Guia Practica Marketing Digital

8/2/2019 Guia Practica Marketing Digital

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KUAXM C@IKC

Ck v|`x`jt` vplcahkhaøj v`|t`j`h` kc Mlx`|uktm|am \ìamjkc d` ck Xmha`dkd d` ckAjem|okhaøj d` Hkxtacck q C`øj "M\XA! q kc Hmjx`gm \ìamjkc d` Hëok|kx d`Hmo`|ham ` Ajdpxt|ak d` Hkxtacck q C`øj q `xtë lkgm pjk cah`jhak H|`ktau`Hmoomjx \`hmjmhaoa`jtm/JmHmo`|hakc 8*6 @xvkûk*

Pxt`d `x cal|` d` hmvak|# bkh`| ml|kx d`|aukdkx# daxt|alpa| q hmopjahk| v÷lcahk/o`jt` `xtk ml|k# d` em|ok tmtkc m vk|hakc# lkgm ckx xaipa`jt`x hmjdahamj`x7

\`hmjmhaoa`jtm7 X` d`l` hatk| xp v|mh`d`jhak# bkha`jdm |è |`jhak `rv|`xktkjtm kc Mlx`|uktm|am \ìamjkc d` ck Xmha`dkd d` ck Ajem|okhaøj d` Hkxtacck qC`øj "M\XA! hmom k xp xatam y`l7 yyy*m|xa*ghqc*`x* Dahbm |`hmjmhaoa`jtm jmvmd|ë `j jaji÷j hkxm xpi`|a| {p` `c M\XA v|`xtk kvmqm k dahbm t`|h`|m mkvmqk `c pxm {p` bkh` d` xp ml|k*

Pxm Jm Hmo`|hakc7 Jm vp`d` ptacawk| `xtk ml|k vk|k eaj`x hmo`|hakc`x*@jt`jda`jdm {p` kc |`ptacawk| m daxt|alpa| ck ml|k# ta`j` {p` d`gk| la`j hck|mcmx tá|oajmx d` ck cah`jhak d` `xtk ml|k* Kcipjk d` `xtkx hmjdahamj`x vp`d`jm kvcahk|x` xa x` mlta`j` c v`|oaxm d`c M\XA hmom tatpck| d` cmx d`| hbmx d`kptm|*

<6;<* Gpjtk d` Hkxtacck q C`øj "yyy*ghqc*`x! q Hmjx`gm \ìamjkc d` Hëok|kx d`Hmo`|ham ` Ajdpxt|ak d` Hkxtacck q C`øj "yyy*hkok|kxhqc*`x!

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Ok|n`taji daiatkc

vk|k Vqo`x



V\MOP@U@J



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;AJT\MDPHHAØJ

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@c Ok|n`taji Daiatkc hmjxaxt` `j pxk| ckx t`hjmcmiïkx d` ck ajem|okhaøj lkxkdkx

`j Ajt`|j`t q tmdmx cmx daxvmxataumx {p` v`|oatkj xp khh`xm vk|k |`kcawk| hmop/

jahkhaøj# hmj ajt`jhaøj hmo`|hakc `jt|` pjk òv|`xk q xpx hca`jt`x m vmt`jhak/

c`x hca`jt`x*

Ajt`|j`t vmj` cmx hca jt`x k daxvmxahaøj d` ckx òv|`xkx k pj hcah d` daxtkjhak*

JM mv`|k| `j `xtk vcktkem|ok xpvmj` pjk ko`jkwk q `c bkh`|cm xpvmj` pjk

mvm|tpjadkd d` jìmham*

Ophbkx òv|`xkx va`jxkj {p` `c ok|n`taji `j Ajt`|j`t xøcm aovcahk k k{p`cckx

òv|`xkx {p` x` d`dahkj kc hmo`|ham `c`ht|øjahm m hp`jtkj hmj pjk me`|tk d`

v|mdphtmx m x`|uahamx xpxh`vtalc`x d` u`jd`|x` vm| Ajt`|j`t* Bkq {p` x`| hmjx/

ha`jt`x d` {p` hkdk u`w oëx v`|xmjkx vkxkj oëx taòvm `j Ajt`|j`t# ptacawkj/

dm dahbm o`dam hmom ÷jahk ep`jt` d` ajem|okhaøj icmlkc* Kxï# cmx lpxhkdm|`x

y`l `xtëj xpxtatpq`jdm k ckx t|kdahamjkc`x Vëiajkx Kok|acckx `j vkv`c# d`

em|ok {p` xa jm t`jòmx v|`x`jhak `j ck \`d# `x hmom xa jm `raxtaá|komx vk|k

pjk i|kj okqm|ïk d` v`|xmjkx* Ajt`|j`t jmx me|`h` pjk i|kj mvm|tpjadkd k ck

bm|k d` hmjxìpa| vmt`jhakc`x hca`jt`x# ajd`v`jda`jtò`jt` d`c tavm d` jìm/

ham {p` daxvmjikomx*

OK\N@TAJI DAIATKC vk|k VQO@X

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; Ajt|mdphhaøj* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

;*; ½[pá `x `c ok|n`taji daiatkc=



@c pxm d`c ok|n`taji daiatkc v|mvm|hamjk k ckx òv|`xkx d`xtkhkdkx u`jtkgkx `j|`ckhaøj k ajh|ò`jtmx d` xp hmov`tatauadkd# o`gm|kjdm ck hkcadkd q uaxalacadkd

d` xp v|mdphtm*

@c mlg`taum d` `xt` okjpkc `x omxt|k| tmdm cm {p` ckx TAH t` vp`d`j me|`h`| vk|k

o`gm|k| `c ok|n`taji d`c jìmham*

@j ophbmx hkxmx# `c d`xhmjmhaoa`jtm d` ckx TAH q xpx u`jtkgkx `j `xt` hkovm

hmjccùk {p` ckx òv|`xkx xøcm x` vckjt``j aju`|ta| `j vplcahadkd t|kdahamjkc

"meecaj`! vm|{p` x` xa`jt`j v`|dadkx `j ck `|k daiatkc* Vm| `ccm# x` v|`t`jd` omta/

uk| k vqo`x# oah|mvqo`x q t|klkgkdm|`x kptøjmomx# vk|k {p` ajt|mdpwhkj m

vmt`jha`j `c ok|n`taji daiatkc hmom hmovcò`jtm k xpx hkovkûkx t|kdahamjk/

c`x# cmi|kjdm ajh|ò`jtk| xpx |`xpctkdmx xaj ajhp||a| `j `cùkdmx hmxt`x*

K cm ck|im d` `xtkx vëiajkx me|`hòmx ajem|okhaøj lëxahk xml|` cmx v|ajhavkc`x

hmjh`vtmx q o`damx d` ok|n`taji `c`ht|øjahm# cìaxckhaøj d` |è`| jhak# icmxk|am

d` tá|oajmx# q mt|mx hmjt`jadmx {p` vp`dkj ekhacatk| pj hmjmhaoa`jtm okqm|

xml|` ckx vmxalacadkd`x {p` me|`h` `c `/ok|n`taji k jau`c òv|`xk|akc*


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;*< ½[pá x` v|`t`jd` hmj `xtk ipïk=

;*8 @ov|`xkx q `/Ok|n`taji `j @xvkûk

@j @xvkûk# ck vplcahadkd k t|kuáx d` Ajt`|j`t q d` t`cèmjïk oøuac xmj ckx tavmcm/

iïkx d` ok|n`taji {p` oëx `xtëj h|`ha`jdm* Ckx òv|`xkx# ajd`v`jda`jtò`j/t` d` xp tkokûm# |`kcawkj pjk aju`|xaøj vplcahatk|ak daiatkc hkdk u`w okqm|#

kdkvtëjdmx` k cmx jpùmx bëlatmx d` xpx hmjxpoadm|`x*

@j <6;; ckx |`d`x xmhakc`x# `c i`mok|n`taji q ckx kvcahkhamj`x ep`|mj cmx omtm| x

d` h|`haoa`jtm vplcahatk|am*

Xì÷j `c ajem|o` –Xmhakc O`dak k||mpjd tb` Ym|cd‟ `cklm|kdm `jt|` dahaòl|`

d` <661 q `j`|m d` <6;6# vm| ck òv|`xk hmjxpctm|k l`cik AjXat`x Hmjxpctaji `j



i` ck v|`dahhaøj b`hbk vm| ck hmjxpctm|k Em||`xt`| {p` x`ûkck {p` `c ok|n`taji

`j ckx |`d`x xmhakc`x h|`h`|ë k |kwøj d` pj 84% `j cmx v|øraomx hajhm kûmx# h|`/

ha`jdm d` em|ok oëx |ëvadk {p` jaji÷j mt|m xìo`jtm d`c ok|n`taji*

Ckx |`d`x xmhakc`x x` bkj hmju`|tadm `j pjm d` cmx o`damx oëx è`htaumx vk|k

v|momhamjk| pjk ok|hk hmj pjmx |`xpctkdmx opq xpv`|am|`x k cmx mlt`jadmx `j

cmx o`damx t|kdahamjkc`x* Hmom vp`d` mlx`|uk|x` `j ck xaipa`jt` acpxt|khaøj

pjk i|kj vk|t` d` ck kpda`jhak mjcaj` `xvkûmck x` uajhpck k ckx |`d`x xmhakc`x

"Xmhakc O`dak!*


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ACPXT\KHAØJ ;Kpda`jhak mjcaj` `xvkûmck <6;6 "Uaxatkjt`x ÷jahmx!

Ep`jt`7 Ja`cx`j J`tua`y q Dktmx Ajt`|jmx d` Ekh lmmn*

Xì÷j `c @xtpdam d` Pxm d` Tyatt`| `j @xvkûk vplcahkdm vm| ck Kxmhakhaøj

@xvkûmck d` @hmjmoïk Daiatkc `j <6;6# oëx d`c 96% d` cmx pxpk|amx `xtë dax/

vp`xtm k |`hala| uk|amx ty``tx kc dïk d` ckx òv|`xkx `j ckx {p` hmjeïk q hkxa `c

10% d` xpx pxpk|amx xaip` k kcipjk òv|`xk `j Tyatt`|*

@j hpkjtm kc pxm d`c ok|n taji oøuac# xì÷j `c `xtpdam Mlx |uktm|am d` \`d x

Xmhakc`x <6;; d` ck hmovkûïk Hmhntkac Kjkcqxax#d`xtkhkj ckx |`d`x d` i`mcmhkcawkhaøj#



qk {p` `x ptacawkdm vm| `c 86% d` cmx hmjxpoadm| x d` Ajt`|j`t oøuac* @j `xt` x`jta/

dm# v|`dmoajkj Immic` Okvx q Emp|x{pk|` hmom ckx b`||koa`jtkx oëx ptacawkdkx*

Xì÷j pj `xtpdam xml|` ck ùmcphaøj d`c vmxahamjkoa`jtm d` cmx v|me`xamjkc`x q

ckx òv|`xkx `xvkûmckx `j ckx |`d`x xmhakc`x# |`kcawkdm `j <6;; vm| Mkn Vmy`|

Hmopjahkhaøj# Ekh`lmmn `x ck |`d xmhakc v|è`|adk vm| cmx v|me`xamjkc`x q ckx

òv|`xkx `j @xvkûk# hmj pj 20%> xìpadk d` Tyatt`|# hmj `c 80%> QmpTpl #hmj

`c <0%> q Cajn`daj hmj `c ;8%* D`xtkhk tkolaáj `c h| haoa`jtm `j `c pxm d` ckx

\`d`x Xmhakc`x `xv`hakcawkdkx m v|me xamjkc`x `j @xvkûk* @c 04% d` cmx v|me`xam/

jkc`x kxìp|k hmjmh`|ckx# q d` `ccmx `c 0;% qk `xtë v|`x`jt` `j `cckx*


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ACPXT\KHAØJ <Okvk d` |`d`x xmhakc`x `j @xvkûk



Tmdkx `xtkx hae|kx op`xt|kj ck |ùmcphaøj {p` `xtë xpe|a`jdm ck em|ok d` |`ck/

hamjk|x` hmj `c hmjxpoadm| `j jp`xt|m vkïx* Jp`xt|kx òv|`xkx# kt`jtkx k ck

dòkjdk d`c hca`jt`# j`h`xatkj ajhcpa| `c ok|n`taji daiatkc hmom pjm d` cmx ekh/tm|`x oëx aovm|tkjt`x `j xpx `xt|ktìakx# qk {p` xp m|a`jtkhaøj kc hmjxpoadm|

v|mumhk {p` xp h|`haoa`jtm x`k aovk|klc` `j |`ckhaøj kc ok|n`taji t|kdahamjkc*

Vm| `ccm# x` bkh` aov|`xhajdalc` {p` ckx v`{p`ûkx òv|`xkx q kptøjmomx

hmoa`jh`j hpkjtm kjt`x ck ajhm|vm|khaøj d`c ok|n`taji daiatkc j xpx jìmhamx#

tkjtm vk|k kt|k`| q okjt`j`| k ck hca`jt`ck hmom vk|k hmjmh`|ck o`gm|# hmjua|/

taájdmx` `j pj i|kj kcakdm {p` jmx v`|oata|ë kdkvtk| jp`xt|m v|mdphtm m x`|ua/ham k cmx hkolamx q j`h`xadkd`x d`c o`|hkdm*


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<½VM\ [PÁ @C

OK\N@TAJIDAIATKC=

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Ajt`|j`t `xtë hkolakjdm jp`xt|k em|ok d` khtpk| q d` v`jxk|# q `xt` hkolam

tkolaáj x` bk v|mdphadm `j cmx bëlatmx d`c hmjxpoadm| khtpkc* Tmdmx `xtmx

hkolamx `j ckx o`jt`x d` jp`xt|mx vmt`jhakc`x hca`jt`x x` bkj v|mdphadm `j pj`xvkham d` taòvm |`cktauko`jt` opq hm|tm*

Kcipjkx d` ckx hk|kht`|ïxtahkx d` ckx jpùkx khtatpd`x d` jp`xt|mx hca`jt`x xmj7


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<*; Jpùk khtatpd d` ck hca`jt`ck

@x oëx ajd`v`jda`jt`*

@xtë oëx q o`gm| ajem|okdm "lpxhkj q hmovk|kj oëx!*

Jm v`|dmjkj cmx ekccmx*

Hkdk u`w oëx bklatpkdm k ptacawk| AJT@\J@T `j xpx v|mh`xmx

d` hmov|k*

@j |`xpo`j# `c hca`jt` ta`j` tmdm `c vmd`|*

< ½Vm| {pá `c ok|n`taji daiatkc=* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *




<6* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

<* @c Ok|n`taji Daiatkc `x oëx `hmjøoahm

Mt|k u`jtkgk d`c ok|n`taji daiatkc x ck hmjøoahk# oa`jt|kx {p` j cmx o`damx t|kda/

hamjkc`x d` vplcahadkd hmom v| jxk# |kdam m t`c uaxaøj# cmx v|`hamx xaip`j xa`jdm `c /

ukdmx vk|k pjk v`{p`ûk q o`dakjk òv| xk# cmx hmxt`x `j Ajt`|j`t xmj |`cktauko`j/t` lkgmx q o`dalc`x# vm| cm tkjtm x` vp`d` bkh`| pj o`gm| hmjt|mc d`c v| xpvp`xtm*

8* @c Ok|n`taji Daiatkc ta`j` hkvkhadkd d` xìo`jtkhaøj

@xt` `x mt|m d` cmx vpjtmx ep`|t`x d`c ok|n taji `j Ajt`|j`t e|`jt` kc t|kdahamjkc

vp`xtm {p` `j Ajt`|j`t vmdòmx dèaja| o`gm| k {pá tavm d` hca`jt` ukomx k da|aia|

jp`xt|m o`jxkg` q kxï h`jt|k| jp`xt|k vplcahadkd `j cmx vmt`jhakc`x hca`jt`x*

4* @c Ok|n`taji Daiatkc `x oëx |ëvadm q ec`ralc`

Jp`xt|kx hkovkûkx d` ok|n`taji `j Ajt`|j`t x` vp`d`j `g`hptk| `j pj v`|am/

dm |`cktauko`jt` hm|tm q xmj oëx ec`ralc`x k ck bm|k d` ajt|mdpha| kci÷j hkolam

aj`xv`|kdm d`jt|m d` jp`xt|m vckj d` ok|n`taji e|`jt` kc ok|n`taji t|kdaham/

jkc {p` `x oëx `xtëtahm k ck bm|k d` i`xtamjk| `xtmx hkolamx*

;* @c Ok|n`taji Daiatkc `x o`dalc`

Ck i|kj u`jtkgk `jt|` `c ok|n`taji t|kdahamjkc q `c mjcaj` `x {p` `j `c mjcaj`

vp`dm o`da| `c aovkhtm# k {paáj `xtmq cc ikjdm# {pá |`v`|hpxaøj b` t`jadm#

hp`xtamj`x xpoko`jt` aovm|tkjt`x vk|k hmov|mlk| c áratm d` oa hkovkûk dòk|n`taji q kxï u`| {p` |`tm|jm d` ck aju`|xaøj b` mlt`jadm "\MA!*

Ckx v|ajhavkc`x u`jtkgkx d`c Ok|n`taji `j Ajt`|j`t vk|k ckx òv|`xkx | xv`htmkc ok|n`taji t|kdahamjkc xmj7

<*< U`jtkgkx xml|` `c ok|n`taji t|kdahamjkc



Kcipjkx v`{p`ûkx q o`dakjkx òv|`xkx tmdkuïk xmj |`khakx k ajhm|vm|k| `c

Ok|n`taji `j Ajt`|j`t* @jt|` ckx v|ajhavkc`x lk|| |kx {p` ckx v`{p`ûkx q o`dak/

jkx òv|`xkx `jhp`jt|kj k ck bm|k d` i`xtamjk| xp v|`x`jhak mjcaj`# d`xtkhkj7

`c d`xhmjmhaoa`jtm d`c o`dam# `rv`|a`jhak jpck# kpx`jhak d` em|okhaøj q ekctk

d` taòvm*

Ck o`gm| okj`|k d` xmcu`jtk| `xtkx lk||`|kx vm| vk|t` d` ckx òv|`xkx `x ck em|/

okhaøj v|ùak# {p` x` vp`d` |`kcawk| d` dau`|xkx em|okx7 hmj ajem|okhaøj vplca/

hkdk `j Ajt`|j`t# o`dakjt` cal|mx vplcahkdmx vm| `rv`|tmx# m k t|kuáx d` hp|xmx

d` em|okhaøj aovk|tadmx vm| òv|`xkx `xv`hakcaxtkx `j ok|n`taji mjcaj`*


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<*8 ½Hpëc`x xmj ckx v|ajhavkc`x lk||`|kx vk|k

ckjwk|x`= ½Høom xmcu`jtk| ckx lk||`|kx=

V`|m ophbkx u`h`x# q `j `xv`hakc hpkjdm `c v|mlcòk `x ck ekctk d` taòvm# cm

o`gm| `x d`cìk| ck v|`x`jhak mjcaj` k pjk òv|`xk `xv`hakcawkdk {p` d`xk||m/

cc` tmdk ck hkovkûk q `xt|ktìakx k xìpa|* Kxï vmd|òmx h`jt|k|jmx `j ckx vk|/

t`x d`c jìmham {p` dmoajkomx# bkha`jdm pjk o`gm| i`xtaøj d` taòvm q d` cmx

|`hp|xmx d`jt|m d` jp`xt|k òv|`xk*



Ck kjt`|am| cìaxckhaøj ke`htk d` pjk okj`|k opq da|`htk k ha`|tmx

kxv`htmx lëxahmx d` jp`xt|k v|`x`jhak mjcaj`7


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C`q 84-<66<# d` ;; d` gpcam# d` X`|uahamx d` ck Xmha dkd d` ckAjem|okhaøj q d` Hmo`|ham @c`ht|øjahm "CXXA!*

