GSM BSS Overview

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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

Nortel GSM BSS OverviewRelease: V18.0 PC2Document Revision: 18.07

www.nortel.com

411-9001-001.




Release: V18.0 PC2

Publication: 411-9001-001

Document release date: 29 January 2010

Copyright © 1999-2010 Nortel Networks. All Rights Reserved.

While the information in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable, except as otherwise expressly

agreed to in writing NORTEL PROVIDES THIS DOCUMENT "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF

ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. The information and/or products described in this document aresubject to change without notice.

Nortel, Nortel Networks, the Nortel logo, and the Globemark are trademarks of Nortel Networks.

All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

.



3.

Contents

New in this release 7Features 7

Abis over IP on electrical BSC 3000 (34964) 8

Abis over IP on BTS6000/BTS9000/BTS18000 (34966) 8

Abis over IP on BTS S8000 / S12000 (34967) 8

Abis over IP: IP BTS OAM Services (IBOS) (34969) 8Abis over IP: end-to-end functions (34973) 8

V18 support for GSM-R (35095) 8

V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35158) 9

V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35159) 9

V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS18 compatability (35160) 9

V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS19 compatibility (35161) 9

V18.0 PC1 Access and MGW20 compatibility (35162) 9

BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSCS19/MG19 compatibility (35203) 9

BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSVCS20/MG20 compatibility (35204) 9

BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35206) 10

BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35207) 10

CT2000 and WPS compliancy with BSS V18 PC1 (35210) 10

V18.0 PC2 Access and NSS17R compatability (35272) 10

Other changes 10

Introduction 11

Chapter 1 GSM specifications 131.1 GSM family 13

1.1.1 GSM 13

1.1.2 GPRS 13

1.1.3 EDGE 131.2 GSM architecture 14

1.2.1 GSM subsystems 14

1.2.2 Interfaces 17

1.2.3 Links between entities 19

1.3 Services 22

1.3.1 User services 22

1.3.2 Network internal services 23

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)Nortel GSM BSS Overview

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4

1.4 Links 26

Chapter 2 Nortel BSS introduction 272.1 Architecture of the Nortel BSS solution 27

IP networking 28

2.2 Nortel BTS 312.2.1 e-cell 31

2.2.2 S8000 family 31

2.2.3 S12000 34

2.2.4 BTS 6000 35

2.2.5 BTS 9000 37

2.2.6 BTS 18000 37

2.3 Nortel BSC 40

2.3.1 BSC 3000 functional architecture 40

2.4 Nortel TCU 40

2.4.1 TCU 3000 functional architecture 40

2.5 PCUSN 41

2.5.1 PCUSN introduction 41

2.5.2 Gb over IP 43

2.6 GSM-R 44

2.6.1 Introduction 44

2.7 Nortel OAM 45

2.7.1 OMC-R 45

2.7.2 RACE 48

2.8 Nortel software tools 48

2.8.1 CT2000 48

2.8.2 CT/CPT 512.8.3 WPS for PCUSN 52

2.8.4 TML/TIL 54

2.9 Specific BSS Nortel interfaces 56

2.10 Compliancy 56

Chapter 3 Regulatory information 573.1 Specific regulatory information 57

3.1.1 United States of America 57

3.1.2 Canada 59

3.2 Human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields 60

3.2.1 United States of America and Canada 60

3.2.2 Europe 62

3.3 Electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC) 63

3.3.1 United States of America and Canada 63

3.3.2 Europe and others 64

3.4 Operating conditions 65

3.4.1 For all countries 65

3.5 Cable specifications 65


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5

3.5.1 For all countries 65

3.6 PCM requirements 66


3.6.2 Canada 66

3.6.3 Europe 67

3.7 Radio approvals 67


3.7.2 Canada 67


3.8 Product labeling 68


3.8.2 Canada 68


3.9 RoHS compliancy 69

3.9.1 RoHS directive 69


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6


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7.

New in this release

The following sections detail what are new in Nortel GSM BSS Overview

(411-9001-001) for release V18.0 Pick & Choose 2.

“Features” (page 7)

• “Other changes” (page 10)

FeaturesSee the following sections for information about feature changes:

• “Abis over IP on electrical BSC 3000 (34964)” (page 8)

• “Abis over IP on BTS6000/BTS9000/BTS18000 (34966)” (page 8)

• “Abis over IP on BTS S8000 / S12000 (34967)” (page 8)

• “Abis over IP: IP BTS OAM Services (IBOS) (34969)” (page 8)

• “Abis over IP: end-to-end functions (34973)” (page 8)

• “V18 support for GSM-R (35095)” (page 8)

• “V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35158)” (page 9)

• “V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35159)” (page 9)

• “V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS18 compatability (35160)” (page 9)

• “V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS19 compatibility (35161)” (page 9)

• “V18.0 PC1 Access and MGW20 compatibility (35162)” (page 9)

• “BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSCS19/MG19 compatibility (35203)” (page 9)

• “BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSVCS20/MG20 compatibility (35204)” (page 9)

• “BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35206)” (page 10)

• “BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35207)” (page 10)

• “CT2000 and WPS compliancy with BSS V18 PC1 (35210)” (page 10)

• “V18.0 PC2 Access and NSS17R compatability (35272)” (page 10)


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8 New in this release

Abis over IP on electrical BSC 3000 (34964)This feature modifies the GSM BSC 3000 (electrical configuration) toconnect to its dependent BTSs with an Abis interface that runs over apacketized IP network instead of a traditional time-division multiplex carrier(E1 or T1).

See: 2.3.1 “BSC 3000 functional architecture” (page 40)

Abis over IP on BTS6000/BTS9000/BTS18000 (34966)This feature allows a BTS 6000, BTS 9000, BTS 18000 to connect to theBSC using an Abis interface that runs over a packetized IP network.

See 2.2.4 “BTS 6000” (page 35) for the BTS 6000.



Abis over IP on BTS S8000 / S12000 (34967)This feature allows an S8000 BTS or an S12000 BTS to connect to theBSC using an Abis interface that runs over a packetized IP network.

See “S8000” (page 31) for the S8000 BTS.

