete r t cmpact the jnt wth a hve n a

tn mtn t re-bend the ace.

Cd jnt ten ccr when temprar nterna

rmwrk mt be remved, whch cmmn

practce r nterna tep-dwn and et dwn. gd

pannn rmwrk w avd th.

4.3 COMPACTiOn AnD viBRATiOn

4.3.1 Geeral

Cmpactn cncrete ndertaken t mprve t

vera perrmance. Cmpactn the prce that

expe entrapped ar rm reh paced cncrete

th ncrean t dent. it mprtant that

cmpactn cntne nt n rther ar bbbe canbe een emern rm the race the cncrete.

INCORRECT

Long uncontrolled drops causesegregation as the concrete strikesagainst the forms and aggregatesricochet off reinforcement. Mortaris also left on the form faces andreinforcement

CORRECT

When placing from chutes andbarrows, discharge concrete intoa hopper leading to a light,flexible drop chute

CORRECT

When placing with crane andbucket, use a flexible drop chuteconnected to a collector conewhich is permanently attached tothe bucket frame

CORRECT

When placing with a concretepump, extend the hose to thebottom of the form and withdrawas the form is filled

Fgre 4.2 Placg techques r walls ad clums

COMPACTION BY IMMERSION VIBRATORSCOMPACTION BY IMMERSION VIBRATORS

Concrete to be placed in uniform layers and of a thickness to matchthe 'power' of the vibrator (usually between 250 and 400 mm)

Vibrators should extend150 mm into thelower layer

150150

150150

250 to400250 to400

250 to400250 to400

250 to400250 to400

Fgre 4.3 Cmpact ccrete placed layers




The mt cmmn rm cmpactn vbratn,

ndertaken wth pker vbratr r race vbratr

ch a vbratn creed. other methd

cmpactn ncde rm (externa) vbratn, tampn

and rddn.

Adeqate cmpactn cncrete w:

≥ ncant ncreae t trenth and dent and

th aw the den trenth t be acheved;

≥ enhance the bnd t meh and bar renrcement

p an nerted trctra anchr and hd-

dwn and th prvde anchrae;

≥ ncreae the abran retance the race

and th redce wear rm trac;

≥ ncreae the enera drabt and th prvde

ner e;≥ decreae the permeabt and th mt

penetratn water and ther areve

btance (bth ar-brne and cntaned n

rnd water);

≥ redce the rk patc ettement crackn ver

deep beam and meh/bar renrcement (p

ther retrant wthn the cncrete) a we a

n-term drn hrnkae crackn;

≥ mprve the qat -rm nhe b enrn

cncrete cmpete the rm.

Adeqate cmpactn ab p t 100 mm thck

can enera be acheved thrh the pacn,

creedn and nhn peratn. Fr deeper

eement, addtna cmpactn w be reqred b

ne the methd tned bew.

4.3.2 Methods o compacto

vbrato Vbratn redce nterna rctn between

areate partce n the cncrete and w th

qe the mx and bvate the practce addn

exce water t mprve wrkabt.

Three bac tpe vbratn can be ed: mmern,

race r rm (exterr).

≥ immerso (poer) brators The mt cmmn

mmern vbratr r redenta wrk the pker

vbratr Fgre 4.4. smaer ze are ten reerred

t a neede vbratr. The are tpca drven

b petr mtr, athh dee, eectrc and

cmpreed ar are aternatve. The are d

r expen entrapped ar n deep rm ch

a beam, cmn and wa, and aw ea

pacement cncrete.

Fr the ze tpca ed n redenta wrk,

Table 4.2 ve dance n the rad cncrete

that can be eectve cmpacted. The rad

dependent eenta n the dameter the head/

can and the reqenc and amptde the

vbratn caed b the rtatn eccentrc wehtcntaned n t. The eectve rad determne the

nertn pattern that hd be adpted t enre

adeqate cmpactn a cncrete.

Pker vbratr hd be nerted vertca

nt cncrete, a qck a pbe, and hed

tatnar nt ar bbbe ceae t re t the

race. The hd then be w wthdrawn t

avd rt pcket. The hd nt be draed

thrh the cncrete r ver renrcement a th

ma cae ereatn the mx.

Fr hned nhe where the areate w be

exped, care reqred t cmpact cntent

ver the entre area t enre nrm expre

the areate.

Fr deeper eement ch a wa and cmn,

adeqate pace between the renrcement r t

the rm ace hd be prvded t aw e

the pker vbratr. genera, the vbratr hd

be kept abt 50 mm cear the rm ace.

Damaed rm ace w ret n treak and

cr varatn n the race, whe naccebe

area w ret n nadeqate cmpactn and

pbe hnecmbn Fgre 4.5.

Cover

Finished

face

Castingspace

150 min 200 min

Cover

Finished

face

Finished

face

Castingspace

Fgre 4.4 Use mmers (pker) bratr

Fgre 4.5 Prde sufcet clearaces t allw

cmpact




≥ Srace brators (bratg screeds) Fgre 4.6

srace vbratr are apped t the tp race

the cncrete wth the vbratn actn dwnward

t cmpact the cncrete. The ntent vbratn,

and hence the amnt cmpactn acheved,decreae wth the depth rm the tp race.

Dependn n the ze and peratn the nt

ed, the eectve depth cmpactn w

var rm 100 t 200 mm. Fr ab thcker than

180 mm mmern vbratr hd be ed t

ppement the race vbratn.

The avaabe tpe race vbratr ncde

vbratn-rer creed, vbratn-beam creed

and a hand-hed vbratn creed. Hand-hed

eqpment ed man t at wth nhn

the race rather than cmpactn the depth cncrete. larer tpe cmpact a we a ad

wth even and nhn the race.

Th methd ten the mt eectve and

ecnmca ptn r n, cntn pr and

aw wer mp cncrete t be ed. Care ma

be reqred an ede de t the eectvene

cmpactn decrean n the vcnt ede

rm r adjacent ab. Th becae ede

rm and adjacent ab tend t dampen the

vbratn at the extremte the beam. it

therere recmmended that cmpactn b

vbratn beam be ppemented b mmern

vbratr ande ede rm and adjacent ab

t enre adeqate cmpactn Fgre 4.7.

≥ Form (eteral) brato Frm vbratn

e r cmpcated member r where the

renrcement hh cneted. it can be dne

mp (where ther methd cannt be ed) b

n a hammer t tap the rm r bxn. The

cncrete n cntact wth the rm vbrated and

cmpacted, th mprvn the race nh.

Table 4.2

Eecte radus act pker bratrs

Dameter o head Eecte rads o acto

(mm) (mm)

25 75–150

35 150–200

45 250–300

55 ≈ 350

65 ≈ 400

Tampg Fr thn rnd ab, tampn wth the

creed bard an eectve methd cmpactn.

in certan tatn, tampn wth wd fat and

race wrkn ce p me tpe crackn.

Fr hned nhe, tampn ma ca ette thecare areate retn n ‘and’ treak r ne

where e areate exped n the nhed

race. i th ccr, addtna hnn w nrma

be reqred t expe the care areate that ha

etted rther rm the race.

Roddg Rddn wth a prpe-made rddn

t r eqvaent eectve r cmpactn per r

where pker vbratr cannt be nerted, epeca

where meh renrcement cneted and pace

mted. shve can be ed r rddn at beam

ede, arnd ppe and penetratn and at

pacement jnt t re-wrk the d and new cncrete

t prevent cd jnt.

4.3.3 vbrato hts

uder-brato ma cae er deect

n cncrete and the mt cmmn prbem.

inadeqate cmpactn rm nder-vbratn w

advere aect trctra prperte ch a trenth,

bnd, abran retance and drabt (thrh

ncreaed permeabt). other prperte ch a the

qat the race nh ma a be aected.

Fgre 4.6 Use a bratg screed

Depth of compaction decreases in vicinity of edge forms

Depth of compaction(maximum 200 mm)

Immersion vibrators needed tosupplement compaction here

Surface vibrator

Edge form Edge form

Fgre 4.7 Degree cmpact ares acrss wdth

whe surace bratrs are supprted edge rms




Oer-brato enera nt a prbem wth

we prprtned mxe. ue r verzed

eqpment r an exceve enth tme wth pr

prprtned mxe r the t whch exceve

amnt water have been added ma caeprbem. Addn exce water t the mx can cae

a prbem wth vbratn, pb eadn t matera

ereatn, and t dtn and fakn ater.

Rebrato the cmpactn cncrete whch

ha been cmpacted me tme earer. The practce

nt wde ed, part de t the dct

knwn jt hw ate t can be apped. A d re

thmb that revbratn ma be ed a n a the

vbratr capabe nkn nt the cncrete nder

t wn weht. Revbratn can be ed t: bnd

aer cncrete nt prev aer; bend cd

jnt; ce patc hrnkae and patc ettement

crackn; mprve the race nh at the tp

cmn and wa; ncreae the ptenta trenth

and wear retance fr; and mprve bndn t

renrcement.

4.4 FiniSHinG

4.4.1 Screedg

screedn the peratn even the cncrete

ater t paced n the rm and rh dtrbtedwth hve. it dne b hand, r b mean

vbratn-beam creed, whch wrk the rm r

de ra. it hd be dne bere beedwater re

t the race.

Hand creedn nvve the e a creed bard

(r beam) t trke the cncrete t the reqred

heht ether rm b e a eve. The trkn

race a creed bard hd awa be traht

and tre. The race trck b pn the

creed bard rward, whe mvn t back and rth

n a awn-ke mtn acr the tp the ederm/cncrete. A ma r r rchare cncrete

hd awa be kept ahead the creed. srace

hw created b areate ‘r t’ r ncent

rchare n rnt the creed hd awa be

ed mmedate t enre a fat race.

4.4.2 Floatg

The prpe fatn t make the race even

and pen n textre, read r nhn.

Fatn wrkn the race cncrete wth

bfat, hand fat r wth rtar nhn machne

tted wth tabe fat r he. genera, t hd

nt ben nt a beedwater ha evaprated rm the

race, r ha been care remved wth a hean

dra r arden he; and the cncrete hard enh

t wthtand t trac wth n mnr ndentatn n

the race. Thee ndentatn are remved b the

fatn peratn. Fatn:

≥ embed are areate partce beneath the

race;

≥ remve ht mperectn and prdce a

race cer t a tre pane;

≥ cmpact the cncrete and cndate mrtar at

the race, preparn t r nhn; and

≥ ce mnr race crack, whch mht appear

a the race dre.

Blloatg The bfat (Fgre 4.8) a are

fat n a n hande, whch wrked back and

rth n the cncrete n a drectn parae t the

rde rmed b creedn. Bfatn e a

an nta fatn peratn t mth the cncrete

race mmedate ater creedn, and hd be

cmpeted bere beedwater appear n the race.

A ecnd e the bfat ma be reqred bt care

mt be taken nt t verwrk the race.

Floatg b had Three tpe hand fat are n

cmmn e: wden, manem and cmptn.

The hand fat hed fat n the race and mved n

a weepn arc t embed the areate, cmpact the

cncrete, and remve mnr mperectn and crack

Fgre 4.9.

The race ma metme be fated a ecnd tme(ater me hardenn ha taken pace) t mpart the

na textre t the cncrete.

Floatg b mache Fat bade are wder than

trwe bade and are trned p an the ede

t prevent them dn nt the race n the fat

ptn. Fr th rean, fatn wth a trwen

machne eqpped wth nrma trwe bade hd

nt be attempted. The pwer fat hd be perated

ver the cncrete n a rear pattern, eavn a

matt nh. srace near t btrctn, r n ab

crner, that cannt be reached wth a pwer fat

hd be mana fated bere pwer fatn.




4.4.3 Trowellg

Trwen carred t me tme ater fatn. The

dea t aw me tenn t take pace that

areate partce are nt trn t the race.

Trowellg b had A trwe r hand nhn ha

a fat, brad tee bade and ed n a weepn

arc mtn wth each pa verappn the prev

ne Fgre 4.10. Fr trwen t be mt eectve,

the tmn the peratn ca r me experence

and jdement, bt n enera term, when the trwe

mved acr the race t hd ve a rnn

nd.

Fr the rt trwen (ten reerred t a ‘breakn’),

the trwe bade hd be kept a fat aant the

race a pbe becae ttn, r ptchn, thetrwe at t reat an ane can create rppe n the

race. Mre trwen ncreae the mthne,

dent, and wear retance the race.

scceve trwen peratn hd be made wth

maer trwe at ncrean ptche. Th ncreae

the prere at the bttm the bade and cmpact

the race.

later trwen, ater rther hardenn, w ncreae

the dent the race cncrete, makn t mre

wear retant. scceve trwen peratn

hd be at rht ane t each ther r bet ret.Fgre 4.9 Had atg wth wde ats

Fgre 4.8 Bullatg

Fgre 4.11 Trwellg by mache

Fgre 4.10 Had trwellg wth steel trwel




Trowellg b mache Fgre 4.11 The trwen

machne (pwer trwe r ‘hecpter’) a cmmn

t n Atraa r a cae wrk and cnt

evera (enera r) tee trwe bade rtated b

a mtr and ded b a hande.

Trwen b machne hd be carred t temat-

ca ver the cncrete n a rear pattern. Crner

area, area ce t btrctn and ma rrearte

hd then be ‘tched-p’ wth a hand trwe.

Machne trweed race ma r ma nt cntan

trwen mark. i trwen mark are nt acceptabe

then a race ree trwen mark hd be

peced. A brnhed nh ten peced t

avd trwen mark, bt brnhn reer t a

race that hh trweed that t take n a

tre t wn. The addtna wrk and expene are

enera nt warranted r redenta ab ne

peca decratve nhe have been peced.

Edgg Edn prvde a qarter-rnd arr an

the ede tpath, pat, kerb and tep. it

acheved b rnnn an edn trwe an the

permeter the cncrete. Edn trwe are tee

and ncrprate a qarter-rnd rmn ede. The

are avaabe n a varet wdth and wth var

dameter qadrant. Edn mprve the appearance

man tpe pavn and make the ede e

vnerabe t chppn.

4.4.4 Other fshes

Fr ther nhe ch a hned, abrave bat and

acd etched, reer t Secto 9.

4.5 CuRinG

4.5.1 Geeral

Crn retann mtre n cncrete r a

reanabe tme t aw cement hdratn (ee

ar) whch ccr when water and cement arecmbned t rm cement pate. snce the hdratn

cement take me tme (da, and even week

rather than hr) crn mt be ndertaken r a

reanabe perd tme the cncrete t acheve

t ptenta trenth and drabt. Crn w:

≥ mprve cmpreve trenth;

≥ redce the ncdence drn hrnkae crackn;

≥ redce race dtn;

≥ mprve drabt and hence the prtectn

renrcement;≥ mprve the hardne the race, and

cneqent t retance t abran.

Crn hd be mantaned r a mnmm perd

3 da r a tpe redenta cncretn and

pb 7 da dependn n the envrnment

(e near cata and/r exped t at), prperte

reqred the cncrete, the prpe r whch t t be ed and the prevan weather cndtn. it

hd ben a n a pbe bt n mre than

3 hr ater nhn, r the benet w be marked

redced.

4.5.2 Crg methods

Crn methd are dened t keep the cncrete

cntn mt and a nt tw brad catere:

≥ Preventn exceve mtre b:

— appn crn cmpnd t the race b

pra r rer;

— pacn and ecrn pthene heetn ver

the race;

— eavn rmwrk (ede beam, de and ace

pane) n pace;

— e nterna crn cmpnd (admxtre);

— a cmbnatn ch methd.

≥ Cntn wettn the exped race b:

— pndn water n the cncrete race where

practcabe;

— pran the race wth water (ten ahean r and cvern a ed t hep

retan the water n the race).

in cd cmate and partcar where reezn

cndtn ma ccr, crn can a nvve

cntrn the temperatre t prevent reezn the

race, and ran the temperatre the cncrete

t ncreae the rate trenth an.

4.5.3 Crg compods

lqd membrane-rmn crn cmpnd(cmmn knwn a crn cmpnd) are

qd that can be praed, brhed, r qeeeed

(a praed Fgre 4.12) drect nt the

cncrete race, and whch dr t rm a reatve

mpermeabe membrane that mt the

mtre rm the cncrete. Ther prperte and e

are decrbed n As 3799.

sme pnt t nte abt the e crn

cmpnd ncde:

≥ The are ea t app wth ether pra r rer.

The tpe r rade crn cmpnd hd bematched t the appcatn methd.




≥ The aw cntrctn t cntne nhndered.

≥ The can be apped mmedate ater nhn.

Crn cmpnd hd be apped a n

a the ree water n the race ha evaprated

and there n water heen vbe. Appn t

ear dte the membrane and t ate ret n t

ben abrbed nt the cncrete and the m nt

rmn.

≥ The ma cntan tve de t at n

aen cverae. The rate appcatn

hd be nrm. i pbe, tw appcatn

at rht ane t each ther w hep enre

cmpete cverae. Pmented cmpnd ma

a hep the cncrete race refect rather than

abrb heat.

≥ The rate cverae aected b the acta

race nhe, e rh r brmed race

w reqre mre a there reater race area.

≥ The cmpatbt cmpnd wth ntended

adheve hd be checked a me

cmpnd ma reqre remva r ed-dwn

fr cvern ch a drect tck carpet and

vn, epx r prethane catn and ceramc

te adheve.

≥ Adeqate ventatn and ther necear aet

precatn hd be prvded when n

vent-baed prdct, partcar n enced

pace.

4.5.4 Plastc sheetg

Patc heetn, r mar matera, are eectve n

mtn water , prvded the are kept ecre n

pace and prtected rm damae. Ther eectvene

redced the are nt ecred and wnd can tthem rm the race.

sme pnt t nte abt the e patc

heetn ncde:

≥ Patc mt be paced ver the cncrete and

eaed and ecred at the ede a n a

pbe (wtht daman the race) ater

nhn.

≥ A wrnke hd be mthed t t mnme

the mttn eect caed b neven crn,

partcar r decratve nhe. An aternatve

ma be t pend the heetn jt abve the

race b n ma tmber batten (twd)

r meta tbe (e cadn cmpnent),

takn care t avd tann the race rm

thee cmpnent, e rt rm meta tbe r

tan rm hardwd.

≥ Patc mt be apped and eaed t prevent

expre t the drn eect heat, wnd r w

hmdt. Fr vertca wrk, the member hd be

wrapped wth heetn and taped t mt mtre

. Where cr mprtant, the heetn

hd be kept cear the race a abve.

≥ Patc heetn ma be cear r cred. Whte

r ht cred heetn w refect the n’

ra n ht weather and keep the cncrete cer

drn the mmer. Cear r rane patc

enera recmmended r exterr wrk t mt

heat abrptn b the cncrete and mnme

prbem de t crn. Back patc, hwever,

whch abrb the heat, cd be ed n cer

ren, r n the wnter mnth, t acceerate

trenth an b ran the cncrete temperatre.

≥ There enera n need t add water nder

the heetn.

4.5.5 Formwor

leavn rmwrk n pace ten an ecent and

ct-eectve methd crn cncrete, partcar

drn t ear tae. in ver ht dr weather t

ma be derabe t mten tmber rmwrk t

prevent t drn t drn the crn perd, thereb

ncrean the enth tme that t reman eectve.

Nte that when vertca rmwrk eaed rm the

cncrete race t eectvene a a crn methd

ncant redced.

Fgre 4.12 Sprayg a curg cmpud




4.5.6 Water crg

Water crn carred t b ppn water t the

race the cncrete n a wa that enre that t

kept cntn mt.

sme pnt t nte abt the e water crn

ncde:

≥ Water hd nt be mre than abt 5° cer

than the cncrete race. spran warm

cncrete wth cd water ma cae ‘therma

hck’ and cae/cntrbte t crackn.

≥ Water crn hep t redce/cntr the

temperatre the cncrete n ht weather.

≥ The practce ntermttent wettn dwn n the

mrnn and at nht nt rearded a crn.

Th ma ret n reater harm t the cncreteb can expann and cntractn, and

cntrbtn t race crazn and crackn.

≥ i prnker are ed, the ma be perated b

a tmer, bt the reqenc wettn mt enre

the race kept cntn mt. A, ne

pra ma be aected b wnd cndtn and

care hd be taken nder ch cndtn t

enre the race kept cntn mt and

aternate wettn and drn de nt ccr. T

mt water e, rn cd be cected and

recced.

≥ Fat race ma be cred b pndn, bt care

mt be taken t avd eak and enre the

haw pnd created de nt empt r dr t

thrh evapratn. Nte that an adeqate pp

water reqred and pndn ma nterere wth

beqent cntrctn actvte

≥ Cvern matera ch a hean and and,

hd be pre mtened and hd nt be

awed t dr t a the can act ke a wck and

draw mtre t the cncrete. Fr abrc,

th can a ret n the abrc textre ben

neatve abrbed nt the cncrete race.

≥ i cr mprtant, care hd be taken that the

race nt taned rm mprte n the water

r an cvern matera that ed. New abrc

can each abrc tan, pre-wahn therere

enera eenta. sand can a cntan

mnera that w tan the race.