C`q M|iëjahk ;0-;111# d` ;8 d` dahaòl|` d` V|mt`hhaøj d`Dktmx d` Hk|ëht`| V`|xmjkc "CMVD!*

\*D* ;9<6-<669# d` <; d` dahaòl|`# d` D`xk||mccm d` ck CMVD*

C`q 8<-<668# d` 8 d` jmuaòl| # I`j`|kc d` T c`hmopjahk/hamj`x "CIT!*

K jp`xt|k vëiajk y`l# {p` d`l` ajhcpa| pj –kuaxm cìkc‟dmjd` x` ajem|o` xml|` ha`|tmx dktmx d`c tatpck| d` ck oaxok*

K cmx hmjt`jadmx {p` vplca{pòmx `j jp`xt|k v|`x`jhak mjca/j`# hmom vm| `gòvcm emtmi|keïkx d` t`|h`|mx v|mtìadkx vm|ck v|mva`dkd ajt`c`htpkc*

K jp`xt|k ta`jdk mjcaj #{p` d`l` ajhcpa| ajem|okhaøj xml|` hmj/dahamj x d` hmjt|ktkhaøj#v|mh`xm d` hmov|k#dùmcphaøj#`th*

K cmx dktmx {p` |`hmvacòmx o`dakjt` hpkc{pa`| o`dam mjca/j`# {p` d`l`|ë hpovca| hmj ck jm|oktauk |è`| jt` k ck v|m/t`hhaøj d` cmx dktmx v`|xmjkc`x*

K jp`xt|kx khhamj`x vplcahatk|akx# `j `xv`hakc o`dakjt` `c`juïm d` o`jxkg`x hm|tmx "XOX! q hm||`mx `c`ht|øjahmx okxa/umx# ùatkjdm |`kcawk| XVKO "o`jxkg`x jm kptm|awkdmx! hmjmlg`tm d` me`|tk|# hmo`|hakcawk| m t|ktk| d` d`xv`|tk| `c ajt`/|áx |`xv`htm d` jp`xt|mx v|mdphtmx m x`|uahamx*

<*4 Kxv`htmx cìkc x {p` d`l`j t`j`|x` j hp`jtk

@c ok|hm cìkc {p` d`lòmx t`j`| hp`jtk `x7



Ekh`lmmn `x pjk |`d xmhakc {p` hmj`htk k i`jt`

hmj xpx koaimx* Ck i`jt` ptacawk Ekh`lmmn vk|k

okjt`j`|x` kc dïk hmj xpx koaimx m hmovkû`/|mx hmovk|ta`jdm emtmx# `jckh`x# uïd`mx# `th*

Hpkc{pa`| v`|xmjk vp`d` bkh`|x` oaòl|m d`

Ekh`lmmn# cm ÷jahm {p` j`h`xatkx `x pjk da|`h/

haøj d` hm||`m `c`ht|øjahm*


<2* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ 8

Op|m d` Ekh`lmmn bttv7--`x/`x*ekh`lmmn*hmo*

Vk|k òv`wk| k ptacawk| Ekh`lmmn d`xd` `c vpjtm d` uaxtk òv|`xk|akc# cm o`gm|

`x h|`k| pjk vëiajk d` òv|`xk* Vm|{p` k ckx epjhamj`x bklatpkc`x d` Ekh`lmmn

x` ck kûkd` ck vmxalacadkd d` t`j`| `xtkdïxtahkx xml|` cmx pxpk|amx q kvk|`h`| `j

cmx |`xpctkdmx d` lpxhkdm|`x hmom Immic`* Cmx vkxmx k xìpa| xmj cmx xaipa`jt`x7



K hmjtajpkhaøj# x` d`xh|al` `c vmt`jhakc q ck okj`|k `j {p` x` vp`d` kv|mu`hbk|

ck |`d xmhakc Ekh`lmmn vk|k |`kcawk| hkovkûkx vplcahatk|akx*

Vplcahadkd k t|kuáx d` Ekh`lmmn

Ekh`lmmn `x khtpkco`jt` ck |`d d` omdk q ck {p` hmjh`jt|k k pj okqm| j÷o`/

|m d` pxpk|amx* Xp i|kj h|`haoa`jtm ck bk hmju`|tadm `j pjk d` ckx vcktkem|okx

vplcahatk|akx mjcaj` oëx ajt`|`xkjt`x vk|k hpkc{pa`| òv|`xk*

Ckx u`jtkgkx d` ck vplcahadkd `j Ekh`lmmn xmj uk|akx7


8<* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Høom `xtë epjhamjkjdm tp vëiajk*

[pá dïk d` ck xòkjk t` uaxatkj oëx v`|xmjkx*

Hmj {pá e|`hp`jhak vplcahkj hmo`jtk|amx*

[pá vplcahkhamj`x xmj ckx {p` d`xva`|tkj oëx ajt`|áx*

Høom o`gm|k| ck `xt|ktìak d` tp vëiajk*Ptacawk| kc oëraom `c okt`|akc kpdamuaxpkc {p` vmdkomx |`kca/

wk| d` jp`xt|kx ajxtkckhamj`x* Hmcik| emtmi|keïkx q uad`mx d`

ù`jtmx {p` bkqkj xadm |`kcawkdmx kccï q emtmi|keïkx d` tmdkx ckx

vmxalacadkd`x {p` `jha`||k jp`xt|m `xtklc`haoa`jtm m jìmham*

Vkxm 07 Kv|`jd` q h|`h`

\ùaxk cmx dktmx d`c vkj`c d` `xtkdïxtahkx hmj e|`hp`jhak vk|k xkl`|7

V`|oat` ccìk| k jp`xt|m v÷lcahm mlg`taum kc vmd`| xìo`jtk|

vm| plahkhaøj# `dkd ` ajt`|`x`x*

Hmjt|mc d`c v|`xpvp`xtm* V`|oat` hmjeaip|k| pj v|`xpvp`xtm

dak|am kgpxtklc` `j hpkc{pa`| omo`jtm*




88 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

V`|oat` v|mlk| `jt|` kjpjhamx d` aoki`j q d` t`rtm# pxkjdm

`c {p` oëx epjhamj`*

@xhmi`| ck em|ok `j {p` x` d`x`k vkik|7 hpkjdm cmx pxpk|amx

bkikj hcah "HVH! m hpkjdm u`kj `c kjpjham "HVO!*

ACPXT\KHAØJ 0@gòvcmx d` kjpjhamx {p` kvk|`h`j `j Ekh`lmmn

K ck bm|k d` |`kcawk| pjk hkovkûk vplcahatk|ak `j Ekh`lmmn# cmx vkxmx k xìpa| xmj7

;·* Ad`jtaeahk| ckx o`tkx7 dèaja`jdm {pá bkq {p` v|momhamjk| q ckx

o`tkx k kchkjwk|* Kcipjmx `gòvcmx d` o`tkx x`|ïkj7

Hmjxìpa| 866 ekjx oëx# ajuatkjdm k ckx v`|xmjkx k bkh`| hcah

`j `c lmtøj –O` ipxtk‟d` jp`xt|k vëiajk k hkolam d` ajh`j/

taumx*

I`j`|k| pj 46% oëx d` u`jtkx#me|`ha`jdm me`|tkx `xv`hakc`x

vk|k jp`xt|k ta`jdk mjcaj`*




84* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

<·* Dèaja| jp`xt|m v÷lcahm mlg`taum7 ad`jtaeahkjdm cmx v`|eac`x d` ckx

v`|xmjkx k ckx {p` ta`j` {p` ccìk| `c kjpjham* X`c`hhamjk| cmx h|at`|amx

d` khp`|dm hmj xpx ajt`|`x`x# `j cpik| d` hmj cm {p` vmd|ïkj `xtk| lpx/hkjdm vk|k hmov|k|* X` vp`d`j `xtklc`h`| h|at`|amx d` xìo`jtkhaøj

vm|7 plahkhaøj# adamok# `dphkhaøj# t|klkgm# `dkd# x`rm# ipxtmx# e`hbk d`

hpovc`kûmx q xatpkhaøj x`jtao`jtkc*

ACPXT\KHAØJ 5Vkjtkcck vk|k x`c`hhamjk| cmx h|at`|amx d`c v÷lcahm

mlg`taum d` pj kjpjham `j Ekh`lmmn




4; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Vëiajk d` la`ju`jadk7 dax`ûkdk vk|k h|`k| pjk hmjha`jhakhaøj xml|` ck

ok|hk q i`j`|k| ajt`|áx* @c o`jxkg` vplcahatk|am x` op`xt|k oa`jt|kx x`

hk|ik ck vëiajk d` Ajaham d`c pxpk|am* Pjk u`w hk|ikdk ck vëiajk# {p`dkhmom |`hp`|dm pj `jckh` `j ck vëiajk v|ajhavkc d`c pxpk|am* @x pj em|/

oktm `xv`hakco`jt` ajdahkdm vk|k i`j`|k| aovkhtm uaxpkc `j pjk hko/

vkûk* Ckx vëiajkx ta`j`j ckx xaipa`jt`x hk|kht`|ïxtahkx7

Da|aiadmx k d`t`|oajkdmx pxpk|amx

Xìo`jtkhaøj xmhamdòmi|ëeahk "x`rm# `dkd# v|muajhak!Vmxalacadkd d` v`|xmjkcawk| `c o`jxkg` hmj `c jmol|` d`c

pxpk|am

@c aju`jtk|am `rhcpxaum kxìp|k {p` tp o`jxkg` jm x` kimcv`

hmj mt|mx*

ACPXT\KHAØJ ;;@gòvcm d` vëiajk d` la`ju`jadk `j Tp`jta




4<* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Vëiajk d` la`ju`jadk hmj uïd`m7 dax`ûkdk vk|k h|`k| pjk hmjha`jhak/

haøj xml|` ck ok|hk q i`j`|k| ajt`|áx* @c o`jxkg` vplcahatk|am x` op`x/

t|k oa`jt|kx x` hk|ik ck vëiajk d` Ajaham d`c pxpk|am* Pjk u`w bk hk|ik/dm ck vëiajk# `c uïd`m d` ck hkovkûk x` op`xt|k `j ck vk|t` aje`|am| d`

ck vkjtkcck d`c pxpk|am# `j `c em|oktm d` | v|mdphtm| `xtëjdk|* @xtm h|`k

pj hmjtkhtm da|`htm `jt|` ck ok|hk q `c pxpk|am# v`|oata`jdm k cmx pxpk/

|amx ok|hk| `xt` uïd`m hmom ekum|atm# kc aipkc {p` vp`d`j bkh`| hmj

hpkc{pa`| mt|m hmjt`jadm d` Tp`jta# q hmovk|ta|cm hmj xpx koaimx* @xt`

em|oktm vmj` `j v|ëhtahk pjk `rv`|a`jhak opctao`dak hmovc`tk {p`#

kdòëx# x` vp`d` kxmhak| k pj ù`jtm vkt|mhajkdm vk|k hmovc`tk| ck

è`htauadkd d` ck hkovkûk vplcahatk|ak* Ckx vëiajkx ta`j`j ckx xaipa`j/

t`x hk|kht`|ïxtahkx7

Vmxalacadkd d` u`| {paáj bk vk|tahavkdm hmj tp hmjt`jadm

Xìo`jtkhaøj xmhamdòmi|ëeahk "x`rm# `dkd# v|muajhak!

Vmxalacadkd d` v`|xmjkcawk| `c o`jxkg` hmj `c jmol|` d`c

pxpk|am

@c aju`jtk|am `rhcpxaum kxìp|k {p` tp o`jxkg` jm x` kimcv`

hmj mt|mx*

@jckh`x da|`htmx k ù`jtmx vkt|mhajkdmx



Tyatt`| `x pjk b`||koa`jtk d` ok|n`taji {p`

ccìk k cmx hca`jt`x q hmjxpoadm|`x d` okj`|k

|ëvadk q x`jhacck* X` v|mdph` pjk hmopjahkhaøj

lada|`hhamjkc `jt|` jp`xt|mx hca`jt`x q jp`xt|k

òv|`xk* Hmom jìmham# vp`d`x pxk| Tyatt`|

vk|k hmovk|ta| |ëvadko`jt` ajem|okhaøj# |`p/

ja| ajem|okhaøj h|ïtahk q v`|xv`htaukx d` o`|hk/

dm# q hmjxt|pa| |`ckhamj`x hmj v`|xmjkx {p` ta`j`j ajt`|áx `j tp jìmham*

Tkolaáj `x pjk lp`jk b`||koa`jtk vk|k ajem|ok| xml|` v|momhamj`x# jmtahakx

q jmu`dkd`x*

Oëx ajem|okhaøj xml|` Tp`jta7 bttv7--lcmi*tp`jta*hmo-


48 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ ;<@gòvcm d` vëiajk d` la`ju`jadk `j uïd`m `j Tp`jta



Vk|k òv`wk| k ptacawk| Tyatt`| d`xd` `c vpjtm d` uaxtk òv|`xk|akc# cmx vkxmx k

xìpa| xmj cmx xaipa`jt`x7


44* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ ;8V`|eac d` Tyatt`| bttv7--tyatt`|*hmo

Vkxm ;7 Hmjeaip|k tp hp`jtk bttv7--tyatt`|*hmo-

Emtm7 Ptacawk pjk emtm cckoktauk q eëhac d` |`hmjmh`| d`c jmo/

l|`# ekhbkdk m v|mdphtm oëx vmvpck| d` tp jìmham*

Ajem|okhaøj7 @xh|al` pjk jmtk vplcahatk|ak l|ù` {p` d`xh|a/

lk hck|ko`jt` `j {pá hmjxaxt` tp jìmham# q kûkd` `jckh`x÷tac`x ` ajem|okhaøj d` hmjtkhtm*

\`hp|xmx7 D`gk k cmx uaxatkjt`x d` tp xatam y`l xkl`| hpëc `x tp

v`|eac d` Tyatt`| hmj pj lmtøj d` ,Xïip`jmx `j Tyatt`|,# m

ajhcpq` pj Yadi`t `j tp xatam {p` op`xt| tpx ÷ctaomx

Ty``tx* @xtm okjt`jd|ë k tpx uaxatkjt`x ajt`|`xkdmx `j tp

òv|`xk q c`q`jdm ckx ÷ctaokx jmu`dkd`x*



opq ÷tac b`||koa`jtk {p` jmx v`|oat` omjatm|awk| cm {p` x` dah` d` jp`xt|k

ok|hk m hpkc{pa`| mt|k vkckl|k hcku` {p` jmx ajt`|`x` `j Tyatt`|* Hmj Tyac`|t

vmdòmx bkh`| pj xìpaoa`jtm d` ckx u`h`x {p` x` tyatt`k `c jmol|` d` jp`x/t|k ok|hk# jp`xt|m v|mvam jmol| d` pxpk|am# pj `jckh` hmjh| tm# `th* `juakjdm

k jp`xt|m òkac cmx ty``tx òatadmx hmj ckx vkckl|kx hcku`x x`c`hhamjkdkx* Ckx

kc`|tkx ckx |`hala| omx d` okj`|k dak|ak m xòkjkc# xì÷j høom cm bkqkomx

hmjeaip|kdm*

@c pxm d` Tyac`|t `x i|ktpatm kpj{p` |`{pa`|` `c |ìaxt|m d` pjk hp`jtk# v`|m `x

opq |ëvadm# vp`x x` bkh` hmj `c pxpk|am q hmjt|kx`ûk d` pjk hp`jtk `j Immic`m d` ck d` Tyatt`|* Vk|k hmjeaip|k|cm bkq {p` xìpa| cmx xaipa`jt`x vkxmx7

Vkxm ;7 khh`d`| k bttv7--yyy*tyac`|t*hmo m ajxtkck| ck

kvcahkhaøj vk|k `c jkuìkdm| Immic` Hb|mo` {p` v`|/

oat` u`| cmx |`xpctkdmx q okj`gk| ck hp`jtk oa`jt|kx

x` `xtë hmj`htkdm d`xd` Immic # cm {p` cm bkh` ophbm

oëx eëhac* Vk|k ajxtkck|ck bkq {p` khh`d`| k

bttvx7--hb|mo`*immic`*hmo-y`lxtm|` q lpxhk| ck kvca/

hkhaøj –Tyac`|t‟*

Vkxm <7 ajt|mdpha| jp`xt|k hp`jtk d` Immic` m Tyatt`|*

Vkxm 87 ajt|mdpha| ck vkckl|k hcku` {p` {p`|òmx omjatm|awk| "vp`d`j x`|

uk|akx q tkolaáj vmdòmx xìpa| v`|eac`x d` Tyatt`|! q cpìm ajdahk|c` kc

xaxtòk hkdk hpkjtm {p`|òmx |`hala| pj hm||`m `c`ht|øjahm hmj `c |`xpc/

tkdm d`c omjatm|`m* Kxï Tyac`|t uk kcokh`jkjdm ckx hmju`|xkhamj`x {p`

ajhcpq`j ck vkckl|k hcku` {p` `xtkomx xaipa`jdm m ckx o`jhamj`x k

d`t`|oajkdm v`|eac q jmx `juïk k ck bm|k {p` v|mi|kokomx pj òkac hmj

tmdmx `xmx dktmx* Pjk u`w bkqkomx dèajadm jp`xt|kx l÷x{p`dkx "vmd`/

omx ajhcpa| uk|akx!# ckx t`jd|òmx k jp`xt|k daxvmxahaøj `j ck vk|t` aje`/

|am| d`c xatam# dmjd` vmd|òmx `datk|ckx m khtauk|ckx-d`xkhtauk|ckx*


49 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *



Xaj dpdk ck i|kj u`jtkgk d` Tyac`|t e|`jt` k mt|kx

b`||koa`jtkx d` omjatm|awkhaøj `x xp x`jhacc`w hmom

b`||koa`jtk d` hmjt|mc# vk|k `xtk| kc tkjtm d` cm {p`

x` bklck `j Tyatt`| kh`|hk d` jp`xt|k ok|hk* Vm|{p`

`c òkac xaip` xa`jdm `c hkjkc d` hmopjahkhaøj v|è`/

|adm vm| ophbmx pxpk|amx*

Oëx ajem|okhaøj xml|` Tyatt`|7 bttv7--lpxaj`xx*tyatt`|*hmo-

@c hkxm d` áratm d` ckx k`|mcïj`kx G`tLcp`7 Hmj omtaum d`c ;6· kjau`|xk|am d` ckx

k`|mcïj`kx G`tLcp` x` ckjwø pjk hkovkûk uïk Tyatt`|# hpqm |`xpctkdm bk xadm jm

xøcm `c kpo`jtm d` xìpadm|`x `j ck |`d xmhakc# xajm pj i|kj j÷o`|m d` khh`xmx k


42* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ ;4V`|eac d` Tyatt`| bttv7--tyatt`|*hmo




06* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ ;0Vmxalacadkd`x d` Cajn`daj bttv7--`x*cajn`daj*hmo*

ACPXT\KHAØJ ;5V`|eac d` v|me`xamjkc `j Cajn`daj bttv7--`x*cajn`daj*hmo*



Hmjxìpa| jpùmx hca`jt`x k t|kuáx d` |`hmo`jdkhamj`x mjca/

j` q d` vkckl|k7 Cmx hca`jt`x xktaxe hbmx xmj ck o`gm| ep`jt`

d` jpùmx hca`jt`x* Q pjk mvhaøj `x v`da| k hca`jt`x xktaxe`/

hbmx {p` `xh|alkj pjk |`hmo`jdkhaøj `j tp v`|eac d`

Cajn`daj {p` x`|ë t|kjxoatadk k tmdk tp |`d d` Cajn`daj*

@jhmjt|k| k cmx v|mu``dm|`x kd`hpkdmx vk|k `jhk|ik|c`x x`|/

uahamx `j ë|`kx `j ckx {p` jm `|`x pj `rv`|tm*

Hmjxt|pa| pjk |`d d`

hmjtkhtmx vk|k tp x`h/

tm| òv| xk|akc# mjca/

j` q `j v`|xmjk7

Lpxhk `j `c da|`htm|am

d` i|pvmx d` Cajn`daj vk|k `jhmjt|k| kxmhakhamj`x d` tp x`h/tm| q |`d`x `j ckx {p` t` ajt |`x` vk|tahavk|* Kdòëx# Cajn`daj

tkolaáj dk k hmjmh`| ù`jtmx vmvpck|`x `j tp x`htm| kc kjpj/

hak| ù`jtmx cmhkc`x k cmx {p` tpx hmj`ramj`x ukj k kxaxta|* Aok*

Mlt`j`| |`xvp`xtkx k v|ìpjtkx daeïhac`x xml|` tp jìmham

hmj pj vmhm d` kqpdk d` tpx koaimx |`kc`x7 @c kvk|tkdm d`

–V|ìpjtkx q I|pvmx‟ d` Cajn`daj t` v`|oat` `jhmjt|k| |`x/

vp`xtkx k `xkx v|ìpjtkx d`xhmjh`|tkjt`x |ëvadko`jt`#

|`hp||a`jdm k ck xkladp|ïk d` tp |`d*

Kt|k`| k jpùmx hca`jt`x# |`xvmjda`jdm k v|ìpjtkx xml|` tp

`xv`hakcadkd7 Ptacawk cmx jpo`|mxmx em|mx d` Cajn`daj vk|k

hmovk|ta| `c hmjmhaoa`jtm {p` bkx kd{pa|adm `j `c x`htm| `j

`c {p` t` bkx `xv`hakcawkdm*

Cmx o`gm|`x pxmx vk|k {p` ckx òv|`xkx x` l`jèaha`j d` Cajn`daj xmj7


0; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *



Oëx ajem|okhaøj xml|` Cajn`daj7 bttvx7--kqpdk*cajn`daj*hmo


0<* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Kpo`jtk| tp eajkjhakhaøj7 Vp`d`x ptacawk| Cajn`daj vk|k

`jhmjt|k| aju`|xm|`x vmt`jhakc`x m kcipa`j {p` {pa`|k x`| tp

o`jtm| vk|k ck vp`xtk `j ok|hbk d` tp jìmham*

H|`k| pjk |`d d` hmjtkhtmx hmj hmovkû`|mx d` x`htm| vk|k

t`j`| |è |`jhakx d` hca jt`x7 Cmx i|pvmx d` Cajn`daj xmj pj

o`dam ajt`|`xkjt` vk|k `jhmjt|k| hmovkû`|mx `j tp x`htm|#

hmjtkhtk| hmj `ccmx q `jhmjt|k| jìmhamx hmovcò`jtk|amx kc

tpqm hmj cmx {p` ajt`|hkolak| |è`|`jhakx d` hca`jt`x*

Hmju`jh`| k tpx hca`jt`x vmt`jhakc`x d` tp `rv`|a`jhak kc

hmovk|ta| hmjt`jadm | cùkjt` q ÷jahm `j tp lcmi7 Ckx v`{p`/

ûkx òv|`xkx ajt`|`xkdkx `j h|`k| pj hmjt`jadm ÷jahm xml|`

xp `rv`|a`jhak "qk x`k k t|kuáx d` pj lcmi m d` pjk hp`jtk d`

Tyatt`|! d`l`|ïkj uajhpck|cm k xp v`|eac d` Cajn`daj*

Okjt`j`| k tpx koaimx h`|hk q k tpx hmov`tadm|`x oëx h`|hk

tmdkuïk7 Oëx d` ;06*666 òv|`xkx ta j`j pj v`|eac d` xphmovkûïk `j Cajn`daj# ck –aoki`j v÷lcahk‟ d` ckx òv|`xkx*

@xtkx vëiajkx |ù`ckj `xtkdïxtahkx hcku` d` ckx òv|`xkx> k

{paáj bkj hmjt|ktkdm | ha`jtò`jt`# q tkolaáj {paáj `x

{paáj `j `c jìmham*

@x pjk |`d xmhakc d` ëolatm v|me`xamjkc

hmom Cajn`daj*Tkolaáj x` d`jmoajk vck/

tkem|ok d` j`tym|naji mjcaj`# qk {p` xp

v|ajhavkc ptacadkd `x ck d` i`xtamjk| hmj/

tkhtmx q `xtklc`h`| jpùkx hmj`ramj`x

`jt|` v|me`xamjkc`x d` hpkc{pa`| x`htm|*



Raji `xtë hmjh`ladm vk|k òv|`xk|amx# da|`htaumx# kptøjmomx q v|me`xamjkc`x

{p` tmdkuïk x` `xtáj em|okjdm*


08 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ ;9Dktmx xml|` Raji bttv7--yyy*raji*hmo-`x*

@x pjk vcktkem|ok opq vk|`hadk k Cajn`daj v`|m hmj kcipjkx dae`|`jhakx7

@j Cajn`daj ck xìo`jtkhaøj `x ophbm oëx èaha`jt`*

Ck v|aukhadkd `j Cajn`daj `x okqm|# caoatkjdm oëx `c khh`xm

k jp`xt|m v`|eac*

@j |`ckhaøj k ck ajt`|khhaøj# Cajn`daj v`|oat` k cmx pxpk|amx

d` ck hp`jtk lëxahk h|`k| i|pvmx d` mvajaøj q xpli|pvmx#

oa`jt|kx {p` `j Raji xøcm x` v`|oat` `c khh`xm q ck ajt`|kh/haøj k i|pvmx qk h|`kdmx v`|m jm x` v`|oat` ck h|`khaøj d`

jpùmx i|pvmx d`xd` ck u`|xaøj lëxahk*

@j Cajn`daj jm x` vp`d` ajuatk| k hpkc{pa`| pxpk|am k x`|

vk|t` d` tp |`d*

Oëx ajem|okhaøj xml|` Raji7 bttv7--yyy*raji*hmo-b`cv-




04* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ ;2Kcipjmx hkxmx d` áratm `j Raji bttv7--yyy*raji*hmo-`x**

8*;*< Lcmix hm|vm|ktaumx

Pj lcmi hm|vm|ktaum `x pjk latëhm|k vplcahkdk `j Ajt`|j`t hmj `c xmvm|t`

d` pjk òv|`xk# hmj `c eaj d` hmjt|alpa| k {p` kchkjh` xpx mlg`taumx hm|vm/|ktaumx# {p` vp`d`j x`| dau`|xmx7 d`xd` pj lcmi hmjh`ladm hmom pjk vck/

tkem|ok vk|k omxt|k| jp`xt|mx v|mdphtmx q x`|uahamx {p` x` vp`d` khtpk/

cawk| `j pj `xvkham d` taòvm hm|tm bkxtk pj lcmi m|a`jtkdm epjdko`jtkc/

o`jt` k i`j`|k| hmjtkhtmx vk|k |`kcawk| j`tym|naji m xaovcò`jt` hmj `c

mlg`taum d` {p` jp`xt|k òv|`xk x`k oëx hmjmhadk hmom ok|hk*

Vplcahk| pj lcmi hm|vm|ktaum `x pjk `xt|ktìak d` ok|n`taji hmj ophbkx



u`jtkgkx* @x khmjx`gklc` {p` `xtá `xh|atm vm| kci÷j oaòl|m d` ck òv|`/

xk {p` dmoaj` `c tòk kc {p` jmx d`dahkomx q `xk ajem|okhaøj {p` vmj/

ikomx ta`j` {p` `xtk| m|ikjawkdk vm| x`htm|`x* @x opq aovm|tkjt` vplca/hk| hmj e|`hp`jhak# d` okj`|k vckjaeahkdk# xaipa`jdm pj `xtacm `datm|akc# q

hmj hmjt`jadm d` ajt`|áx vk|k `c v÷lcahm*


00 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ ;1Vm|tkdk d` Lcmmi`| bttv7--yyy*lcmmi`|*hmo

Cmx l`jèahamx d` `xh|ala| pj Lcmi Hm|vm|ktaum hmom b`||koa`jtk d` hmopjahk/

haøj xmj uk|amx# d`xtkhkjdm7 xp lkgm hmxt`# ajd`rkhaøj `j lpxhkdm|`x q i`j`|k/

haøj d` v|mraoadkd*

K ck bm|k d` ajahak| pj lcmi hm|vm|ktaum bkq {p` |`kcawk| pj v`{p`ûm kjëcaxax d`høom cm bkh` ck hmov`t`jhak#ok|hk|x` pjmx mlg`taumx vk|k c lcmi q xhmi`| ck v`|/

xmjk d` ck òv|`xk {p` x` `jhk|ik|ë d` `xh|ala| `j `c lcmi d` okj`|k v`|aødahk*

Kcipjkx da|`hhamj`x dmjd` vmd`| kl|a| pj lcmi d` em|ok i|ktpatk7

bttv7--yyy*lcmmi`|*hmo

bttv7--yyy*lcmmi`|*hmo



@gòvcmx d` lcmi hm|vm|ktaumx vk|k hmovk|ta| `rv`|a`jhakx7 K omdm d` `gòvcm#

vmdòmx |è`|`jhak| lcmix tkj dau`|xmx hmom vp`d`j x`| `c Lcmi Hkxhkgk|`x#òv|`/

xk d`c x`htm| ki|mkcao`jtk|am q `c Lcmi d` \`jkpct Hmjxpctaji# òv|`xk d` hmjxpc/

tm|ïk mv`|khamjkc# {p` ptacawkj xpx lcmi hmom hkjkc`x d` daepxaøj vk|kc`cmx k xpx

y`l hm|vm|ktaukx kc mlg`tm d` kvm|tk| ajem|okhaøj kdahamjkc xml|` xp x`htm| d`

khtauadkd# hmopjahk| xpx v|ajhavkc`x ù`jtmx# hmjhp|xmx# q#`j i`j`|kc# hmovk|ta|

`rv`|a`jhakx hmj xpx pxpk|amx*


05* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ <6

Lcmi hm|vm|ktaumx d` ckx òv|`xkx Hkxhkgk| x q \`jkpct Hmjxpctaji*

8*;*8 Em|mxPj em|m hmjxaxt` `j pjk vëiajk y`l dajëoahk dmjd` x` i`j`|kj daxhpxam/

j`x |`cktaukx k pjk x`|a` d` tòkx* Pj pxpk|am d` ck vëiajk hmoa`jwk pj

tòk q cpìm cmx dòëx pxpk|amx ukj hmjt`xtkjdm m vmxt`kjdm xpx |`x/

vp`xtkx m ad`kx kc |`xv`htm# cm {p` x` hmjmh` hmom ,vmxtx,> `j ck okqm|ïk

d` cmx em|mx ajhcpxm ck v`|xmjk {p` hmo`jwø ck daxhpxaøj vp`d` vk|tahavk|

khtauko`jt` hmj xpx ,vmxtx,# cmx hpkc`x x` d`xvcaìkj x`hp`jhakco`jt`*



@x aovm|tkjt` `xtk| kc tkjtm d` cm {p` x` dah` `j cmx em|mx tòëtahmx uajhp/

ckdmx hmj jp`xt|m x`htm| d` khtauadkd xml|` jp`xt|m jìmham# hmj `xtm hmj/

xìpaomx xkl`| {pá mvajk jp`xt|k hca`jt`ck khtpkc m vmt`jhakc xml|` jp`x/t|mx v|mdphtmx m x`|uahamx*

V`|m ck cklm| oëx aovm|tkjt` {p` t`jòmx {p` bkh`| hmom òv|`xk `x

dk| |`xvp`xtkx d` hkcadkd hmom `rv`|tmx k vmxalc`x dpdkx {p` xp|gkj d`j/

t|m d`c em|m* Kdòëx# `xh|ala| `j pj em|m vp`d` x`|ua|jmx vk|k {p` `xk

`jt|kdk x` vmxahamj` la`j `j cmx lpxhkdm|`x d` Ajt`|j`t*


09 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ <;Vm|tkc d` Em|m `hmjmoïk bttv7--yyy*`hmjmoakbmq*`x*

8*;*4 Ecahn|

Ecahn| `x pjm d` cmx x`|uahamx d` vplcahkhaøj d` emtmx oëx ptacawkdm `j ck

y`l <*6 o`dakjt` pj xaxtòk d` k|hbaum m ëclpo daiatkc*



Ckx emtmx xmj `x`jhakc`x `j ck hmopjahkhaøj d` jp`xt|k òv|`xk# vm|{p`

t|kjxoat`j òmhamj`x# v|ajhavkc omtm| d` tmdm x`| bpokjm* Kdòëx Ecahn|

xa|u` vk|k kt|k`| t|ëeahm d` ck hmopjadkd Ecahn| bkhak tp y`l q tkolaáj x`vp`d` pxk| ck ajem|okhaøj d` v`|eac vk|k bkh`| vplcahadkd d` tp òv|`xk*

V`|m# xaj dpdk# pjk d` ckx kvcahkhamj`x oëx da|`htkx `x ck d` x`|ua| d` hktë/

cmim daiatkc d` jp`xt|mx v|mdphtmx* Vm| `gòvcm vk|k pjk òv|`xk d` laxp/

t`|ïk# u`jtk d` k|t` mjcaj`# `th*


02* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ <<@gòvcm d` kvcahkhaøj d` Ecahn| bttv7--yyy*ecahn|*hmo*




01 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

8*;*0 Qmptpl`

Qmptpl` `x ck hmopjadkd d` uad`mx oëx hmjmhadk k jau`c ajt`|jkhamjkc#dmjd` cmx pxpk|amx vp`d`j uaxpkcawk|# d`gk| hmo`jtk|amx q xpla| xpx v|m/

vamx uad`mx* \`xpctk pjk b`||koa`jtk d` i|kj ptacadkd i|khakx kc vmd`| d`

ua|kcadkd d` cmx uad`mx* Tkolaáj ÷tac hmom |`vmxatm|am vk|k bkh`| uad`m/

lcmix q vk|k hmovk|ta| hmj koaimx d` mt|kx |`d`x xmhakc`x*

Qmptpl` `x ck vcktkem|ok v`|e`htk vk|k |`kcawk| khhamj`x d` uad`mok|n`/

taji# daxhavcajk d`c ok|n`taji {p` hmjxaxt` `j `c pxm d` ck aoki`j kpdamua/xpkc k t|kuáx d` Ajt`|j`t vk|k u`jd`| oëx q ead`cawk| kc hca`jt`* Xpx u`jtk/

gkx xmj o÷ctavc`x7

T j`| pj hmo`|hakc t|klkgkjdm <4 bm|kx kc dïk 850 dïkx kc kûm*

V`|oat` me|`h`| hmjt`jadmx ÷tac x# dae |`jhaëjdmjmx d` ckhmov`t`jhak*

Kpo`jtk ck h|`dalacadkd# `j `xv`hakc vk|k x`htm| x hmom `c d`ck Bmxt`c`|ïk kc vmd`| `jx`ûk| ajxtkckhamj`x d` pjk okj`|koëx v|mepjdk m omxt|k| kc v`|xmjkc d` hmhajk `cklm|kjdmha`|tmx vcktmx*

V`|oat` hkvtk| ck kt`jhaøj d`c hca`jt`vmt`jhakc*

Hmj vmhk aju`|xaøj x` mlta`j` pjkokqm| hmju`|xaøj d` uaxatkx `j hca`jt`x*

V`|oat` ccìk| k pj okqm| j÷o`|m d` hca`jt`x*

V`|oat` kpo`jtk| `c t|ëeahm bkhak `c xatam Y`l*

V`|oat` mlt`j`| pj ajh|ò`jtm `j `c taòvm d` v`|okj`j/hak d` ck y`l*

@c hca`jt` x` hmjua`|t` `j v|`xh|avtm| kc hmovk|ta| cmx uïd`mx*



v`xk| d` x`| pjk khtauadkd t|kdahamjkc jm bk |`hbkwkdm `c pxm d` ckx jpùkx t`h/

jmcmiïkx vk|k xpx khhamj`x vplcahatk|akx*

@c hkxm d` \`xtkp|kjt` Hëjdadm7 K \`xtkp|kjt` Hëjdadm Ajt`|j`t c` bk v`|oatadm

t`j`| xp v|mvam hkjkc d` t`cùaxaøj k pj hmxt` opq lkgm* @c kpi` d` cmx hkjkc`x q

lcmix tòëtahmx d` hmhajk bk xadm xaj dpdk `c m|ai`j d` ck ad`k* @c hkjkc d` t`cùa/

xaøj d` Hëjdadm jmx kh`|hk jm xøcm ck baxtm|ak d`c |`xtkp|kjt` k t|kuáx d`c ja`tm d`c

epjdkdm|# xajm tkolaáj jmx v`|oat` kh`|hk|jmx k xp hmhajk o`dakjt` t|phmx q táh/

jahkx d` hmhajk tïvahk hkxt`cckjk* @c x`htm| d` ck bmxt`c`|ïk# q `j `xv`hakc ck |`xtkp/

|khaøj# `x pjk d` ckx khtauadkd`x {p` oëx vk|tadm vp`d`j xkhk| k áxt` tavm d` hkjk/c`x d` T`cùaxaøj tòëtahmx*


5; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ <4Pxm d` Qmptpl` vk|k |`kcawk| pj hkjkc d` TU bttv7--yyy*qmptpl`*hmo