See 2.2.3 “S12000” (page 34) for the S12000 BTS.

Abis over IP: IP BTS OAM Services (IBOS) (34969)This feature introduces a new software entity at the OMC-R, IP BTS OAM

Services or IBOS. IBOS software integrates with the existing OMC-Rfacilities to allow the OMC-R to manage the new IPM and IPM-Usermodules that the BTS needs to implement the Abis interface over IPbackhaul.

See: “IBOS” (page 46)

Abis over IP: end-to-end functions (34973)This feature enables packet-based backhaul transmission as an alternativeto the TDM-based E1/T1 links on the BSC-to-BTS interface. The backhaulcarries voice and data traffic between BTSs and BSCs.

See: “IP networking” (page 28)

V18 support for GSM-R (35095)This feature indicates that the V18.0 release supports the GSM-Rapplication.

See: 2.6 “GSM-R” (page 44)


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Features 9

V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35158)The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, is compliantwith the SGSN 5.0 release.

The following paragraph indicates this compliancy: 2.10 “Compliancy”

(page 56)

V18.0 PC1 Access and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35159)The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, iscompatible with the release 6.0 of the SGSN.

The following paragraph indicates this compliancy: 2.10 “Compliancy”(page 56)

V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS18 compatability (35160)The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, is compliantwith the NSS18 release.


V18.0 PC1 Access and NSS19 compatibility (35161)The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, is compliantwith the NSS19 release.


V18.0 PC1 Access and MGW20 compatibility (35162)The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, is compliantwith the MGW20 release.


BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSCS19/MG19 compatibility (35203)The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, is compliantwith the MSCS19/MG19 release.


BSS V18.0 PC2 and MSVCS20/MG20 compatibility (35204)The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, is compliantwith the MSVC20/MG20 release.


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10 New in this release

The following paragraph indicates this compliancy:2.10 “Compliancy”(page 56)

BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 5.0 compatibility (35206)The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, is compliant

with the SGSN 5.0 release.


BSS V18.0 PC2 and SGSN 6.0 compatibility (35207)The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, is compliantwith the SGSN 6.0 release.


CT2000 and WPS compliancy with BSS V18 PC1 (35210)The BSS V18.0 PC1 release is compliant with the release V6 of theCT2000 and the release V3 of WPS for PCUSN.


V18.0 PC2 Access and NSS17R compatability (35272)The GSM BSS V18.0, including all Pick-and-Choose features, is compliantwith the NSS17R release.


Other changesSee the following sections for information about changes that are notfeature-related:

• updated section 2.5.2 “Gb over IP” (page 43)

• updated section “Bearer services” (page 23)


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11.

Introduction

This document briefly describes the GSM (Global System for Mobilecommunications) specifications. Then it introduces the Nortel BSS (BaseStation Subsystems) solution. Finally it gives the regulatory informationfollowed by the Nortel BSS solution.

Prerequisites• Nortel GSM BSS Documentation roadmap (411-9001-000)

Navigation

• Chapter 1 “GSM specifications” (page 13)

• Chapter 2 “Nortel BSS introduction” (page 27)

• Chapter 3 “Regulatory information” (page 57)

AbbreviationsBSC: Base Station Controller

BSS: Base Station Subsystem

BTS: Base Transceiver Station

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication

MMI: Man Machine Interface

NG: New Generation

NG2: New Generation 2

OMC-R: Operations and Maintenance Center of Radio subsystems

PCUSN: Packet Control Unit Support Node


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12 Introduction

TCU: TransCoder Unit


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13.

Chapter 1 GSM specifications

1.1 GSM familyThe GSM family contains the following wireless technology platforms:

• GSM

• GPRS

• EDGE

1.1.1 GSMThe GSM system is a versatile, open-ended digital radiotelephone system.It has been designed to reduce not only installation costs, but also networkoperating costs, especially transmission costs.

1.1.2 GPRSThe General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a wireless packet dataservice that is an extension of the GSM network. It provides an efficient

method to transfer data by optimizing the use of network resources. TheGPRS radio resources allocator is used to provide multiple radio channelsto only one user in order to reach a high data user rate. Furthermore, oneradio channel can be shared by multiple users in order to optimize theradio resources. So, the GPRS enables a high spectrum efficiency bysharing time slots between different users, supporting data rates up to 170kbit/s and providing very low call set-up times.

1.1.3 EDGEThe Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is an extension ofthe GSM/GPRS access network. In that sense, it largely inherits theadministration, maintenance and supervision of the currently deployedBSS. The GPRS coding schemes are enhanced with seven EDGE CodingSchemes (MCS2, MCS3 and MCS5 to MCS9) using two radio modulations(GMSK and 8-PSK). This set of radio coding schemes increases the peakradio throughput of a carrier by a factor of three compared to GPRS.


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14 Chapter 1 GSM specifications

1.2 GSM architecture1.2.1 GSM subsystems

The GSM system contains the following subsystems:

• Mobile station (MS)

• Base station subsystem (BSS)

• Network and switching subsystem (NSS)

• Operations subsystem (OSS)

The functional architecture of the GSM system is shown in the followingfigure.


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1.2 GSM architecture 15

Figure 1GSM system functional architecture


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1.2.1.1 Mobile station (MS)The MS consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smartcard called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM providespersonal mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services

irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into anotherGSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make callsfrom that terminal, and receive other subscribed services. The mobileequipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile EquipmentIdentity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile SubscriberIdentity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret keyfor authentication, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI areindependent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may beprotected against unauthorized use by a password or personal identitynumber.

1.2.1.2 Base station subsystem (BSS)The BSS or radio subsystem, provides the distribution function of thecommunication network. It includes base transceiver stations (BTS) thatprovide mobile subscribers with the radio link.

BTSs are controlled by a base station controller (BSC), which also controlsremote transcoder units (TCU). These units enable users to reduce thenumber, and thus the cost, of pulse code modulation (PCM) links neededbetween BSS and NSS. As required by the system, the BSS has astandard interface so it can be connected to different types of switchingcenters.

1.2.1.3 Network and switching subsystem (NSS)The network subsystem handles all switching and routing functions.Mobile-oriented communication networks require a mobile station to belocated before a call may be routed and set up.