4.6 EFFECTS OF WEATHER COnDiTiOnS

4.6.1 Geeral

in Atraa, weather cndtn can var rm

reezn cd t ver ht. Experenced pavr are

awa aware the eect that weather can have

n cncrete. lw wrkabt, ear ettn tme r

patc hrnkae crackn are nt mptmatc ht

weather cndtn ane bt can ccr at an tme

the ear. lw temperatre d nt jt ccr drn

the wnter mnth ether, bt can be experenced

thrht the ear.

Water ver mprtant r hdratn cement.

Mantann the crrect amnt water and

wrkabt cncrete n a weather cndtn

mprtant t aw prper pacement, cmpactn

and nhn the cncrete, and hdratn thecement t acheve, tmate, the prperte d

cncrete.

When the na nh de nt meet expectatn, the

prdct (cncrete) ten wrn bamed; when

the mt ke cae a are t adpt cncretn

practce tabe t the cndtn. B cndern

apprprate cncretn practce n bth ht and

cd weather, the rk nvved wth pacn n thee

cndtn hd be redced and the cntrctn

d qat cncrete made pbe.

The eect weather cndtn n cncrete

prperte mmared n Table 4.3.

4.6.2 Hot-weather cocretg

Whe ht weather cndtn are cmmn

encntered n mmer, an cmbnatn hh

temperatre, wnd and w hmdt cd ret

n cndtn eadn t prbem wth cncrete

pacement and nhn at an tme.

As 1379 pace a 35°C mt n the maxmm cncrete

temperatre at the tme dever. Hwever, when

the ar temperatre abve 30°C, t a

recmmended that precatn be taken, partcar

there a a ht dr wnd. Frt t enre an

acceptabe cncrete temperatre at the pnt

dever, and ecnd, t avd prbem wth

patc hrnkae crackn and ear tenn the

cncrete.

Eects o hot weather codtos

≥ settn tme decreaed, awn e tme t

pace, cmpact and nh the cncrete. ua, a

et-retardn admxtre added t cmpenate

r hh temperatre. Aternatve ncde




cntrn the cncrete temperatre b n, r

exampe, ced water n the mx, n a cement

tpe wth wer heat hdratn r mtn the

amnt cement t that reqred t prvde

trenth and drabt.≥ Wrkabt and mp are redced makn

pacement, cmpactn and nhn mre dct.

Addn exce water t the mx t mprve the

wrkabt nt recmmended a th w

redce the trenth and drabt. The e a

patcer r admxtre t ncreae the wrkabt

preerred.

≥ increaed patc hrnkae crackn. i the rate

evapratn reater than the rate beedn,

race drn w ccr, retn n hrnkae

the cncrete and pbe crackn.

Precatos hot weather codtos

≥ Pan the jb t avd dea nce pacement the

cncrete ha tarted.

≥ Pace cncrete drn the cet tme the da.

≥ Prvde nhade and wnd break t wrk area.

≥ Prtect the race cncrete ab at a tae

aant exceve evapratn and prematre

drn b n an evapratn retarder ch a

aphatc ach. Thee prdct redce the rate

evapratn and cntr the prematre drn the race, whe awn beedwater t re

t the race the cncrete. Nte that thee

prdct are nt crn cmpnd.

≥ Dampen the bbae/brade bere pacement

cncrete (bt d nt eave race water). A

dampen de rm r ab and wa.

≥ ue a et-retardn admxtre.

≥ Cmmence crn a n a pbe and

cntne r a mnmm 3 da; 7 da

preerabe. i patc heetn ed r crn, t

hd be cear r ht cred, nt back.

Nte that the Bdn Cde Atraa (Vme 2

Hn Prvn: Cae 3.2.3.1d) tate

that ‘in ht (abve 30°C) and wnd cndtn

cncrete mt be cred b cvern wth patc

heetn, pran wth a qd membrane crn

cmpnd r pndn water n the tp race’.

4.6.3 Cold-weather cocretg

Temperatre rane experenced n wnter can preent

prbem wth cncrete pacement that need t be

manaed. As 1379 reqre cncrete temperatre at

the pnt dever t be wthn the rane 5 t 35°C.

When the ar temperatre a bew 10°C, whe the

cncrete ma be n n daner reezn, t a

recmmended that precatn be taken. Frt t

enre the mnmm cncrete temperatre at the pnt

dever, and ecnd, de t the ncreaed tme

reqred r the cncrete t an trenth.

lw temperatre have a nmber eect n the

behavr cncrete, mt whch are reated t the

redctn n the rate cement hdratn.

Table 4.3

Eect weather cdts ccrete prpertes

Weather codtos

Propert Ht Cld Dry / Wdy

smp Decreaed N Decreaed

settn tme Redced increaed N

strenth an

shrt term increaed Decreaed N

ln term Ma be decreaed increaed N

Wrkabt Redced N Decreaed

Rk patc hrnkae crackn increaed Ma be ncreaed increaed

Rk drn hrnkae crackn increaed N increaed

Rk cd jnt increaed Decreaed increaed

Perd reqred prr t remva rmwrk Redced increaed N




Eects o low temperatres

≥ The rate cement hdratn redced, retn

n ner ettn tme. ua a et-acceeratn

admxtre added t cmpenate r w

temperatre. Aternatve ncde ncrean theamnt cement n the mx, n hh-ear

trenth cement, wern the water cntent, n

ht water r mxn r a cmbnatn thee

meare.

≥ swer trenth an retn n ner trppn

tme r rmwrk.

≥ Crackn ma be ncreaed a a ret the

wer cncrete trenth ben nabe t ret the

drn hrnkae tree.

≥ Water n the cncrete ma reeze and expand

can damae t the pre trctre the

cement pate and a redctn n trenth. A a

enera re, cncrete mt be prtected rm

reezn r at eat 24 hr ater pacement.

incrpratn an ar-entrann admxtre nt the

cncrete ma at n mnmn damae.

Precatos cold weather codtos

≥ Prtect the cncrete rm the cd, ncdn cd/

rzen rnd, wnd and rt. Cncrete hd

never be paced n rzen rnd.

≥ inate rmwrk and/r cver the race wthnatn r the rt 24 hr. Hdratn cement

enerate a ncant amnt heat whch,

retaned wthn the cncrete, w prtect t rm

reezn.

≥ Dea trppn rmwrk a n a pbe t

prtect cncrete rm rt.

≥ ue a tabe methd crn a mt r water

crn enera napprprate drn reezn

cndtn. The cncrete hd be kept warm

drn crn where th practca.

≥ The temperatre race hd awa be

awed t a w t avd therma crackn

de t temperatre derence between the cd

exterr and warm nterr the cncrete.




5.1 FORMWORk

5.1.1 Geeral

Frmwrk the temprar trctre whch md

cncrete nt the dered hape, and hd t n the

crrect ptn nt t ha hardened cent and/r

abe t pprt the ad mped n t. Frmwrk

hd have cent:

≥ trenth t ret the prere the fd cncrete

wtht damae r exceve defectn;

≥ tne t avd bw/be tde the

terance peced r the wrk;

≥ accrac cntrctn t enre crrect race

eve and dmenn/hape;

≥ waterthtne t prevent the cement

pate and/r matrx rm the cncrete (th can

cae raed ede, hdratn tann andhnecmbn, whch n trn can aect trenth,

drabt and ret n pr -rm nhe);

≥ rbtne t aw repeated trppn, trn

and erectn.

Frmwrk hd be cated wth a rm reeae aent

t mprve cncrete nhe, ad n the remva the

rmwrk and th mnme pbe damae t the

cncrete ace rm the trppn peratn. There are

tw bac tpe reeae aent: barrer prdct

whch mp eparate the cncrete rm the rmwrk,

and the mre cmmn reactve prdct whchreact wth the cncrete cnttent t rm ap-ke

prdct that prevent the cncrete rm adhern t

the rmwrk. A reeae aent tabe r the tpe

rmwrk and nh reqred hd be eected.

Frmwrk et n pace, prmar, t prtect the

ede the ab rm mechanca damae drn

te wrk (whe the cncrete hardenn), and t

avd damae rm the prematre remva the

rmwrk te. Frmwrk a an eectve mean

crn when t et n pace. i the rmwrk

trpped bere 3 da have eaped, t advabet cntne crn exped race wth ne the

methd decrbed n Secto 4.5 Curing .

5.1.2 Basc grod orms

Bac rnd rm are tabe r path and drvewa

n rm rnd, p t 150 mm thck. The crrect

methd xn rm t pe hwn n Fgre 5.1.

5.1.3 Deep edge orms

Frmwrk p t 300 mm n heht ten reqred

r ab where the rnd eve vare. Where the

heht rmwrk exceed 150 mm, t hd be

braced a hwn n Fgre 5.2. Deep ede rm

can be cntrcted rm cean-aced p wth tp and

bttm waer. i d tmber rm (mnmm 38 mm)

are ed, the bracn and rmwrk w be derent.

When depth exceed 200 mm, d tmber rm

hd be a mnmm 50 mm thck.

itrated n Fgre 5.3 (a) ad (b) are mpetn t cmmn prbem when n deep

ede rm.

Formwork and

Reinorcement

O5

PLAN SECTION A–A

Solid timberedge form

Edge form

A A

Pegs

Pegs

Skew nailing

Fgre 5.1 Basc grud rms

Top and bottom plates (walers)with studs between

Braces

Pegs

Plywoodform

Fgre 5.2 Braced rmwrk r slabs mre tha

150 mm thck




5.1.4 Edge orms wth rebates

Man he ab have rebate at the ab ede t

aw an externa kn brckwrk t t n a damp-

pr cre (DPC) bew the fr eve. Fgre 5.4

hw a tpca cntrctn methd wth tmber

rmwrk r rat ab cntrctn: the rebate rm

can be ether d tmber, r mre cmmn cnt

bracket wth a tmber ede bard an the nde

the rebate Fgre 5.5. Fr tn ab cntrctn,

an aternatve t prvdn braced ede rm mar

t Fgre 5.3 (a) hwn n Fgre 5.6. Wth th

rmwrk methd, ede rm are ecred t reaed

25-mm tee dwe paced nt tn beam and

remved ater the ab ha et. The he are ed

wth rt nce the dwe have been remved. The

externa ea manr cntrcted the tn

wth a ap t the ab ede; and the nterna wa

cntrcted the ab and aned wth the ab

ede.

(a) CARRY ONE EDGE FORM PAST THE CORNER

(b) HANG EDGE FORMS FROM A BRIDGING BEAM

Form extended past cornerand supportedon peg

Bracesand peg

Peg

Edge form

Edge form

Hanger frombridging beam

Supportingpeg

Edge formBridging beam

Edge beam

Edge form

Cleat

Fgre 5.3 Sluts t cmm prblems wth deep

edge rms

Finishedslab level

Edge form

Rebateform

Peg

Tie-down peg

Bridgingbeam

Edge beam

Brace

Fgre 5.4 Frmwrk r rat slab wth rebate

Fgre 5.5 Edge rebate rmwrk wth brackets ad

edge bard

Finishedslab level

Rebate form

Footing cast first

Slab edge beam

Edge form

25 mm dia. steel dowelcast in footing andgreased for easyremoval

Fgre 5.6 Frmwrk r tg slab




5.1.5 Catleered ormwor

A wder tep-dwn metme reqred, r exampe

t accmmdate tep at the ab ede. Thee are

bet cntrcted a hwn n Fgre 5.7.

5.1.6 Other tpes o grod orms

Fabrcated meta rm and ther prpretar

rmwrk tem peed p rnd ab cntrctn

and can be re-ed. severa teecpc meta rm

tem are avaabe and can be eectve r hh

repettve cntrctn. P and meta cmpte rm

are tabe r appcatn wth repettn and heav

wrkn ad (deep beam).

5.1.7 Masor ormwor

Manr rmwrk (brck r bck) mantan the ame

ace matera bew natra rnd. it remve the

need r a rmwrker bt reqre a tw-part ab

cntrctn, e tn ab Fgre 5.8.

5.1.8 Costrcto jots

At cntrctn jnt, where cntnt

renrcement reqred, tw-pece rmwrk

tabe r bth meh and bar a hwn n

Fgre 5.9 (a). Th t enabe adeqate cmpactn

and nhn the cncrete an the jnt.

Athh prmar ed r cntr jnt, prpretar

meta ke-rm r tmber rm are a tabe

r e a cntrctn-jnt rmwrk. Whe therenrcement can nt be cntn, the ke

aw ad traner between adjacent ab pane

Fgre 5.9 (b).

5.2 PuRPOSE OF REinFORCEMEnT

Cncrete ha hh cmpreve trenth bt w

tene trenth. stee, n the ther hand, ha a

ver hh tene trenth (and a hh cmpreve

trenth) bt mch mre expenve than cncrete.

Cmbnn tee and cncrete make e bth

the hh tene trenth tee and the reatvew-ct cmpreve trenth cncrete. Table 5.1

t me the man charactertc bth cncrete

and tee.

it mprtant t ndertand that ncrrect ptned

renrcement can redce bth the trenth and

drabt renrced cncrete, and reat redce

the abt renrcement t cntr hrnkae

crackn. it recmmended that a trctra enneer

be enaed r the den renrcement.

Edge form

Stepform

Trowelling gap

Trowellinggaps

Bridging beam

Pegs

Tie-downpegs

Finishedslab level

Fgre 5.7 Catleered rmwrk

Vapourbarrier

Vapourbarrier

Vapourbarrier

Footingcast first

Footingcast first

Footingcast first

Slabedge beam

Slabedge beam

Slabedge beam

Knock-off brick course(8:1 mortar foreasy removal)

Hollow concretemasonry blocksacting as edgeforms

90 x 45 timberrebate form

(a) BRICK COURSE USED FOR REBATE (b) TIMBER USED FOR REBATE (c) SINGLE-LEAF MASONRY

Fgre 5.8 Masry rmwrk




Table 5.1

Characterstcs ccrete ad steel

Characterstcs o Characterstcs o

Cocrete Steel

Hh cmpreve Hh cmpreve

trenth trenth

lw tene trenth Hh tene trenth

Hh re retance lw re retance

Patc and mdabe Dct t md and

when reh hape except at hh

temperatre

Reatve nexpenve Reatve expenve

The cmbnatn cncrete and tee n renrced

cncrete mta beneca r a nmber

rean ncdn:

≥ upn hardenn, cncrete bnd rm t tee

rd, bar and wre that, when ad are

apped, the tw act a thh the are ne. An

tendenc r the cncrete t tretch r crack n

a zne tenn cnteracted b the tee

embedded n that zne.

≥ When bjected t chane n temperatre,

cncrete and tee expand r cntract b mar

amnt, and therere reman rm bnded.

≥ Cncrete, havn a reatve hh retance t re,

and a reatve w therma cndctvt, prtect

the tee embedded n t.

≥ Cncrete prvde an akane envrnment whch

prtect the embedded tee rm rtn.

The prncpa tpe tree (Fgre 5.10) whch

devep n cncrete eement are:

≥ Cmpreve tree – the whch tend t cae

cncrete t cmpact and crh.

≥ Tene tree – the whch tend t cae

cncrete t tretch and crack.

≥ shear tree – the whch tend t cae

adjacent prtn cncrete t de acr

each ther.

Edge form

Timber key form withbevelled edges nailed

to edge form

Sheet metal or plastickey form fixed to edge

form with clouts

Reinforcementcarried throughedge form

Pegs Pegs16

Edge form

Two-piece edge formto allow easy stripping

Pegs

(a) TWO-PIECE FORMWORK TO ALLOW REINFORCEMENT CONTINUITY

(b) TIMBER, METAL AND PLASTIC KEY JOINTS

Fgre 5.9 Frmwrk r cstruct jts

Load

Load Load

Load

Load

Load

COMPRESSIVE

TENSILE

SHEAR

Fgre 5.10 Types stresses




5.3 TyPES OF REinFORCEMEnT

Renrcement a pped n the rm

tee bar r tee wre weded tether t rm a

meh. Bar are nrma acated wth beam and

cmn, and meh wth fr and wa.

Bar can ether be w r nrma dctt tee,

e l12 r N12. Nrma dctt bar w enate

mre nder ad and are the tpe nmnated n

As 2870 r a ab and tn where bar are

reqred r ven a an aternatve t meh. A meh

prdced rm cd drawn (and therere w

dctt) wre and are prexed wth an ‘l’ r w

dctt, e 3-l11TM (three 11-mm-dameter w

dctt wre). Meh r ab tpca denated

a sl72, sl82, etc. The ‘s’ tand r qare meh,

‘l’ r w dctt, the rt dt the nmna wredameter; and the ecnd dt ndcate the pacn

the wre n the meh.

Cncrete ma a be renrced wth bre, the

man tpe ben tee. Pprpene bre are a

avaabe bt d nt ncreae the tene trenth

a cncrete member n the ame wa a tee bar,

meh r bre, bt w, hwever, prvde me cntr

patc hrnkae crackn cncrete.

5.4 FixinG REinFORCEMEnT

5.4.1 Geeral

Fxn mre than jt tn bar and meh tether.

it hd enre that nce the renrcement ha been

paced n t crrect ptn, t cannt be dpaced

drn pacn and cmpactn the cncrete

and w reman n pace nt the cncrete ha

hardened. A nmber methd are ed t cate

renrcement crrect and thee are detaed bew.

5.4.2 Bar chars ad spacers

Bar char and pacer pprt bar r mehrenrcement abve hrznta race, and prvde

adeqate cearance t vertca rmwrk and/r

excavatn acn. The are avaabe n a varet

hape and ma be made rm wre, patc r

cncrete Fgre 5.11. The are a manactred n

a rane ze, each whch prvde a pecc

thckne cncrete cver.

Factr t cnder n the tabt a char r

pacer ncde:

≥ Coer A bar char r pacer hd be eected

t prvde the crrect cver, nt ne ‘ce t’ that

reqred.

≥ Membrae damage Bar char whch cd

pnctre vapr barrer r damp-prn

membrane drn pacn peratn hd be

avded, r pprted n prpe-made bar char

bae r ‘acer’ (e, fat avaned meta pate).

≥ Stablt sme tpe bar char and pacer

are ea dpaced r kncked ver drn

cncrete-pacn peratn.

≥ Spacg o bar chars The pacn char

mt enre that the renrcement adeqate

pprted n the reqred ptn. Bar char

r meh are tpca paced at 0.8- t 1.0-m

nterva n bth drectn. Fr hter meh

(e sl52), cer pacn pprt ma be

reqred t prevent an nder the weht

cncrete and wrker.

≥ Materals Drabt reqrement ma determne

whch matera tabe r e. Patc and

patc tpped wre bar char ma nt be tabe

r marne appcatn a the patc tp e

than the cncrete cver reqred t renrcement.

A, nce cncrete de nt adhere t patc,

the nre mtre ke t ccr at the

nterace.

5.4.3 Tg o reorcemet

Renrcn bar ma be ted tether, r t trrp(atre), t rm a ‘cae’ that hep mantan the

bar n ptn drn the beqent cncretn

peratn. The cae mt be trn enh t

acheve th and cent te ed r the prpe.

Nte that the cae te mt be prvded wth

pacer t enre reqred cver are acheved.

5.4.4 Splcg (jog) o reorcemet

lenth renrcn bar r meh ma be jned

r ‘pced’ tether n a varet wa. The mt

cmmn methd mp t ap the bar r meh.

The apped prtn the bar r meh mt awa

(a) CONCRETE (b) PLASTIC-TIPPED WIRE (c) PLASTIC

Fgre 5.11 Typcal spacers r rercemet




be n cntact and ted ne therwe ndcated n

the drawn.

The wn reqrement are cntaned n

sectn 5.3 n As 2870 reardn pcn/appn

renrcement:

≥ Meh hd be apped a mnmm tw cr

wre that ‘the tw termt tranvere wre

ne heet verap the tw termt tranvere

wre the heet ben apped’.

≥ Trench meh hd be apped a mnmm

500 mm and be ted and ecred.

≥ Trench meh at T and l-nterectn hd be

verapped b the wdth the meh.

≥ Bar ed n renrced tn cae hd

be apped a mnmm 500 mm. At T andl-nterectn the bar hd be cntned

acr the wdth the nterectn. At

l-nterectn, ne ter bar hd be bent and

cntned 500 mm arnd the crner r a bent ap

bar 500 mm n prvded Fgre 5.12.

5.5 COvER TO REinFORCEMEnT

The cver t renrcement (the mnmm thckne

cncrete between the tde renrcement and

the nearet cncrete race) prvded baca

t ve prtectn t the tee renrcement aant

crrn (rtn).

sectn 5.3 n As 2870 ve the mnmm cver t

renrcement n he cntrctn Table 5.2. Fr

trp tn, enera 40 mm cver t nprtected

rnd r the tp the tn exped reqred.