5<* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

8*;*5 Xcad`xbk|`

Xcad`Xbk|` `x pjk b`||koa`jtk <*6 {p` v`|oat` |`kcawk| v|`x`jtkhamj`x d` dak/

vmxataukx xaovcaeahkjdm ck `cklm|khaøj# vplcahkhaøj q daxt|alphaøj d` ckx oaxokx

`j `xtacm Vmy`|Vmajt* Kc x`| eëhac d` pxk| q i|ktpatm# x` hmjua`|t` `j pj | hp|xm

d` i|kj ptacadkd vk|k `c `jtm|jm òv|`xk|akc* Pjm d` cmx l`jèahamx d` `xtk kvca/

hkhaøj `x ck vmxalacadkd d` hmju`|ta| ckx v|`x`jtkhamj`x k em|oktm eckxb# {p`dkj/

dm ckx oaxokx daxvmjalc`x d`xd` pj cajn d` uaxpkcawkhaøj d`jt|m d` ck Y`l d`c

x`|uaham# kc aipkc {p` QmpTpl` hmj cmx uad`mx* Kdòëx# Xcad`Xbk|` hp`jtk hmjepjhamj`x d` |`d xmhakc# vp`xtm {p` v`|oat` hmo`jtk| t|klkgmx d` mt|mx pxpk/

|amx# h|`k| i|pvmx d` t|klkgm# ù`jtmx# `th* q v`|oat` ajtì|k| ckx v|`x`jtkhamj`x

da|`htko`jt` kc xatam Y`l d` ck òv|`xk*

@c Xcad`xbk|` vp`d` x`| pxkdm vm| jp`xt|k òv|`xk vk|k xpla| d`xd` v|`x`jtk/

hamj`x {p` |`kcawkomx vk|k daxtajtmx ù`jtmx hmom hmji|`xmx q xòajk|amx#

bkxtk ajem|o`x d` ck ov|`xk `j hpkjtm k v|mdphtmx# hkcadkd d` x`|uaham#|`pjam/

j`x d` t|klkgm q dau`|xmx tòkx d` ajt`|áx i`j`|kc vk|k cpìm vmd`| ajhcpa| ckx

v|`x`jtkhamj`x `j cmx lcmix ajt`|jmx q `rt`|jmx*

ACPXT\KHAØJ <0Vm|tkdk d` Xcad`xbk|` bttv7--yyy*xcad`xbk|`*j`t




58 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Yadi`tx

Cmx yadi`t hmj xpx vmxalacadkd`x d` daxt|alphaøj ua|kc# xp ajt`|khtauadkd# ck vmxa/lacadkd d` plahpadkd q ck ajo`dakt`w x` bkj hmju`|tadm `j pjk xmcphaøj xpxtatp/

tauk d` cmx lkjj`|x* V`|m hmju`|ta| pj lkjj`| `j pj yadi`t kpj{p` kpo`jtk ck

ua|kcadkd d` ck hkovkûk# jm `rvcmtk tmdkx ckx vmxalacadkd`x d`c hkjkc*

Cmx yadi`tx xmj kovcakhamj`x vk|k vëiajkx y`l "vm| `gòvcm Immic` Okvx q

|`v|mdphtm|`x d` uïd`m hmom Qmptpl`! {p` x` d`l`j ptacawk| vk|k me|`h`| x`|ua/

hamx xml|` cmx {p` `c pxpk|am vp`dk ajt`|khtpk|* Aokiajk| vm| pj omo`jtm {p`

`j cpik| d` t`j`| pj lkjj`| {p` jmx ajem|ok d` pjk v|momhaøj t`jòmx pj

yadi`t {p` jmx v`|oat` |`x`|uk| pj uakg` d` `xk v|momhaøj m |`kcawk| pj v|`xp/

vp`xtm xaj xkca| d` ck vëiajk dmjd` xtkomx# kvm|tkjdm oëx ukcm| k ck òv|`xk

q kc pxpk|am eajkc*

Pj Yadi`t vk|k |`d`x xmhakc`x t` v`|oata|ë ki|ìk| `j tp vëiajk y`l# ck mvhaøj

d` hmovk|ta| ckx daxtajtkx vëiajkx y`l d` tp xatam hmj daxtajtkx |`d`x xmhakc`x

hmom Ekh`lmmn# J`tcmi# D`c*aham*px# oqXvkh`# q ophbkx oëx*

H|`kjdm pj xaovc` yadi`t hmj ckx epjhamj`x d` pj c`htm| d` \XX# vmdòmx dax/

t|alpa| cmx –vmxt‟ d` jp`xt|kx |`d`x xmhakc`x d`jt|m d` jp`xt|k y`l hm|vm|ktauk

q daepjda| jp`xt|mx o`jxkg`x k pj j÷o`|m okqm| d` pxpk|amx*

ACPXT\KHAØJ <5Kcipjmx `gòvcmx d` yadi`t vk|k y`lx



@c ok|n`taji oøuac# m `j ajicáx –omlac` ok|n`taji‟# `x ck |`kcawkhaøj d` khhamj`x d`

ok|n`taji da|aiadkx k daxvmxataumx oøuac`x# `j `xv`hakc k cmx t`cáemjmx oøuac`x*

Ck v`j`t|khaøj d` ck t`cèmjïk oøuac kchkjwk vm|h`jtkg`x opq kctmx* Xì÷j dktmx

vplcahkdmx `j ck t`|h`|k mc`kdk d`c –Ajem|o` d` \`xpctkdmx Mlx`|uktm|am d`

\`d`x Xmhakc`x‟`cklm|kdm vm| Tb` Hmhntkac Kjkcqxax# pj <1% d` cmx pxpk|amx hmj/

xpctkdmx khh`d`j k dak|am k t|kuáx d` xpx oøuac`x k ckx |`d`x xmhakc`x# cm hpkc ùa/

d`jhak {p` `x pjm d` cmx o`damx oëx è`htaumx vk|k daepjda| pj o`jxkg` k i|kj

hkjtadkd d` v`|xmjkx*

Hkdk u`w oëx pxpk|amx v|`xhajd`j d` ck hmj`raøj eagk k Ajt`|j`t xa|uaájdmx` d`

ckx |`d`x ajkcëol|ahkx q t`hjmcmiïk 8I q 8*0I vk|k khh`d`| k ck oaxok o`dakj/

t` daxvmxataumx oøuac`x* @c j÷o`|m d` x`|uahamx d` |`d xmhakc oøuac`x "omlac`

xmhakc j`tym|n x`|uah`x! xpv`|ø cmx dmx oaccmj`x d` v`|xmjkx `j <6;6 q bkxtk

<6;< x` `xv`|k pj h|`haoa`jtm kjpkc d`c 40%* D`c tmtkc d` `xt` h|`haoa`jtm# pj

40% x` d`l`|ë kc d`xk||mccm d` cmx jkuìkdm|`x oøuac x q `c mt|m 00% kc d`xk||m/

ccm d` kvcahkhamj`x `xv`hïeahkx `jt|` ckx {p` t`jd|ëj pj v`xm opq |`cùkjt` ckx

{p` bkh`j |è`|`jhak k ck |`kcadkd kpo`jtkdk;*

Cmx l`jèahamx oëx jmtm|amx {p` x` mlta`j`j kc `g`hptk| pjk hkovkûk

d` ok|n`taji oøuac xmj7


54* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

8*< Omlac` Ok|n`taji

; T hjmcmiïk {p` v`|oat` ck xpv`|vmxahaøj xml|` `c `jtm|jm eïxahm# `j taòvm |`kc# d` ajem|okhaøjdaiatkc |`cùkjt "i`j`|kdk ua|tpkco`jt` q cmhkcawkdk `j ck |`d-jpl`!# `j|a{p`ha`jdm ck v`|h`vhaøjd` ck |`kcadkd* X` `rvcahkj hmj oëx d`tkcc` xpx kvcahkhamj`x kc ok|n`taji `j `c kvk|tkdm 8*<*8 d` `xt`

okjpkc*

@hmjmoïk7 x` mvtaoawkj cmx v|mh`xmx q |`dph`j cmx hmxtmx d`

ckx òv|`xkx* @c hmxt` omj`tk|am d`# vm| gòvcm# pj XOX `x

opq aje`|am| kc d` vplcahk| `j o`damx t|kdahamjkc`x*



Vm| tmdm cm kjt`|am|o`jt` `rvp`xtm# {p`dk hck|m {p` |`kcawk| pjk hkovkûk lkxk/

dk j xt|ktìakx d` ok|n`taji oøuac#jm xmcm x pjk okj`|k jmu`dmxk d` v|mom/

hamjk| v|mdphtmx q x`|uahamx# xajm {p` tkolaáj |`xpctk kctko`jt` è`htauk*


50 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

V`|xmjkcawkhaøj7 ck t`hjmcmiïk v`|oat` `juak| hmopjahkham/

j`x {p` hmjta`j`j cmx dktmx v`|xmjkc`x d`c |òat`jt`# cm {p`hmjt|alpq` k {p` `raxtk pjk okqm| ad`jtaeahkhaøj*

Ajxtkjtkjàdkd7 v`|oat` k ckx m|ikjawkhamj`x hmopjahk|x` d`

pjk okj`|k opq |ëvadk ` ajo`daktk# cm hpkc ckx up`cu` hkdk u w

oëx hmov`tataukx*

Da|`hhamjkcadkd7 v`|oat`j ccìk| k pj v÷lcahm mlg`taum m hcku`

{p` |`kco`jt` `xtá ajt`|`xkdm `j kd{pa|a| `c v|mdphtm m x`|/uaham me|`hadm*

Xìo`jtkhaøj7 cmx |`h`vtm|`x vp`d`j x`| hckxaeahkdmx xì÷j

d`t`|oajkdmx h|at`|amx*

Ajt`|khhaøj7 vm| o`dam d` cmx o`jxkg`x d` t`rtm x` vp`d`j

v|`d`ha| ckx khhamj`x {p` `g`hptk|ëj ckx v`|xmjkx `j |`khhaøj

kc `xtïopcm*Khh`xalacadkd7 cmx t`cáemjmx oøuac`x xmj ptacawkdmx vm| xpx

pxpk|amx vk|k `xtk| `j hmopjahkhaøj hmjxtkjtò`jt`# d`xd`

hpkc{pa`| cpik| q `j hpkc{pa`| bm|k|am*

Ck aovcò`jtkhaøj d` `xtk uk|akjt` d` ok|n`taji v`|oat`

ùkcpk| ck è`htauadkd q hmjt|mck| `c d`xòv`ûm d` ck hkovk/

ûk `j taòvm |`kc*Cmx o`jxkg`x xp`c`j {p`dk| i|klkdmx `j cmx lpwmj`x d` cmx

t`cáemjmx oøuac`x d` cmx |`h`vtm|`x*




55* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

8*<*; Ok|n`taji vm| i`mcmhkcawkhaøj

Ajahakco`jt` ckx v|ajhavkc`x hkovkûkx d` hmopjahkhaøj hmjxaxtïkj

`j `c `juïm d` XOX k t|kuáx d` t`cáemjmx oøuac`x* Ck vmvpck|awkhaøj

d` cmx Xok|tvbmj` "t`cáemjmx ajt`cai`jt`x! q xpx kvcahkhamj`x x`

bkj hmju`|tadm `j pj i|kj |ùpcxaum vk|k `c ok|n`taji oøuac#

kpo`jtkjdm d` okj`|k jmtklc` `c vmt`jhakc d`c omlac` ok|n`/

taji# o`dakjt` ck i`mcmhkcawkhaøj "cmhkcawk| pj daxvmxataum eagm m

oøuac `j pjk plahkhaøj i`mi|ëeahk o`dakjt` hmm|d`jkdkx!*Oaccmj`x d` v`|xmjkx |`kcawkj l÷x{p`dkx dak|akx `j cmx okvkx d`

cmx i|kjd`x lpxhkdm|`x# vm| `ccm# cmx v|ajhavkc x lpxhkdm|`x `xtëj ajhada jdm

hkdk u`w oëx `j ck vmxalacadkd`x {p` xpx x`|uahamx hk|tmi|ëeahmx me|`h`j k cmx

jìmhamx cmhkc`x q bkj vp`xtm k daxvmxahaøj d` hpkc{pa`| òv|`xk|am m kptøjm/

om ck vmxalacadkd d` h|`k| eahbkx i|ktpatkx {p` cmhkcah`j k xpx òv|`xkx xml|` `c

okvk vk|k {p` ckx `jhp`jt|`j hca`jt`x vmt`jhakc`x*

@xtk epjhamjkcadkd jmx v`|oat`# hmom òv|`xkx# me|`h`| kc pxpk|am cm {p` j`h`/

xatk `j hkdk omo`jtm# d`xd` `jhmjt|k| pj | xtkp|kjt` `j pjk hapdkd d`xhmjm/

hadk# bkxtk xkl`| `j {pá ta`jdk oëx h`|hkjk vmd|ë khh`d`| kc v|mdphtm {p`

lpxhk* Xaj dpdk# ck i`mcmhkcawkhaøj x pjk d` ckx i|kjd`x mvm|tpjadkd`x {p` ckx

jpùkx t`hjmcmiïkx bkj l|ajdkdm kc ok|n`taji*

Kcipjkx d` ckx kvcahkhamj`x oëx vmvpck|`x vk|k |`kcawk| ok|n`taji vm| i`mcmhk/

cawkhaøj xmj Emp|x{pk|` q Immic` Vckh`x*

Emp|x{pk|`

Emp|x{pk|` tkc u`w x`k `c x`|uaham d` i`mcmhkcawkhaøj oëx vmvpck| `jt|` cmx

pxpk|amx d` daxvmxataumx oøuac`x* @x pj x`|uaham lkxkdm `j cmhkcawkhaøj y`l kvca/

hkdk k ckx |`d`x xmhakc`x* Ck ad`k v|ajhavkc d` ck | d `x bkh`| ,hb`hn/ajx, `j pj

cpik| `xv`hïeahm dmjd` pjm x` `jhp`jt|k ` a| ikjkjdm vpjtmx vm| ,d`xhpl|a|,



jpùmx cpik|`x#{p` xmj |`hmov`jxkdmx hmj ,lkdi`x,#pjk `xv`ha` d` o`dkcckx*

Ckx v`|xmjkx {p` oëx ,hb`hna/jx, |`kcawkj `j pj d`t`|oajkdm cpik|# kchkjwkj `c

tïtpcm d` ,okqm|xbav,* Ck hcku` d` xp áratm `x {p` o`whck `c gpìm hmj ckx | d`xxmhakc`x# qk {p` v`|oat` k cmx pxpk|amx hmovk|ta| hmj xpx hmjtkhtmx cmx cpik| x

d` xp ajt`|áx m# x`jhaccko`jt`# cmx xatamx vm| cmx {p` vkxk*

Vk|k cmx hmo`|hakjt`x q mt|mx jìmhamx dmjd` ck i`m|è`|`jhakhaøj |`xpctk opq

÷tac# Emp|x{pk|` me| h` pj hmjgpjtm d` b`||koa`jtkx i|ktpatkx vk|k kt|k`| jp`/

umx hca`jt`x q okjt`j`| k cmx oëx ea`c`x*

Vk|k ajahak|t` `j ck Vcktkem|ok d` Emp|x{pk|` vk|k òv| xkx# xøcm ta`/

j`x {p` xìpa| `xtmx t|`x vkxmx7


59 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

\`hckok tp cpik|7 Ajahak x`xaøj q lpxhk ck vëiajk d` tp ov|`/

xk "lpxhkjdm tp cpik|!# d`xvpáx bkw hcah `j ,\`hckok| `xt`

cpik|,*

H|`k pjk V|momhaøj7 D`xvpáx d` |`hckok| tp cpik|# vp`d`xòv`wk| k h|`k| V|momhamj`x vk|k hmjxìpa| jpùmx hca`jt`x

q ead`cawk| k tp hca`jt`ck*

Kdkvtk tpx hkovkûkx vk|k okraoawk| tp jìmham7 D`xvpáx

d` |`hckok| tp cpik|# vp`d`x òv`wk| k h|`k| V|momhamj`x

vk|k hmjxìpa| jpùmx hca`jt`x q ead`cawk| k tp hca`jt`ck*

@c `gòvcm d` Tkra Mua`dm7 Pjm d` cmx hkxmx d` áratm oëx hmjmhadmx `j `c pxm d`

Emp|x{pk|` `x `c d` Tkra Mua`dm* Pj tkraxtk d` ck hapdkd d` Mua`dm {p` bk xkladm

xkhk|c` pj i|kj |`jdaoa`jtm k Emp|x{pk|` hmj pjk v`{p`ûk aju`|xaøj7<4 `p|mx vm|

pj uajacm hmj `c cmimtavm d` ck vcktkem|ok* Ck hkovkûk `|k opq xaovc`# me|`h | pj

;6% d` d`xhp`jtm k pxpk|amx d` Emp|x{pk|`* V`|m e|ptm d` ck ua|kcadkd d` ckx |`d`x

xmhakc`x ccìø k 066*666 vmt`jhakc`x hca`jt`x `j xøcm 9< bm|kx*




52* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ <9Pxm d` Emp|x{pk|` `j `c hkxm –Ftkramua`dm‟

ACPXT\KHAØJ <2Uajacm d` Emp|x{pk|` `j `c tkra

Oëx ajem|okhaøj xml|` Emp|x{pk|`7 bttvx7--`x*emp|x{pk|`*hmo-lpxaj`xx



Immic` Vckh`x

Immic` Vckh`x `x pjk kvcahkhaøj i|ktpatk d` Immic` {p` xa|u` vk|k h|`k| pjkeahbk i|ktpatk d` tp òv|`xk* Hpkjdm pj pxpk|am lpx{p` ajem|okhaøj cmhkc `j

Immic` Okvx# `jhmjt|k|ë tp òv|`xk q ck ajem|okhaøj daxvmjalc` `j tp eahbk7

da|`hhaøj# bm|k|am cklm|kc# ` ajhcpxm emtmx d` v|mdphtmx m d c `xhkvk|kt`*

Immic` Vckh`x v`|oat` k hmo`|hakjt`x# u`jd`dm|`x q jìmhamx cmhkc`x o`gm|k|

xp uaxalacadkd `j Ajt`|j`t kc omxt|k| ck |`kcadkd eïxahk d` ck plahkhaøj* Cm {p` x`

t|kdph` `j pjk okqm| jmtm|a`dkd q ecpgm d` uaxatkx k xp jìmham* Kdòëx# q kc

|`hmi`| ckx mvajamj`x d` pxpk|amx `j y`lx d` uakg`x# vp`d` kpo`jtk| ck hmju`|/

xaøj d` uaxatkx `j |`x`|ukx `j `c hkxm d` Bmt`c`x*


51 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ <1Pjm d` cmx |`xpctkdmx {p` me|`h` Immic` Vckh`x xml|`