The mobile services switching center (MSC) is responsible for switchingand routing. Reference data, specific to each subscriber, is stored in adatabase that is distributed among home location registers (HLR). Tominimize access to the HLR, the MSC uses a visitor location register(VLR), which contains working data for subscribers moving around itscoverage area. Network security and access controls are provided by the

authentication center (AUC) and by the equipment identity register (EIR).

1.2.1.4 Operations subsystem (OSS)The operations and support subsystem contains two parts: the radiooperations and maintenance center (OMC-R) and the switching operationsand maintenance center (OMC-S).


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1.2.2 InterfacesModules that make up the cellular network are linked to one anotherthrough the following interfaces:

• Radio interface, also called Um or Air interface

• Abis interface

• Ater interface

• A interface

• MAP (Mobile Application Part) interface

• PSTN/PSPDN (Public Switched Telephone Network/Public SwitchedPacket Data Network) interface

• Lb interface

• Ls interface

The interfaces of the radio-cellular system are shown in the followingfigure.


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Figure 2Radio-cellular system interfaces

Radio interfaceThe radio interface provides communication between the mobile stationand the BTS for speech and data. The signaling protocol is based on theLAPDm layer 2.


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Abis interfaceThe Abis interface provides communication between the BTS and the BSCfor radio traffic management and base station operations and maintenanceusing the LAPD protocol.

Ater interfaceThe Ater interface provides communication between the BSC and the TCUfor traffic management using the LAPD protocol CCITT No. 7 signalingprotocol and X.25 protocols are also used but remain transparent for theTCU.

A interfaceThe A interface provides communication between the TCU and the MSCfor traffic management using the CCITT No. 7 signaling protocol and thesystem defined BSSAP (BSS application part) protocol.

MAP interfaceThe MAP interface provides communication between NSS variousunits, using the CCITT No. 7 signaling protocol and the MAP protocol.Communication between the MSC and database enables mobile stationmobility monitoring.

PSTN/PSPDN interfaceThe PSTN/PSPDN interface enables the MSC to be connected to publicspeech or data networks by the PCM links, according to the CCITT No.7signaling protocol and the TUP (Telephone User Part) and ISUP (ISDNUser Part) protocols used by public networks.

Lb interfaceThe Lb interface is used only for LCS application and relies on SS7. TheLb interface supports the SMLC to SMLC signaling through SS7 STPsusing SMLCPP messages as defined in GSM standards.

Ls interfaceThe Ls interface connects the SMLC to the MSC/VLR.

1.2.3 Links between entitiesThe components of the cellular network infrastructure are linked togetherby terrestrial PCM links on the Abis, Ater, and A interfaces.

An optional feature is now available enabling the implementation ofsatellite rather than terrestrial links between the BTSs and the BSC on theAbis interface. This satellite-link feature addresses the problem of networkareas which do not have a terrestrial transmission infrastructure betweenthe BSC and the BTS.


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However, because of the extra time taken to go to/from the satellite, thepropagation delay between BSC to BTS increases from a few millisecondsto more than 200 milliseconds. All Abis OAM procedures take longer.LAPD capacity is reduced (and LAPD parameters have to be tuned).

E1 PCM linksThe general E1 PCM features are the following:

• The E1 PCM bit rate is 2.048 Mbit/s carrying 32 time slots at 64kbit/s.Time slot 0 is used for synchronization only.

• The speech coding follows the A-law.

• The coding type is HDB3.

• The cyclic redundancy code is CRC4, used for external and internallinks.

• Line impedance can be at 75 ohms or 120 ohms.

• A transmission/reception line interface handles communicationbetween external and internal E1 PCM links.

• The cellular system components use PCM E1 links or internal PCMs.

T1 PCM linksThe general E1 PCM features are the following:

• The T1 PCM bit rate is 1.544 Mbit/s (24 time slots at 64 kbit/s plus onekilobyte for synchronization, which is distributed along the multiframe).

• The speech coding follows the µ law.• The coding types are AMI or B8ZS.

• The cyclic redundancy code is CRC6, used for external links only.

• Line adjustment is fixed to 100 ohms.

• A transmission/reception line interface handles communicationbetween external T1 type PCM at 1.544 Mbit/s and internal typePCM links at 2.048 Mbit/s. Unused time slots on the internal links areignored for transmission, and are set to FF (hexadecimal value) inreception.

This table shows the correspondence between the E1 internal PCM TSsand the T1 external PCM TSs.


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Table 1Correspondence between E1 internal PCM TS and T1 external PCM TS

E1 internal PCM T1 external PCM

01----------2----------3----------

----------1----------2----------3

45----------6----------7----------

----------4----------5----------6

89----------

10----------

11----------

----------7----------8

----------9

1213----------14----------15----------

---------10----------11----------12

1617----------18----------19----------

----------13----------14----------15

2021----------22----------

23----------

----------16----------17

----------18

2425----------26----------27----------

----------19----------20----------21

2829----------30----------31----------

----------22----------23----------24


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1.3 Services1.3.1 User services

The GSM system offers user services in the following fields:

• teleservices

• supplementary services

• bearer services

TeleservicesTeleservices offered by the system are full end-to-end services, includingterminal capabilities, and are designed to meet user needs in thecommunication field. These services are the following:

• Standard telephone services enable mobile subscribers tocommunicate with other users of telephone networks, whether fixed or

mobile.• Emergency call services enable any mobile or fixed user to call

emergency services from the mobile network. These calls take priorityover all other calls.

• Short message services enable any mobile or fixed user to send tensof bytes long alphanumeric messages to another user.

• Other teleservices, such as fax, telex or videotex.

Supplementary services

When subscribing to the mobile network, users may choose amongservices that add up to the conveniences of basic radio communicationservices. These services include the following:

• calling line identification

• call transfer

• call wait

• call hold

• conference call

• closed user group

• charge-related services

• user-to-user signaling

• call barring


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1.3 Services 23

Bearer servicesThese services enable the mobile subscriber to send data in the followingmodes:

• circuit

This service is used to send data in synchronous or asynchronousduplex circuit mode to the PSTN or the ISDN.