Table 5.2

Mmum cer t rercemet rats ad slabs

Stato Coer (mm)

Tp cver t meh r nterna race 20

Tp/de cver t a renrcement

n ab exped t weather 40

Bttm/de cver t a renrcement

n beam and ab prtected b

a membrane 30

Bttm/de cver t a renrcement

n member cat drect aant

nn-areve rnd 40

5.6 iMPORTAnT COnSiDERATiOnS

FOR REinFORCEMEnT

Where penetratn ccr, the meh hd be ct

awa t prevent n the penetratn and nterern

wth the penetratn anment. The enneer hd

be aked t check whether r nt extra renrcement

reqred t mantan trctra trenth. Dependn

n the ze the penn n the ab, r at ther

re-entrant crner, As 2870 reqre that tw trp

3-l8TM, ne trp 3-l11TM r three N12 bar

(mnmm 2 m n) be paced dana acr the

crner t redce the rk a ptenta crack.

Hrznta penetratn t trp tn are

permtted thrh the mdde thrd the tn.

lcaed deepenn the tn and/r addtna

renrcement ma be needed.

Wth an renrced cncrete prject:

≥ D nt hk meh and t nt ptn (e bar

char).

≥ Pace bar char r enera wrk at maxmm 1-m

pacn.

≥ D nt ‘wak’ the meh nt the cncrete drn

pacement.

≥ Prevent md ben waked nt renrcement.

stack matera n kd the rnd.

≥ D nt aw trck t drve ver renrcement.

≥ Adeqate pce and ecre renrcement. Fr

meh, a d tandard t ecre each thrd

wre ap and taer the tn- ne. Fr pcn/appn bar, te each end the pced enth

t adeqate ecre the bar.

500 lap500 lap

500lap

Separate L-barlapped oneach leg

One outer barbent and lapped

OPTION 1 OPTION 2

Fgre 5.12 Lappg rercemet at crers




5.7 inSPECTiOnS

item t be npected and checked where appcabe:

≥ Nmber, ze and pacn bar, r the ze

meh. Reer t peccatn and prject

drawn.

≥ Nmber, ze and pacn tment (n beam).

≥ Heht and dtrbtn char t mantan

reqred bttm and de cver.

≥ Cver t end bar.

≥ Extenn enth bar and meh pat pprt

ace.

≥ lcatn and enth ap pce.

≥ lcatn ervce ppe, cndt, penn

and tet wth repect t cnfct wth bar and

tment catn.

≥ Trmmn bar arnd penn n ab and at

re-entrant crner.

≥ Eectvene tn (bar t bar, bar t

tment, ap pce, char t bar r meh).

≥ Remva te wre ct, partcar where ab/

beam t w be exped.

spprt and te are ntended t pprt n

the weht the renrcement, the cncrete ver

them p cncreter and, tether wth te-dwn,

t prevent the renrcement ben accdentadpaced drn cncrete pacement. The are nt

ntended t pprt enera cntrctn trac. it

therere mprtant that, nce the renrcement

ha been paced, xed and checked, ndependent

pprted pank rn are prvded t keep pernne

and eqpment ch a whee barrw the

renrcement. i th nt dne, a the prev

d wrk and ert n crrect ptnn the

renrcement w have been wated.




6.1 GEnERAL

Crack can ccr n cncrete cntrctn r a

varet rean. sme crackn nevtabe

becae cncrete, ke mt ther bdn matera,

mve wth chane n temperatre and t

mtre cntent. specca, t hrnk a t emtre. The rk crackn can be mnmed b

ndertandn what actr cae crackn and hw

t den and deta cncrete wrk t addre thee

e.

Crackn n cncrete a nt tw bac catere:

≥ Prehardenn crack whch ccr prr t ettn

the cncrete

≥ Crack n hardened cncrete whch ccr ater

ettn the cncrete.

6.2 PREHARDEninG CRACkS

6.2.1 Geeral

The tw mt cmmn rm prehardenn crack

that aect cncrete wrk are patc hrnkae

crackn and patc ettement crackn. The ccr

whe cncrete t n t patc tate and therere

bere the cncrete ha aned an trenth. The

ma nt awa be evdent at the cmpetn

cncretn a bfatn, beedwater and race

trwen can temprar ce p r cncea them.

oten, wth rther drn the race, crack thathave been cvered (b trwen) wth a thn aer

cement pate w reappear. A ack adeqate crn

w add t the prbem.

Prehardenn crack can a be caed b rmwrk

mvement.

i crack ccr the hd be cmpete ced

p b revbratn r trwen t enre that at

cmpetn, n ntatr r rther crackn reman n

the cncrete.

6.2.2 Plastc shrage cracg

Patc hrnkae crackn Fgre 6.1 caed b

rapd drn the cncrete race. The can ccr

at an tme the ear, rm cer w-hmdt

weather cndtn t, n partcar, ht weathercndtn nvvn an ne r a cmbnatn hh

temperatre, w hmdt and wnd. Thee tpe

crack ccr whe the cncrete beedn and

drn the nhn peratn. Freh cncrete ma

be exped t the eement r a cnderabe tme

drn thee tae, can the cncrete at the

race t dr and hrnk bere t ha an trenth t

ret the hrnkae rce. Cncrete crack n mch

the ame wa a ca .

Pprpene bre can be added t the cncrete

mx t redce the ncdence patc hrnkaecrackn. Fbre tend t bnd the race the

cncrete tether and prvde me trenth t the

patc cncrete t ret the hrnkae rce.

Methd t redce the rk patc hrnkae

crackn ncde:

≥ Erect wnd break t hed the race rm

drn wnd.

≥ i vapr barrer r damp-prn membrane

are nt preent, dampen the rnd prr t

pacn cncrete t redce abrptn.

≥ ue a cntn ne mt pra t the race

the cncrete and prevent prematre drn

the race whe beedwater rn.

≥ spra an evapratn retarder ch a aphatc

ach ver the reh creeded cncrete race.

srace can dr prematre when the rate

evapratn reater than the rate beedn.

Thee prdct rm a m n the race that

redce the rate evapratn water, th

awn tme r a the beedwater t re t the

race. The addtn a tve de w hw the

evenne the cverae. in extreme cndtn,

re-appcatn the evapratn retarder ma be

necear bth bere and drn trwen. Thee

prdct d nt aect the trenth r perrmance

the cncrete and can act a a nhn ad.

≥ ue phca remede ch a revbratn the

cncrete, vr wd fatn ver crack r

extended e pwer trwen t ce p the

depth the crack.

≥ Cmmence crn a n a pbe ater

nhn.

≥ Dea pacement extreme weather cndtn

are predcted.

Cracks and Crack Control

O6




6.2.3 Plastc settlemet cracg

Patc ettement crackn caed when cncrete

ette nder t wn weht, ten becae

nadeqate cmpactn. once cncrete paced

nt the rm, the heaver partce (cement, and,rave) ette t the bttm and the hter water

rced t the race n a prce knwn a beedn.

Cmpactn cncrete enre that the entrapped

ar expeed and partce n the cncrete are

packed tht tether t mnme ettement. Deeper

ectn ch a beam are awa mre prne t

ettement crackn a mre depth avaabe r

ettement.

i ettement ccr ater pacement, an retrant t

the ettement w tpca ret n the rmatn a

crack n the race abve the retrant and pbeave a vd beneath t. Cmmn retrant ncde

renrcement and ervce ppe wthn the cncrete

and even tep n rmwrk ch a wafe rat where

the depth chane ncant Fgres 6.2 ad 6.3.

unke patc hrnkae crack whch can be

randm cated ver the race, ettement crack

tend t be traht a the w the ne the

renrcn r rmwrk Fgre 6.4.

sme methd t redce the rk patc ettement

crackn ncde:

≥ F an deep beam ectn t the eve the

bttm the ab bere pacn the cncrete n

the ab.

≥ Awa enre adeqate cmpactn.

≥ Revbrate the race where there mre than a

300-mm depth cncrete bew tp bar.

≥ Enre a rmwrk can wthtand expected

wrkn ad and that the rmwrk ta n pace

t pprt the cncrete nt t e-pprtn.

6.2.4 Cracs cased b ormwor moemet

i there mvement the rmwrk ater the cncrete

ha tarted t ten bt bere t ha aned enh

trenth t pprt t wn weht, crack ma rm.

Th tpe crackn ha n et pattern.

T avd crackn rm rmwrk mvement, rmwrk

mt be:

≥ cent trn and rd t pprt the weht

the cncrete wtht exceve defectn; and

≥ et n pace nt the cncrete ha aned cent

trenth t pprt te.

Fgre 6.1 Plastc shrkage crackg

A A

SECTION A-A

PLAN

Settlement cracks

Large aggregateparticles

Reinforcingbars

Settlementcracks

(a) AT REINFORCING BARS CLOSE TO SURFACE

(b) AT CHANGES IN FORMWORK DEPTH

Differential settlement cracks

Differentialsettlementcracks

SECTION B–B

PLAN

B B

Fgre 6.2 Plastc settlemet crackg




6.3 CRACkS in HARDEnED COnCRETE

6.3.1 Geeral

Crackn n cncrete ater ettn a ccr r a

varet rean. The tw mt cmmn rm

crackn n hardened cncrete are crazn and drn-

hrnkae crackn.

6.3.2 Crazg

Th bet decrbed a a netwrk ver necbweb-ke r aatr-kn crack, whch appear

n the race cncrete ater t ha been exped

t the atmphere r me tme. The ccr n

the race cement mrtar and are enera mre

cmmn n race wth a hh tee-trweed

r brnhed nh a the addtna tme reqred

r nhn eave the race exped r a

ner perd prr t cmmencement crn

Fgre 6.5. Crazn de nt nrma extend bew

the tp 2 t 3 mm, nr de t ead t drabt r

ther er prbem; t enera aect n theappearance.

The man cae th rm crackn are:

≥ rapd drn the hh cmpacted race (rm

trwen) whe the cncrete t weak (between

trwen and cmmencement crn);

≥ the race the cncrete expandn and

hrnkn drn aternate cce wettn

and drn;

≥ tee trwen the cncrete bere the water

heen ha ne and hence trwen beedwater

nt the race the cncrete can ncreaed

hrnkae and weakenn the race mrtar;

≥ n cement-rch mxe n the race a ‘drer’

t remve exce water (thee ma create a

race aer wth btanta derent prperte

t the cncrete bew, e hher hrnkae);

≥ verwrkn the race and brnn exce

mrtar t the race (aan creatn a race

aer that ma have ncreaed hrnkae

charactertc);

≥ addn exce water t the mx;

≥ nadeqate r ncntent crn.

T avd crazn n trweed race:

≥ Avd ver wet mxe and d nt add exce

water n te.

≥ D nt e ‘drer’ ch a cement, pment rcr hardener t ak p beedwater.

≥ D nt wrk the beedwater nt the race bt

wat nt the water heen ha ne. Exce

beedwater can be draed the race wth

a he.

≥ D nt verwrk the cncrete b nnecear

trwen the race.

≥ Avd wettn and drn cce and exceve

‘wet wpn’ the race where water prnked

nt the race t ad wth trwen.

≥ Prtect race rm rapd drn drn nhn.

≥ Cmmence crn prmpt.

Fgre 6.3 Plastc settlemet crack abe rercg

bar wth d uder bar

Fgre 6.4 Plastc settlemet cracks abe mesh

Fgre 6.5 Crazg

Settlement crack

above bar

Void under bar




6.3.3 Drg shrage cracs

Thee are caed b mtre n the cncrete drn

t ver tme eadn t hrnkae the cncrete.

Th nt a majr prbem the cncrete ree t

mve, bt, retraned, tene tree can devep

n the cncrete and, thee exceed the tene

trenth the cncrete, cae t t crack Fgre 6.6.

The water cntent the mx the majr actr

nfencn drn hrnkae. other actr that ma

a aect the rk crackn n hardened cncrete

ncde retrant, crn cndtn, areate zeand cntent, detan emetr and cntrctn

practce.

Methd t redce the rk crackn de t

drn hrnkae ncde:

≥ D nt add exce water t the cncrete n te.

≥ Cmpact the cncrete adeqate t acheve the

maxmm dent.

≥ Prvde adeqate crn and cmmence prmpt.

≥ Pace jnt n crrect catn, prvde crrect

emetr (ze/hape ab pane) and enre

prper cntrctn detan t mt retrant

the cncrete.

≥ ue d cntrctn practce when pacn

cncrete.

≥ Prvde adeqate renrcement and enre

crrect pacement.

6.4 JOinTS

6.4.1 Geeral

Jnt erve a nmber prpe, bt the a nt

tw brad catere:

≥ The that aw mvement (atn and

expann jnt).

≥ The that cntr crackn the cncrete

(cntr r cntractn jnt).

A rther tpe, cntrctn jnt, are ed when there

a break n the cncrete pacement, bt are rare

reqred n redenta wrk becae the ma ab

ze and/r dtance between rmed jnt.

Jnt an tpe are rare needed n redenta

fr ab becae the amnt and at

renrcement. As 2870 aw ab p t 30 m nwtht jnt. The ner the ab (p t 30 m), the

mre renrcement reqred n rder t cntr the

tene tree caed b the cncrete wantn t

hrnk bt ben retraned b the rnd nderneath.

The tandard den n As 2870 are ntended t

cntr hrnkae crackn that the majrt ab

w have ether n crackn r n ver ne harne

crack (< 0.3 mm n wdth).

i jnt are prvded n he ab, bth the ab

and bdn need t be dened t aw mvement

at thee catn a the w tend t cncentratehrnkae and rnd mvement. Jnt are nt

apprprate n me ab tpe—th ten nt

ndertd. Prvdn jnt n a he ab wtht

expert advce can cae trctra prbem that ma

be expenve t x.

A he ab ten paced drect n the rnd

and therere bject t rnd mvement. Wtht

care cnderatn and cntrctn, jnt can

becme a hne n the ab and exaerate rnd

mvement, metme retn n damae.

Artcatn jnt are cmmn prvded n a brckwa at ab jnt catn and a n ther wa

nn and nhe where thee are nt capabe

accmmdatn the expected mvement. A jnt

thrh a he ab mt a be prvded wth a

termte barrer t prevent pbe cnceaed acce

b termte.

6.4.2 isolato jots

iatn jnt are ed t eparate the cncrete ab

rm an abttn bdn, extn ab, r rd

trctre ch a dranae pt, acce he r

cmn whch ma cae retrant the ab and

Fgre 6.6 Dryg shrkage crack caused by restrat

brck wall

Drying

shrinkage

crack




thereb ncreae the rk crackn Fgre 6.7. The

hd aw the ab t mve vertca, hrznta

and t rtate. Whe mvement rm cncrete drn

hrnkae w nrma cae the jnt t pen wth

tme, temperatre chane ma cae the jnt t

ce.

Cmprebe, cear matera are cmmn ed

t thee jnt and the mt be eaed at the

tp and de t prevent drt entern the jnt and

redcn t eectvene. scne and prethane

eaant are cmmn ed r atn andexpann jnt.

6.4.3 Epaso jots

Expann jnt (Fgre 6.8) are ed n are area

pavn t aw cncrete eement t expand and

ph aant each ther (wtht damae), man

de t hh temperatre n ht weather, bt a

chane n the mtre cntent. The hd be

prvded at maxmm 15-m centre.

Expann jnt tpca have dwe bar cnnectn

the ab t prvde ad traner acr the jnt and

avd chane n the eve rm ne ab t anther—

knwn a teppn. A a de, r 100-mm-thck

ab ntended r vehce e than 3 t r ma

(e tpca car) 12-mm-dameter dwe at maxmm

400-mm centre wd be atactr. There are man

prpretar jntn tem (Fgre 6.9) that awea ntaatn and cntn cncrete pacement

acr thee tpe jnt.

A r atn jnt, the tp and de need t be

eaed t prevent drt entern and prbem ch

a ede pan (Fgre 6.10), ab rdn p and

jnt peakn, a whch are detrmenta t ab

perrmance and appearance. Prermed trp at

the tp jnt hd nt be reed n t prvde an

adeqate ea a hrnkae can pen p a ap that

can wth drt and cae prbem Fgre 6.10.

Height to allow clearance toweep holes, flashings,damp-proofing course,termite barriers etc

Suitable silicon orpolyurethane sealantto prevent ingress of dirt

10-mm thick compressiblefiller material for full depthof pavement

Abuting structure orother pavement

30 mm cover to mesh

40 mmend cover

Fgre 6.7 Typcal slat jt detal

30 mm cover to mesh

Bond-breakingcompound

Cap requiredfor expansion

Dowel(length, L)

40

t

0.5t

0.5L

25

Suitable silicon orpolyurethane sealantto prevent ingress of dirt

10-mm minimum thicknesscompressible filler materialfor full depth of pavement

Fgre 6.8 Typcal expas jt detal

Fgre 6.9 Example prpretary expas jt

Fgre 6.10 Edge spallg




6.4.4 Cotrol jots

Cntr jnt (Fgre 6.11) tpca rm a weakened

pane at whch cncrete w crack. Wtht them,

drn hrnkae wd ret n randm crackn.

The hd be prvded at maxmm 3-m centre, atan chane n hape (e a narrw path attached t

a drvewa), at an chane n drectn (e arnd

crner), and at an rd trctre that ma prevent

mvement and ncreae the rk crackn.

Cntr jnt can be made b:

≥ nertn a pre-mded (patc r meta) trp nt

the cncrete a t ben paced;

≥ e a rvn t mmedate ater the

cncrete ha been paced;

≥awn a rve when the cncrete ha hardenedcent t prevent raven;

≥ n a prpretar preed meta ke jnt.

Nte that:

≥ Bth atn and expann jnt can be ed a

cntr jnt

≥ i jnt are aw ct, th hd be dne bere

hrnkae crackn ccr. A a de, aw ct

hd be made nt mre than 12 hr ater

nhn the ab temperatre exceed 25°C,

and nt mre than 16 t 18 hr ater nhn

the ab r wer temperatre. The race

hard enh when t de nt chp, pa and

cape n the cttn bade (metme reerred

t a raven). T avd dea, ear-ae aw

cttn pbe wth pecaed eqpment.

The race hd be thrh ceaned ater

cttn t remve cement pate rm the race,

epeca r decratve wrk.

≥ i jnt are wet-rmed b crn the patc

cncrete wth an edn t, care hd be taken

t enre that the jnt de nt wth cement

rr/mrtar, makn the jnt e eectve.

≥ i jnt are rmed wth preed meta ke, the

hd be xed n ptn t mantan traht ne.

≥ Whe renrcn meh w nrma tp 50 mm

rm cntr jnt, t ma extend acr the jnt t

prvde better cntr mvement n, a, hh

expanve ca. in th cae, 50% the meh

hd be ct t at n the rmatn a pane

weakne at the jnt catn. T aw me

terance n the catn the aw ct, crack

ndcer r ted jnt, the end the ct wre

hd be at eat 50 mm cear the prped

jnt catn. Fgre 6.12.

30 mm cover to mesh0.25 to 0.33t

Saw cut, insert or tooled joint(no sealant required)

Induced crack

t

50 50

(a) CRACK-INDUCED JOINT (SAW CUT, INSERT OR TOOLED)

30 mm cover to mesh

Optional coloured cover strip(no sealant required)

Propriety pressed-metalkey joint to suit slab thickness

40 40

(b) KEY JOINT (PRESSED-METAL OR FORMED)

Fgre 6.11 Typcal ctrl jt detals

Fgre 6.12 Rercemet fxed pst ad mesh

beg cut at ctrl jt lcats

200-mm length

of wire removed

to allow tolerance

in joint location




6.4.5 Costrcto jots

Cntrctn jnt (Fgre 6.13) are cncrete-t-

cncrete jnt that prevent an reatve mvement

acr the jnt. The are cmmn ed when

there dcntn pacement cncrete and

cceve pr are awed t harden bend the

nta et; r at the end the wrkn da. The ma

a be necear nreen event (r exampe

dea n dever, pmp breakdwn r bad weather)

nterrpt a pr.

Mt he ab are paced and nhed n the

cre a da, bvatn the need r cntrctn

jnt.

6.4.6 Slab proportos

Cncrete ab ectn bnded b jnt hd be

a near t qare a pbe; the re thmb that

the enth the ner de hd be n mre than

1.5 tme the enth the hrter de.

Acte ane hd be avded a thee are dct

t renrce and ncreae the rk crackn and/r

breakn the tapered ectn cncrete even

nder ht ad. Wth a jnt tpe, the ane

rmed at ede and nterectn jnt hd

nt be t acte. A d deta n thee tatn

t keep at eat 500 mm the jnt at mre than

75° (and preerab at rht ane) t the ab ede

Fgre 6.14.

6.4.7 Jot spacg

in nrenrced ab, the re thmb that jnt

hd be paced at n mre than 30 tme the ab

thckne, and a mentned abve, that the

ner dmenn n mre than 1.5 tme the hrter

dmenn. Fr exampe: 75-mm-thck tpath

hd have tranvere cntr jnt paced n mre

than 30 x 75 = 2250 mm apart. Hwever, the path

n 900 mm wde, the pacn cntr jnt

mted t 900 x 1.5 = 1350 mm t cntr the hape

and mnme the rk crackn. i the ab wa

100-mm-thck, whe the maxmm pacn between

jnt cd be ncreaed t 3000 mm, the 1350 mm

enth wd t vern the jnt pacn.

When a ab renrced th dtance can be

ncreaed ht, dependn n the tpe and amnt

renrcement.

lntdna jnt are recmmended when the ab

wder than 3 m, r exampe wde drvewa r terrace

pavement.