–Wkvkt`|ïkx `j Ukcckdmcad‟



8*<*< Ok|n`taji d` v|mraoadkd* Lcp`tmmtb

X` t|ktk d` pjk jpùk em|ok d` vplcahadkd d`jt|m d`c ok|n`taji oøuac {p` v`|/oat` k ckx òv|`xkx me|`h`| ajem|okhaøj xml|` xpx v|mdphtmx q x`|uahamx q tko/

laáj `juak| hmjt`jadmx bklatpkc`x `j cmx oøuac`x hmom o`cmdïkx# emjdmx d`

vkjtkcck# gpìmx# uïd`mx m ajhcpxm hkjhamj`x k tmdkx k{p`cckx v`|xmjkx {p`

vkx`j gpjtm k cmx vpjtmx dmjd` x` `xtklc`h`j ckx kjt`jkx òaxm|kx*

@c Lcp`tmmtb ik|kjtawk {p` tmdmx cmx |`h`vtm|`x d` cmx o`jxkg`x x` `jhp`jt|`j

h`|hk d` cmx `xtklc`haoa`jtmx# hmj cm hpkc x` kl| pj jpùm opjdm d` vmxalaca/dkd`x vk|k hmjtkhtk| hmj vmxalc`x hca`jt`x* @xtk t`hjmcmiïk v`|oat` `juak| cmx

o`jxkg`x bkxtk pj oëraom d` ;66 o`t|mx d` daxtkjhak# hmj cm hpkc `c aovkhtm

`j pjk hkcc` hmo`|hakc hmj lkxtkjt` t|ëjxatm vp`d` x`| opq kctm*

@c ok|n`taji vm| `xt` o`dam xøcm v|`haxk {p` ckx v`|xmjkx t`jikj khtaukdk ck hmj`/

raøj Lcp`tmmtb#pjk hmjeaip|khaøj {p` ophbkx ta`j`j vm| dè`htm j xpx t`|oajkc`x*

8*<*8 \`kcadkd kpo`jtkdk

Ck |`kcadkd kpo`jtkdk "\K! `x `c tá|oajm {p` x` ptacawk vk|k dèaja| ck hmolajk/

haøj d` pjk uaxaøj d`c opjdm |`kc hmj `cò`jtmx ua|tpkc`x# cm {p` v`|oat` ck

h|`khaøj d` pjk |`kcadkd oartk `j taòvm |`kc* Hmjxaxt` `j pj hmjgpjtm d` dax/

vmxataumx {p` kûkd`j ajem|okhaøj ua|tpkc k ck ajem|okhaøj eïxahk qk `raxt`jt`*

@xtk `x ck v|ajhavkc dae`|`jhak hmj ck |`kcadkd ua|tpkc# vp`xtm {p` jm xpxtatpq` ck|`kcadkd eïxahk xajm {p` xml|àov|ao` cmx dktmx ajem|oëtahmx kc opjdm |`kc*

Ck h|`khaøj d` `rv`htkhaøj k t|kuáx d` hkovkûkx d` ok|n`taji `j ckx {p` x`

ptacah` `xtk t`hjmcmiïk# h|`k jm xmcm pjk u`jtkgk dae |`jhakc xajm pjk i|kj v|m/

vkikhaøj hmj è htm ua|kc* I|khakx k `xtk t`hjmcmiïk vmdòmx kûkda| ajem|ok/

haøj uaxpkc k ck |`kcadkd `raxt`jt`# hmom vm| `gòvcm uaxpkcawk| `j 8D pjk

uaua`jdk k vk|ta| d` pj vckjm*


96* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *



Kpj{p` `raxt`j dau`|xkx táhjahkx vk|k kvcahk| ck |`kcadkd kpo`jtkdk "\K!# ck

okqm|ïk d` khhamj`x d` ok|n`taji x` lkxkj `j ck xpv`|vmxahaøj d` ajem|okhaøj

kûkdadk k ck aoki`j i|ëeahk hkvtkdk vm| ck hëok|k d` cmx t`cáemjmx oøuac`x*

Khtpkco`jt` x` `xtë ptacawkjdm t`hjmcmiïk d` \K `j `c i`mvmxahamjkoa`jtm d`

hmo`|hamx oajm|axtkx m ta`jdkx eïxahkx "hmj kvcahkhamj`x oøuac`x hmom Ckqk|!# `j

dòmxt|khaøj d` vaxmx q meahajkx k ck u`jtk# `j kjpjhamx vplcahatk|amx `j v| jxk

`xh|atk `# ajhcpxm# `j hk|t`c`x m ukcckx vplcahatk|akx* Ck \K x` `xtë hmo`jwkjdm k

daepjda| tkolaáj `j `c x`htm| `datm|akc hmom vk|t` d` hmjt`jadmx d` |ùaxtkx q

v`|aødahmx q hmom hmovcò`jtm `j cal|mx d` t`rtm `dphktaumx*


9; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ 86Pxm d` ck |`kcadkd kpo`jtkdk "\K! `j t`cáemjmx oøuac`x

8*<*4Hødaimx [\

Cmx hødaimx [\ xmj pj tavm d` hødaimx d` lk||kx ladao`jxamjkc`x `j cmx hpkc`x

ck ajem|okhaøj `xtë hmdaeahkdk d`jt|m d` pj hpkd|kdm# cm {p` v`|oat` kcokh`/

jk| i|kj hkjtadkd d` hmjt`jadm kcekjpoá|ahm* Vk|k c``| m ajt`|v|`tk| pj hødaim

[\ `x j`h`xk|am pj daxvmxataum hmj hëok|k d` emtmx q pj c`htm| hmovktalc`*

Jm|okco`jt`# hpkc{pa`| oøuac ajt`cai`jt` daxvmj` d` `x` daxvmxataum# oa`jt|kx



{p` ck kvcahkhaøj {p` xa|u` d` c`htm| d`v`jd` d`c xaxtòk mv`|ktaum d`c t`cáem/

jm oøuac* Vk|k hmjxìpa| ck kvcahkhaøj# vm| `gòvcm vk|k pj aVbmj`# lkxtk hmj

hmj`htk|x` k ck Kvv Xtm|` q d`xhk|ik| `c c`htm| d` hødaimx [\ a/jaiok* @j `c hkxmd` oøuac`x hmj `c xaxtòk mv`|ktaum Kjd|mad# bkq {p` hmj`htk|x` kc Kjd|mad

Ok|n`t Vckh` q d`xhk|ik| `c c`htm| Lk|hmd` Xhkjj`|*

Xp hkvkhadkd vk|k hmjt`j`| i|kj ajem|okhaøj q xp ekhacadkd d` pxm bkh` {p` x`kpjk b`||koa`jtk d` v|momhaøj v|ëhtahk vk|k ckx v`{p`ûkx òv|`xkx* Hpkjdm

x` `xhkj`k m x` c`` pj hødaim [\ x` vp`d` khh`d`| k uïjhpcmx d` hmjt`jadmx

daiatkc`x `j Ajt`|j`t# kdòëx d` khtauk| epjhamj`x d`c t`cáemjm hmom hm||`m

`c`ht|øjahm# o`jxkg |ïk ajxtkjtëj`k q XOX# `jckwk| k em|opck|amx# `th* Kpj{p`

`j @xvkûk xp ptacawkhaøj tmdkuïk `x lkxtkjt` caoatkdk# bkxtk {p` ck v`j`t|khaøj

d` cmx oøuac`x ajt`cai`jt`x x`k okqm| `j ck i|kj vk|t` d` cmx pxpk|amx*


9<* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ 8;C`htp|k d` pj hødaim [\ o`dakjt` oøuac



@raxt`j uk|amx xatamx vk|k i`j`|k| hødaimx [\ q d` em|ok i|ktpatk* Pjm d` cmx

{p` x` vp`d`j ptacawk| `x7 bttv7--yyy*hmdaimx/{|*hmo*


98 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ 8<Kvcahkhamj`x d` ok|n`taji d` hødaim [\

ACPXT\KHAØJ 88I`j`|kdm| Hødaimx [\ bttv7--yyy*hmdaimx/{|*hmo



8*<*0 O`jxkg`|ïk oøuac

Ck o`jxkg`|ïk oøuac "XOX-OOX! `x hmjxad`|kdk hmom pjm d` cmx hkjkc`x oëxajt|pxaumx d` vplcahadkd* Kc aipkc {p` hmj jp`xt|kx khhamj`x vplcahatk|akx

o`dakjt` òkac# bkq {p` ùatk| | kcawk| XVKO "o`jxkg`x jm kptm|awkdmx! hmj

mlg`tm d` me`|tk|# hmo`|hakcawk| m t|ktk| d` d`xv`|tk| `c ajt`|áx xml|` jp`xt|mx

v|mdphtmx m x`|uahamx* Ckx hmopjahkhamj`x hmo`|hakc`x o`dakjt` o`damx `c`h/

t|øjahmx `xtëj |ìpckdkx q `x j`h`xk|am xmcahatk| kh`vtkhaøj `rv|`xk d` em|ok

v|ùak kc `juïm d` o`jxkg`x# hpovca`jdm `c oaxom ok|hm cìkc {p` `c d` ckx

hkovkûkx d` òkacaji7


94* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

C`q 84-<66<# d` ;; d` gpcam# d` X`|uahamx d` ck Xmha dkd d` ck

Ajem|okhaøj q d` Hmo`|ham @c`ht|øjahm "CXXA!*

C`q M|iëjahk ;0-;111# d` ;8 d` dahaòl|` d` V|mt`hhaøj d`

Dktmx d` Hk|ëht`| V`|xmjkc "CMVD!*

\*D* ;9<6-<669# d` <; d` dahaòl| # d` D`xk||mccm d` ck CMVD*

C`q 8<-<668# d` 8 d` jmuaòl|`# I`j`|kc d` T c`hmopjahk/

hamj`x "CIT!*



KXV@HTMX C@IKC@X k t`j`| `j hp`jtk kc |`kcawk| omlac` ok|n`taji

^`juïm d o`jxkg`x k t`cèmjïk oøuac hmj eaj`x hmo`|hakc`x q vplcahatk|amx <_7

;* Cmx v|`xtkdm| x d` x`|uahamx {p` |òatkj vplcahadkd d`l`|ëj kxìp|k|x`

d` {p` vk|k `ccm hp`jtkj hmj `c hmjx`jtaoa`jtm d` cmx d`xtajktk|amx* @j `c

hkxm d` `raxta| pjk |`ckhaøj hmjt|khtpkc v|ùak jm `x j`h`xk|am `c hmjx`jta/

oa`jtm# v`|m ck vplcahadkd d`l`|ë |è |a|x` k v|mdphtmx m x`|uahamx xaoack|`x

k cmx {p` ajahakco`jt` ep`|mj mlg`tm d` hmjt|ktkhaøj hmj `c hca`jt`*

@x aovm|tkjt` t`j`| `j hp`jtk {p` `xmx dktmx /m `x` oøuac d`c hca`jt`/#

d`l`j bkl`| xadm hkvtkdmx lkgm ckx hmjdahamj`x d` ajem|okhaøj {p``rai` ck C`q M|iëjahk d` V|mt`hhaøj d` Dktmx# v|ajhavkco`jt`# `j hpkjtm

k cmx pxmx q eajkcadkd`x v|ùaxtkx d` xpx dktmx*

@j tmdm hkxm# `c hca`jt` m |`h`vtm| d`c o`jxkg` d`l` daxvmj`|# vk|k hpkjdm

cm hmjxad`|` mvm|tpjm# d` mvhamj`x vk|k vmd`| |ùmhk| `x` hmjx`jtaoa`jtm*

<* Cmx |òat`jt x d` o`jxkg`x hmo`|hakc`x v|mvm|hamjk|ëj k cmx pxpk|amx

ajem|okhaøj hck|k xml|` xp ad`jtadkd# {p` v`|oatk kc pxpk|am vmj`|x` `jhmjtkhtm hmj `ccmx*

8* Ck jm|oktauk uai`jt` `xtklc`h` ck mlcaikhaøj d` ad`jtaeahk| hmom vplca/

hadkd cmx o`jxkg`x hmo`|hakc`x ajhcpq`jdm kc o`jmx `j `c hmoa`jwm d`c

t`rtm d`c o`jxkg` –VPLCA‟ "`j cmx da`w v|ao`|mx hk|kht`|`x d`c o`jxkg`!*

4* @j cmx o`jxkg`x vplcahatk|amx |òatadmx vm| XOX x` me|`h`|ë pj o`dam

x`jhaccm q i|ktpatm {p` v`|oatk `g`|h`| `c d`|`hbm d` mvmxahaøj# o`dakj/t` o`jxkg`x hm|tmx XOX m kct`|jktaukx i|ktpatkx kdahamjkc`x# hmom h`j/

t|mx d` kt`jhaøj t`cèøjahk m ck vëiajk y`l d` ck `jtadkd*


90 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

< ½[pá `jta`jd` ck C`q hpkjdm x` |èa`|` k hmopjahkhamj`x hmo`|hakc`x= ,Tmdk em|ok d` hmopjahk/haøj da|aiadk k ck v|momhaøj# da|`htk m ajda| htk# d` ck aoki`j m d` cmx la`j`x m x`|uahamx d` pjkòv|`xk# m|ikjawkhaøj m v`|xmjk {p` |`kcah` pjk khtauadkd hmo`|hakc# ajdpxt|akc# k|t`xkjkc m v|me`/xamjkc,* Vm| cm tkjtm# x` `jta`jd` vm| hmopjahkhaøj hmo`|hakc v|ëhtahko`jt` tmdmx cmx j`yxc`tt`|xd` ckx òv|`xkx# d`xd` `c omo`jtm {p` x` op`xt| # vm| `gòvcm# xp ok|hk ",k ck v|momhaøj# da|`h/

tk m ajda|`htk# d` ck aoki`j=,!*



YbktxKvv

YbktxKvv `x pjk kvcahkhaøj oøuac d` o`jxkg`|ïk vk|k xok|tvbmj`x {p` x` bkb`hbm ekomxk vm| x`| ck kct`|jktauk i|ktpatk k cmx XOX* Vk|k xp ptacawkhaøj# xøcm `x

j`h`xk|am ajxtkck| ck kvcahkhaøj j c t`cáemjm q hmjtk| hmj khh xm k Ajt`|j`t oøuac*

Kdòëx d`c `juïm i|ktpatm d` o`jxkg`x d` t`rtm# x` vp`d`j kdgpjtk| aoëi`j`x#

uïd`mx q k|hbaumx d` kpdam* Kxaoaxom# ajhm|vm|k ck vmxalacadkd d` `xtklc`h | hbktx

`j i|pvm* Ck `rvcmxaøj d` u`jtkx d` cmx Xok|tvbmj` `xtë aovpcxkjdm ck ptacawk/

haøj d` kvcahkhamj`x hmom YbktxKvv `j d`t|ao`jtm d`c XOX*

YbktxKvv v`|oat` k ckx òv|`xkx `c d`xk||mccm d` hkovkûkx v|momhamjkc`x

oëx vmt`jt`x q `hmjøoahkx {p` ckx |`kcawkdkx o`dakjt` `c `juïm d` XOX* Xaj

òlk|im# bkq {p` t`j`| xaòv| v|`x`jt` {p` kvcahk|ïkj cmx oaxomx | {p`|a/

oa`jtmx gp|ïdahmx {p` `j `c hkxm d` cmx XOX*


95* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

8*8 Ok|n`taji d` Lpxhkdm|`x

@c ok|n`taji j lpxhkdm| x x pjk em|ok d` ok|n`taji j Ajt`|j`t {p` lpxhk v|mom/

u`| cmx xatamx y`l o`dakjt` c kpo`jtm d` xp uaxalacadkd j ck vëiajk d` |`xpctkdmx d`

cmx v|ajhavkc`x omtm|`x d` l÷x{p`dk "vm| `gòvcm Immic`!*Hmom vmdòmx u`| `j ck

xaipa`jt` aoki`j d`c v|ajhavkc lpxhkdm| d`c o`|hkdm# bkq dmx tavmx d` |`xpctkdmx7

Cmx d` X@O7 {p` xmj |`xpctkdmx vkt|mhajkdmx "kjpjhamx d` vkim vm|

hcah!# xatpkdmx `j ck vk|t` xpv`|am| q d`|`hbk d` ck vëiajk d` |`xpctkdmx*

Q {p` x` op`xt|kj m|d`jkdmx xì÷j pj xaxtòk d` vpgkx# vm| `c hpkc cmx

kjpjhakjt`x {p` oëx vkikj xmj cmx |`xpctkdmx vkt|mhajkmx {p` oëx

u`h`x xkc`j kc |`kcawk| pjk l÷x{p`dk hmjh|`tk*

Cmx d` X@M7 {p` xmj | xpctkdmx jm vkt|mhajkdmx# q {p` `xtëj xatpkdmx

ajo`daktko`jt` d`lkgm d` cmx |`xpctkdmx vkt|mhajkdmx d` ck vk|t`

xpv`|am| d` ck vëiajk d` |`xpctkdmx* @j `xt` hkxm# x` op`xt|kj m|d`jk/

dmx xì÷j `c xaxtòk d` |`cùkjhak d`c lpxhkdm|*



@xtmx dmx tavmx d` |`xpctkdmx hm||`xvmjd`j hmj cmx dmx oátmdmx `raxt`jt`x d`

ok|n`taji `j lpxhkdm|`x7

@c X@O "X`k|hb @jiaj` Ok|n`taji!7 @x `c v|mh`xm d` o`gm|k| ck uaxalacadkd

d` pj xatam y`l `j cmx dae`|`jt`x lpxhkdm|`x o`dakjt` kjpjhamx {p`kvk|`h`j `j ha`|tkx l÷x{p`dkx* Cmx lpxhkdm| x ajhm|vm|kj ck xplkxtk

d` `xtmx tá|oajmx "vkckl|kx hcku`!# mtm|iëjdmc` pj ukcm| k hkdk vkckl|k

hcku` m e|kx` `j | ckhaøj k ck aovm|tkjhak d` l÷x{p`dk d` ck oaxok* Cm

o`gm| d` `xt` xaxt`ok `x {p` x` vp`d` caoatk| kxv`htmx hmom `c aovm|/

t` d` ck aju`|xaøj o`jxpkc# `c ëolatm i`mi|ëeahm q `c t`ovm|kc# q {p`

xøcm x` vkik hkdk u`w {p` kcipa`j bkh` hcah `j `c kjpjham* Vm| cm {p` `c


99 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *




X@O jm `x xøcm pjk em|ok d` hmju`|ta| uaxatkx `j u`jtkx# xajm pjk em|ok

d` {p` jp`xt|k ok|hk ikj` jmtm|a`dkd o`dakjt` ck uaxpkcawkhaøj d` cmx

kjpjhamx*

@c X@M "X`k|hb @jiaj` Mvtaoawktamj!7 `x `c v|mh`xm d` o`gm|k| ck uaxala/

cadkd d` pj xatam y`l `j cmx dae`|`jt`x lpxhkdm|`x d` okj`|k m|iëjahk#

`x d`ha| xaj vkik|c` daj`|m kc lpxhkdm| vk|k t`j`| khh`xm k pjk vmxahaøj

d`xtkhkdk `j cmx |`xpctkdmx* @x pjk `xt|ktìak d` ok|n`taji mjcaj` k

o`dam ‘ ck|im vckwm# qk {p` |`{pa |` ophbm t|klkgm `j ck kvcahkhaøj d`

táhjahkx lkxkdkx `j `c epjhamjkoa`jtm d` cmx lpxhkdm|`x "xaxtòk d`m|d`jkhaøj d` cmx |`xpctkdmx!* K v`xk| d` x`| pjk tòëtahk hmovc`gk