Transmission rate in asynchronous mode may be 600 bit/s, 1200 bit/s,2400 bit/s, 4800 bit/s, 9600 bit/s, or 14400 bit/s.

Transmission rate in synchronous mode may be 1200 bit/s, 2400 bit/s,4800 bit/s, 9600 bit/s, or 14400 bit/s.

• PAD (Packet Assembly/Disassembly)

This service enables a mobile station to gain access to a PAD facilityin asynchronous mode at a transmission rate of 600 bit/s, 1200 bit/s,2400 bit/s, 4800 bit/s, or 9600 bit/s.

• packet

This service enables a mobile station to send packets of data insynchronous duplex mode, at a transmission rate of 2400 bit/s, 4800bit/s, or 9600 bit/s.

1.3.2 Network internal servicesCall routing and follow-up services are transparent to users, but theyinitiate the following procedures:

• location

• authentication

• communication supervision

• network synchronization

LocationThe network must be able to locate any mobile station so it can route callsto it. Given the cellular design, two types of procedure may be initiated:

• the location updating/registration procedure

When a mobile station moves into another cell, it first checks if thenew cell belongs to the same location area. If it does, no procedureis initiated. If it does not, the mobile station must register itself tothe new location area. Depending on whether the new locationarea is controlled by the same MSC or by a different one, a locationupdating or a registration procedure is performed. Both procedures areperformed the same way.

• the paging procedure


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When a user attempts to call a mobile subscriber, the call is handledby the MSC, which controls the location area the mobile station is inand a paging procedure is begun.

Both procedures are used simultaneously to locate the mobile station as

precisely as possible.

AuthenticationThe authentication procedure prevents unauthorized access to thenetwork. Each time a connection is attempted, the mobile subscriberundergoes an authentication procedure to check the IMSI (InternationalMobile Subscriber Identity). Each IMSI is associated with a secret key (Ki).This key is stored in the HLR and in a special module inside the mobileterminal, the SIM (Subscriber Identity Module), and is never transmittedon radio waves. The mobile equipment identity number (IMEI) is usedto ensure that the mobile station is not faulty or stolen. If it is faulty orstolen, the attempt to establish a connection is rejected. Confidentiality isalso increased by replacing the IMSI with a temporary mobile subscriberidentity (TMSI) number which is frequently changed.

The home location register (HLR) hosts an authentication central unit(AUC) that stores the subscriber’s IMSI and secret key. Using the IMSIand the secret key, the AUC processes an algorithm that produces tripletscomposed of the following:

• a random number (RAND)

• a signed answer (SRES) for signed result

• a cipher key (Kc)

Upon each HLR request, the AUC generates authentication triplets. TheHLR sends some of these triplets to the VLR that requests them. Onetriplet per authentication procedure is used. When its stock is exhausted,the VLR makes a new request to the HLR.

During an authentication procedure, the VLR transmits a random number(RAND) to the mobile terminal. The mobile terminal uses this number,together with the secret key (Ki) stored in the SIM, to generate a signedresponse (SRES) and sends it to the VLR, which compares it to theone supplied by the HLR. If they are identical, the connection may be

established between the mobile station and the network. If they are not,the connection is immediately rejected.


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1.3 Services 25

Communication supervisionThe system must maintain communication with a mobile subscriber whenmoving in a cell or between two cells. The call is maintained by thenetwork according to the transmission quality and the amount of traffichandled by the cells. Mobile and base stations regularly perform radio

transmission measurements.

The radio measurement processing is performed by the BTS. It ensuresthat the network and the mobiles can communicate with each other withminimum interference, at the lowest possible transmission power and withthe best transmission quality. The mobile takes measurements in thedownlink direction (BTS → MS) and the BTS in the uplink direction (MS→ BTS).

The BTS averages these measurements for each connection. Theaveraged measurements are then used as the basis for a decision making

process for the following:• power control

• call clearing

• inter-cell handover

• intra-cell handover

These decisions are made by comparing the measurements with a seriesof OAM-defined thresholds.

The power control and the handover procedures may be initiated.

When transmission quality from MS to BTS decreases, the BTS asksthe mobile station to increase transmission power. If transmission by themobile was already at maximum strength, or if transmission from theBTS to MS is considered too weak, the BSC performs a communicationhandover.

Power control and handover algorithms are performed, whatever channelis used by the mobile station (traffic channel TCH or dedicated signalingchannel SDCCH). When it receives an external handover command, aBSC does not check the state of the requested resource (TCH or SDCCH).

Network syncnhronizationThe system needs to make efficient use of the frequency spectrum andreduce interference in order to provide better voice quality:

• greater handover success

• availability

• less call drops


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The network is said to be synchronized if all its elements have a commontime source. By time source is meant:

• a clock

• and/or a value for GSM time

The network can be synchronized even if GSM time is not common amongthe elements. If this is the case, all entities are working off of the sameclock.

Network synchronization consists of three major tasks:

• clock and time acquisition with associated defense and faultmechanisms

• GSM time setting

• broadcast of relevant information to concerned entities

Two different modes are available for the operator:

• burst synchronization: feature aiming at enslaving the network on asource clock and ensuring that all bursts are aligned in time.

• time synchronization: feature aiming at enslaving the network on asource clock and forcing the GSM time to be deduced from an uniquesource time.

1.4 Links

For more information on GSM, you can visit the GSM Association website:.GSM World from the GSM Association


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http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/gsm/index.htm

http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/gsm/index.htm



27.

Chapter 2 Nortel BSS introduction

2.1 Architecture of the Nortel BSS solutionThe flexibility of the cellular system enables the operator to easily increasethe equipment capacity according to traffic needs. The number of linksneeded to connect the system units depends on the amount of traffic thatmust be handled.