6.4.8 Jot locatos

in cncrete fatwrk the at jnt ver

mprtant. Wherever pbe, the catn jnt

hd be panned. Jnt can be tranvere r

ntdna, bt are predmnant tranvere n

redenta wrk ch a path and drvewa de t

ther mted wdth Fgre 6.15.

6.4.9 Jot mateace

The n-term perrmance jnt crca t

n-e pavement. Drt mt be kept t the

jnt ntended t aw mvement. Whe cn

and prethane eaant are n atn, me

mantenance and ccana repacement w be

reqred t enre the jnt keep perrmn a

ntended.

30 mm cover to mesh

Stop board to form joint andallow compaction of concrete

Reinforcing meshcontinuous across joint

Roughened first-cast face

Fgre 6.13 Typcal cstruct jt detal Fgre 6.14 Jt perpedcular t slab edge




LEGEND

Double garage

Residence

Property boundary

Isolation joint

Expansion joint

Control jointAccess hole

Centre CJ on access hole

EJ if length greater than15 m, otherwise CJ

Joints perpendicular to slab edgeto avoid acute angles

Path

3 m wide driveway

Extend pavement here toavoid acute angle

Path

Potential crackif CJ usedinstead of IJ

Potential crackif CJ usedinstead of IJ

W

L (max) = 1.5 x W

3 m max3 m max

3 m max

Provide IJaround access hole

Footpath

IJ

IJ

EJ

EJ

IJ

IJ

IJ

IJ

IJIJ

IJ

IJ

IJ

CJ

CJ

CJ

CJ

CJ

CJ

CJ CJ

CJCJ

CJ

CJ

CJ

CJ

IJ

IJ IJ

Kerb and gutter

Fgre 6.15 Typcal jt layut




7.1 GEnERAL

A varet tandard den r tn tem

are prvded n sectn 3 As 2870. The chce

tn tem can be ne preerence baed n

ca experence, r t ma be baed n partcar te

cndtn.

The tandard den cver var tpe

ndatn ncdn Ca A, s, M, and H. Ca

A te dpa tte r n rnd mvement, Ca

s are ht reactve te, Ca M mderate

reactve te and Ca H hh reactve te. A the

reactvt (eana mvement caed b mtre

chane) the ncreae, the tn need

t be ter (deeper beam, mre renrcement,

cer beam pacn) t enabe the tn t mt

the defectn the bdn caed b the rnd

mvement.

Derent bdn matera can accmmdate

derent amnt defectn (mvement). The mre

rd the bdn matera, the e defectn t can

accmmdate bere crackn and hence the ter

the tn need t be. Th wh the tn tem

vare wthn each te cacatn dependn n the

tpe cntrctn ed r the wan: cad rame

ben the mt fexbe and manr the mt rd.

Fr each te cacatn, the tandard den n

As 2870 ve deemed-t-at tn t meet

the reqrement the Bdn Cde Atraa.

Hwever, the eectn a tabe den and the

detan ab and tn are ncrean ben

ndertaken b etechnca r trctra enneer

t enre cmpance wth a detan e and

tabt the bdn t a ‘tandard’ den. Fr

exampe, man te-pecc e ch a extreme

reactve , me ed te, mne bdence

area and te wth abnrma mtre cndtn w

pace the den tde As 2870 and reqre peca

aement, den and detan. Bdn can a

cntan heav aded area (e cmn, chmne)r whch the tn’ tabt ma need t be

aeed.

The term ‘ab-n-rnd’ adpted n As 2870 (and

n th de) and reer t cncrete ab pprted

b the rnd and ncrpratn ntera ede beam.

‘stened rat’, ‘wafe rat’ and ‘tened ab wth

deep ede beam’ are a tpe ab-n-rndtn tem ncded n As 2870.

7.2 STiFFEnED RAFT

A tened-rat fr ab (Fgre 7.1) ha the ab

p a externa and nterna tenn beam paced

at the ame tme t rm a ne cncrete eement.

interna beam mt be cntn rm ede t ede

the ab, cated t prvde cntnt wth ede

beam at re-entrant crner and have the maxmm

pacn ven n Fre 3.1 As 2870. Fr Ca M

and H te the maxmm pacn rm the crner

the ab mted t 4 m n rder t cntr defectn

(and crackn) the wa at the crner ab.

A tened rat ne the mt cmmn tn

tem ed a t er a ct-eectve tn r a

wde rane rnd cndtn.

7.3 WAFFLE RAFT

Wafe rat (Fgre 7.2) are cntrcted n eve te

n cardbard r ptrene vd rmer t prdce

a ce-paced rd renrced cncrete rb. ste

preparatn mnmzed becae the cncrete

paced n rm rather than n excavated trenche.

Th tem avd ccana, nntended, ver-

excavatn when trenchn, enabn the reqred

qantte cncrete and renrcement t be

aeed mre accrate. Cntrctn n a eve

te a redce the rk dea de t wet weather

(e water n trenche) and excavatn. Anther

advantae wth wafe rat that r ne-tre

he cntrcted wth cad rame r manr

veneer wa n Ca M, M-D, H r H-D te, the rat

ma be pprted n per wtht rther trctra

den the rat ben reqred. Thee advantae

have been repnbe r a ncant ncreae n the

prprtn thee tpe tn ed.

Footing Types

O7

Edge beamwith rebate

Internalbeam

Loadbearing wall

Slab thickeningat loadbearingwalls >1 m frominternal beams

Fgre 7.1 Steed rat




Hwever, me pnt need t be cndered:

≥ The practce jnn ether tw r mre vd

rmer tether nt cvered b the tandard

and pace the den tde the deemed-t-

cmp reqrement. Wth e rb t ten the

tn, an aternatve den hd enre

that the defectn the bdn/trctre

apprprate r the te cndtn and w t

aw an acceptabe perrmance t be acheved.

≥ The repacement tp meh wth pprpene

bre n the cncrete a nt cvered and

pace the tn tem tde the cpe the

tandard.

≥ A thee tpe tn are cntrcted n a

eve te, there a a reqrement t back

arnd the ede t rae the rnd eve.

Backn hd be carred t care t avd

water pndn at the bae the rat, partcar

r mderate and hh reactve te. Th w

cae ede heave (wen reactve )

and ma ret n damae t the bdn thrh

exceve mvement at the permeter the tn.

7.4 STiFFEnED SLAB WiTH DEEP EDGE BEAM

stened ab wth deep ede beam (Fgre 7.3)

are tabe r pn te where ct and excavatn nt practcabe, bt are mted t

manr veneer and artcated manr veneer

tpe wa n Ca A, s and M te. The tem

e deep permeter beam cntn a cncrete

tn ted t a renrced cncrete wa abve t

acheve the tne reqred. The renrced cncrete

wa can be rmed p n tw eave brckwrk

wth the cncrete paced between them, r b n

manr bck whch can be ed wth cncrete.

An reqred nder the ab ha t cmp wth

the reqrement r ether a cntred r red

dependn n the depth and ad t be

pprted n the ab abve.

7.5 FOOTinG SLAB

The tn ab (Fgre 7.4) cat n the rnd n

tw tae: the ede tn rt, wed b the

ab. Ftn ab are tabe n r Ca A and

s te a mderate and hh reactve te ma

cae prbem wth derenta mvement between

the tn and the ab. Fr ca A te havn

tte t n rnd mvement the te bar between

the tn and ab (Fgre 7.4) ma be mtted

an wth the renrcement n the tn: tn

ben reqred n t dtrbte wa ad nt the

ndatn.

Th methd redce the enth tme excavatn

are pen and de nt reqre extenve rmwrk.

The tn-ab tem can be adapted we t

pn-te appcatn.Edge beamwith rebate(masonry veneer)

Edge beamwithout rebate(clad frame)

Formed void Formed void

Internalstiffeningribs

Loadbearing wall

Fgre 7.2 Wae rat

Tiededgebeam

Internalbeam

Slab thickeningat loadbearing walls> 1 m from internal beam

Controlled orrolled fill

Loadbearing wall

Fgre 7.3 Steed slab wth deep edge beam

Tied edge beam

Slab thickeningat loadbearing walls

Strip footing

Fgre 7.4 Ftg slab




7.6 STRiP / PAD FOOTinGS

strp tn (Fgre 7.5) are rectanar n ectn

and are ed r cntn pprt wa. Fr

ab between wa can be pprted n cntred

r red dependn n the depth and ad

n the ab.

Pad tn are ed t pprt per, cmn r

tmp. strp and pad tn can be ed tether

t pprt a rane pended frn tem r

pn te.

7.7 PiER/PiLE AnD SLAB

on extreme reactve te, and area capn r

ncntred , per r pe can be ed t pprt

a cncrete ab-and-beam fr tem (Fgre 7.6).

Per are pred, ater excavatn, wherea cncrete

pe are drven nt the rnd t a peced depth

r nt reachn a peced eve retance.

sectn 15 As 3600 (Pan Cncrete Member)

cver the den nrenrced bred cncreteper and Appendx g As 2870 ve nrmatn n

the den drven tmber pe. The pe are ct

at the reqred eve t t the fr tem. Fr wafe

rat ab pprted b per/pe n accrdance wth

As 2870 reer t Secto 7.3. Fr ther tn tpe,

the prvn per/pe ma chane the trctra

cncept and the tn den ma need t cnrmwth the reqrement As 3600.

Strip footing

Infill slab

Controlled orrolled fill

Fgre 7.5 Strp tg

Piles/piers Rock

Slab and beam floor

Uncontrolled fill

Fgre 7.6 Per/ple ad slab tg




8.1 GEnERAL

The prmar nctn cncrete path and drvewa

t prvde ea acce nt r arnd a prpert.

Hwever, the are a mprtant t the enera

appearance the prpert, and the race nh

mt therere nt n cntrbte t the appea the prpert, t mt at a nmber nctna

reqrement.

8.2 PLAnninG

Prr t ndertakn cntrctn, a nmber apect

need t be cndered:

≥ Paemet grades The maxmm rade awed

n As 2890.1 r a dmetc drvewa 1 n 4

(25%). Fr rade teeper than 12.5%, a trantn

zne at the tp and bttm the rade ma bereqred t prevent the vehce rm ‘bttmn’ n

the drvewa Fgre 8.1. Fr teep pn te,

drvewa rade and deta hd be checked

prr t nan the eve the arae t enre

that tabe acce can be prvded nce the

he/arae ha been cmpeted.

≥ Draage Pavement hd enera dran awa

rm the bdn, r where th nt pbe,

be prvded wth adeqate dranae t prevent

fdn the arae/bdn. The mnmm

rade r cra t aw r dranae the

race 1 n 100 (1%) r 10 mm per metre.

≥ Trees Tree can cae mvement b ether

remvn mtre rm the retn n

hrnkae reactve r b rt rwn

nder pavement and ca tn a ectn

pavement. Pavement near/adjacent t tree ma

reqre me mantenance n the tre t crrect

eve.

≥ Adjacet strctres Pavement are ten cated

next t bdn r ther trctre. The nhed

eve the pavement hd nt be abve the

nhed eve awed n the BCA (reatve t the

fr eve the bdn), cncea an b-frventatn he n brckwrk r weep he abve

fahn/damp-pr cre, r retrct an

termte npectn zne.

≥ Srace fsh The race nh hd prvde

adeqate p and kd retance, whe ben

tabe r the appcatn. Fr exampe, a hh

textred race prvdn exceent p retance

ma nt be apprprate r baret trac arnd

a wmmn p. A reatve mth race

havn adeqate p retance preerabe.

8.3 DESiGn

Den e reatn t redenta pavement are

reatve mpe.

≥ Cocrete The ad and drabt reqrement

the pavement determne the cncrete thckne

and trenth rade Table 8.1. A ‘nrma’ ca

cncrete wth a mnmm trenth 20 MPa

(e N20 cncrete) tabe r mt redenta

wrk. T at wth pacement, a 100-mm mp

recmmended.

A hher trenth ma be necear reezn

and thawn cndtn are expected: N32 r

ccana expre t reezn, and N40 where

mre than 25 reezn cce ccr each ear. i

ant preent n the , an N25 cncrete

recmmended r mderate ane , N32

r ver ane and N40 r hh ane

(reer t Guide to Residential Slabs and Footings in Saline Environments (T56) b the CCAA r mre

nrmatn).

Paths and Driveways

O8

Grade*5% say

Grade12.5% say(1 in 8)

Grade 0%

Street

Transition

2 m min 2 m min

Pavement grade Transition Garage

P r o p e r t y

b o u n d a r y

Grade

=5% + 12.5%

2= 8.75%

Grade

=12.5% + 0%

2= 6.25%

* The advice of the Local Authority should be sought to obtain graderequirements for the area between the street and property boundary.

Fgre 8.1 Trast zes r dreways




≥ Reorcemet The prpe renrcement

wthn a pavement nt t prevent crackn bt

hd tht ced an crack that ma ccr. The

ze the renrcn meh eenta depend

n the thckne the cncrete Table 8.2. Ntethat pprpene bre are n bttte r the

reqred tee renrcement bt ma at wth

patc hrnkae crackn.

Fr me decratve cncrete nhe, ncrean

the meh b at eat tw ze (e sl52 t sl72,

sl62 t sl82 and sl72 t sl92) ma be an ptn

t rther redce the wdth an crack that

ma ccr rm cae ch a drn hrnkae,

rnd mvement and tree rt.

≥ Jots Prvdn jnt n accrdance wth

Secto 6.4 w at t mnme the rk

drn hrnkae crackn. Fr decratve nhe,

jnt hd be cated t bend n wth the

pattern wherever pbe.

≥ Srace toleraces Bth the fatne and

evene the race hd be peced.

A reanabe fatne terance wd be a

maxmm devatn r ap 12 mm nder a 3-m

trahtede paced anwa n the pavement

Fgre 8.2. A reanabe eve terance wd be

±10 mm rm the dened eve r eevatn. Nte

that whe the enera anment and appearance a drvewa ma be dced wth the cncreter,

eve are edm ven a the are et t b the

cncreter t prvde a tabe anment between

the kerb and arae. other pavement eve ma

be peced n reatn t eatre ch a dr

penn, fahn, damp prn membrane

and termte barrer.

Nte that the fatne and evene are nt

peced, the terance ma be verned b

perhap mre-trnent state r lca gvernment

bdn reatn reqrement.

8.4 COnSTRuCTiOn

The man e t cnder ncde:

≥ Plag or cocretg Bere rdern cncrete,

care pannn w enre the cncrete

tranprted, paced, cmpacted, nhed and

cred n accrdance wth the d wrk practce

tned n th de.

≥ Sbgrade A reanab nrm ndatn

eenta t the n-term perrmance a

cncrete pavement. Crrect brade preparatn

enre the cncrete pavement ane de

nt carr the ervce ad. An amptn

that a cncrete pavement w brde ver pr

brade cd ead t a ae ene ecrt

Fgre 8.3. The brade hd be prepared b

rt remvn tp cntann rt and ra,

and even the brade. servce trenche

hd then be backed and ated hw r

t pt ed r bt p t the reqred nhedrnd eve b cmpactn n aer n mre than

Table 8.1

Ccrete thckess/grade

Cocrete

thcess StregthApplcato (mm) grade

Ftpath 75 N20

Pat/arden-hed fr 100 N20

Car and ther ht-vehce

trac (e than 3 t) 100 N20/N25

lht trck (3 t 10 t) 150 N25/N32*

*Where abrasion resistance is required

Table 8.2

Rercemet ad jt requremets

Cocrete Mamm jot

thcess Reorcg spacg

(mm) mesh (mm)

75 sl52 2250

100 sl62 3000

150 sl72 4500

Maximum deviation measured

3-m straightedge

Fgre 8.2 Measurg the atess a surace




100 mm n depth. sbrade r ab mt have

adeqate trenth ater cmpactn wth a pate

cmpactr r a vbratn-drm rer. Nte that ca

need t be mt r ptmm cmpactn.

untabe, r ed te wth nadeqatecmpactn, hd be thrh nvetated

b a etechnca r trctra enneer bere

den and cntrctn.

≥ Sbbase on hh expanve , a

100-mm-thck aer w-vme-chane

r matera (e radbae) recmmended t

mnme mtre chane (and mvement) n the

expanve ndatn . it a prvde a mre

nrm pprt r the ab.

≥ Redcg rcto der the slab Prvdn

pthene heetn r a 20-mm-thck aer

and beneath the pavement an eectve wa

redcn the rctn between the ab and

pprtn rnd and thereb mnmn the rk

crackn.

≥ Jotg Jnt are an eenta part an

pavement t aw r mvement and t cntr

the catn where hrnkae crackn ccr.

Recmmendatn r jnt tpe, pacn,

detan and at can be nd n Secto 6.4.

≥ Formwor Frmwrk hd be trn and tre t

ne. The accrac the rmwrk w be refected

n the nhed ne the hardened cncrete. B

pacn the tp ede the rm bard at the

nhed eve the pavement race, creedn

can be ecent dne n the rm ede a

a de. Frm bard hd be thck enh

and ecre xed the d nt bend r mve

when pacn cncrete. Frmwrk hd be

cntrcted wth care t ea remved when

the cncrete ha hardened. A ht catn rm

bere pacn cncrete w make remva

eaer.

it d practce t eave rmwrk n pace

r a mnmm 3 da (dependn n weather

cndtn) t aw cncrete t harden and

becme e-pprtn.

≥ Reorcemet fg Renrcn meh hd

be cated n the tp ha the pavement, wth a

mnmm 30 mm cver t the tp race. Meh

hd be pced and xed n ptn, reer t

Secto 5.4 and Fgre 6.12.

≥ Cocrete Factr t be cndered when pacn,

cmpactn, nhn and crn cncrete can be

nd n Secto 4. Baca:

— N exce water hd be added t the

cncrete n te.

— An water pndn n the rnd hd be

remved.

— Pacn hd cmmence rm ne crner

(a the wet pnt) and prceed

cntn t rm that pnt.

— cncrete hd be paced a ce a

pbe t t na catn,

— Cncrete hd nt be paced n temperatre

abve 30°C r bew 10°C wtht precatn

ben taken.

— in ht weather cndtn, epeca t

a wnd, an evapratn retarder ch

a aphatc ach hd be ed ater

creedn.

— Cncrete depth reater than 100 mm hd

be cmpacted n mmern (pker) r

race vbratr (vbratn creed) r bth.

— Fnhn hd nt cmmence nt a

beedwater ha evaprated rm the race.

— Crn hd cmmence a n a pbe

ater nhn and extend r a mnmm

perd 3 da; 7 da cated near the

cat (wthn 1 km) and/r bject t heaver

trac. Care n eectn the crn methd r

decratve nhe hd be taken.

≥ Slp ad sd resstace sp retance reate

t pedetran and kd retance t vehce. in

term the cncrete race, the reqrement r

bth w be aected b the e the pavement,

t teepne, and the eectvene t race

dranae.

sp retance r redenta appcatn

enera peced b nmnatn a cacatn

n accrdance wth the wet pendm tet n

As 4586. Fr dance n whch cacatn

methd and ca nh apprprate,

standard Atraa' HB 197 cntan

recmmendatn r a varet appcatn

ncdn p rrnd, pn p ede and

wak-thrh wadn p.

Fr externa area, a Ca W p retance

n accrdance wth the wet pendm tet

nrma adeqate. Whe catn hd be

exerced n eectn enerc tpe nhecapabe achevn a Ca W nh (a each




race can var), nhe ch a tenced,

tpped, brmed, wd fat, hean dra,

exped areate and hned (80 t 100 rt wth

penetratn tpe eaer) hd ve atactr

ret and cmp wth the reqrement r aCa W p retance. sme mther tamped

nhe (ate and cbbetne) ma nt have

cent race textre and reqre the e an

apped eaer ncrpratn ca r carbrndm

dt, r me ther tpe p-retant

areate.

Ca W p retant race w nrma

prvde atactr kd retance a we. Havn

a carer textre r vehce race enera

becme mprtant n at hher peed r t

prvde adeqate dranae drn heav rana.A the pe the drvewa r pavement

ncreae, t w the need t prvde reater

p/kd retance. Dependn n the pe, the

p/kd retant prperte each tpe nh

ma need t be evaated.

imprvn p/kd retance reatve

mpe. Abrave batn, acd etchn, rndn,

appcatn nn-p cear eaer/catn and

rear mantenance t enre that the race

cean are me the ptn.

≥ Protecto agast stag seaer, cear andtnted, prevent mt cntamnant penetratn

the cncrete race and hep wth ceann the

race. Cred pant and ther catn,

tabe r the cncrete and the cndtn, can

a be apped t the race. sme pnt t

cnder ncde:

— Fr mther nhe, a penetratn tpe

eaer hd enera be ed. Dependn

n the pe the chce a tabe eaer

cd be crtca t the p/kd retance.

A p-retant areate ma need t bencrprated nt the eaer.

— Water- and acrc-baed eaer p cne

eaer are tabe r exterr e (uV

retant) bt nce cn prdct are ed,

bndn anthn ee t the race w

be a prbem. Waxe, rethane and epx

prdct (an wth acrc and cne) are

tabe r nterr appcatn.