oëx v|mvak d` cmx v|mi|kokdm|`x q dax`ûkdm|`x y`l# kcipjkx d` ckx hck/

u`x d` ckx táhjahkx X@M xmj7


92* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Ck x`c`hhaøj hm||`htk d` ckx vkckl|kx hcku` {p` x` pxk|ëj k cm

ck|im d` ck y`l `j vpjtmx hmom ck P\C# cmx tïtpcmx# `c i|p`xm

d` cmx hmjt`jadmx# `th* Kdòëx `x opq aovm|tkjt` jm klpxk|d` ck |`v`tahaøj d` ckx vkckl|kx hcku`x# vm|{p` pj `rh`xm

vp`d` x`| hmjxad`|kdm vm| `c lpxhkdm| hmom táhjahkx XVKO

{p` vp`d`j ccìk| k v`jkcawk|x` hmj ck d`xkvk|ahaøj d` ck

y`l d` cmx |`xpctkdmx d` ckx v|ao`|kx vëiajkx*

Ck hm||`htk k|{pat`htp|k q pxklacadkd d` ck y`l# vm| `gòvcm

ùatkjdm `jckh`x ajt`|jmx |mtmx "k{p`ccmx {p` jm ta`j`j

hmom d`xtajm pjk vëiajk `raxt`jt`!*

@c j÷o`|m q ck hkcadkd d` cmx `jckh`x {p` kvpjtkj k ck vëia/

jk y`l# xmj cmx kxv`htmx hcku` d`c t|klkgm X@M* Pjm d` cmx

v|ajhavkc`x h|at`|amx d` m|d`jkhaøj d` cmx lpxhkdm|`x `x `c d`

–{paáj |`hmoa`jdk jp`xt|k y`l‟# {p` `j tá|oajmx mjcaj`

hm||`xvmjd` k {pá vëiajkx ta`j`j jckh`x bkhak jp`xt|k y`l*



V`|m `jtmjh`x# ½{pá `x o`gm|# `c X@M m c X@O= Ja pjm ja mt|m# vm|{p` xmj b`||k/

oa`jtkx hmovcò`jtk|akx* Qk {p` xa {p`|òmx ckjwk| pjk v|momhaøj tòvm|kc

`j cmx v|øraomx o`x`x cm o`gm| `x pxk| X@O# vm|{p` kvk|`h`|òmx `j cmx v|a/

o`|mx vp`xtmx d`xd` `c v|ao`| dïk "vm| `gòvcm vk|k |`kcawk| pjk hkovkûk v|m/

omhamjkc `j Jkuadkd!* V`|m xa {p`| omx h|`k| ok|hk q jm t`jòmx pj i|kj v|`/

xpvp`xtm# cm o`gm| `x aju`|ta| k ck|im vckwm `j X@M*

@c vmxahamjkoa`jtm j lpxhkdm|`x x#xaj dpdk#ck v|ajhavkc b`||koa`jtk d`c ok|n`taji

mjcaj`* Ckx v|ajhavkc`x u`jtkgkx d`c X@M vk|k ckx v`{p`ûkx q o`dakjkx òv|`xkx xmj7

T` dk ck mvm|tpjadkd d` hmov`ta| hmj i|kjd`x òv|`xkx*

X` vp`d`j o`da| cmx |`xpctkdmx mlt`jadmx*

Ck okqm|ïk d` cmx pxpk|amx ptacawkj lpxhkdm|`x kjt`x d` tmok| pjk d`ha/

xaøj d` hmov|k*


91 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Ck aovm|tkjhak `xt|ktáiahk d` `xtk táhjahk ccìk bkxtk `c

vpjtm d` {p` ophbkx òv|`xkx d`xtajkj aovm|tkjt`x

xpokx `hmjøoahkx k hmov|k| `jckh`x vk|k kxï khh`d`| k cmx

v|ao`|mx vp`xtmx*V`|m j hp`xtaøj

d` `jckh`x# # xaòv|` `x o`gm|

t`j`| vmhmx v`|m opq lp`jmx {p`

ophbmx v`|m okcmx* @jt`jda`jdm

vm| okcmx k{p`ccmx {p` v|mua`j`j

d` vëiajkx {p` jm xmj d` |è`/|`jhak m {p` jm hm||`xvmjd`j hmj ck tòëtahk d` jp`xt|k

y`l*

Ck v|`x`jhak `j \`d`x xmhakc`x `x pjm d` cmx kxv`htmx {p` oëx

|`cùkjhak bk adm kd{pa|a`jdm `j cmx ÷ctaomx kûmx# Jm xøcm vm|

`c b`hbm d` {p` xmj `jckh`x "|`hmo`jdkhamj`x vk|k jp`xt|k

y`l! xajm vm| `c kpo`jtm d`c pxm vm| vk|t` d` cmx ajt`|jkptkx*



Cmx lpxhkdm|`x xmj pjm d` cmx vack|`x lëxahmx d` Ajt`|j`t# vm|{p` d`xd`

`c v|ajhavam d` ck kvk|ahaøj d` ck \`d d` |`d`x ta`j`j hmom mlg`taum

vmj`| m|d`j d`jt|m d`c `rh`xm d` ajem|okhaøj mjcaj` `raxt`jt`*

Vk|k oëx ajem|okhaøj xml|` `c vmxahamjkoa`jtm X@M q X@O x` vp`d`j hmjxpctk|

ckx ipïkx d` Immic` xml|` da| ht|ah`x táhjahkx# d` hkcadkd# d` dax`ûm q d` hmjt`/

jadm d` Immic # `j `c xaipa`jt` `jckh`7

bttv7--yyy*immic`*`x-y`lokxt`|x-ipad`caj`x*btoc

Ck hkïdk `j `c hmjxpom vm| ck xatpkhaøj `hmjøoahk bk |`hpv`|kdm `c pxm d`

hpvmj`x d` d`xhp`jtm vk|k `c khh`xm q ptacawkhaøj d` x`|uahamx# dkjdm cpik| k ck

kvk|ahaøj d` y`lx `xv`hakcawkdkx {p` khtaukj cmx d`xhp`jtmx xaòv|` q hpkjdm

x` kchkjh` k pj i|pvm oïjaom d` hmov|kdm|`x* Kcipjkx d` ckx oëx ekomxkx xmj

I|mpvmj# C`txLmjpx q I|mpvkcak*

@xt` tavm d` khhamj`x d`l`j vckjt`k|x` hmom pjk aju`|xaøj `j ok|n`taji# q jm tkjtm

hmom pjk em|ok d` mlt`j`| aji|`xmx q bkh`| jìmham j c hm|tm vckwm*Ophbkx u`h`x

`c o`jm| l`jèaham x` u` hmov`jxkdm vm| ck okqm| jmtm|a`dkd d`c jìmham i|khakx k

ck v|`x`jhak j ckx vcktkem|okx mjcaj` d` ckx ov|`xkx d` d`xhp`jtm*

Kjt`x d` vk|tahavk| `j pjk hkovkûk d` `xt` tavm# x` d`l`|ë kjkcawk| opq la`j

ckx hmjdahamj`x d` d`xhp`jtm q hml|m* @j ophbkx mhkxamj`x# cmx d`xhp`jtmx xmjopq `cùkdmx q x` hml|k t|kx v|`xtk| `c x`|uaham q `c v|mh`xm d` hmjea|okhaøj d`

`jt| ik d`c hpvøj vm| vk|t` d` ck vcktkem|ok mjcaj`# vm| cm {p` jm `x pjk

mvhaøj uëcadk vk|k i`j`|k| ca{pad`w ajo`daktk ja okqm|`x l`jèahamx* @x opq

aovm|tkjt` dao`jxamjk| hm||`htko`jt` ck hkovkûk caoatkjdm `c taòvm d`

uai`jhak d` ck me`|tk q `c j÷o`|m oëraom d` hpvmj`x vk|k ùatk| {p` `c jìm/

ham x` u`k d`xlm|dkdm me|`ha`jdm pjk okck aoki`j# m kt`jd`| tmdk ck dòkj/

dk k lkx` d` kpo`jtk| cmx hmxt`x "`j okt`|akc x# v`|xmjkc# `th*!*


26* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

8*4 Hmov|kx i|pvkc`x



@j `c ok|n`taji t|kdahamjkc pj –daxvckq vplcahatk|am‟ `x pj `c`o`jtm vplcahatk|am

d` v`{p`ûm tkokûm {p` x` hmcmhk xml|` `c omxt|kdm|# `xhkvk|kt` m vpjtm d`

u`jtk* @c oaxom tá|oajm kvcahkdm kc ok|n`taji mjcaj` hmjxaxt` `j v`{p`ûmx

`c`o`jtmx {p` x` hmcmhkj `j cpik|`x `xt|ktáiahmx d` pjk vëiajk y`l*

Lkjj`|x

Pj lkjj`| `x pj em|oktm vplcahatk|am `j Ajt`|j`t* @xtk em|ok d` vplcahadkd mjca/j` hmjxaxt` `j ajhcpa| pjk va`wk vplcahatk|ak d`jt|m d` pjk vëiajk y`l*

V|ëhtahko`jt` `j ck tmtkcadkd d` cmx hkxmx# xp mlg`taum `x kt|k`| t|ëeahm bkhak `c

xatam y`l d`c kjpjhakjt` {p` vkik vm| xp ajhcpxaøj*

@xtëj dax`ûkdmx hmj ck ajt`jhaøj d` cckok| ck kt`jhaøj# |`xkctk| q hmopjahk| `c

o`jxkg` d`x`kdm* Vm| cm tkjtm# `xtmx lkjj`|x jm j`h`xk|ako`jt` okjta`j`j ck

cïj`k i|ëeahk d`c xatam y`l*


2; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

8*0 Vplcahadkd Daxvckq




Hpkc{pa`| xatam y`l `x xpxh`vtalc` d` ajhcpa| tmdk hckx` d` lkjj`|x q mt|mx em|/

oktmx vplcahatk|amx# kpj{p` `j ck okqm|ïk d` cmx hkxmx# xmj cmx xatamx hmj hmjt`/

jadmx d` okqm| ajt`|áx m hmj i|kjd`x umc÷o`j`x d` t|ëeahm cmx {p` kt|k`j ckxokqm|`x aju`|xamj`x d` cmx kjpjhakjt`x*

Vmv/pvx

Pj vmv/pv# u`jtkjk vmv/pv# m u`jtkjk

ò`|i`jt`# `xtë hmjxad`|kdk hmom pjk d`

ckx b`||koa`jtkx d` ok|n`taji oëx ki|`xa/uk qk {p` x` t|ktk d` u`jtkjkx {p` o`|i`j

kptmoëtahko`jt` q d` aov|muaxm q {p` jm

xmj kla`|tkx vm| `c pxpk|am {p` kvk|`h`j kc

khh`d`| k pjk vëiajk* Ckx u`jtkjkx ò`|/

i`jt`x jm op`xt|kj `c kjpjham `j ck u`jtkjk khtpkc d`c jkuìkdm|# xajm {p` x`

kl|` pjk jpùk u`jtkjk oa`jt|kx x` khh`d` k ha`|tkx vëiajkx y`l*

Jm|okco`jt`# `c pxpk|am ta`j` ck vmxalacadkd d` h`||k| `xt` tavm d` u`jtkjkx*

@xtk táhjahk d` v|momhaøj y`l `x kd`hpkdk vk|k omxt|k| pj kuaxm vplcahatk|am

d` okj`|k ajt|pxauk q vk|k omxt|k| em|opck|amx d` |ìaxt|m da|`htko`jt` `j `c

kjpjham* V`|m d`l` t`j`|x` `j hp`jtk {p` cmx vmv pvx ajt`||pov`j ck jkuìk/

haøj d`c pxpk|am q vp`d`j ccìk| k x`| omc`xtmx# vm| cm {p` xp ptacawkhaøj d`l`

|`kcawk|x` hmj hpadkdm* D`ladm k `xtm# hmjtajpko`jt` kvk|`h`j táhjahkx q v|m/

i|kokx# cckokdmx kjta vmv/pvx "vmv/pv Nacc`|x m vmv/pv lcmhn`|!# {p` ùatkj ckkvk|ahaøj d` `xt` tavm d` u`jtkjkx ò`|i`jt`x*

Kpj kxï# xp`c` x`| pjk táhjahk d` v|momhaøj y`l opq è`htauk qk {p` cckok ck

kt`jhaøj d`c pxpk|am k t|kuáx d` pjk u`jtkjk ajd`v`jda`jt`# hmjxaipa`jdm

okqm| aovkhtm {p` cmx lkjj`|x `xtëjdk|* X` vp`d` ùkcpk| ck è`htauadkd d`

pjk hkovkûk d` vplcahadkd hmj vmv pvx o`dakjt` aov| xamj`x# hcahx# hkovkûkx

d` |ìaxt|m q hmj tkxkx d` hmju`|xaøj*


2<* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *



Mt|m em|oktm {p` ò`|i` `x pj kjpjham d` vëiajk hmovc`tk {p` ajt`||pov` `c

hmjt`jadm x`hp`jhakc# mlcaikjdm kc pxpk|am k khh`d`| k ck vplcahadkd vk|k hmjta/

jpk| xp |ptk d` hmjt`jadm* Xmj hmjmhadmx hmom Ajt`|xtatakcx q tkolaáj xmj pjkem|ok d` ok|n`taji d` ajt`||pvhaøj*

Pjk táhjahk d` v|momhaøj y`l |`ckhamjkdk hmj cmx vmv/pvx `x ck d`jmoajkdk

vmv/pjd`| {p` hmjxaxt` `j kl|a| jpùkx u`jtkjkx {p` x` xat÷kj d`t|ëx d` ck

u`jtkjk `j pxm* Cmx vmv pjd`|x jm ajt`||pov`j ck jkuìkhaøj d`c pxpk|am# xmj

oëx v|pd`jt`x q daxh|`tmx# qk {p` kvk|`h`j kc eajkc d`c v|mh`xm d` jkuìkhaøj q

v`|okj`h`j hkcckdmx `j xp xatam bkxtk {p` `c pxpk|am cmx oa|k m cmx lm||k# jm xmjajt|pxmx klpxaumx ja lpccahamxmx*

Kjpjhamx d` uïd`m

Xmj cmx kjpjhamx `j em|ok d` lkjj`| d` t`rtm {p` kvk|`h`j `j ckx vcktkem|okx

d` uad`m hmom Qmptpl` hpkjdm kl|aomx pj uad`m* @xtk vplcahadkd xp`c` `xtk|

ajx`|tkdk d`jt|m d`c uad`m hmj ck vmxalacadkd d` vmd`| h`||k|x` vk|k vmd`|

uaxpkcawk| o`gm| `c uad`m*


28 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ 85Kjpjham t`rtm xml|` uïd`mx d` Qmptpl`



Vplcahadkd Kd @rhbkji`

@j cmx ÷ctaomx kûmx `c hmjh`vtm d` KD @rhbkji` x` bk `rt`jdadm d`jt|m d`co`|hkdm vplcahatk|am q x` òva`wk k bklck| d` `xtk b`||koa`jtk hmom d` pjk

|ùmcphaøj d`jt|m d`c x`htm|*

KD @rhbkji` `x `c v|mh`xm `j `c {p` cmx xmvm|t`x h`d`j vk|t` d` xp aju`jtk|am

vplcahatk|am vk|k {p` pjmx kjpjhakjt`x xmcahat`j `xtmx `xvkhamx# pjaeahkjdm ck

me`|tk q ck dòkjdk hmj pj omd`cm {p` ekhacatk ck hmov|k-u`jtk d` vplcahadkd

mjcaj`* @xtk v|ëhtahk x` `xtë aovmja`jdm `j o`|hkdmx oëx kukjwkdmx t`hjmcø/

iahko`jt` hmom xmcphaøj hpkjdm ckx i|kjd`x òv|`xkx jm bkj u`jdadm ck tmtk/

cadkd d` xp aju`jtk|am# hmjua|ta`jdm# d` `xtk okj`|k# k cmx KD @rhbkji` `j pjk

b`||koa`jtk opq uëcadk# {p` h|`k pj omd`cm d` jìmham oëx |`jtklc` vk|k

tmdmx cmx ki`jt`x d`c v|mh`xm* Me|`h` ck vmxalacadkd kc kjpjhakjt` d` hmjt|mck|

døjd`# høom q hpëjdm kvk|`h` xp vplcahadkd `j ck |`d*

Hmj `c KD @rhbkji` x` xmcphamjkj ckx ajèaha`jhakx d`c o`|hkdm d` ck vplcahadkd

mjcaj * Tmdmx cmx vk|tahavkjt`x d`c o`|hkdm "|`d`x# ki`jhakx# kjpjhakjt`x q

xmvm|t`x! mlta`j`j l`jèahamx khtpkjdm d`jt|m d` pj o`|hkdm kla`|tm hmj pjkx

|ìckx eagkdkx*


24* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *



Hmom `gòvcm d` vcktkem|ok Kd @rhbkji` d` vplcahadkd `j `xvkûmc vmdòmx

|è`|`jhak| Hmipkj*hmo*


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ACPXT\KHAØJ 89@gòvcm d` Ok|n`tvckh` Hmipkj

Xì÷j dktmx vplcahkdmx `j `c ajem|o` d` Kpda`jhak d` Ajt`|j`t vm| KAOH `j

ok|wm d`c <6;6# x` `xtaok {p` @xvkûk hp`jtk hmj oëx d` <6 oaccmj`x d` pxpk/|amx ÷jahmx vk|k `xt` tavm d` o`|hkdm*

@c `/okac ok|n`taji jm `x xøcm pj `/okacaji# pj `juïm uïk hm|| m `c`ht|øjahm d` jp`x/

t|k v|mvp`xtk hmo`|hakc# x` t|ktk d` |`kcawk| khhamj`x hmm|dajkdkx d` juïm d` o`jxk/

g`x v`|xmjkcawkdmx k pjk lkx` d` dktmx vk|k |`kcawk| khhamj`x d` ok|n`taji da|`htm*

Mluako`jt` `xtkx khhamj`x vp`d`j d`xk||mcck|x` hmj ck lkx` d` hca`jt`x v|mvak

vk|k kpo`jtk| xp jau`c d` hmov|k q ead`cawk|cmx# m e|`jt` k jpùkx lkx`x d`

dktmx vk|k kovcak| jp`xt|m o`|hkdm q jìmham* D` `xtk em|ok# pjk òv| xk

vp`d` `juak| pjk me`|tk hmo`|hakc k pjk lkx` d` dktmx d` pxpk|amx xìo`jtk/

dmx `j epjhaøj d` dau`|xkx uk|aklc x# xmham`hmjøoahkx "`dkd# x`rm# plahkhaøj#

`th*!# d` ajt`|`x`x "ajt`|`xkdmx `j em|okhaøj# `j kptmoøuac x# `th*! q xa ptacawk/