The Nortel BSS solution contains the following products:

• 2.2 “Nortel BTS” (page 31)

• 2.3 “Nortel BSC” (page 40)

• 2.4 “Nortel TCU” (page 40)

• 2.5 “PCUSN” (page 41)

• Nortel OAM

— 2.7.1 “OMC-R” (page 45)

— 2.7.2 “RACE” (page 48)

• Nortel software tools:

— 2.8.1 “CT2000” (page 48)

— 2.8.2 “CT/CPT” (page 51)

— 2.8.3 “WPS for PCUSN” (page 52)

— TML

– “TML for BTS (TIL)” (page 55)

– “TML for BSC 3000/TCU 3000” (page 55)

The functional architecture of the Nortel GSM/GPRS solution is shown inthe following figure.


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28 Chapter 2 Nortel BSS introduction

Figure 3Functional architecture of the Nortel GSM/GPRS solution

IP networkingOptionally, the Nortel BSS solution provides the Abis interface through anIP interface, on a packet-based network.


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2.1 Architecture of the Nortel BSS solution 29

New modules dedicated to IP networking are introduced:

• IPG in BSC (based on two IGM boards for redundancy purpose)

• IBOS (IP BTS OAM services) applications running on an OMC-Rplatform

• IPM or RIPM in BTS 6000/9000/18000. The RIPM is the redundantvariant of the IPM.

• IPM-USER or RIPM-USER for S8000 or S12000 BTS. TheRIPM-USER is the redundant variant of the IPM-USER.

The following figure shows the functional architecture of the Nortel BSSsolution, with the Abis and Gb interfaces provided through an IP network.


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Figure 4Functional architecture of the Nortel BSS solution (Abis and Gb over IP)


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2.2 Nortel BTS 31

2.2 Nortel BTSThe Nortel BTS contains a base cabinet and one or more extensioncabinets depending on the BTS type. The number of extension cabinetsdepends on the number of radio channels to be supported and on the site

structure (single or multi-cellular site).

Nortel proposes the following BTSs in its portfolio:

• e-cell

• S8000 family

• S12000

• BTS 6000

• BTS 9000

• BTS 18000

2.2.1 e-cellThe e-cell is the compact and lighter weight micro-BTS from Nortel. It isquick and easy to install, an ideal solution for hot spots, patchy coverageand indoor applications. The e-cell unit includes two transceivers andcan be easily extendible to a synchronized four-transceivers BTS. It isEDGE-ready and provides Indoor deployment as part of a microcellularunderlay, or for in-building coverage.

For more information about the e-cell, see Nortel GSM BTS e-cell

Fundamentals (411-9001-092).

2.2.2 S8000 familyThe S8000 family contains the following BTSs:

• S8000

• S8002

• S8003

• S8006

S8000Specifically designed for outdoor/indoor installation, the S8000Outdoor/Indoor BTS is a complete solution for macrocellular voice anddata applications that can deliver the high-capacity needed in cities as wellas wide-coverage in remote rural areas. The S8000 BTS is also a platformfor future data evolution of GSM networks ready to support GPRS andfuture EDGE services.


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The S8000 BTS uses the latest technology to provide operators with:

• High capacity accommodating up to 8 TRXs per cabinet and 24 TRXsper site in an optimized and dense packaging.

• Best-in-class radio performance thanks to high receive sensitivity

receivers, unique interference cancellation and improved spatialdiversity algorithms along with high output power, providing optimumcoverage and link quality for both data and voice services.

• High modularity concept due to high integration of advancedtechnology. This in turn contributes to a significant reduction inrequired floor space, size and equipment operating costs. This conceptis adapted to environmental constraints and is leading to the besteconomic trade-off between initial and final capacity.

• Spectrum efficiency optimization with the support of the undisputedNortel Networks capacity features that provide high quality voice and

data services to a dense subscriber population in a limited spectrumand at competitive cost. These solutions include Fractional FrequencyReuse, Automated Cell Tiering and future AMR evolution.

• Industry leading transmission solution including high signalingconcentration on the Abis and drop and insert capability.

The S8000 BTS product is designed for full growth capability of up to 8TRXs per cell in a sectorial configuration or 16 TRXs in an omnidirectionalsite.

Optionally, the S8000 BTS provides the Abis interface over IP. In

this case, the S8000 BTS must be equipped with an IPM-USER orRIPM-USER.

S8002Specifically designed for outdoor installation within the Railway GSMmarket, the S8002 Outdoor Base Station takes advantage, in particular, of:

• Improved performance (very high receive sensitivity and immunity frominterference), new features (enhanced full-rate coding and extendedGSM bands) and sophisticated handover and frequency re-usealgorithms, optimizing the coverage and the spectrum efficiency of thesystem.

• Packaging and modularity concept due to high integration of advancedtechnology. This in turn contributes to a significant reduction inrequired floor space, size and equipment operating costs. This conceptis adapted to environmental constraints.

This product is designed and optimized for applications such as O2 BTSconfigurations, required in majority by the railway market.


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2.2 Nortel BTS 33

S8003Specifically designed for indoor installation, the S8003 Indoor BaseTransceiver Station (BTS) is a complete solution for macrocellular voiceand data applications that can deliver the high-capacity needed in cities aswell as wide-coverage in remote rural areas.

The S8003 BTS is also a platform for future data evolution of GSMnetworks ready to support GPRS and future EDGE services.


• High capacity accommodating up to 3 DRXs per cabinet in anoptimized and dense packaging.

• Best-in-class radio performance thanks to high receive sensitivityreceivers, unique interference cancellation and improved spatialdiversity algorithms along with high output power, providing optimum

coverage and link quality for both data and voice services.• High modularity concept due to high integration of advanced

technology. This in turn contributes to a significant reduction inrequired floor space, size and equipment operating costs. This conceptis adapted to environmental constraints and is leading to the besteconomic trade-off between initial and final capacity.

• Spectrum efficiency optimization with the support of the undisputedNortel Networks capacity features that provide high quality voice anddata services to a dense subscriber population in a limited spectrumand at competitive cost. These solutions include Fractional FrequencyReuse, Automated Cell Tiering and future AMR evolution.

• Industry leading transmission solution including high signalingconcentration on the Abis and drop and insert capability.

S8006Specifically designed for outdoor installation, the S8006 Outdoor BaseTransceiver Station takes advantage, in particular, of:

• Improved performance (very high receive sensitivity and immunity frominterference), new features (enhanced full-rate coding and extendedGSM bands) and sophisticated handover and frequency re-use

algorithms, optimizing the coverage and the spectrum efficiency of thesystem.