— Cncrete race are ten bject t

abran b vehcar and pedetran trac.

Fr redenta appcatn, mt water- and

acrc-baed eaer w prvde atactr

perrmance.

— The e a w-dr (water-baed) eaer r

cnned area r where adeqate ventatn

nt pbe recmmended.

— seaer are nt crn cmpnd, bt ma

nctn n a mar wa. The hd becmpatbe wth the crn cmpnd ed (

derent rm t) and aw r bndn ther

race catn/treatment reqred.

— The hd be apped ater the crn perd

t enabe them t penetrate nt the race

wtht nterern wth the crn prce.

Fgre 8.3 Pr subgrade may cause crackg

paemet




9.1 COLOuRED COnCRETE

9.1.1 itrodcto

Cr can be prvded n fr and pavement b

n -whte and whte cement n the cncrete,

mnera xde pment, dr-hake tppn, chemca

tan, de and tnt, a rane cred race

catn r b expn the cr the areate

wthn the cncrete.

Whch methd ed depend n actr ch a the

cr reqred and t cntenc ver the race, the

drabt the cr, whether pattern are reqred,

an extn cncrete race t be cred and

whether the race vertca r hrznta.

9.1.2 Cemet color

un -whte r whte cement ntead the nrma‘re’ cement can chane the cr the cncrete.

o-whte cement manactred n Atraa and

ten ed r archtectra nhe a t tend t ve

a mre cntent cr—nt becae the cr

the cement cntred, bt becae an varatn n

the hade -whte cr prdced n the cncrete

are e ntceabe. Nte that there ma be man

derent hade -whte cr, cr and

a cntenc cr mprtant, the e a

pment recmmended. A, t acheve mre vbrant

cr rm pment, -whte cement a

reqred. Nrma ‘re’ cement tend t ve the

darker mre earth cr when pment are added.

Whte cement mprted t Atraa and th

refected n the hher ct. An aternatve t e

-whte cement wth a whte ttanm xde pment.

The pment bth brhten and ve a mre

cntent cr.

i -whte cement reqred n cncrete, the

avaabt hd be checked wth the cncrete

pper. smaer pant ten w nt have an

addtna avaabe t tck -whte cement, btne pant n a rp pant ma have the capact

t pp -whte cncrete t the ren.

9.1.3 Colored cocrete (tegral colorg)

intera cr reer t the addtn pment

(cr) t the cncrete r tppn mx n rder

t cr the entre vme cncrete/tppn.

Pment are avaabe a ether pwder, ranewhch dve, r qd. Pwder are enera

added nt the cncrete trck n ba whch dve

drn mxn, whe qd are ten ed at majr

batchn pant a the avd dt and can be

cnnected t atmated batchn eqpment r

accrate mearement qantte.

Natra ccrrn r manactred nranc mnera

xde ma be ed: the atter knwn a nthetc

rn xde. Mt cr (red, ew, brwn and

back) are xde rn. sme cr ch a

be, reen and whte ma be mre expenve de tthe manactrn prce t prdce thee peca

meta-xde pment.

Pment are tra-ne partce a ractn the ze

cement partce. The becme bnd nt the

cement matrx n the ame wa a ther areate

wthn the cncrete mx. smar t exped areate

nhe where the predmnant cr that the

areate, pmented cncrete take n the cr

thee ver ne partce (r areate) that are

exped at the race the cncrete.

A pment are made rm metac xde r

matera n ther mt bac rm, there n

mechanm r them t derade r chane cr ver

tme. Pment are nt aected b the n’ travet

ra, are ht at (emnate adn) and nce bnd

nt the cncrete matrx the prvde a permanent

crn tn. The are a nbe (prevent

eachn t), chemca nert (d nt nterere wth

the cement reactn), aka retant (tabe r

cncrete whch ha hh akant) and harme t

the envrnment,

in crrect prprtn, xde d nt have a ncantaect n the trenth cncrete. The amnt

xde pwder reqred w enera be 5–8% the

weht the cement n the mx. Fr bet ret, a

cr hd be eected rm a manactrer’/

pper’ cr chart and ther recmmendatn

wed reardn pment reqrement r partcar

mxe.

Ater pacn, the cncrete race creeded,

fated and nhed n the ame wa a rdnar

cncrete. Partcar care hd be taken wth crn

t prdce the bet nh.

Concrete Finishes

O9




Fr nrm cr, ever apect the cncrete

and t methd pacement, nhn and crn

hd be cntent, ncdn the mxn prcedre.

sampe pane are e t nd the rht mx, and

prvde the ba r qat cntr. Becae an exactcr match rm batch t batch dct, brder

derent cr r cncrete paver, can be ed

t dvde are area nt maer mre manaeabe

ectn whch can be paced rm a ne batch.

Th hep t mak an mnr cr varatn, r

create pean pattern.

9.1.4 Dr-shae toppgs

Dr-hake tppn are cmmerca avaabe

prdct cntann cement, and, and pment,

and n me cae, peca hardener t ncreae

the trenth the nhed race (the are

therere metme reerred t a ‘cred race

hardener’). The cme n a rane cr and are

ten ed n cnjnctn wth tenced and tamped

pattern nhe (reer Secto 9.2).

Dr-hake tppn can a be made n te rm

mar matera. The mnera xde pment

meared b weht n the rat 1 part pment

t 10 part cement. The pwdered pment rt

bended wth dr cement bere cmbnn wth the

and n the a bend 1 part cement t 2 partand b vme.

The dr pwder cat b hand ver the race

(hence the term ‘dr-hake’) the reh cncrete

(Fgre 9.1) and wrked nt the race b trwen.

A trace beedwater mt be awed t evaprate

bere appn the pwder. un the pwder t

ak p beedwater bad practce, and nvarab

ret n a mch weaker race, whch w wear

qck, and ma dt, deamnate r chp. The rate

appcatn a dr-hake tppn r fatwrk w

tpca be a mnmm 2 k/m2.

Cred race hardener are a cement-baed

prdct and mt be nhed and cred ke an

cncrete wrk t acheve the ptenta trenth.

When n dr-hake tppn t mprtant t

prtect adjacent race, wth patc heetn r

exampe, becae pahe are dct t remve.

The appcatn dr-hake tppn a w:

≥ Even bradcat the dr-hake tppn (cred

race hardener) ver the race n tw tae

t enre nrm cr and thckne. ua

tw thrd apped r the rt cat, and ne

thrd r the ecnd, whch hd be apped n

a drectn perpendcar t the rt. Each cat

thrh wrked nt the race b trwen.

≥ App tppn cr r hhht feckn

reqred, whe the race t patc t enrebndn.

≥ Fr dark cr ch a charca (back), t ma

be advabe t app a thrd cat r mre even

cr dtrbtn.

9.1.5 Chemcal stas

Chemca tan react wth the exce cacm n thecncrete t prdce prdct that permanent cr

the cncrete. The tpca prdce a nqe mtted

nh de t the varabt wth whch the penetrate

nt the cncrete Fgre 9.2. Tw r mre cr are

ten ed t prdce mtted nhe reembn

tne r t create pattern Fgre 9.3.

Becae chemca tann ten cndered a an

aterthht, r a a tn r extn cncrete,

the reqred preparatn t acheve a d-qat

nh a mn and the tcme ma be

dappntn. Crn cncrete b the e

chemca tan ma appear mpe, bt n act

reqre care pannn and a hh eve k n t

appcatn t acheve a d ret. oten t ma be

better t pace a thn bnded tppn (reer Secto 10)

ver the extn ab and app the tan t th a the

tppn and hence cred nh rm the tan w

be mre cntent. it a avd havn t prtect

the race prr t the appcatn the tan.

A chemca tan react wth the cncrete cnttent,

the hd nt be apped nt the cncrete ha

acheved t den trenth. Reeae aent and

crn cmpnd can a aect the rate at whch

the tan w penetrate nt the cncrete race.

Fgre 9.1 Dry-shake tppg beg appled




The e chemca tan t fatwrk cntrctn

a the prdct can be pnded n the race t aw

d penetratn nt the cncrete Fgre 9.4.

stann are area and the wth fat r mth

nhe bet carred t n pra eqpment t

avd brh r rer mark, ne pecc pattern

are reqred. Carer textred nhe ch a tamped

race w tend t cncea brh and rer mark.

9.1.6 Des ad tts

De and tnt cntan cred partce n ether a

water r vent tn and can prdce cr

that are nt avaabe wth chemca tan, e red

and ew Fgre 9.5. De have ver ne credpartce and w penetrate nt the cncrete

prdcn mtted nhe mar t chemca tan.

Tnt have arer partce, are paqe and reman n

the race the cncrete: the fwer n Fgre 9.5

are an exampe the paqe nh acheved.

unke chemca tan, de and tnt d nt react

wth the cncrete. Th make the ret mre

predctabe and e dependent n the cntenc

the cncrete r the weather cndtn. Fr th

rean the can be ed t crrect the ret rm

chemca tann b crn area where the tandd nt prvde the reqred cr, r area where the

tan created a cr that wa darker r derent than

ntended.

De and tnt prdce trn vbrant cr and

an wth ther crn ptn, extend the paette

cr pbe nt a vat rane crn

tn r bth are and ma prject.

The uV retance, and hence the abt t e the

prdct externa need t be etabhed r each

de r tnt.

Fgre 9.2 Mttled fsh prduced by chemcal stas

Fgre 9.3 Chemcal stas used t create patters

Fgre 9.4 Chemcal stas ca pd at suraces

t allw gd peetrat

Fgre 9.5 Dyes ad tts prduce strg brat

clurs t pssble wth stas – red, yellw adrage. Chemcal sta used r mttled gree

backgrud ad pattered brder.




9.1.7 Srace coatgsCatn rane rm var pavn pant, rethane,

epx r ther chemca eaer and prdct t

cred cementt matera that prvde mar

ret t nt cred nhe bt wth mprved

cr cntenc. utra-thn cementt catn

are ten reerred t a mcr-tppn Fgre 9.6.

unke cred cncrete nhe r the e tan

and de whch tpca ve me cr varatn,

catn prvde a nrm cr ver the entre

race Fgre 9.7. Rean r ther e ma ncde

cr varatn ben nacceptabe, t mpthe creatn pattern, acheve partcar cr,

prtect the race rm abran r tann and

at wth ceann. Wth adeqate thckne the

w cncea the btrate and, dependn n the

tpe prdct ed, ma prvde a mtre and/r

chemca barrer t the cncrete. Th ma extend the

den e the cncrete eement.

i a cmbnatn pant/catn and eaer are

reqred, the prdct hd be cmpatbe. The

manactrer hd be cnted t enre that a

cmpatbe pant r catn p eaer tem peced.

A an prdct apped t the race a cncrete

pavement w be bject t wear, catn ma need

t be re-apped me tme ater t rentate the

dered appearance.

9.1.8 Eposed aggregates

The cr areate (and and tne) can

prvde permanent cr n exped-areate

nhe, bt the rane cr w be mted b the

avaabe areate Fgre 9.8. Exped areate

nhe are dced n Secto 9.3.

9.2 PATTERnED COnCRETE

9.2.1 itrodcto

st-brte brm, wd fat and pne have

been ed r man ear t create race textre

and pattern n cncrete pavement. Mre recent,

prpe-made rbber md and meta de have

been deveped t tamp mpren n the cncrete

race; whe cardbard tenc are ed t prdce

man pattern when dr-hake tppn are prnked

ver them.

The technqe are mpe, bt mt be we panned

t take advantae the hrt perd when cncrete

wrkabe. ordern ‘w-beed’ cncrete hrten the

watn tme r beedwater t re t the race and

evaprate, n eect vn mre tme r nhn. The

addtn pprpene bre, whch can hep bnd

a mx and redce beedn cd a be cndered.

gd crn practce crca t the appearance,

and the ervce the pavement.

Fgre 9.6 Dark blue areas are a clured cemet-

based mcr-tppg apprxmately 1 mm thck

trwelled t the surace. Lght blue clur s rm

dye washed er the surace.

Fgre 9.7 Catg used garage area t prde

urm clur, deleate areas, prtect surace ad

acltate cleag

Fgre 9.8 Clurs rm deret aggregates




9.2.2 Stecllg

stenced pattern are made b atern the race

the cncrete pavement ater the cncrete ha

tened, bt bere t ha hardened. The prce r

tencn reatve mpe; hwever, the tmn

each tae crtca t the cce and drabt

the nh.

Wth tencn, cardbard tenc ad n the race

the pre-hardened cncrete (Fgre 9.9) mak

the race rm the beqent appcatn the

cred matera Fgre 9.1. When the cncrete

ten the tenc remved (Fgre 9.10) prdcn

a cred pattern wth re jnt—the cr the

bae cncrete.

There are a varet pattern reembn brck bnd,

tne r randm pavn. The race nh can a

be vared wth brm r exampe, whch prdce

care textre that mprve p retance n teep

rade.

The prcedre r tencn cncrete a w:

1 Protect adjog sraces. stan caed b

ne xde and cement are dct t remve.

ue prtectve patc heetn t tp pahn

adjnn race ch a a, amnm r

tmber drn pacement Fgre 9.9.

2 Place the cocrete slab. Pace, creed, b fat

and trwe the cncrete t t na eve.

3 La the stecls. Pnt t nte ncde:

— Wat nt a beedwater ha evaprated bere

pacn tenc.

— Featre ch a rette r mt are

nrma paced rt, wed b brder and

na the man tenced area paced and

ct n arnd ther tem.

— Care wrk the tenc nt the race wth a

rer r a trwe.

— stenc paced n cncrete that t wet ma

becme embedded t deep and w be

dct t remve, retn n neven rt r

‘jnt’ ne depth.

— stenc that have nt been adeqate

embedded r are nt we bnded t cncrete

w tend t adhere t the apped cr, eavn

raed tne when remved. The cr

ma a creep nderneath the tenc and

tan the ‘jnt’ ne. Evapratn retarder ch

a aphatc ach can be ed t ncreae

wrkn tme, and hep keep the race the

cncrete patc drn drn cndtn.

— When pacn and ann tenc t d

practce t t them, rather than dra them nt

ptn.

— shrnkae cntr jnt n tenced cncrete

can be ‘wet-rmed’ ch a ted jnt

(rve) r ke jnt, r ‘hard-rmed’ ch

a awn jnt (ee Secto 6.4.4). Wet-rmed

jnt are bet paced nder a tenc ‘jnt’ ne

that the are nt repeated trweed ver.

4 Appl colored srace hardeer.

see Secto 9.1.4 Dry-shake toppings .

5 Appl srace tetre. Whe the race t

patc t can be ht textred b brmn,

wd fatn, pnn, r hean-dra t ve a

mre p retant nh Fgre 9.11.

6 Remoe the stecls. The tenc can be remved

nce the cncrete race ha tened cent.

Nte that th phae tenn r ettn ‘drn’,

rather than crn. The tme at whch the tenc

ted ver dependent n the weather cndtn.

Ater the tenc ha been remved, cean an

debr wth a ea bwer rather than wth hh

prere ar and avd wakn n the cncrete

wth heav r ndtra twear. i necear the

ea bwer can be attached t a n pe r

reater reach.

Fgre 9.9 Placg ad embeddg the stecl t the

‘wet’ ccrete




7 Cre the cocrete. Crn reqred t prdce

ptmm ret. Whe patc heetn and

crn cmpnd prvde the mt practca

methd, ke ther cnventna crn methd

(ee Secto 4.5) the ma be ntabe r thtpe nh and are enera nt recmmended.

The wrnke n patc heetn can cae cr

varatn de t neven cntact wth the race

and crn cmpnd ma aect the adhen

the eaer. Fr thee tpe nhe a ame-da-

eaer therere ten ed.

Whe nt a ecent a crn cmpnd,

ame-da eaer (ee bew) w w dwn

evapratn and ma er a reanabe deree

crn dependn n ther ecenc at retann

mtre. same-da eaer ma retan p t70 t 80% the mtre wthn a cncrete

ab cmpared t the 90% reqred a crn

cmpnd. Nte that crn hd nt be

cned wth drn.

8 Seal the srace. seaer are apped t prtect

the race rm cntamnant ch a p

becae the are dct t remve wtht the

ceann cmpnd r vent reqred aectn

the cr Fgre 9.12.

Mt eaer cannt be apped t mt cncrete

wtht prbem ch a the eaer trnn amk-whte cr. speca ame-da eaer are

avaabe whch can be apped t the ‘et’ race

the cncrete whe the cncrete t ‘mt’.

The are enera nt a eectve a nrma

eaer r crn cmpnd r retann mtre

n the ab, bt are a atactr aternatve.

The e ame-da eaer hd be wed

wth an appcatn the na eaer ater the

crn perd. Athh th nt the bet crn

reme, t mnme nta mtre and race

trenth .

9.2.3 Stamped cocrete

The prcedre r tampn mar t that r tenc-

n. Ater pacn and creedn the cncrete t et

t ten, and the beedwater awed t evaprate

bere the appcatn an dr-hake tppn.

Ater the appcatn cr, the pattern tamped

n the race wth meta md r rbber mat. Man

nhe reembe tne pavn: ate-ke pattern

have haw mpren, wherea the reembn

natra tne r rck have deep mpren.

T better reembe natra tne, tamped pattern

cncrete ten cmbne tw r mre cr.

Fgre 9.10 A stecl beg remed

Fgre 9.11 Surace texture

Fgre 9.12 Sealg the surace




The prcedre r tampn cncrete a w:

1 Protect adjog sraces stan caed b ne

xde and cement are dct t remve. ue

prtectve patc heetn t tp pahn

adjnn race ch a a, amnm r

tmber drn pacement.

2 Place the cocrete slab Pace, creed, b fat

and trwe cncrete t t na eve.

Nte that the thckne a tamped cncrete ab

meared rm the bttm the mpren t

the nderde the ab. Th mprtant a the

trenth r ad-carrn capabt the pavn

depend n the mnmm cncrete thckne and

nt the averae thckne. Fr exampe, the

ab thckne need t be 100 mm, and a 15-mm

deep tamp ed, the rmwrk w need t be

et at 115 mm t enre the mnmm thckne

acheved. Th w a enre cent cver and

prtectn r the renrcn meh.

3 Appl colored srace hardeer

see Secto 9.1.4 Dry-shake toppings .

The e ntera-cred cncrete a the

bae cr ma ve the pavr mre tme t

app hhht cr, and tamp the race,

whch hep n drn cndtn.

Evapratn retarder can be ed t ncreaewrkn tme, and hep keep the race the

cncrete patc drn drn cndtn. The

a have an added benet redcn the

ncdence patc hrnkae crackn. The

hd be re-apped each tme the race

wrked and drn extreme drn cndtn.

The hd nt aect the cr, and w enera

ad n the nhn peratn.

4 Appl srace release aget Ater the appcatn

the bae cr, a cred reeae aent

apped Fgre 9.13. The race reeae aent

ha tw prpe:

— it prevent cncrete adhern t the tampn

md and rnn the appearance the

pattern.

— it erve a a hhht cr, creatn a varet

tw-tne eect.

Reeae aent cme n a rane cr t

match the bae race hardener cr. stampn

wth cent prere w enre an adeqate

bnd the cred reeae aent t the bae

cat, whch wh the hhht eect eneraccr n deeper jnt and mpren.

Nte that the race reeae aent nt a

crn aent.

A thn m (abt 1.0 mm) cear pthene

patc can be ed a an aternatve bnd breaker

bt ma nterere wth the tampn metextre. it paced ver the prepared cncrete

bere tampn, preventn the cncrete tckn

t the md Fgre 9.14.

5 Stamp the srace it awa necear t pan

the tampn eqence t prdce a d ret

where the pattern meet wa and xtre and

extend ver jnt. in man cae hand pad and

hand-hed jntn r rnn t w be reqred

t cmpete the ede.

6 Cre the cocrete The race reeae aent

de nt aw the e crn cmpnd a

t prevent them bndn t the cncrete race.

T avd cr varatn n nrm cred

tamped wrk, there enera n nta crn

wth pthene a nrm cntact between the

heetn and cncrete race dct, nt

mpbe. in thee cae the reeae aent

remved the next da, the race awed t dr,

and the eaer apped. Wth tw-tne nhe,

mnr varatn n cr retn rm the e

pthene are e ntceabe. Wth tw-tne

nhe, cre the cncrete r a mnmm threeda n pthene heetn, then remve the

reeae cat and app the eaer.

7 Remoe the release aget Ater crn, remve

the reeae cat n hh-prere water r b

crbbn wth a deterent-baed wah (takn

care nt t damae the race) Fgre 9.15.

8 Seal the srace App race eaer even

wth a brm r brh, n tw r even three

cat. ga rt, carbrndm dt r ne ca

areate ma be prnked ver the na cat t

prvde a nn-p nh reqred.

Fr teep drvewa the eaer ma need t be

thnned dwn t aw t t ak nt and ke wth

the cncrete race, rather than reman a a thck

aer n tp a th ma becme pper when wet.

Awa enre that the race the cncrete

dr bere appn the eaer. The cncrete ma

have et and appear t, bt t ma nt be dr.