8*5 @/okac Ok|n`taji



4½HØOM D@EAJM OA

VCKJ D@OK\N@TAJI=

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *



@j tmdk khtauadkd òv|`xk|akc `x epjdko`jtkc |`kcawk| pjk vckjaeahkhaøj v|ùak

vk|k ùatk| aju`|ta| |`hp|xmx {p` jm jmx v`|oatkj kchkjwk| cmx mlg`taumx v|m/

vp`xtmx* Hpkc{pa`| vckj# q oëx cmx |`ckhamjkdmx hmj c ë|`k d` ok|n`taji# d`l`

d` x`| khm|d` hmj ck oaxaøj q uaxaøj hm|vm|ktauk* @x d`ha|# hmj `c tavm d` òv|`/

xk {p` xmomx "khtauadkd# hca`jt` mlg`taum# `th*! q hmj `c tavm d` òv| xk {p`

{p`|òmx ccìk| k x`| `j `c eptp|m* Kdòëx# bkq {p` t`j`| `j hp`jtk hpëc`x xmj

jp`xt|mx vpjtmx ep`|t`x q dálac`x# dkdm {p` cmx vckj`x d`l`j kvmqk|x` `j jp`x/

t|kx u`jtkgkx q oajaoawk| jp`xt|kx d`xu`jtkgkx hmov`tataukx*

Tmdm vckj d`l` d` eajkcawk| hmj ck hmjh|`haøj d` pjmx mlg`taumx {p` x` v|`t`j/

d`j kchkjwk| `j pj d`t`|oajkdm `xvkham d` taòvm* Q {p` x`|ëj o`dadmx# vk|kd`t`|oajk| `c i|kdm d` áratm `j xp hmjx`hphaøj# k t|kuáx d` pjmx ajdahkdm|`x*

@j `c hkxm d` pj vckj d` ok|n`taji mjcaj` kcipjmx d` cmx mlg`taumx ` ajdahkdm/

|`x oëx bklatpkc`x xmj7

Vmxahamjkoa`jtm Y`l m|iëjahm "X@M! `j lpxhkdm|`x7 dèaja| 8/0 vkck/

l|kx hcku` k vmxahamjk| q u`| cmx |`xpctkdmx d` ck y`l `j lpxhkdm|`x

v`|aødahko`jt`*

Uaxatkx7 bkq dae`|`jt`x xpl/mlg`taumx hmom `c taòvm d` v`|okj`jhak

d`c pxpk|am m `c j÷o`|m o`dam d` vëiajkx uaxatkdkx vm| `c pxpk|am*

Hmju`|xaøj7 j÷o`|m d` xpxh|avtm|`x m d` u`jtkx*

Vk|tahavkhaøj7 j÷o`|m d` hmo`jtk|amx# j÷o`|m d` xìpadm| x `j |`d`x

xmhakc x# `th*


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4*; Mlg`taumx



Pjk d` ckx v|ìpjtkx hcku` {p` d`l` |`xvmjd`| `c vckj d` ok|n`taji `x ½hpëc ukk x`| oa v÷lcahm mlg`taum= Vk|k `ccm t`jòmx {p` umcu`| k ck oaxaøj d` òv|`xk#

q xì÷j jp`xt|k khtauadkd kxï x`|ëj jp`xt|mx hca`jt`x vmt`jhakc`x* Bkq {p` t`j`|

`j hp`jtk {p` jp`xt|kx hkovkûkx d` ok|n`taji daiatkc jm d`l`j dae`|a| d` cm

{p` bkhòmx ep`|k d`c opjdm mjcaj`* Q vm| `xm cmx hca`jt`x vmt`jhakc x# kxï

hmom mt|mx kxv`htmx d`c ok|n`taji hmom `c o`jxkg`# d`l`j `xtk| qk dèajadmx

d`jt|m d` jp`xt|m vckj d` òv|`xk# vm|{p` xaj pj vckj d` òv| xk v|ùam x`|ë

opq daeïhac |`kcawk| pj lp`j vckj d` ok|n`taji q xa `c vckj d` ok|n`taji mjcaj`

t|kjxoat` mt|k hmxk dae`|`jt` kc vckj d` ok|n`taji t|kdahamjkc# `xtk|òmx ckj/

wkjdm o`jxkg`x hmjt|kdahtm|amx k jp`xt|mx hca`jt`x khtpkc`x q vmt`jhakc`x*

T|kx t`j`| la`j dèajadm k jp`xt|m v÷lcahm mlg`taum# d`lòmx v|ìpjtk|jmx døjd`

`xtë v| x`jt `j Ajt |j t q høom vk|tahavk* Xì÷j ck | xvp xtk t`jd|òmx {p`

tmok| kcipjkx d`haxamj`x# hmom vm| `gòvcm `j {pá \`d Xmhakc d`lòmx d` vk|ta/

havk|7 i`j`|kcaxtkx#hmom Ekh`lmmn m Tyatt`|# m `xv`hïeahkx# hmom Cajn`daj*


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4*< Hpëc uk k x`| oa v÷lcahm mlg`taum

Jm tmdmx cmx o`damx {p` jmx me| h` Ajt`|j`t xmj kvtmx vk|k hpkc{pa`| òv|`xk

m khhaøj d` ok|n`taji* K v`xk| d` {p` bkq {p` `xhmi`| pjk lp`jk hmolajkhaøj

d` o`damx mjcaj`# bkq {p` t`j`| `j hp`jtk {p` cmx | hp|xmx "tkjtm `j em|ok d`taòvm d` d`dahkhaøj hmom `hmjøoahmx! xmj caoatkdmx* Vm| `xm `x epjdko`jtkc

h`jt|k|x` `j k{p`ccmx {p` vp`dkj x`| oëx è htaumx vk|k `c jìmham* Q vk|k

tmok| `xk d`haxaøj bkq {p` kvmqk|x` `j dmx ekhtm|`x7

Eacmxmeïk òv|`xk|akc7 xa k ck òv|`xk jm c` ipxtkj ckx hmopjahkhamj`x

`xh|atkx ja `x hkvkw d` i`j`|k| okt`|akc `xh|atm x`|ë o`gm| jm h`jt|k|x`

`j o`damx hmom pj lcmi*

4*8 [pá o`damx hmjua`j` ptacawk| vk|k oa o`|hkdm



X`htm|7 ckx khhamj`x d` ck hmov`t`jhak q `c tavm d` v|mdphtm m x`|uaham

xmj mt|m d` cmx ekhtm|`x hcku`x* Xa d`t`htm {p` oa hmov`t`jhak jm `xtë

v|`x`jt` `j ha`|tmx o`damx mjcaj`# vm| `gòvcm Qmptpl`# vp`dm vmxaham/jk|o` eëhaco`jt` hmom cïd`|*

Hca`jt` mlg`taum7 d` jkdk xa|u` `xtk| v|`x`jt` `j pj o`dam `j `c {p` jm

`xtë oa hca`jt` mlg`taum* Vm| `gòvcm# xa oax hca`jt`x xmj kdpctmx jm `xtk/

|á `j Tp`jta*

D` tmdkx em|okx# `j hpkc{pa`| hkovkûk xaòv|` bkq {p` xtk| v|`x`jt` `j lpx/

hkdm| x o`dakjt` | xpctkdmx m|iëjahmx "X@M# jm d` vkim! q `j# kc o`jmx# pjk|`d xmhakc# xa`jdm khtpkco`jt` ck oëx vmvpck| Ekh`lmmn*


1; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

4*4 @xt|ktìakx `j hkdk o`dam* Aovm|tkjhak dàjt`|khhamjk| ok|n`taji mjcaj` q meecaj`

Kpj{p` `c Ok|n`taji Daiatkc `x ck em|ok oëx |ëvadk# lk|ktk q èahkw d` i`j`|k|jpùmx aji|`xmx# jm d`lòmx mcuadk| {p` `x pj hmovcò`jtm kc Ok|n`taji

T|kdahamjkc q jm pj xpxtatptm*

@x` `x `c v|ao`| ekccm d` ophbkx òv|`xkx# vm|{p` jpjhk bkq {p` mcuadk| v|aj/

havamx lëxahmx hmjt`jadmx `j `c Vckj d` Ok|n`taji @ov|`xk|akc* Ekhtm|`x hmom ck

hkcadkd m `c v|`ham v`|oat`j {p` hpkc{pa`| em|ok d` ok|n`taji x`k |`jtklc`#

k÷j oëx `c ok|n`taji mjcaj # {p` `x oëx lk|ktm# |ëvadm# xìp|m q èahkw {pò`damx t|kdahamjkc`x hmom ck |kdam q ck v|`jxk*

Vm| xm bkq {p` xkl`| hmolajk| q kpjk| ckx khhamj`x d` ok|n`taji |`kcawkdkx j

`c opjdm |`kc "meecaj`!# hmom vm| `gòvcm c ok|n`taji | ckhamjkc# hmj ckx khham/

j`x d` ok|n`taji `j em|oktm daiatkc* Vm|{p` vm| opq la`j {p` `xtá vmxahamjk/

dk `j lpxhkdm|`x jp`xt|k y`l# xa jp`xt|m v|mdphtm m x`|uaham jm xkl` hkvtk| ck

kt`jhaøj d` cmx pxpk|amx jm vmd|òmx u`jd`|c`x jkdk* Q xa k ck|im vckwm jm



xklòmx `xhphbk| q bklck| hmj cmx hca`jt`x# qk x`k o`dakjt` o`damx mjcaj` p

meecaj`# gkoëx vmd|òmx ead`cawk|cmx*

Kcipjkx d` ckx hmolajkhamj`x d` o`damx mjcaj` q meecaj` xmj ck |`kcawkhaøj d`

ù`jtmx eïxahmx {p` xmj v|momhamjkdmx `j `c opjdm mjcaj` m {p` t|kx xp |`kca/

wkhaøj q hmj cmx hmjt`jadmx i`j`|kdmx "emtmi|keïkx# uïd`mx# `th*! x` xaip`j |`hm|/

dkjdm `j \`d`x Xmhakc`x*


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4*0 Ead`cawkhaøj

Hmom d`hïkomx kjt`x# `x pjm d` cmx v|ajhavamx lëxahmx q tmdkuïk uai`jt`x d`cok|n`taji* Xaj pj hca`jt` ea c# jm bkq jìmham {p` vp`dk xml|ùaua| k ck|im vckwm*

Vm|{p` pj hca`jt` ead`cawkdm jmx |`hmoa`jdk q |`vat`# cm {p` xpvmj` o`jm|`x

hmxt`x d` hmo`|hakcawkhaøj*

Ckx \`d`x Xmhakc x xmj c o`dam adøj`m vk|k ead cawk| k jp`xt|mx hca jt`x#vm|{p jmx v`|/

oat`j kh`|hk|jmx k ccmx q okjt`j`| pjk hmju`|xkhaøj "hmopjahkhaøj lada|`hhamjkc! {p`

jmx v`|oata|ë xkl`| {pá j`h`xatk q kdkvtk| jp`xt|k me`|tk k xp xatpkhaøj vk|tahpck|*

4*5 \`vptkhaøj d` ck ok|hk

Pjm d` cmx mlg`taumx lëxahmx d`c ok|n`taji `x ck h|`khaøj d` ok|hk* Q vk|k `ccm

`x epjdko`jtkc t`j`| pjk lp`jk |`vptkhaøj# q ophbm oëx `j jp`xt|k v|`x`j/

hak mjcaj`# vm|{p` `j Ajt`|j`t `c è`htm d` pjk {p`gk x` kovcaeahk k t|kuáx d` ckx

|`d`x xmhakc`x q d` cmx |`xpctkdmx `j lpxhkdm|`x*Vk|k t`j`| pjk lp`jk | vptkhaøj d` ok|hk# bkq {p` xkl`| `xhphbk| kc hmjxpoa/

dm| q kdkvtk|x`# xa `x j`h`xk|am* Ck |`vptkhaøj x` hmjxt|pq` o`dakjt` pjk vckja/

eahkhaøj q pjk i`xtaøj èahkw k cm ck|im d`c taòvm* \`kcawkjdm tk|`kx hmom7

Kjtahavkjdm ckx j`h`xadkd`x d` jp`xt|mx hca`jt`x*

\kxt|`kjdm mvajamj`x xml|` jp`xt|k ok|hk `j lpxhkdm|`x q `j ckx v|aj/

havkc`x \`d`x Xmhakc`x*



Ad`jtaeahkjdm q ukcm|kjdm ckx mvajamj`x òatadkx `j ck y`l xml|` jp`x/

t|k ok|hk*

V`|m jm xøcm bkq {p` `xhphbk| kc hmjxpoadm|# tkolaáj bkq {p` xkl`| |`x/

vmjd`| k ckx h|ïtahkx òatadkx# q vk|k `ccm vp`d`j t`j`|x` `j hp`jtk ckx

xaipa`jt`x vkptkx7

Hmjt`xtk| |ëvadm# kc aipkc {p` xa ep`|k pjk {p`gk m h|ïtahk eïxahk*

Jm v`|d`| cmx vkv`c`x# x`| |`xv`tpmxm q jm dpdk| d` ck h|ïtahk*

@j hkxm d` {p`gkx m h|ïtahkx a||khamjkc`x m jm k|ipo`jtkdkx# `x o`gm| jmajt`jtk| | xmcu`|ck `j `c o`dam mjcaj # xaovcò`jt` v`da| daxhpcvkx q

ekhacatk| m xmcahatk| pj o`dam d` hmjtkhtm dmjd` x` vp`dk kt`jd`| kd`/

hpkdko`jt`*

Xa ck {p`gk m h|ïtahk jm `xtë epjdko`jtkdk# ajt`jtk| |`xvmjd`| `j `c

o`dam mjcaj` q k x`| vmxalc` hmj ckx b`||koa`jtkx d` ck Y`l <*m j `xv`/

hakc uïd`mx m emtmi|keïkx {p` vp`dkj x`| hmovk|tadkx vm| mt|mx pxpk/

|amx*@x |`hmo`jdklc` t`j`| pj okjpkc xml|` høom khtpk| `j hkxmx d`

h|axax d` aoki`j# `xt` okjpkc d`l` x`| h| kdm vm| ck òv| xk# vm| `c

d`vk|tko`jtm d` hmopjahkhaøj q#xa jm cm tpuaá|komx#d`l`|ïkomx `xtk|

kx`xm|kdmx vm| pjk òv|`xk d` hmopjahkhaøj {p` jmx kqpd` k d`xk||m/

cck| cmx vpjtmx k t`j`| `j hp`jtk q ck o`tmdmcmiïk k xìpa| `j hkxm d`

{p` x` v|mdpg`|k ck h|axax*

Vk|k bkh`| pj xìpaoa`jtm d ck |`vptkhaøj mjcaj `raxt`j b`||koa`jtkx tkc`x hmom7

–Ncmpt‟ "bttv7--ncmpt*hmo-bmo`!7 x` t|ktk d` pjk d` ckx b`||koa`jtkx

i|ktpatkx d` omjatm|awkhaøj oëx `rt`jdadkx# hmjmhadkx q ptacawkdkx

khtpkco`jt`* V`|oat` dèaja| `c ukcm| d` tp ok|hk-òv|`xk `j daxtajtkx

|`d`x xmhakc`x# ptacawkjdm ck ajem|okhaøj d` ckx hp`jtkx "k ckx {p` l|aj/

d`x khh`xm! vk|k hckxaeahk| tp khtauadkd# |`xpoa|ck `j pj ukcm| jpoá|ahm

q hckxaeahk|ck vm| jau`c d` ajecp`jhak q hkvkhadkd d` h|`k| t`jd`jhak*


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Ncmpt t` ekhacatk dak|ako`jt` pjk vpjtpkhaøj d`v`jda`jdm d` ck khtaua/

dkd i`j`|kdk# hmj `c eaj d` hmjmh`| ck ajecp`jhak {p` ta`j` jp`xt|k |`d*

Khtpkco`jt # cmx | xpctkdmx x` vp`d`j o`da| `j daxtajtkx |`d`x xmhakc`x hmom

Ekh`lmmn# Tyatt`|# Cajn`daj# Qmptpl`# `th*# kvm|tkjdm ajem|okhaøj opq ajt | xkjt`7

hmom cmx pxpk|amx oëx ajecp`jhakdmx j tpx hp`jtkx#cmx {p oëx ajecpq`j j ckx tpqkx#

cmx tòkx oëx xmcahatkdmx q ck uk|akhaøj d tp Ncmpt Xhm| hmj c vkxm d`c taòvm*

KXMOM "bttv7--yyy*kxmom*j`t!7 V|mlklcò`jt` ck b`||koa`jtk oëx

v|`haxk `j `c kjëcaxax `j `xvkûmc# d`ladm kc t|ktkoa`jtm okjpkc {p` x`

bkh` d` cmx |`xpctkdmx* Xaj òlk|im# v|`x`jtk vmhk ajo`dakt`w `j ckv|`x`jtkhaøj d` cmx dktmx q kcim d` |aiad`w `j ck hmjeaip|khaøj* Xp kctm

v|`ham gpxtaeahk v|ajhavkco`jt` ck v|`haxaøj d` cmx |`xpctkdmx*

LcmiVpcx` "bttv7--yyy*lcmivpcx`*hmo!7@x pjk b`||koa`jtk i|ktpatk d`

Ja`cx`j {p` v|`t`jd` ad`jtaeahk| tmdkx ckx o`jhamj`x d` pjk vkckl|k `j

lcmix* @x pjk xmcphaøj lëxahk {p` jm v`|oat` okx {p` mlt`j`| pj caxtk/

dm xaj hckxaeahkhaøj ja eact|mx*B`k|tl`kt "bttv7--yyy*xqxmomx*hmo!7Me|`h` pjk xmcphaøj d` xìpaoa`j/

tm q kjëcaxax kukjwkdmx hpqk u`jtkgk hmov`tatauk `x ck ajtì|khaøj da|`htk

d` ck hp`jtk d` Ekh`lmmn d` ck òv| xk* Xaj òlk|im# ck ekctk d` |`hmjmha/

oa`jtm kptmoëtahm d` x`jtaoa`jtm `j `xvkûmc bkh` {p` xpvmjik pj t|k/

lkgm kdahamjkc d` hckxaeahkhaøj q `j|a{p`haoa`jtm d` |`xpctkdmx*

\kdakj5 "bttv7--yyy*|kdakj5*hmo!7 D`xd` bkh` qk kûmx# \kdakj5 x`hmjxmcadk hmom pjm d` cmx cïd`|`x `j ck o`dahaøj d` |`vptkhaøj mjcaj`#