• Packaging and modularity concept due to high integration of advancedtechnology. This in turn contributes to a significant reduction inrequired floor space, size and equipment operating costs. This conceptis adapted to environmental constraints.


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This product is designed and optimized for deployment in a variety ofstreet locations, with regards to specific dimensions compared to the otherNortel BTS products.

For more information about the S8000 family, see Nortel GSM BTS

S8000/S8002/S8003/S8006 Fundamentals (411-9001-063).

2.2.3 S12000The 12000 BTS is available in indoor and outdoor versions.

The S12000 BTS is a platform for GSM networks supporting GPRS todayand ready for EDGE services.


• high capacity accommodating up to 12 TRXs per cabinet and 36 TRXsper site in an optimized and dense packaging

• best-in-class radio performance thanks to high receive sensitivityreceivers, unique interference cancellation and improved spatialdiversity algorithms along with high output power, providing optimumcoverage and link quality for both data and voice services

• High modularity concept due to high integration of advancedtechnology. This in turn contributes to a significant reduction inrequired floor space, size and equipment operating costs. This conceptis adapted to environmental constraints and is leading to the besteconomic trade-off between initial and final capacity.

• Spectrum efficiency optimization with the support of the undisputed

Nortel Networks capacity features that provide high quality voice anddata services to a dense subscriber population in a limited spectrumand at competitive cost. These solutions include Fractional FrequencyReuse, Automated Cell Tiering and future AMR evolution.

• compatibility with S8000 and BTS 18000, through site synchronization

• Industry leading transmission solution including high signalingconcentration on the Abis and drop and insert capability. As anexample, a single timeslot only is required for carrying the signalingof a S233 BTS.

The S12000 BTS product is designed for full growth capability of up to 12TRXs per cell in a sectorial configuration or 16 TRXs in an omnidirectionalsite.

Optionally, the S12000 BTS provides the Abis interface over IP. Inthis case, the S812000 BTS must be equipped with an IPM-USER orRIPM-USER.


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2.2 Nortel BTS 35

For more information about the S12000, see Nortel GSM BTS S12000 Fundamentals (411-9001-142).

2.2.4 BTS 6000The GSM BTS 6000 Outdoor is a medium capacity version of the BTS

18000. This family of BTS is based on a new highly integrated radiomodule (RM) that provides the equivalent of three GSM/GPRS/EDGEtransceiver channels including power amplifier function. This representsfurther integration of the successful single module DRX (Driver Receiver)approach for the receiver, transmitter, and frame processor used in Nortellegacy S8000 and S12000 BTS.

The BTS 6000 represents an unprecedented ratio between capacity andcompactness. The BTS 6000 provides continuity to the S8000 and S12000BTS by its ability to be operated as a synchronized site extension toincrease the capacity of existing S8000 or S12000 BTS sites.

The BTS 6000, which can contain 18 GSM carriers in three cabinets, is aplatform reducing the cost of ownership for GSM networks. The BTS 6000is able to address small to medium configurations such as S222, S111 orO3. In addition, dual band configurations can be supported.

The BTS 6000 is also a platform for future data evolution of GSM networkssupporting GPRS and EDGE services.

The BTS 6000 takes benefit of all the planned and future evolutions of theBTS 18000.

The BTS 6000 outdoor supports the railway application (GSM-R).

The BTS 6000 uses the latest technology to provide operators with:

• capacity accommodating up to 6 GSM TRXs per cabinet in anoptimized and dense packaging

• best-in-class radio performance utilizing:

— high sensitivity receivers

— unique interference cancellation and improved spatial diversityalgorithms along with high output power

— providing optimum coverage and link quality for both data and voiceservices

• high level of integration contributes to a significant reduction in requiredfloor space, size and equipment operating costs. This concept isadapted to stringent environmental constraints and is leading to thebest economic trade-off between initial and final capacity.


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• spectrum efficiency optimization with the support of the undisputedNortel capacity features that provide high quality voice and dataservices to a dense subscriber population in a limited spectrum and atcompetitive cost. These solutions include Fractional Frequency Reuse,Automated Cell Tiering and AMR support.

• compatibility with the S8000 or S12000 and BTS 18000, throughexisting site synchronization or through the possibility to reuse existingsite equipment (such as an S8000/S12000/BTS18000 Outdoor plinth)

• catalyst for operator evolution to 3G data services viaGSM/GPRS/EDGE and UMTS dual technology capabilities

• Industry leading transmission solution including high signalingconcentration on the Abis and drop and insert capability. As anexample, a single timeslot only is required for carrying the signaling ofa S333 BTS. An optional optical interface can also be proposed.

• future Evolution via the SPM card for data transport and potentialfor future functionality addition to the BTS through latest hardwaregeneration provision

Optionally, the BTS 6000 provides the Abis interface over IP. In this case,the BTS 6000 must be equipped with an IPM or RIPM.

For more information about the BTS 6000, see Nortel GSM BTS 6000 Fundamentals (411-9001-203).


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2.2 Nortel BTS 37

2.2.5 BTS 9000The BTS 9000 is proposed as an indoor version only. It can provide up to9 TRXs per cabinet. A BTS 9000 site is made of one to three BTS 9000cabinets.

The BTS 9000 supports the railway application (GSM-R).



2.2.6 BTS 18000The BTS 18000 is proposed in standard in two main versions:

• BTS 18000 indoor: BTS 18010 or BTS 18010 NG2

• BTS 18000 outdoor: BTS 18020 or BTS 18020 NG

Both can provide up to 18 TRXs per cabinet.