The prematre appcatn eaer can ret n

mtre ben trapped nder the eaer m. Th

ten cae race mperectn, whch w

detract rm the appearance the prject.




9 Jots (Reer a t Secto 6.4 Joints )

Pnt t nte:

— Pan the at jnt the crreate wth

the rve n the pattern.

— Wet-rmed cntr jnt can be ted ater

tampn nhed, whe the race t

patc—athh th dct the tampn

make deep mpren.

— Frm ke jnt bere pacement. Ke jnt

ma nterere wth tampn deeper pattern.

— inta atn jnt aant abttn

trctre bere pacement. intan them

ater w prbab damae the nh.

9.3 ExPOSED-AGGREGATE FiniSHES

9.3.1 itrodcto

Exped-areate nhe can be prdced b

‘eedn’ the race the cncrete wth eected

tne, r b rdern a peca mx (r the

depth the ab r r a tppn) whch cntan

eected tne. The are exped when the thn

aer cement mrtar at the race remved n

ater the cncrete ten. A nmber methd are

avaabe t d th ncdn water wahn (mt

cmmn), abrave batn, acd etchn and hnn.

Areate are avaabe n a rane crncdn whte, back and reen qartz, dark re

baat, brwn and red rave. Areate can

a have var race textre rm mth rver

rave t care crhed rck and cme n rane

ze rm 3- and 6-mm pebbe t are tne: the

chce w depend n the appcatn. The cncrete

can be cred (ee Secto 9.1) t cmpement r

cntrat wth the eected tne.

sampe pane are recmmended t ae

technqe, race nh, dtrbtn tne and,

appcabe, cntenc cr.

Exped-areate nhe hd be dne nder

the pervn a pavr experenced n thee

technqe.

Fgre 9.13 Applyg release aget

Fgre 9.14 Stampg ccrete – slate ad

cbbleste textures

Fgre 9.15 Remg the release aget




9.3.2 Seeded aggregates

The prcedre a w:

≥ Pace the cncrete, creed and b fat the

race t the nhed eve.≥ Ater the beedwater ha dpated, prnke the

eected areate ver the race Fgre 9.16.

An areate ze 8–12 mm recmmended

r eae pacement athh ze p t 20 mm

can be ed.

≥ The eected areate are embedded b

tampn and b repeated wrkn the race

wth b r wd fat.

≥ Areate expre ben when the race

can bear the weht the pavr wtht makn

race mpren deeper than 2 mm. ue amedm-brte brm, tether wth a cntn

water pra, t wah awa the cement mrtar

Fgre 9.17. D nt brm the race repeated

a th w weaken the matrx and dde

areate. Re-trwen the race ma

ten be necear t tht pack the areate

partce r a better nh and the wahn

prce repeated.

The e water-baed race et-retarder

cd a be cndered. The that are

deveped epeca r th technqe wthe ettn tme the race the ab t a

predetermned depth wtht aectn the et

the ma the cncrete. Th enre cntent

depth expre. The are ver e when

drn weather cndtn wd therwe mt the

tme avaabe r areate expre.

N mre than ne thrd the tne hd be

exped t aw adeqate bndn nt the

cncrete.

≥ Ater expre, cre the race b cvern t wth

patc heetn r a mnmm 3 da (7 da preerabe).

≥ An acd-wah treatment (1 hdrchrc acd

t between 10 and 20 part water) a

necear t brhten p the tne b remvn

the ne cement m rm the race. Thrh

wet the race rt t prevent acd akn nt

the cncrete and weakenn the bnd t the

exped areate, and rne the race wth

cean water aterward t remve a reda acd.

A race eaer ma be apped dered.

9.3.3 Water-washg

The prcedre a w:

≥ order the peca mx cncrete rm thecncrete pper, cntann the reqred

prprtn the peced areate (cr

and ze), and pment.

≥ Pace the cncrete, creed and b fat the

race t the nhed eve, enrn even mrtar

cverae ver the areate at the race.

≥ Fw the tep r expn the areate and

crn n Secto 9.3.2.

9.3.4 Abrase blastg

Abrave batn e ether and r rt t erde

the race cement mrtar. Tpca eqpment

hwn n Fgre 9.18 (a) bt varatn that aw r

reccn the and/rt are avaabe. A the prce

apped t hardened cncrete the pprtnt t

trwe the areate t mprve the appearance

nt avaabe and tpca a mxtre ne and care

areate w be exped Fgre 9.18 (b).

The depth remva hd be peced, bt a r

water wahn, the expre hd nt be mre than

ne thrd the areate ze t enre adeqate

bnd nt the cncrete.

9.3.5 Acd etchg

Tpca carred t nder actr cntred

cndtn (Fgre 9.19 (a)), the prce ma a

be ed n te t remve the race cement mrtar

t varn depth. Acd etchn mre cmmn

ed t ht rhen the race t mprve p

retance, rather than expe the care areate

a hwn n Fgre 9.19 (b). The prcedre the

ame a r the acd-wah treatment abve. Fr

envrnmenta rean, the race hardened

cncrete mt be remved, abrave batn r

hnn are the preerred methd.

Fgre 9.16 Seedg the ccrete surace wth

selected aggregates




9.3.6 Hog

Hnn an nt cncrete race acheved

b rndn t wth abrave t ve a mth,

w-mantenance nh wth d drabt

charactertc Fgre 9.20. The term ‘hned nh’

ed t cver a eve rndn that prdce a

mth bt matt race Fgre 9.21. Frther rndn

wth prreve ner abrave needed t

prdce a ‘phed nh’.

The actr whch aect the na appearance are:

≥ The cr and hardne the cre areate

exped b the rndn. Whe bth the

areate and the matrx cntrbte t the na

appearance, t the areate rather than the

matrx whch hd the ph.

≥ The cr the matrx. The matrx tpca

matched n cr wth the cre areate b

the addtn a pment t the cncrete.

≥ The qat the cncrete. Rearde what

prperte ma be reqred r trctra rean,

a hh-trenth cncrete derabe r thehnn prce. Hh-ear trenth partcar

derabe t enre d areate bnd drn

hnn. A mnmm cncrete rade s32

(t As 1379) tpca.

≥ The depth rndn. Th w determne the

expre the care areate wthn the

cncrete.

Wth man varabe, t recmmended that ether

ne the pecat cncrete mxe deveped r th

tpe nh be ed (tet ampe r exampe are

aread avaabe) r that tet ampe be prdcedt aw the nh t be aeed prr t wrk

cmmencn.

Fgre 9.18 (a) Abrase blastg ad (b) clse-up

fsh

a b

Fgre 9.19 (a) Acd etchg prcess ad (b) clse-up

heay etchg

a b

Fgre 9.20 Methds hg ccrete suraces.(a) Dry prcess, (b) wet prcess ad (c) had tls

r edges

Fgre 21 Examples hed fshes. (a) Pat slab,

(b) hed fsh at 80 t 100 grt ad (c) path

c

a b

c

a b

Fgre 9.17 Washg the surace cemet mrtar (a)

t expse the aggregate (b)

briefng 2

a b C o u r t e

s y o f t h e P o r t l a n d C e m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n ( U S A )




9.3.7 Stamped eposed-aggregate

Areate expre (b ether the eedn r wah-

methd) and the tampn technqe decrbed n

Secto 9.2.3 can be cmbned t prdce ther

nhe Fgre 9.22.

9.3.8 Erometal cosderatos

Envrnmenta e, partcar water rn-

cntann cement r dte acd, mt be cndered

wth cred and exped-areate nhe.

Fhn cement pate, acd, cred racehardener, xde and reeae aent nt trmwater

dran aect the water qat n natra water

tem and ma be prhbted b ca athrte.

T prevent th:

≥ Prvde ter at tratec pnt n and a a

edment-cntr barrer and remve rm te.

≥ ue hean wrap t dvert rn- t race

catchment r nt excavated t trap. overfw

rm t trap can be dverted t a race

catchment wth excavated channe.

≥ Temprar cap a dranae net.

≥ ue raed rmwrk t cntr edment rn-.

≥ Where practcabe, wah the rede rm ne

ectn a pavement nt the bare earth t be

beqent cvered b an adjnn ectn.

9.4 SPRAy-On TOPPinGS

9.4.1 Geeral

Extn ab can be praed wth cred and

textred nhe (varn n thckne rm 3–5 mm)

Fgre 9.23. Hwever, the cce an tppn

depend n the bnd t the btrate.

9.4.2 Materals

spra-n tppn are avaabe a cementt r

acrc-baed matera. The can k mar bt ther

e expectanc ma var. Cnt the pper abt

tabt and perrmance matera.

9.4.3 Preparato

Cean the extn pavement t remve rt, pant, ,

and ther btance that w aect the bnd and

nh. ue hh-prere water ceann, acd etchn

(a md tn 1:25) and (where evere race

deterratn ha ccrred) cncrete rndn r

dte ht batn t prdce a cean, even and

nd btrate.

9.4.4 Repars to sbstrate

Mt praed nhe are apped t extn

cncrete race t mprve the appearance. An

deect wthn the extn ab that ma detract

rm the appearance hd ether be repared r,

atactr repar are nt pbe, a wa nd t

accmmdate them n the new pattern r den. A

a at rert, me ectn the extn pavement

ma need t be repaced t acheve a atactr

tcme. Nte that matchn nhe and cr

between repaced ectn and the extn ab

enera nt an e a the pra-n tppn

nrma ncde a bae cat that w cncea

the entre btrate. Fr patterned nhe where

jnt/rt ne are et exped and n bae cat

apped, the cr cntenc the cncrete

btrate ma be mre mprtant.

Fgre 9.22 Stamped ad expsed-aggregate fsh

cmbed

Fgre 9.23 Spray- tppg wth steclled patter




Deect that ma need t be repared prr t pran

a tppn ncde:

≥ Cracs can be ed wth ether a rd matera

ch a cementt r epx rt the are

drmant crack (nt mvn), r wth a fexbe

matera the are ve crack (t mvn).

Hwever, whe ve crack can be ed and

praed ver, cntnn therma r rnd

mvement w cae the crack t be refected

thrh the new tppn matera, abet enera

narrwer and e ntceabe.

≥ Deret leels adjnn ab (caed b

tree rt, expanve , mtre prbem

and bdence) can be made fh wth a

tppn r prpe-made even cmpnd.

Prepare and app trct n accrdance wth themanactrer’ peccatn. The ct even

cmpnd ma be prhbtve. Mrever the

are nt recmmended externa becae the

pbt warpn and deamnatn. Where

there a er cae bdence, and the ab

ha t pprt, an aternatve t repacement

the njectn rt nder the ab (‘ab jackn’).

Th expenve bt ma be necear n me

cae.

≥ Broe corers can be repared b xn a new

ectn cncrete t the extn. The xn mabe a renrcn bar (r a tane tee pn

enh cncrete cver nt pbe) epxed

nt the extn cncrete.

≥ Jots are dct t repar becae mvement

ma cae are the repar.

≥ Spallg a caed b rtn

renrcement. Bere an repar wrk

ndertaken, the cae rtn hd be

determned and emnated pbe, t prevent

rther pan. Exped and rtn bar can

be ca ct back t ve the reqred cver,bere patchn wth a repar mrtar. Bere an

renrcement ct t, a trctra enneer

hd be cnted t determne the mpcatn

remvn the renrcement. Repar pan

cncrete a pecat jb, and r extenve

area t ma be better t remve and repace the

ectn pavn.

≥ Srace deects that are haw can be ed

wth a pra-n tppn matera. A prpe-made

repar mrtar can be ed r deeper depren.

note that repar hd be carred t b pecat.A, extenve repar are necear, cnderatn

hd be ven t repacn the extn damaed

pavement wth a new ab. The tta ct repar

and a praed nh ma be reater than the remva

and repacement ct.

9.4.5 Estg jots

A a enera re, jnt n a new tppn r catn

hd crrepnd wth extn jnt. Th becae

jnt are ed t aw r cntr mvement n the

ab. i the are ed and eaed ver, cntned

mvement the pavement cd cae the jnt t

rptre and the tppn t pa.

The catn extn jnt ma vern the drectn

an race pattern. i an new jnt are ct nt

the extn pavement (e becae extn jnt are

t ar apart r nt abe t adeqate cntr mve-

ment) thee hd be cated t t the new pattern.

in certan tatn, atn jnt ma be needed t

reeve tree arnd trctre (pt and wa)

adjnn the ab.

9.4.6 Protecto o adjog strctres

Prtect adjnn race rm ver pra r patter

t emnate the rk tann them.

9.4.7 Bodg prodcts

Bndn aent can be ed t ncreae the trenth

the bnd the tppn t the extn btrate.

The are a pped wth the appcatn kt

r ncrprated nt the pra matera. Prdct

hd be apped n trct accrdance wth the

manactrer’ ntrctn a ncrrect ed

bndn aent can have a de-bndn eect.

9.4.8 Base coats

A bae (r prmar) cr cat apped ver thebndn aent (where reqred); n tenced wrk,

th becme the cr the ‘jnt’ n the tenced

pattern. Bae cat are ar wrkabe and can be

eveed wth trwe, brad fat r qeeee. The

cndtn the ab, extn a and depth

an depren w, hwever, nfence the chce

mp. Ater the bae cat ha dred (a perd

peced b the manactrer) the race

mthed b ne andn, ht rndn r rbbn

ver wth pen-meh rbbn bck t remve mnr

mperectn. Dt and rndn hd be remved

rm the mmedate area that the are nt waked

nt, r bwn back nt, the pavement.




9.4.9 Stecl applcato

stenc are a e-adheve r xn drect t

the bae cat r prepared race. The are avaabe

n a wde rane pattern, mar t the avaabe

r tandard tenc appcatn. stenc wth pecapattern can be made t rder.

9.4.10 Toppg coats

The na cred cat mxed accrdn t the

manactrer’ drectn. Th ma ncde addtve

d wth the appcatn kt. Varn the mp and

vct the tppn can prdce derent textre.

A mre fd tppn (wth a hh mp) w prdce

a mth nh; a drer mx (wer mp) ed t

prdce rher textre. The mp ncreaed b

addn bth fd and bndn matera; nt n fd.

The cr can be apped thrh a da-ne eeder

r hand-hed hpper wth a ravt eeder. An even

appcatn crca. A rther, r hhht cat (wth

an rn-xde feck r exampe) can be apped.

Ater the race et, the tenc are remved and

the rede bwn .

9.4.11 Sealg

A ame-da eaer can be apped r mmedate

prtectn; hwever, tw cat a hh-qat eaer

are recmmended t enre atn ervceabt a

pra-n race nh.




10 .1 GEnERAL

Appn a tppn r thn aer cncrete/

cementt matera n tp the man trctra

cncrete ab r pavement ne the mt cmmn

methd prvdn a decratve nh and/r cr

t cncrete fatwrk. A damaed r wrn cncreterace can a be revtaed b the appcatn a

tppn. other rean r n tppn are that the:

≥ mt the amnt matera that mt be cred,

partcar wth the mre expenve pment

ch a be and reen;

≥ are paced at the end the prject and therere

redce the rk damae t the nh rm

cntrctn actvte;

≥ aw peca nhe t be acheved, partcar

the that reqre var matera t be

embedded r et nt the race the pavement;

≥ can prvde a decratve nh t an extn, der

cncrete ab;

≥ can be ed t crrect race eve n the

pavement.

Tppn can be dvded brad nt tw catere:

the paced drn cntrctn the ab

(mnthc tppn) and the paced ver an

extn cncrete ab (bnded and nbnded).

it crca t cnder the catn jnt n a

tppn t avd crackn. Jnt catn aredepend n whether t a bnded r nbnded

tppn. i bnded, jnt are paced t crrepnd

wth extn jnt n the ab. i nbnded, jnt

pacn hd a crrepnd t extn jnt

catn wth the maxmm jnt pacn cmpn

wth the recmmendatn r new cncrete ab

(e 30 tme the tppn thckne t redce the rk

crackn). Practca, the area dened b jnt

hd be mted t abt 15 m2 t aw tme t pace

and nh the cncrete.

Crack n the extn cncrete hd be repared,becae t ke the wd appear n the

tppn, epeca n thn bnded tppn (reer

Secto 12.2). smetme t ma be pbe t

prvde a pattern n the tppn t cncea crack

catn.

New cncrete tppn ma hw ne race crack

becae drn at the race the tppn, and

the bnd the tppn t the extn bae.

Ater crn, the tppn can be ed b t trac.

Hwever, heaver ad hd be excded r

28 da.

10.2 TOPPinGS PLACED DuRinG

COnSTRuCTiOn (Moolthc toppgs)

Mnthc tppn are race aer whch are

apped ater the bae r trctra cncrete abha been paced, and whe the cncrete t n t

‘patc’ r wrkabe tate. Th aw bndn the

tw aer a the et and harden tether, eectve

prdcn a ne r mnthc eement.

Dr hake tppn are the mt cmmn tpe

mnthc tppn ed t prvde a cred race

(ee Secto 9.1.4). An aternatve t catn dr

pwder ver the race t app a thn aer

mrtar t the race. Th can ether be trweed n

r, mre recent, praed nt the race.

A race aer cred cncrete can a bepaced a a mnthc tppn. Becae cncrete

race aer/tppn have mar prperte t the

cncrete bew, there n mt t the thckne a

cncrete race aer. Practca, the thckne

kept t a mnmm t redce pment ct, wth the

mnmm thckne a verned b the maxmm

areate ze ed.

Fr exped areate nhe where expenve

areate are reqred, pacn the mx a a

tppn ma prvde a mre ecnmca tn.

The prcedre r pacn ch a 20- t 40-mm thckexped areate tppn mx that aw a

water-wahed nh wd be a w:

≥ Pace the bae ab and creed t t a eve 20 t

40 mm bew the nhed eve.

≥ Prepare a tppn mx n the prprtn (b

vme) 1 part cement: 1.5 part and: 3 part

areate (and pment reqred) and jt

enh water r wrkabt. Aternatve, rder a

peca pre-mxed cncrete.

≥ ue a race et retarder n are jb (r n

drn cndtn) t aw mre tme t pace and

nh tppn.

Toppings

1O




≥ Wat nt the race beedwater ha evaprated

rm the bae ab bere pacn the tppn.

≥ screed and fat t enre cndatn and

cmpete bndn.

≥ Fw the tep r expn the areate and

crn n Secto 9.3.2.

10.3 TOPPinGS PLACED OvER ExiSTinG

COnCRETE SLABS

10.3.1 Geeral

There are tw tpe tppn that can be paced

ver extn cncrete ab: bnded and nbnded.

Bnded tppn are reatve thn aer matera

that are bnded t, and re n, the extn ab r

ther ntert, e retance t drn hrnkae andcrackn. unbnded tppn are eparated rm the

extn ab, ncrprate renrcement and act a

ndvda thn ab.

10.3.2 Boded toppgs

Bnded tppn can be caed accrdn t ther

thckne. utra-thn tppn p t a ew mmetre n

thckne (e pra-n tppn) and thn tppn p

t abt 10 mm n thckne (e trwe-n tppn)

cnt mrtar-tpe mxe, enera ncrpratn

pmer and bndn aent. Pment can abe added, r the race chemca taned ater

hardenn mar t an ther cementt matera.

Thcker tppn n the rane 20 t 40 mm cnt

cncrete mxe cntann care areate t better

cntr drn hrnkae—the thckne ben a

nctn the areate ze ed. Tpca hand mxe

rane rm 1:1:2 (heav dt) t 1:2:4 (ht tracked)

cement:and:areate. Thee are mxed wth a

mnma qantt water necear r wrkabt.

The a maxmm thckne r nrenrced bnded

tppn abt 50 mm. Bend th, the tppn wbehave mre ke a thn ab and achevn an

adeqate bnd t the extn ab becme even

mre mprtant t ard aant deamnatn rm

actr ch a hrnkae and crn.

Tppn are paced n a rh race, whch

cean and nd. od cncrete race, whch

are dnteratn, e dtn r pan, hd be

chpped nt a nd race btaned. smth

cncrete hd be chpped r cabbed t prvde

a ke r the new tppn. Water batn r captve

ht batn preerabe, becae chppn tendt prdce a weak bae aer. on a prepared race

the care areate hd be vbe.

The race hd be hed and crbbed wth

a t brm t remve a dt and ren matter

bere pacn the new cncrete. A tabe bndn

cmpnd hd be ed.

genera, renrcement nt ed when the

tppn thckne de nt exceed 50 mm. Hwever,

dependn n the thckne, sl42 abrc can be

ptned 20 mm rm the tp the ab and

pprted n bar char t hep cntr hrnkae

crackn. Pprpene r tee bre renrcement

ma a be ed.

leven cmpnd are a rm bnded tppn

tpca e than 10 mm n thckne. The are mxed

wth water and creeded nt the cncrete race.

The can be apped n thcknee a thn a 1 mm.

sme e-even prdct reqre tte nhn. it eenta t w the manactrer’ advce and

ntrctn abt the prdct’ appcatn.

A jnt n the rna ab hd be dpcated n

the tppn ab t mantan mvement cntr.

The tppn hd be cred r a mnmm 3 da,

preerab 7 da.