i|khakx k pjk ajt`|ekw opq høomdk ` ajt`|khtauk*

Xmhakc O`jtamj "bttv7--yyy*xmhakco`jtamj*hmo!7 V|mlklcò`jt` ck

oëx hmjmhadk d` ckx b`||koa`jtkx `raxt`jt`x# d`ladm hkxa ÷jahko`jt` k

xp i|ktpadkd# v`|m `x pjk xmcphaøj hmj o`jm| eaklacadkd# xml|` tmdm k ck

bm|k d` eact|k| vm| adamok m d` kjkcawk| `c x`jtaoa`jtm*


14* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *



0½HØOM VP@DM

O@DA\ OAX \@XPCTK/

DMX Q KDKVTK\O@ K CKX J@H@XADKD@X D@OAX HCA@JT@X=

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *



jp`xt|m v|mdphtm q ok|hk* @c e``dlkhn `x pj i|kj k|ok {p` jm vmdòmx d`gk|

kt|ëx q o`da| `c x`jtaoa`jtm `x pjk j`h`xadkd bmq vm| bmq vk|k tmdk `xt|ktìak

d` Xmhakc O`dak q \`d`x Xmhakc`x*

D`jt|m d`c kjëcaxax y`l# d`xtkhk Immic` Kjkcqtahx `jt|` ckx b`||koa`jtkx oëx

ptacawkdkx vm| xp vmt`jhak q i|ktpadkd* V`|oat` mlt`j`| k ckx ov|`xkx ajem|ok/

haøj opq ukcamxk xml|` `c t|ëeahm d`c xatam y`l q ck èahkhak d`c vckj d` ok|n`/

taji* O`dakjt` pjk xaovc` uaxtk d`c vkj`c d` hmjt|mc x` vp`d` t`j`| pjk uaxaøj

i`j`|kc d` cmx v|ajhavkc`x ajdahkdm|`x7

J÷o`|m d` uaxatkx tmtkc`x q vëiajkx uaxtkx vm| uaxatk*

@umcphaøj xòkjkc d` ckx uaxatkx*

Ep`jt`x d` t|ëeahm7 Da|`htko`jt`# k t|kuáx d` xatamx y`l d` |è`| jhak#

d` pj omtm| d` l÷x{p`dk m d` pj `jckh` vkt|mhajkdm# `th*!*

Vm|h`jtkg` d` |`lmt`7 Pxpk|amx {p` `jt|kj kc xatam q uaxatkj pjk ÷jahk

vëiajk*

V|mo`dam d` taòvm `j `c xatam7 Taòvm o`dam {p` dp|k hkdk pjk d` ckx

uaxatkx*

Vm|h`jtkg` d` uaxatkx jpùkx7 Vm|h`jtkg` d` pxpk|amx {p` bkj khh`dadm

kc xatam vm| v|ao`|k u`w `j pj v`|amdm d`t`|oajkdm*

Wmjkx i`mi|ëeahkx7 D` døjd` v|mh`d`j ckx uaxatkx*

Kûkda| {p` Immic` bk d`hadadm ajuatk| k tmdmx cmx xatamx xmhakc`x k ajtì|k| xpx

dktmx hmj Immic` Kjkcqtahx* @c mlg`taum `x v`|oata| k cmx pxpk|amx d` Immic

Kjkcqtahx kjkcawk| `c aovkhtm {p` ta`j`j xpx hmjt`jadmx `j ck |`d "hmo`jtk|amx#

umtmx# hmjt`jadm d`xtkhkdm‥! q kjkcawk| ck | jtklacadkd {p` hkdk hkjkc xmhakc

kvm|tk k xp xatam y`l* \`d`x hmom D`cahampx# Daii# \`ddat# Daaim# Iaiqk# CauÈq| #

\`kdatCkt`|# Tqv`Vkd# Unmjtknt` q# vm| xpvp`xtm# Immic`.# Lcmii`| q Immic`

I|mpvx# qk x` bkj ajtì|kdm


12* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *



Oëx ajem|okhaøj xml|` Immic` Kjkcqtahx7

bttv7--yyy*immic`*hmo-ajtc-`x-kjkcqtahx

Kdahamjkco`jt`# `raxt`j mt|kx b`||koa`jtkx {p` v`|oat`j |`kcawk| o`dahamj`x

`j ckx v|ajhavkc`x \`d`x Xmhakc`x7


11 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ 82Vkj`c d` hmjt|mc d` Immic` Kjkcqtahx

Ty``tD`hn q X``xoah7 Hmovc`tkx kvcahkhamj`x vk|k ck i`x/

taøj d` hp`jtkx Ekh`lmmn q Tyatt`|* Tkolaáj v`|oat`j khtpk/

cawk| vëiajkx d` v|mdphtmx d` Ekh`lmmn*

bttv7--yyy*ty``td`hn*hmo-

bttvx7--x``xoah*hmo-




;66* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

BmmtXpat`7 B`||koa`jtkx vk|k ck i`xtaøj hmjgpjtk d` tpx

hp`jtk Ekh`lmmn# Tyatt`|# Cajn`dAJ#‥

bttv7--bmmtxpat`*hmo-

Tajn`|7 Pjk x`jhacck em|ok d` xìpa| hmju`|xkhamj`x `j

Tyatt`| q Ekh`lmmn*bttv7--yyy*tajn`|*hmo-

Hmty``t7 Mt|k hmovc`tk b`||koa`jtk vk|k ck i`xtaøj d` tp

hp`jtk Tyatt`| q mt|kx |`d`x xmhakc`x*

bttv7--hmty``t*hmo-

Tyatt`| X`k|hb7 Lpxhkdm| `j taòvm |`kc vk|k ck l÷x{p`dk d`

hmjx`|ukhamj`x xmhakc`x*

bttv7--tyatt`|*hmo-(+-x`k|hb/bmo`

Tyatt`|e``d7 B`||koa`jtk {p` v`|oat` kcao`jtk| hmjt`jadmx

"vm| `gòvcm# lcmix m hpkc{pa`| mt|m hmjt`jadm {p` xmvm|tk\XX! hmjgpjtko`jt` k daxtajtkx |`d`x hmom Tyatt`|# Ekh`lmmn

q mt|kx vcktkem|okx xmhakc`x* V`|oat`# kdòëx# `c xìpaoa j/

tm d`c |`jdaoa`jtm k t|kuáx d` `xtkdïxtahkx `j taòvm |`kc*

bttv7--tyatt`|e``d*hmo-

Tyac`|t7 ×tac b`||koa`jtk {p` jmx v`|oat` omjatm|awk| cm {p`

x` dah` d` jp`xt|k ok|hk m hpkc{pa`| mt|k vkckl|k hcku` {p`

jmx ajt`|`x` `j Tyatt`|* Bk xadm `rvcahkdk hmj d`tkcc` `j `c`vïi|ke` 8*;*; d` \`d`x Xmhakc`x q V|me xamjkc`x# `j `c kvk|tk/

dm hm||`xvmjda`jt` k Tyatt`|*

bttv7--yyy*tyac`|t*hmo-

B`||koa`jtkx xv`hïeahkx vk|k Tyatt`|




;6; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Tyatxtkt7 B`||koa`jtk vk|k ajem|ok| d` ckx vkckl|kx hcku`

oëx ptacawkdkx `j tpx ÷ctaomx 066 ty``tx*

bttv7--yyy*tyatxtkt*hmo-hcmpd*btoc

Ty``tXhkj7 L÷x{p`dk d` vkckl|kx hcku`# òv|`xkx m x`|ua/

hamx `j Tyatt`|*

bttv7--ty``txhkj*hmo

Bkxbtkix7 Xaxtòk vk|k |`kcawk| pj xìpaoa`jtm d` bkxbtkix

`j Tyatt`|*bttv7--bkxbtkix*m|i-

Ty``tL``v7 B`||koa`jtk vk|k `xtk| kc dïk d` {paáj t` hatk `j

taòvm |`kc `j Tyatt`|# hmj mvhaøj d` kuaxmx vm| òkac*

bttv7--ty``tl``v*hmo-

Tyatt`|bmcah7 B`||koa`jtk vk|k ku`|aipk| {paáj `x cïd`| d`j/t|m d` pj o`|hkdm# hapdkd m vkïx `j Tyatt`|* Lkxkdm `j `c

j÷o`|m d` xìpadm|`x {p` ta`j`j cmx pxpk|amx*

bttv7--tyatkbmcah*hmo-

Tyat||kt|7 \kxt|`kdm| d l÷x{p`dkx `j Tyatt`| q {p`# kdòëx#

ajem|ok d` xa x` ukcm|k|mj hmom j`pt|kc`x# vmxataukx m jìktaukx*

bttv7--tyat||kt|*hmo-

Tyatt`| I|kd`|7 Op`xt|k tp |kjim `j ck |`d Tyatt`| q t` dk k

hmjmh`| vmxalc`x jpùmx hmjtkhtmx*

bttv7--ty``t*i|kd`|*hmo-

Ty``tXtktx7 Me|`h` `xtkdïxtahkx d` tyatt`| hmj i|ëeahmx*

bttv7--ty``txtktx*hmo-




;6<* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

\`ty``t|kjn7 Op`xt|k ck hkjtadkd d` |`/ty``tx {p` bkh`x q

d` tpx x`ipadm|`x*

bttv7--yyy*|`ty``t|kjn*hmo-

\`ty``taxt7 V`|oat` hmjmh`| cmx `jckh`x {p` oëx |`/ty``t`k/

dmx xmj*

bttv7--|`ty``taxt*hmo-

Omjatt`|7 B`||koa`jtk d` omjatm|awkhaøj d` ckx vkckl|kx

hcku` d`x`kdkx*bttv7--yyy*omjatt`|*hmo-

Ah`\mhn`t7 Hmovc`tk b`||koa`jtk vk|k lpxhk| `j `jt|kdkxhmj i|ëeahmx*

bttv7--yyy*ah`|mhn`t*hmo-

Immic` Lcmi X`k|hb7 B`||koa`jtk d` Immic` vk|k kqpdk| k

`jhmjt|k| tmdm cm {p` x` dah` `j cmx lcmix k t|kuáx d` xp lpx/

hkdm| `j Lcmix*

bttv7--yyy*immic`*hmo-lcmix`k|hb

L÷x{p`dk `j T`hbjm|kta7 L÷x{p`dk lkxkdk `j ckx `jt|kdkx

d` T`hbjm|kta {p` tkolaáj v`|oat` l÷x{p`dkx kukjwkdkx

vm| `ta{p`tkx*

bttv7--t`hbjm|kta*hmo-x`k|hb-

Lcmivpcx`7 X`ipaoa`jtm d` {paáj bklck d` ta `j ck lcmimxe`|k

hmj dktmx hmovc`tmx ` ajem|o`x `cklm|kdmx vm| ck hmjxpctm|k

Ja`cx`j*bttv7--yyy*lcmivpcx`*hmo-

B`||koa`jtkx vk|k Lcmix



Tkolaáj hp`jtk hmj pjk mvhaøj vk|k kjkcawk| ck ùmcphaøj d` pjk vëiajk y`l k

cm ck|im d`c taòvm m vk|k hmovk|k| uk|akx* D` `xtk em|ok# k v`xk| d` jm me| h`|

dktmx meahakc`x d` uaxatkx# ck b`||koa`jtk v`|oat` bkh`|x` pjk ad`k d`c |ëvadmh|`haoa`jtm m hkïdk d` pj xatam y`l | xv`htm k mt|m* Kdòëx# vk|k pjk l÷x{p`/

dk d`jt|m d` pj vkïx# op`xt|k ckx |ìamj`x q hapdkd`x d`xd` dmjd` `c tá|oajm

x` bk lpxhkdm d` em|ok oëx |`v|`x`jtktauk*

Mt|k b`||koa`jtk `x Immic` Ajxaibtx# m|a`jtkdk k omxt|k| ckx `xtkdïxtahkx d` l÷x/

{p`dkx k cm ck|im d`c taòvm# tkjtm `j vëiajkx y`l hmom `j aoëi`j`x# jmtahakx q

v|mdphtmx* Ajxajibtx `x oëx vmt`jt` {p` Immic` T|`jdx# qk {p` `xtë `jemhkdm kv|me`xamjkc`x {p` {pa`|`j kjkcawk| uk|akhamj`x d` ajt`|áx `j dae`|`jt`x hktìm|ïkx*

@x ÷tac vk|k aju`|ta| `j pjk hkovkûk vplcahatk|ak o`dakjt` ck hmov|k d` vkckl|kx

hcku`x `j `c lpxhkdm| k ckx {p` uajhpck| cmx kjpjhamx {p` x` {pa`|`j omxt|k|*


;64* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ 46Vkj`c d` hmjt|mc d` Immic` Ajxaibtx



O`dakjt` ck ajhcpxaøj d` tá|oajmx d` l÷x{p`dk d` okj`|k ajdauadpkc m hmjgpj/

tk# vmdòmx u`| ck t`jd`jhak `j `c ta ovm ` ajhcpxm vm| |ìamj`x# cm {p` jmx v`|/

oat` xkhk| hmjhcpxamj`x xml|` xa ck dòkjdk d` jp`xt|m v|mdphtm m x`|uaham `x`xtkhamjkc m xa x` | vk|t` vm| aipkc dp|kjt` `c kûm* @xtk ajem|okhaøj jmx |`xpc/

tk|ë opq ÷tac d` hk|k k ckjwk| hkovkûkx d` v|momhaøj `j ha`|tkx e hbkx# hmom

`j `c u`|kjm q `j ckx Jkuadkd`x* Tkolaáj jmx xa|u` vk|k xkl`| hpëc`x xmj ckx

v|ajhavkc`x |ìamj`x {p` hmjh`jt|kj ckx l÷x{p`dkx# cm {p` jmx vp`d` me|`h`|

aovm|tkjt` ajem|okhaøj vk|k d`hada| `jt|k| m klkjdmjk| o`|hkdmx*

Oëx ajem|okhaøj xml|` Immic` Ajxaibtx7bttv7--yyy*immic`*hmo-ajxaibtx-x`k|hb

Tyatt`| tkolaáj daxvmj` d` dau`|xkx kvcahkhamj`x d`xtajkdkx k kjkcawk| t`jd`j/

hakx q uaxpkcawk|ckx vk|k v`|oata| pjk |ëvadk hmov|`jxaøj d` ck ajem|okhaøj*


;60 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ 4;

T`jd`jhakx `j Tyatt`|



T|`jdxokv# {p` uaxpkcawk xml|` pj okvk ckx vkckl|kx oëx ptacawkdkx `j taòvm

|`kc `j dae`| jt`x | iamj`x d`c opjdm# `x pjk d` `cckx* Vm| xp vk|t`# T`jdaxtah

op`xt|k ck ùmcphaøj d` cmx dae`|`jt`x bkxbtkix m vkckl|kx hcku`x ptacawkdkx vm|cmx pxpk|amx k cm ck|im d`c taòvm* Mt|kx b`||koa`jtkx d` uaxpkcawkhaøj ajt`|`/

xkjt`x xmj K Ym|cd me Ty``tx vk|k hmjmh`|# d` pj uaxtkwm q `j taòvm |`kc# ckx

wmjkx oëx khtaukx `j ck vplcahkhaøj d` o`jxkg`x `j hkdk omo`jtm# q Emccmy

tb` bkxbtki# {p` op`xt|k k cmx pxpk|amx oëx khtaumx `j `c òvc`m d` pjk vkck/

l|k hcku` d`t`|oajkdk `j ckx ÷ctaokx bm|kx# bkxtk pj oëraom d` ;*066 ty``tx

vplcahkdmx hmj `xk vkckl|k*


;65* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ACPXT\KHAØJ 4<@gòvcmx b`||koa`jtkx Tyatt`| vk|k ck l÷x{p`dk d` t`jd`jhakx `j Ajt`|j`t

Oëx ajem|okhaøj xml| B`||koa`jtkx d Tyatt`| vk|k kjëcaxax d t`jd`jhakx7

bttv7--t|`jdxokv*hmo

bttv7--t|`jdaxtah*ajd`rtkjn*hmo

bttv7--kym|cdmety``tx*e|mid`xaij*hmo

bttv7--yyy*emccmytb`bkxbtki*hmo



Tkolaáj `x | hmo`jdklc` |`hp||a| k `xtpdamx xml|` Ajt`|j`t d` kxmhakhamj`x

hmom AKL "Ajt`|khtau` Kdu`|taxaji Lp| kp!# Kxmhakhaøj {p` |`v|`x`jtk kc x`htm|

d` ck vplcahadkd q ok|n`taji `j o`damx daiatkc`x `j @xvkûk# m KAOH "Kxmhakhaøjvk|k ck Aju`xtaikhaøj d` O`damx d` Hmopjahkhaøj!7

bttv7--yyy*aklxvkaj*j`t bttv7--yyy*kaoh*`x

@j hpkjtm kc kjëcaxax d` ck hmov`t`jhak# cm oëx eëhac `x |`hp||a| k hpkc{pa`| lpx/

hkdm|# hmom Immic`# q kjkcawk| d`jt|m d` cmx |`xpctkdmx ckx òv| xkx hmov`ta/

dm|kx {p` kvk|`h`j* K t|kuáx d` pj xaovc` kjëcaxax d` xpx y`lx vmdòmx xkl`|

d`tkcc`x opq ukcamxmx xml| xp me`|tk q ck em|ok d` hmo`|hakcawkhaøj# cm {p` jmxv`|oata|ë tmok| d`haxamj`x d` |`m|a`jtkhaøj m dae`|`jhakhaøj d` jp`xt|m jìm/

ham# v|mdphtmx q-m x |uahamx*


;69 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *



5

\@XPOA@JDM

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *




;;; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Ajt`|j`t q `c ok|n`taji daiatkc jmx me|`h`j pj o`dam jpùm vk|k

u`jd`| oëx# pj o`dam {p` bkq {p` `jt`jd`| v`|m xaj mcuadk| `c

Vckj d` Ok|n`taji q ck `xt|ktìak d` ck òv|`xk*

Bkxtk bkh` vmhm x` hmjxad`|klk {p` t`j`| pjk y`l `x tmdm cm {p`

|`{p`|ïk pjk `xt|ktìak mjcaj` vk|k pjk òv|`xk* V`|m bmq `j dïk

jm lkxtk xøcm hmj `xtk| `j Ajt`|j`t vm|{p` ck Y`l <*6# hmj ckx

\`d`x Xmhakc x k ck hkl`wk# aovcahk ck j`h`xadkd d` `xhphbk| q

bklck| hmj cmx hca`jt`x q jm xøcm me| h`|c`x ajem|okhaøj* Vm| `x`

omtaum# `c ok|n`taji daiatkc `x ophbm oëx {p` t`j`| pjk y`l

opq hmovc`tk# bkq {p` vmxahamjk|ck q xkl`| hkvtk| ck kt`jhaøj d`cmx pxpk|amx vk|k ead`cawk|cmx*

Vk|k `ccm bkq {p` hmjmh`| ckx b`||koa`jtkx {p` jmx me|`h`

Ajt`|j`t# vk|k h`jt|k|jmx `j k{p`cckx {p` vp`dkj x`| oëx èahkh`x

xì÷j jp`xt|k khtauadkd q eacmxmeïk òv|`xk|akc* Tmdm `xm d`l` d`

`xtk| |`hmiadm `j `c Vckj d` Ok|n`taji# `c hpkc tkolaáj d`l` dàjhcpa| pjmx mlg`taumx o`dalc`x# vm|{p` vk|k xkl`| ck èahkhak |`kc

d` pjk hkovkûk d` ok|n`taji mjcaj` `x epjdko`jtkc vmd`| q

xkl`| o`da| ` ajt`|v|`tk| cmx |`xpctkdmx*

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