BTS 18000 possible usesThe BTS 18000, which is meant for various operating environments:

• replaces the BTS S8000 or BTS S12000 in Nortel Networks portfolio

for greenfield site deployments• provides continuity to the BTS S8000 and BTS S12000 by its ability

to be operated in a synchronized collocation mode, to increase thecapacity of existing S8000 or S12000 sites

BTS 18000 featuresThe BTS 18000 offers a set of features enhancing the Quality of Serviceand the spectrum efficiency of the network such as:

• full support of GPRS data services

• full support of EDGE 8PSK modulation• guaranteed -110 dBm dynamic single-branch receive sensitivity (GMSK

modulation) at the BTS antenna, without any tower-mounted LowNoise Amplifier (LNA)

• improved receiver diversity gain using a Nortel Networks specificalgorithm, providing 5 dB or more diversity gain in most situations,when spatial diversity and de-correlated antennas are used


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• high output power with a 30W or 40W Power Amplifier (PA), and anoptional 60W High Power Amplifier

• dual-band GSM configurations with single-BCCH, built in a single or inmultiple BTS 18000 cabinets

• enhanced voice quality due to an innovative algorithm of interferencecancellation significantly reducing the end-user’s perception of errorsgenerated in the radio transmission

• full RF power control range (static and dynamic)

• spectrum efficiency optimization with the support of the undisputedNortel Networks capacity features that provide high quality voice anddata services to a dense subscriber population, in a limited spectrumand at competitive cost

These solutions include Fractional Frequency Reuse, Automated CellTiering and Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) support.

• best-in-class radio performance thanks to high sensitivity receivers,unique interference cancellation and improved spatial diversityalgorithms along with high output power, providing optimum coverageand link quality for both data and voice services

• high integration of advanced technology

This in turn contributes to a significant reduction in required floorspace, size and equipment operating costs. This concept is adapted tostringent environmental constraints and is leading to the best economictrade-off between initial and final capacity.

In addition, the BTS 18000 supports asymmetrical radio configurations

such as S963 in one cabinet.

• Compatibility with the BTS S8000 and BTS S12000:

— through existing site synchronized co-location,

— through the possibility to re-use existing site equipment (such as anS8000/S12000 outdoor plinth).

As an example, a single timeslot is only required for carrying thesignaling of a S333 BTS. Only two PCM timeslots over the Abisinterface are required for each 8-radio timeslot TRX. For signaling,only one PCM timeslot is required, with configurations up to S333.

• only three PCM timeslots are required, with configurations up to S999• only six PCM timeslots are required, with configurations up to

S18.18.18

The BTS 18000 can support eight E1/T1 PCM links, with a granularityof four E1/T1 per IFM board.

The drop-and-insert capability is used to reduce the number ofPCM links needed to connect the BTSs to their BSC. This can be


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2.2 Nortel BTS 39

implemented through chain connection or loop connection, dependingon the level of reliability required. The BTS 18000 supports thedrop-and-insert function exactly the same way as the S8000 andS12000 BTSs do. Therefore, it is possible to have the S8000, S12000and BTS 18000 BTSs on the same chain or loop.

• GSM/GPRS/EDGE and UMTS dual technology capabilities for operatorevolution to 3G data services



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2.3 Nortel BSCThe Nortel BSC is the BSC 3000.

2.3.1 BSC 3000 functional architectureThere are two types of BSC 3000:

• the electrical BSC 3000

• the optical BSC 3000

The BSC 3000 functional architecture is based on the following features:

• ability to handle varying traffic loads

• adaptability to different equipment structures

• highly fault tolerant architecture

• easy maintenance platform

• robust and scalable platform

• reliable and high-performance of management

Optionally, the electrical BSC 3000 provides the Abis interface over IP. Inthis case, it must be equipped with an IPG module.

For more information about the BSC 3000, see Nortel GSM BSC 3000/TCU 3000 Fundamentals (411-9001-126).

2.4 Nortel TCUThe Nortel TCU is the TCU 3000.

2.4.1 TCU 3000 functional architectureThe TCU 3000 functional architecture is based on the following features:

• the ability to handle different traffic loads

• the adaptability to different equipment structures

• the commitment to a functional approach

• a highly fault tolerant architecture

• an easy maintenance platform:

— each module has the same looking and the same visual indicators — network connections are concentrated in an unique and easy

access cable transition unit

— path finding is used to identify the faulty module

• simplified and opened network management

• a robust and scalable platform:


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2.5 PCUSN 41

— a star architecture which provides accurate and immediate faultdetection

— scalability: the equipment capacity can be increased by simplyplugging in a new processing module

• the use of a 64 kbps Timeswitch for the BSC 3000 connection with theMSC

This function is divided as follows:

— switching matrix management

— S-link monitoring

• PCM link management

• transcoder management

• transcoding and rate adaptation

• synchronization of the time base on the clock taken from six of thePCM links connected to the MSC or from an internal reference clock

• terminating the LAPD links, from the BSC 3000, which carries:

— permanent links for the CallP and the OAM functions

— temporary links for the software downloading

For more information about the TCU 3000, see Nortel GSM BSC 3000/TCU 3000 Fundamentals (411-9001-126).

2.5 PCUSN

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS,also known as “EDGE”) are wireless packet data services that are anextension to the GSM network. The GPRS/EGPRS network infrastructureis implemented on the existing wireless infrastructure with the introductionof:

• the PCUSN (Packet Control Unit Support Node), in the BSS network

• the (E)GPRS Core Network, added to the NSS network

2.5.1 PCUSN introductionThe PCUSN is a separate node in the BSS that is used in order toprovide the specific packet processing (3GPP-defined Pack Control Unitfunctionality or PCU) of the GPRS. It provides the interworking functionbetween the BSS and the (E)GPRS Core Network. It is connected to theBSCs through the Agprs interface (Nortel proprietary) and to the SGSN ofthe (E)GPRS Core Network through the Gb interface (open).


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The PCUSN hardware was designed to meet certain objectives:

• modularity, so that the PCUSN shelf can be customized to suit currentor anticipated network requirements by adding specific assemblies asnecessary

• deployment of the PCUSN cabinet in both customer-premiseequipment and central office environments

• front access to replaceable assemblies

• front display of all alarm LEDs and status indicators

• systematic organization and management of a large number of cablesand cable types

• conformance to safety standards

For more information about the PCUSN, see Nortel GSM PCUSN

Fundamentals (411-9001-091).