10.2.3 uboded toppgs

i tppn reater than 50 mm n thckne are

reqred, then a eparate nbnded renrced tppnhd be cndered. in reat, nbnded tppn

are eenta thn new ab bt reerred t a tppn

becae the are paced ver extn cncrete.

Whe thee tppn are tpca ed r

waterprn appcatn b awn the ntaatn

a pthene heet r ther waterpr membrane,

the a prvde a e mean tppn extn

tmber r cncrete fr. The reater thckne aw

the e a mnmm 14-mm areate.

A patc membrane tpca ed a a bnd-

breaker t eparate the d r extn cncrete rmthe new. T aw cver t the renrcement and

mnme crn prbem a thckne abt 70 t

75 mm recmmended. Tppn that exceed 75 mm

n thckne hd be rearded a new cncrete

ab and dened and renrced accrdn.

Becae nbnded tppn d n re n the

btrate t cntr hrnkae and hence crackn,

a aer renrcn meh (tpca sl52) need t

be prvded r crack cntr. Nte that the drabt

reqrement ma vern the cncrete trenth

(mnmm N32 wth a 100-mm mp recmmended)and mnmm tppn thckne. The tppn hd

be cred r a mnmm 3 da, preerab 7 da.




11.1 MORTARS FOR MASOnRy

11.1.1 Geeral

Mrtar r cncrete, ca r cacm cate manr

perrm mar nctn, whether veneer, dbe, r

ne-ea cntrctn.

The den manr, ncdn the reqrement r

mrtar, are cvered b Atraan standard As 3700.

Mrtar:

≥ prvde an even beddn r manr nt, and

take p the dmenna varatn nt;

≥ tranmt cmpren ad;

≥ bnd the nt tether the ret the tene

and hear rce rm atera ad;

≥ ea the jnt rm the weather;

≥ hd damp prn and fahn n pace;

≥ eenta r ptmm actc perrmance and

re retance manr wa;

≥ can add t the appearance b prvdn cr;

≥ mt be reent enh t accmmdate mnr

trctra mvement.

The bnd between mrtar and manr the mt

mprtant actr and rmed b the water carrn

cement partce nt the race the manr nt

and hdratn then eadn t a chemca bnd ben

rmed. sme practca pnt t cnder ncde:

≥ Enre the mrtar matche the manr nt

ben ed.

≥ ue water-thckenn admxtre where

apprprate. Thee prdct enre that r nt

havn hh ctn, the water nt rapd drawn

t the mrtar wtht carrn cement partce

wth t.

≥ Jnt hd be cmpete ed, wth the r n

preed brck ad pward.

≥ T mt the mtre , d nt pace t reat

a enth mrtar n a cre bere pacn thebrck.

≥ Dampenn r wettn the manr nt prr t

an redce the ctn and ead t pr bnd.

≥ An dtrbance the nt mre than a ew

ecnd ater an hd be avded.

≥ Deterent, drnk, ar and the ke mt nt

be ed t mprve wrkabt a the detr

bnd trenth.

≥ Avd verdn wth ar-entrann admxtre

a th redce bnd trenth. The manactrer’

ntrctn hd be care wed.

11.1.2 Materals

Cemet Fr nrma brck and bckwrk, enera-

prpe cement (Tpe gP r Tpe gB) r manr

cement are tabe. Where a hter cred r mre

vbrant pmented mrtar reqred, -whte cement

hd be ed. The prprtnn the mrtar,

hwever, vare wth the tpe cement Table 11.1. T

avd n-te cnn, t preerabe n ne tpe

cement ed n a prject.

Cement ha a mted he e and hd be tred

the rnd n a dr envrnment.

Lme Hdrated me r bdn me tabe r hard

patern hd be ed. lme added t make

the mrtar creamer r mre wrkabe. it a hept mnme crackn whe the mx drn becae

t prvde a deree eatct t the hardened

mrtar. it d practce t ak the me n an eqa

vme water r 24 hr prr t e t mprve t

perrmance n the mx.

Sad (fe aggregate) sand the ne areate

n mrtar. Fne and are preerred. sand wth hh

ca cntent hd nt be ed, nr hd ‘re ca’

r ‘brcke’ am’ be added t the mrtar. (lam

cmmn reerred t a ‘att’ and.) sand wth a hh

ca cntent derade the mrtar, marked redcn

the bnd trenth and wern the drabt.

Water Water hd be cean, reh and ree

mprte. Man water r water tabe r drnkn

a atactr.

Admtres Chemca addtve hd nt be ed t

repace me and hd be ed n trct accrdance

wth the manactrer’ ntrctn.

Pwdered mnera xde pment hd nt exceed

10% the weht cement n the mx (nrma5 t 8%) and hd be thrh mxed wth the

ther matera prr t the addtn water.

Mortars, Renders and

Roo-tile Bedding

11




lqd cr addtve hd be meared and ed

n accrdance wth the manactrer’ ntrctn.

Water thckener hd be cee-baed prdct

tabe r the appcatn and ed n accrdance

wth the manactrer’ ntrctn.

A ampe cred mrtar hd be made and

awed t dr bere tartn wrk, t enre the

dered cr acheved.

11.1.3 Mes ad applcatos

Mxe hd be vared t t the partcar expre

cndtn and catn (ee Table 11.1 and

Secto 11.1.6 bew). Mx prprtn are expreed

a rat, e 1:1:6, meann 1 part cement t 1 part

me t 6 part and b vme.

11.1.4 Ste-med mortar

When te-mxn, t mprtant t care meare

a the matera b vme n a tabe cntaner, nt

b the hve. The hd be prper mxed t

enre that a nrm mxtre btaned.

Mechacal mg a dne n a cncrete

mxer. A ma amnt mxn water paced n the

mxer wed b the and, cement and me. Water

w added t create a thck cream mxtre that jt fd enh t enre eae brckan. Each

batch hd be thrh mxed t enre that a

nrm mxtre btaned. A mnmm mxn tme

6 mnte recmmended.

Had mg hd be dne n a cean wheebarrwr n a mxn bard t avd cntamnatn. The

dr matera hd be cmbned and mxed t an

even cr bere w addn water a the mx

cntant trned nt a thck cream mrtar made.

Mrtar hd be ed wthn ha an hr mxn.

Mrtar that ha tened hd nt be retempered b

the addtn water.

11.1.5 Pre-med mortar

Factr-bended, read-t-e, enera-prpe

mrtar are avaabe n ba rm mt hardware

tet. The need n the care addtn water

(and cr addtve reqred) r mxn. The

have the advantae enrn a hh cntent,

we prprtned mx.

11.1.6 Mortar or freplaces ad barbeqes

Tradtna, the mrtar ed r thee appcatn

wa a 1:3 r 1:4 mx b vme me and and. lme

mrtar whch harden w and ha w trenth

abe t accmmdate the therma mvement betterthan the ter, trner mrtar.

Table 11.1

Mrtar mxes r masry (based Tables 5.1 ad 10.1 AS 3700)

M proportos b olme

Mortar Cemet Masry Buldg Water

Classfcato Type GP r GB Cemet Lme Sad Thckeer

M2 1 0 2 9 N

M3 1 0 1 6 optna

0 1 0 4 N

1 0 0 5 ye

M4 1 0 0.5 4.5 optna

1 0 0–0.25 3 optna1 0 0 4 ye

0 1 0 3 N

Note these mortars are not suitable for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) units. For calcium silicate units use

only the mixes with added water thickener.




Nwada, the recmmended mx r repace and

barbeqe a 1:2:8 r 9 mrtar b vme cement,

me and and, e a weaker cement-baed mrtar

than nrma ed. Dependn n the expre, the

drabt th mrtar hd be cndered.

The aternatve wd be the e reractr brck

wth a reractr cement mrtar ether made p n

te n accrdance wth tandard practce n

hh-amna cement, r a mrtar prchaed a

a prpretar prdct rm a reractr matera

pper.

11.1.7 Mortar mes or partclar eromets

Mrtar mx cacatn and ther appcatn baed

n Tabe 5.1 n As 3700 are mmared bew:

M2 Tpca appcatn ncde:

≥ Md envrnment ch a the remte rm the

cat, ndtra actvt r the trpc

≥ Abve DPC n nterr envrnment nt bject t

wettn and drn

≥ Abve DPC n ther than marne envrnment

≥ Abve DPC and prtected b a waterpr catn,

fahed jnctn and tp cvern

≥ Bew DPC r n cntact wth rnd bt prtected

rm water nre b an mpermeabe membrane.


≥ interr envrnment bject t nn-ane wettn

and drn

≥ Marne envrnment (wthn 100 m t 1 km a

nn-r cat r 1 km t 10 km a r cat)

≥ Bew DPC r n cntact wth nn-areve

≥ in reh water.


≥ interr envrnment bject t ane wettn and

drn

≥ in evere marne envrnment (wthn 100 m

nn-r cat r 1 km r cat)

≥ Bew DPC r n cntact wth areve

≥ in ane r cntamnated water, ncdn tda and

pah zne

≥ in epeca areve envrnment

e crrve qd r ae.

Mx prprtn r mrtar cacatn M2, M3 and

M4 baed n Tabe 10.1 n As 3700 are ted n

Table 11.1.

11.2 REnDERS

11.2.1 Geeral

Cement-baed render, n nterna and externa wa

mprve waterprn, re ratn and (when cred

and/r textred) the appearance.

T et the bet ret rm a render:

≥ the mx hd be ted t the backrnd race;

≥ t hd be prper apped n the crrect nmber

cat, and t crrect thcknee;

≥ t hd be prper cred.

11.2.2 Materals

Cemet genera Prpe (Tpe gP r Tpe gB)

cement nrma ed, bt where a ht r crednh reqred -whte cement ma be ed.

Lme Hdrated me r bdn me tabe r hard

patern hd be ed. lme added t make

the render creamer r mre wrkabe. it a hep

t mnme crackn whe the mx drn becae

t prvde a deree eatct t the render n t

hardened tate. it d practce t aw the me t

ak n an eqa vme water r 24 hr prr t

e t mprve t perrmance n the mx.

Sad sand the majr nredent the mx and

hd be d qat, cean and ree rm ca

and veetabe matter. in enera, care raded

and are mre tabe r ndercat, whe a ner

radn mre tabe r nhn cat. Patern

and and ner wahed cncrete and (cmmn

reerred t a ‘harp’ and) are avaabe rm reta

hardware and bdn pp tet.

Water Water hd be cean, reh and ree rm

mprte. Man water r water that tabe r

drnkn a atactr. Jt enh waterhd be ed t make the mx wrkabe.

Admtres genera, admxtre are nt reqred

n render. Hwever, the are added the hd be

ed trct n accrdance wth the manactrer’

ntrctn a verdn can ret n er

trenth and bnd.

Pment, added t cr the render, hd nt

exceed 10% the weht cement n the mx and

hd be thrh mxed wth the ther matera

prr t the addtn water. lqd pment hd

be meared cntent and added n accrdance

wth manactrer’ ntrctn.




A ampe cred render hd be made and

awed t dr bere tartn wrk, t enre the

dered cr acheved.

11.2.3 Mes ad applcatos

A varet render mxe can be ed, dependn n

the backrnd race and the cndtn t whch

the rendered race exped Table 11.2.

11.2.4 Ste-med reders

Render can be mxed n te n ether a mechanca

mxer r b hand n a bard r n a wheebarrw.

Hand mxn enera e reabe than mechanca

mxn. When te-mxn, t mprtant t care

meare the matera b vme n a tabecntaner, nt b the hve.

Nte that render hd be apped wthn ha an

hr mxn.

Mechacal mg A ma amnt mxn water

paced n a cncrete mxer wed b the and,

pment ( reqred) cement and then me ( ncded

n the mx). The are bended tether nt a nrm

cr acheved.

Water w added nt a t mx that w ‘t

p’ n a trwe acheved. Each batch hd bethrh mxed r tw t three mnte t enre

nrm cntenc.

Had mg A the reqred dr matera r the

batch hd be meared nt a wheebarrw r nt

a bard. The dr matera hd be cmbned and

mxed t an even cr bere the addtn water,

whch w added and mxed n nt a t cream

mx that w ‘t p’ n a trwe acheved. Trnn and

mxn hd be cntned r a cpe mnte t

enre a the and nrm cated wth pate.

Render mxe whch have tened, makn them

dct t app, hd be dcarded and nt

re-tempered b the addtn water. The mre water

ed, the weaker the mx and the reater the kehd

hrnkae whch ma ead t bnd are r crackn.

11.2.5 Pre-med reders

Factr-bended, read-t-e, enera-prpe and

peca-prpe render reqrn n the addtn

water are avaabe n ba rm mt hardware

and bdn pp tet and decratve-catnmanactrer.

11.2.6 Applg reder

Srace preparato The backrnd race hd

be ree rm pant, , dt and an drt r ther e

matera that ma prevent a d bnd. Prpretar

bndn aent, apped n trct accrdance wth

the manactrer’ ntrctn, can a be ed t

mprve adhen.

Table 11.3 ndcate the preparatn treatment

necear r a nmber backrnd race prr

t rendern.

Srace dampeg Ater nta preparatn, the

backrnd race hd be dampened and

awed t dr back t a race-dr cndtn

mmedate prr t rendern. Th redce

exceve ctn bt t enabe a bnd t be

acheved n the cae weaker and pen-textred

backrnd.

Dash coat Dah cat are ed t prvde a

adeqate bnd between the backrnd and the

beqent render cat. ste-mxed dah cat have

the rat 1 part cement t 1 t 2 part and (b

vme). The dah cat fcked and pattered ver

the backrnd t prdce a rh nh. Th pen-

textred aer nt trweed eve r mthed t,

bt et rh t ‘ke’ wth the render.

nmber o coats The nmber cat w depend

n the cndtn and the evenne the backrnd,

the cndtn t whch the render exped, and the

tpe nh reqred. ua, ne r tw cat are

a that reqred. sne cat hd never exceed

15 mm n thckne.

A mnmm three da hd be awed between

cat.

udercoats undercat are nrma apped b

trwe t a mnmm thckne 10 mm and a

maxmm 15 mm. When the render rm, t hd

be raked r cratched t prvde a ke r the next

cat.

Fal coats Fna cat are nrma apped b trwe

t a maxmm thckne 10 mm ver the ndercat.

Decorate fshes A varet decratve eect

can be acheved n derent nhn technqe

n the na cat.




The appcatn decratve render nhe can

be dct and pecat appcatn b cmpetent

tradepepe recmmended. The tpe nhe

pbe ncde:

≥ Trowelled Acheved b kmmn the na cat

wth a wd fat t prdce a mth, denerace r n ntched trwe t prdce a

varet pattern.

≥ Bagged A baed r patterned nh btaned

b rbbn a ba damp hean nt the race,

the pattern ben dependent n the actn ed.

≥ Spoge Acheved b mppn r pnn the

nhardened race wth a damp pne. Water

hd nt be awed t rn dwn the wa.

≥ Rogh cast The na cat thrwn and fcked

nt the race and n retchn dne.

≥ Tetred Textred race can a be acheved

b the e carer areate n the na cat.

11.2.7 Cotrol jots

Cement-baed render ma crack r a nmber

rean, cmmn ne ncde the ret hrnkae

a the render dre and mvement n the backrnd

matera. Wth the care pacement cntr jnt,

crackn can be mnmed.

Cntr jnt hd be rmed n the render t

cncde wth a jnt n the backrnd and catn

n the trctre where mvement ke t ccr. Jnt

n the backrnd hd nt be ed wth render,

whe weep he hd be carred thrh the render.

11.2.8 Crg ad protecto

A render cat, ncdn ndercat and dah cat,

hd be kept damp r 3 da r nt the next cat

apped. Render hd nt be awed t dr t

qck and hd be prtected rm ht weather,

drn wnd and ran. Rendern n drect nht r

exped wnd area hd be avded.

Table 11.2

Reder mxes ad ther applcat

M

(Cement:me:andb vme) iteral / eteral Applcato

1:0:3 interna sne cat, ndercat wrk (tw part)

1:0:5 interna Fnh cat wrk (tw part)

1:0.5:4.5 Externa strn mx r trn backrnd

1:1:6 Externa Mderate trenth mx r pr and weaker backrnd

1:2:8 Externa Fna cat r weak backrnd n hetered tatn

Table 11.3

Backgrud preparat

Bacgrod

Materal Prpertes Preparato

Hh-trenth cncrete strn/mth scabbe race and app dah cat r x meta ath

cear race

Fbre-cement heet strn/mth Fx meta ath cear race

standard brck, strn/pr Rake jnt ( apprprate) and app dah cat

cncrete bck, cncrete

lhtweht cncrete, Weak/pr Dampen race

render ndercat




Cear r ht-cred patc heetn hd be

ed t prtect reh render r the rt 3 da ater

appcatn. The patc heet hd nt be awed

t tch the nhed race cr mprtant a

t ma ead t dcratn. intead, t hd bepaced jt the race.

Prtectn nt nrma necear r nterna

render the bdn prvde prtectn rm drn

weather cndtn.

11.3 ROOF-TiLE BEDDinG AnD POinTinG

11.3.1 Geeral

Rde and hp cappn hd be ad n a mrtar

bed. Mxe recmmended b As 2050 are:

≥ Cement mrtar r beddn1:4 b vme cement and and.

≥ Cement mrtar r pntn

1:3 b vme cement and and.

Mearement the nredent hd be made

n a ae bx r bcket nt a hve. A d

brckaer’ and (ee Secto 11.1.2) hd be ed.

11.3.2 Beddg ad Potg

Beddn and pntn cappn prvde a weather

ea. The e wet mxe prne t excevehrnkae crackn hd be avded.

Beddn and pntn the jnt between rde and

hp cappn hd be dne n a 1:3 mrtar b

vme cement and and.

Where te cnvere at a vae (r teep r

ptche), t ten eenta t pnt nder the ct te

n the vae ne t prevent the p-wah r water

nder the ppn te ede.

Pment are a added t pntn mrtar t

match the cr r te. sme tra w be

reqred t acheve a d match. in a cae, the

pment ed hd be n mre than 10% b

weht the cement n the mx. Pment hd be

ed trct n accrdance wth the manactrer’

recmmendatn.

When beddn r pntn, the mrtar hd be ht

brhed r wped ater the nta et t remve e

partce. A te adjacent t the rde te hd

a be ceaned and brhed ree e mrtar

partce.




12.1 DEFECTS – PREvEnTiOn AnD REPAiR

12.1.1 Dstg

Dtn a cndtn where a ne pwder cme

the race the cncrete.

CAUSE The mt cmmn cae r a weak race

that prne t dtn are the addtn exce

water t the cncrete, prematre trwen the

race (wrkn beedwater nt the cement matrx

at the race thereb ncrean the water-cement

rat) and nadeqate crn the cncrete. An ne

thee three w weaken the cncrete race, and

tw r mre are cmbned w amt certan cae

prbem. other pbe cae ncde ranwater

ether dtn the race cement matrx r wahn

t the cement bnder, appn dr cement t the

race t ak p water (e ater ran), reezn therace drn r jt ater ettn, n the wrn

cncrete trenth r the appcatn (e t weak) and

nadeqate cmpactn.

PREvEnTion Avd addn exce water t cncrete.

D nt wrk the race t ear whe beedwater

preent bt aw a beedwater t evaprate bere

nhn. D nt verwrk the cncrete becae th

w a brn ne matera t the race. When ran

r reezn cndtn threaten, take precatn t

prtect the race. ue the crrect cncrete trenth

r the appcatn and d nt attempt t brm the

race when wet becae th w dra awa the

cement matrx and create rttn n the race.

Awa ntate a d crn prcedre a ear a

pbe.

REPAiR Dtn can be rected n the majrt

cae b the appcatn a chemca race

hardener r dt nhbtr that penetrate the cncrete

and react wth the hdratn prdct n the cncrete

t rm cmpnd that at n trenthenn the

race aer. The a bnd the thn, weak aern the race t the bae cncrete bew and are

enera apped ater 28 da. Mre-evere cae

w reqre the cmpete remva the weak race

aer b rndn, ntaatn a tppn r prvdn

an apprprate fr cvern.

12.1.2 Crazg

A crazed cncrete race a netwrk ver haw

ne crack acr the race. The are bv when

the cncrete damp.

CAUSE Crazn caed b the drn hrnkae

the thn mrtar aer that created drn the nhn

the race, r aternatn wettn and drn

the race. other cntrbtn actr ncde the

mx ben t wet and the ack adeqate crn.

Crazn a ret when drer ch a neat cement

are ed t ak p exce water and are trweednt the race.

PREvEnTion Take precatn drn ht weather

cndtn and adpt a d crn reme, tartn

a ear a pbe. D nt e cement (r cred

race hardener) t ak p water, and mt the

trwen the cncrete. Avd the addtn

exce water t the cncrete. D nt wrk the race

t ear when beedwater preent.

REPAiR Repar ma nt be necear becae

crazn a w nt weaken cncrete. i t va

nacceptabe, then a race catn pant r ther

vera eaer can be apped t cver and/r cncea

the crack. Wth adeqate crn, mt crack hd

hea themeve.

12.1.3 Blsterg / ag

Bter are hw, w-pre bmp n the cncrete

race ed wth ether ar r beedwater. under

trac (bth vehce and t trac) thee bter

crack and the race mrtar break awa, expn

the cncrete nderneath. Fakn mar bt ver a

arer area.

CAUSE The cncrete race wa eaed t ear

b trwen, trappn beedwater whch cntned

t re nderneath the nw cmpacted race

(rm trwen). A the water accmate t rm

a aer that de-bnd the cmpacted race rm

the cncrete bew. Dependn n the extent

the prbem t ma reembe an ated bter, r

are fake w t rm the race. Th can ccr

partcar n thck ab r n ht, wnd da whenthe race prne t prematre drn and hence

nhn.

Troubleshooting and

Repairs

12




PREvEnTion The e an evapratn retarder n

ht, dr r wnd weather w redce th prbem b

awn cent tme r a beedwater t reach the

race prr t nhn. other mean redcn

rapd drn ncde wndbreak and nhade,and pacn at cer tme the da. i bter are

rmn drn nhn, dea trwen a n a

pbe and take tep t redce evapratn. Avd

n drer ch a cement n the race.

REPAiR grnd the weakened aer t an even nh

and app a eaer. Appn a tppn aer r epx

catn t remed bad damaed race cd

a be cndered.

12.1.4 uee color o pla cocreteThere metme cr varatn n adjnn

ectn cncrete, and metme n the ab te.

CAUSES Factr eadn t cr varatn n

cncrete ncde:

≥ Varabe amnt water n the cncrete

≥ Chann the trenth the cncrete

≥ Chann the pper the cncrete

≥ Chann the tpe r brand cement ed n the

cncrete

≥ Fnhn practce ch a ear trwen wet

race and extended hard trwen

≥ inadeqate, ncntent r derent crn

methd can ret n mtted race. Crn

cmpnd that are nt even apped, and

patc heetn that nt n cntact wth the

race ma a cae cr varatn.

PREvEnTion Adpt a tandard and cntent

prcedre r rdern, pacn and nhn. D

nt add exce water, e the ne pper, trwe

ater beedwater ha dpated, trwe the race

even and mpement d and cntent crn

technqe.

REPAiR The appcatn a tan r de avaabe

rm mt decratve cncrete prdct pp

cmpane ma een the cr varatn. A tra, n

a cnceaed ectn the ab, advabe.

12.1.5 Ra damage

CAUSES Heav ran whe cncrete ettn, r

ranwater ben awed t rn acr the cncrete

race.

PREvEnTion Preventn ar better than an cre

n th cae. i caht t, cver the cncrete and

channe rn- awa rm reh ad cncrete.

REPAiR i cncrete ha nt hardened and damae

n ht, the race can be re-fated and

re-trweed, takn care nt t verwrk exce

water nt the race. i cncrete ha hardened, t

ma be pbe t rnd r crape awa the race

and pace a tppn aer new cncrete, r repar

cmpnd, ver the tp. Th ma nt awa be

pbe and hd be dne n wth expert advce.

Avd the e drer ch a cement t ak p the

water a th ma cae ther prbem.

12.1.6 Eorescece

Efrecence the rmatn at dept,

a whte, n r near the race cncrete

ater t ha been nhed and can a chane n

the appearance. lht-cred cncrete hw the

dept mch e than darker cred cncrete.

Wth tme, efrecence becme e extenve and

hd eventa ceae t ccr, ne there an

externa rce at.

CAUSES Efrecence a caed b a

cmbnatn the wn actr:

≥ one r mre the cnttent cncrete ma

cntan at

≥ A hh water-cement rat retn n a mre

pr cncrete that aw mvement water

and at tn

≥ inadeqate crn whch ma eave n-hdrated

prdct near the race the cncrete

≥ Expre t ran r ther water rce (mtre

aw at t be tranprted t the race where

the accmate a the water evaprate)

≥sw rate evapratn water awn tmer at t permeate t the race (th wh

efrecence tend t be mre a prbem

drn the wnter mnth; n mmer, hh

temperatre ma cae evapratn and hence

deptn at wthn the cncrete rather than

n the race)

≥ Varabt cncrete (e rm cmpactn r

crn) can ret n caed prbem where

water can permeate mre ea thrh the

cncrete.




PREvEnTion Meare t prevent/cntr the

ccrrence efrecence ncde:

≥ ue nredent cntann a tte be at a

pbe.

≥ ue waterprn admxtre t redce

permeabt cncrete/mrtar. Nte that a

me thee prdct ma cae efrecence

themeve (e water-be ap) awa check

wth the manactrer.

≥ ue a dener cncrete, aan t redce

permeabt. Hwever, th ma ncreae the

hrnkae.

≥ ue cement:me:and mrtar n trner than

reqred r the appcatn t mnme pbe

be at eve.

≥ lme hd be hdrated me ree rm cacm

phate.

≥ Avd prematre drn.

≥ App crn cmpnd r ame-da eaer t

redce expre t wettn.

≥ Prtect hardened cncrete rm expre t

mtre b mantann race eaer and te

dranae, and rm rn rndwater b pacn

a patc membrane nder ab.

≥ Fr manr, enre fahn, damp-pr

cre and cpn are detaed crrect, cverthe tp cre at the end each da’ wrk,

t jnt wth a ‘V’ r cncave haped jnter t

cmpact the mrtar at exped race, prvde

wde eave and avd wettn rm rce ch

a prnker.

REPAiR (REMovAL) Prr t remvn efrecence,

the thn that ma be can the prbem hd

rt be crrected a t mt r redce the rk

re-ccrrence.

sbe at dept can be remved wth at-brte brm. Nte that a brhed- matera

hd be tta remved b vacm ceann r

ther mean. i the ret nt atactr, crb wth

cean water then ht rne the race. Nte that

addn water ma ret n rther dept. Repeated

dr brhn a the dept appear prbab the

bet treatment.

inbe at dept (hard, whte, ca r crted)

cannt be remved b water wahn, athh

the e a hh-prere water jet eectve.

The appcatn a dte acd tn (1 parthdrchrc acd t 20 part water) a eectve

n mt cae, and n me cae, ma be the n

wa (reer Secto 12.3.3 r prcedre). Nte that

wahn wth acd ma cae cr varatn and

ater the race textre. Fr cred nhe a mre

dte acd tn (2% r 1 part acd t 50 part

water) ma be reqred. A ma tra area hd bedne rt t ae the ret.

12.1.7 Hoecombg

Cmmn ccrrn n vertca ace ede beam,

tar and verandah t, t appear n the race a

a care textre ntercnnectn vd and tne.

CAUSES one r mre actr ncdn ncrrect

pacement the cncrete, dea between pacement

cncrete aer, nadeqate vbratn, and the

cement pate and/r mrtar thrh neaedrmwrk jnt. srace vd ma a ndcate a mx

that ha ereated becae the addtn water,

r cncrete that ha been drpped nt pace rm a

heht reater than tw metre. Pr race rmwrk,

pr ed rm, r damaed rm ace retrct

the mvement the cncrete drn pacement and

prevent adeqate cndatn.

PREvEnTion Cmpact and vbrate a ce a

pbe t rmwrk and, necear aw r

externa vbratn rm. Vbrate mre reqent.

ue d rmwrk that ha nt been damaed.

D nt add exce water t the cncrete. D nt

drp the cncrete nt rm rm exceve heht.

Enre that a rmwrk jnt are tht (tape jnt

necear) t avd pate/mrtar eakae. Pace a

cncrete cntn and enre that when paced n

aer, cncrete n ne aer vbrated t bend wth

the wer aer.

REPAiR Hnecmbed race can be rendered.

i hnecmbn mch deeper than the race

aer, t ma need t be remved and repaced wth arepar mrtar. i cr mprtant, the repar mrtar

hd be made rm the ame matera ed n the

cncrete, wth p t 40% the re cement repaced

wth -whte cement t better match the cr. A tra

patch hd be carred t t ae the ret and

cr.

12.1.8 Blowholes

Bwhe are ndvda, pherca vd n the

race, a e than 10 mm n ze.

CAUSE Ar vd are trapped aant the rm ace,

a becae ncent vbratn (cmpactn)




ha nt brht them t the race. Bwhe ten

ccr wth mpermeabe rm.

PREvEnTion Enre rm are rd, wth a thn,

even cat rm reeae aent/. The wrkabt the mx hd be tabe r the appcatn. Enre

care and thrh cmpactn the cncrete.

REPAiR ue repar mrtar. i cr mprtant,

reer recmmendatn r hnecmbn abve.

12.1.9 Wa or ee sraces

CAUSES Cmmn cae ncde:

≥ Pr bt rmwrk that ha neven de ra

r creedn≥ imprper methd creedn and trwen

≥ ladn a ab wth wrker’ t-trac and pwer

trwen machne bere t ha adeqate

hardened, retn n hmp and hw n the

cncrete. Pavr, ntent n nhn the race,

can be deceved abt the hardne the ab

when ht weather cndtn dr t the race

prematre, whe the cncrete ma nderneath

t patc and can be dermed.

PREvEnTion Awa keep a nrm re

cncrete ahead the creed bard and take

accrate eve. T avd the prematre et the

race, e evapratn retarder t cntr rapd

drn. Mantan a cntant mp; d nt add water,

whch w var the et derent cncrete ad/

batche.

REPAiR ue e-even fr cmpnd r repar

mrtar. Aternatve, rnd the race even.

12.1.10 Spallgspan when rament cncrete are detached

rm the cncrete race.

CAUSES Heav ad r bw rm a hammer.

Crrn renrcement, whch rce the

race cncrete. Entr hard bject ch a tne

nt jnt can cae pan when a ab expand

and phe aant the bject. Pr cmpactn

cncrete at jnt anther cae.

PREvEnTion Enre cent cncrete cver t

renrcement. Remve rmwrk care, t avd

hammer bw r pnt ad t new cncrete. Den

jnt care. Keep jnt ree debr. Keep heav

ad awa rm the jnt and ede nt the haveprper hardened. Enre prper cmpactn.

REPAiR scrape, chp r rnd awa the weak area

nt nd cncrete reached. Then re area

wth new cncrete r repar mrtar. Make re the

d cncrete brhed cean an e matera.

Cmpact, nh and cre the new patch care.

Fr arer area, eek expert advce.

12.1.11 Colored decorate cocrete deects

Stamped cocrete

Deect and ther cae ncde:

≥ Cr appear t be tn, expn a pae,

tned cncrete bae. Th caed b the

ncmpete remva the reeae cat.

≥ The depth the tamped mpren taper

dwn t a mnma mprnt. Th the ret

ndertakn the tampn when the cncrete ha

hardened t mch.

≥ The race ha ma crater ver mch the

pattern. oten the cncrete ha been t wet whentampn ben, r the cncrete wa re-wetted

(r ‘wet wped’) t make mprntn eaer, and the

exce race water ha created ctn n the

tampn md.

≥ The cr 'adn', athh t nt n a

hh-trac area. The cr apped wa nt

cent, r n ne cat bae cr wa

apped and the reeae cat wa apped at the

ame tme a the ecnd cr. Cr ma have

been pr wrked nt the cncrete.

≥The cred race ha crack at the ede deeper depren. Th knwn a crtn and

caed b the race aer drn t prr t

tampn and then crackn when dermed b

the tampn t.

≥ srace deamnate and fake . Cae

ncde the e cement r a dr-hake tppn

t mp p beedwater, prematre nhn the

race r the appcatn the cr tppn

ater the cncrete ha et, retn n a pr bnd

wth the bae ab.




Steclled cocrete

Deect and ther cae ncde:

≥ The ede the ‘jnt’ the pattern are rh

and varabe. The tenc wa nt embedded

n the cncrete, cneqent the cr tppn

ha tck t the tenc and been trn awa when

the tenc wa remved.

≥ The jnt are taned wth cr. The cr ha

bed nder the tenc de t pr adhen wth the

race. The tenc wa nt cent wrked nt

the race, r the cncrete had ben t dr when

the tenc wa paced, retn n a weak bnd.

≥ The depth the jnt vare. The tenc wa

paced t ear, when the cncrete wa t wet,

and wa embedded t deep n pace nt the

t race.

≥ The pattern t anment. The anment

tenc wa npanned r the prject wa

cmpred eparate pr and care wa nt

taken t an tenc.

≥ The pattern dtrted. Th ten caed b

dran the tenc nt anment acr the

race. When ann tenc, awa hd them

the race and a dwn nt ptn.

12.2 CRACk REPAiR12.2.1 Geeral

The wn actr hd be taken nt accnt:

≥ Bere an repar ndertaken the cae the

crackn mt be etabhed ( pbe). Th

ma reqre the ervce a tabe expert r

cntant.

≥ Whether the crack ve r drmant. W t

cntne t mve (pen r ce) r ha t

tabed?

≥ The wdth and depth the crack.

≥ Whether r nt appearance a actr.

Drmant crack are a repared b cttn a

rve ver them and n wth a cement rt r

mrtar. other matera are a avaabe r crack

repar.

lve crack are ed wth a fexbe eaant t aw

mvement. A wde varet prpe-made matera

are avaabe.

in the cpe th de, t nt pbe t ve

detaed ntrctn abt the e the are rane

repar prdct avaabe. The wn n ade, detaed nrmatn hd be ht rm the

manactrer an prdct ben cndered.

12.2.2 Le cracs

lve crack hd be eaed wth a fexbe matera

that aw mvement, partcar n eana cce.

Fexbe epx ren aw a ma amnt

mvement bt matc eaant, ch a cne

and prethane, are mre cmmn peced r

pavement. Crack are repared b cttn a rve

(r chae) ver them and n wth the eaant.

i appearance mprtant, mp the crack wth

a matchn cred eaant n a cakn n,

rather than hhhtn t an rther b cttn a

rve at the tp. Care hd be taken t avd

preadn eaant ver the race adjacent t the

crack.

12.2.3 Dormat cracs

Drmant crack rane n wdth rm 0.05 mm

(crazn) t mre than 5 mm. The matera and

methd r repar depend n the wdth the crack.

Ver ne crack, r exampe crazn, are ver dct

t repar eectve. in man cae t bet t d

nthn. i the prbem ne appearance (drt

cectn n ver ne crack accentate them),

a tn ma be t rb dwn the race wth a

carbrndm tne bere appn a eaer t the

race.

Fne crack (p t abt 1 mm n wdth) can ten be

eaed aant water penetratn b mp rbbn n

a cement rt r rr. injectn an epx-ren nt

them can a ea them.

Reparn ne crack ten nnecear and can

metme detract rm the enera appearance

the race nh.

Epx rt are wde ed becae:

≥ the adhere trn t bth reh and hardened

cncrete;≥ rmatn are avaabe whch w adhere

t mt race and harden even nder wet

cndtn;

≥ the have d mechanca trenth and w

hrnkae; and

≥ the are retant t a wde rane chemca,

ncdn the akae n cncrete.

Fr crack wder than 2 mm, a cement rt ma be

the mt atactr, and ten preerred becae

t tta cmpatbt wth the parent matera, and

t abt t mantan an akane envrnment arnd

renrcement.




other matera, ch a peter ren and nthetc

atexe, have a been ed atactr t ea ne

crack. The can have wer vcte than epxe

and hence can penetrate mre ea. Hwever, the

ma nt acheve the ame bnd trenth and mabe e reabe n damp r wet cndtn.

Awa reer t the nrmatn pped b the

manactrer the prdct t be ed n a partcar

tatn.

12.2.4 Wet-crac repar

in me tatn, a crack n a cncrete ab can

aw mtre t re thrh t the race, pb

de t hdrtatc prere. oten, mtre preent

rm eepae r a brken r damaed water ppe

nder a ab. A the cncrete ma be ver dr, the

ab act a a wck and can draw p an mtre

preent. Prdct are avaabe whch react wth the

mtre preent t ea crack n a mt envrnment.

12.3 GEnERAL REPAiRS

12.3.1 Geeral

Cncrete need mnma mantenance crrect

paced. Hwever, mnr repar ma be necear

n me ntance t mprve t appearance and

perrmance. ser deect ma reqre a cmpetetppn ver the whe cncrete race. sme the

mper repar are tned bew.

A varet prpe-made prdct are avaabe

r repar and treatment cncrete. it eenta t

btan the manactrer’ advce and ntrctn n

the prdct’ appcatn.

12.3.2 Mortars

The n chp r e bet dne wth a

repar mrtar avaabe rm cncrete prdct ppcmpane. A varet prdct are avaabe

and the prdct eected hd t the partcar

appcatn. The manactrer’ ntrctn hd be

wed care.

12.3.3 Acd etchg/cleag

Acd etchn an eectve methd n me ntance

t cean r ht textre cncrete race.

Extreme care reqred when handn acd. When

dtn hdrchrc acd awa add the acd t the

water, never the revere. Enre d ventatn and

avd cntact between the acd and the renrcement.

ue n dted acd t cean the cncrete race.

The recmmended prprtn are 1 part hdrchrc

acd t 20 part water. Awa atrate the race

wth water bere appn the dte acd tn.

When appn the tn, enre that the race mt bt wtht an ree water ben preent.

The apped tn hd be awed t react n the

cncrete race r 10 t 15 mnte. The race

hd then be thrh rned and crbbed wth

t cean water. Repeat rnn at eat twce r

nt a trace the acd tn have been remved.

The prce ma be repeated necear t prdce

the reqred race nh.

12.3.4 Slpper cocrete sracessmth cncrete race that have becme pper

ma be made care b n a hh-prere water

bater r b acd etchn the race.

i a hh-prere water bater ed, t hd be

capabe devern prere between 7 and 8.5 MPa

(abt 1000 and 1200 p). The e ch

eqpment t acheve race textrn can be dct

and pecaed e b a cmpetent trademan

recmmended. i the cean cncrete race eaed

(nce dr), t w ret drt and rme.




AS 1012 Methd tetn cncrete

AS 1012.3.1 Determnatn prperte

reated t the cntenc cncrete

– smp tet

AS 1012.8.1 Methd r makn and

crn cncrete – Cmpren and ndrect

tene tet pecmen

AS 1012.9 Determnatn the

cmpreve trenth cncrete

pecmen

AS 1379 speccatn and pp cncrete

AS 1478 Chemca admxtre r cncrete, mrtar

and rt

AS 1478.1 Admxtre r cncrete

AS 2050 intaatn r te

AS 2758 Areate and rck r enneern

prpe

AS 2758.1 Cncrete areate

AS 2870 Redenta ab and tn

– Cntrctn

AS 2890 Parkn acte

AS 2890.1 o-treet car parkn

AS 3582 sppementar cementt matera r

e wth prtand and bended cement

AS 3582.1 F ah

AS 3582.2 sa – grnd ranated

rn bat-rnace

AS 3582.3 Amrph ca

AS 3600 Cncrete trctre

AS 3700 Manr trctre

AS 3727 gde t redenta pavement

AS 3799 lqd membrane-rmn crn

cmpnd r cncrete

AS 3972 Prtand and bended cement

AS 4586 sp retance cacatn new

pedetran race matera

HB 197 An intrdctr gde t the sp

Retance Pedetran srace Matera

(available from Standards Australia)

Reerenced Australian

Standards

A



AvAiLABLE FOR PuRCHASE rom

Stadards Astrala

gde t Cncrete Cntrctn

AvAiLABLE FOR DOWnLOADinG (FREE) rom

www.cocrete.et.a

≥ Applcatos

He r Bhre-prne ste

Phed Cncrete Fr (Bren 5)

Cncrete Retann Wa

Cncrete Pane Hme Handbk

gde t o-rm Cncrete Fnhe

gde t Redenta sab and Ftn n sane

Envrnment

Redenta Cncrete Drvewa and Path

≥ Cocrete materals, propertes ad

costrcto

Ht-weather Cncretn

Cd-weather Cncretn

Crn Cncrete sab

Cmpactn Cncrete

Crn Cncrete

N Fne Cncrete

The speccatn Hned Cncrete Fnh

Th s t B h d C t F h

Jnt n Cncrete Bdn

Terance r Cncrete srace

Cncrete sab a Barrer t sbterranean

Termte

sab Ede Dampne and Mtre inre

Mtre n Cncrete and Mtre-entve

Fnhe and Catn

Ener Ecenc n Bdn Reatn and the

e Cncrete n Hn

sp Retance Phed Cncrete srace

sp Retance Redenta Cncrete Pavn

srace

skd Retance Redenta Cncrete Pavn

srace

Avdn Ear Crackn

Avdn srace imperectn n Cncrete –

Fakn Fr

Bwhe (b he)

Hnecmbn

Ppt

Efrecence

onste – Dtn Cncrete srace

onste – Patc shrnkae Crack

onste – Beware Exce Water

Remvn stan rm Cncrete

Ceann Cncrete

≥ Masor

Drabt Manr Mrtar

Manr Bnd strenth

Drabe Manr speccatn Checkt

Mrtar Mxe r Manr

Mxn Mrtar r Manr

Cntrctn Drabe Manr

Bnd strenth n Manr Cntrctn

Relevant CCAA Publications

B

Guide to Concete for Housing

Documents

Transcript of Guide to Concete for Housing