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2.5 PCUSN 43

2.5.2 Gb over IPOptionally, the Gb interface can be provided over an IP network.

Figure 5Gb over IP

When an operating company deploys the Nortel GPRS/EDGE datasolution in its network, it has the option to run the Gb interface over anIP network (Gb over IP), instead of using frame relay as the transportmedium.

The Gb interface is the interface that connects the PCUSN to the SGSN,and thus, connects the BSS to the GSM packet core. The messagingand data involved in GPRS/EDGE packet data calls are transported inprotocol data units (PDU) defined by the BSS / GPRS Protocol (BSSGP).The BSSGP in turn runs over a network services layer which providesthe transport layer between the network service entities (NSE). In the Gbinterface the network service entities are the PCUSN and the servingGPRS support node (SGSN). In the case of Gb over IP, BSSGP andthe network services layer are transported on top of a connectionless


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UDP/IP stack, as opposed to a connection-oriented frame relay network.Throughout the discussion that follows, the term NSE refers to theBSC+PCUSN unless otherwise noted.

The network services layer is divided into two sub-layers: an upper layer,

the network service control (NSC) layer directly supports the BSSGPmessaging, while the lower sub-network services (SNS) layer providesthe communication services that connect the peer entities defined by theNSC layer. The SNS layer is dependent on the transmission medium used(frame relay or IP).

In order to provide end-to-end communication between the BSS andSGSN irrespective of the exact configuration of the Gb interface, theconcept of Network Service Virtual Connection (NS-VC) is used. NS-VCsare end-to-end virtual connections between the peer entities. An NS-VC isgiven by a pair of IP endpoints at the BSS and the SGSN. An IP endpoint

is an association of an IP address and an UDP port.

Gb over IP is supported on all PCUSN configurations with PCUSP or withPCUSPE2 having 4pEth100BaseT Functional Processors. Faceplate portsof the 4pEth100BaseT board, hosting the Gb/IP application, are used asI/O interfaces.

For more information, see Nortel GSM BSS Fundamentals—OperatingPrinciples (411-9001-007).

2.6 GSM-RFrom PC1, GSM for Railways (GSM-R) is supported in the BSC, TCU,PCUSN, and OMC-R provided that all the BTSs remain in V16.0.

2.6.1 IntroductionGSM-R (GSM for Railways) is a pan-European radio system which coversthe mobile telecommunication needs of the European railways. GSM-Ruses standard GSM technology and additional features customized forrailway operations. General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a major partof GSM-R for data transport.

Railway operations requirements are as follows:

• a dedicated network (infrastructure, dial plan, and others) with specificapplications (shunting, and others) and operational efficiency

• secured operations and a high reliability, especially in case ofemergency

• group communication facilities for working teams

• interoperability with:


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2.7 Nortel OAM 45

— existing railway communication infrastructures

— international railway communication networks

— public communication networks

GSM-R is also designed to reduce operational costs.

Table 2Frequency bands supported by the railway application

Name Uplink (mobile

transmit, base receive)

Downlink (basetransmit, mobile

receive)

E-GSM (extended GSM) 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz

P-GSM (Primary GSM) 890-915 MHz 935-960 MHz

R-GSM 876-915 MHz 921-960 MHz

For more information about GSM-R, see Nortel GSM BSS Fundamentals—Operating Principles (411-9001-007).

2.7 Nortel OAM2.7.1 OMC-R

The Operations and Maintenance Center-Radio (OMC-R) manages theGSM Access Network, including the BSC, TCUs and a wide range ofBTSs. The PCUSN is supported as part of the GPRS program.

The OMC-R has most of the functions found on a full Nortel service DataManagement, including Fault Management, Configuration, Performance,

Security and Administration functions.

The OMC-R is based on a Sun client-server architecture that consists ofthree subsystems:

• server

• client workstations

• communication network that links the server and workstations

The OMC-R should be perceived as a subsystem itself and not as an openUNIX box. Third party software not approved or sanctioned by Nortel must

not be used on the OMC-R. Using third party software may jeopardizesystem security, integrity, and performance.

The following actions are recommended to maintain system security andperformance:


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• The OMC-R is a real time platform environment that must not be usedas a workstation.

• Nortel does not recommend that you perform any scripting on thesystem.

• Limit the number of users that can be connected.

• Root account and password must be closely guarded and controlled.

• New UNIX accounts must not be created for the system. Only UNIXaccounts provided must be used on the system.

The OMC-R can be synchronized to an atomic clock through a radiosignal.

IBOSThe IBOS is used in case of the Abis interface provided through an IP

network. The IBOS applications act as:• an authentication server for the BTS (IPM) and the IPG-IPM

connection set-up

• an OAM node in charge of the non-GSM FM, PM, and CM functions forthe IPM, as well as the IPM software storage and download

OMC-R locationThe OMC-R is connected to a set of BSSs.

Physically, the OMC-R is in a room that contains the equipment described

in the "OMC-R physical architecture" chapter.

Furthermore, some of the OMC-Rs interactive equipment (remote stations,RACE) can be located and used remotely to meet specific operatingrequirements such as operation and maintenance from BSS sites.

The OMC-R is made up of the following two logical entities:

• a local manager

• an agent (the MD-R)

The two entities communicate by means of an internal Q3 interface exceptfor the purposes of the notification management function.

The Q3 interface can also be used as an external interface to enable theMD-R to communicate with a remote manager.

The following figure shows the position of the OMC-R in the GSM network.


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2.7 Nortel OAM 47

Figure 6Position of the OMC-R in the GSM network

For more information about the OMC-R, see Nortel GSM OMC-R Fundamentals (411-9001-006).


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2.7.2 RACEThe Remote ACcess Equipment (RACE) consists of a portable PC runninga web browser. It communicates with the RACE server (hosted by anOMC-R workstation) by means of the telephone network (PSTN). TheRACE server is connected to the OMC-R LAN.

The RACE can be used to carry out BSS maintenance and operationtasks. It is equipped with the same functions as an OMC-R workstationwith some exceptions such as security management functions.

For more information about the RACE, see Nortel GSM RACE Fundamentals and Commands Reference (411-9001-127).

2.8 Nortel software toolsThe Nortel software tools are the following:

• CT2000

• CT/CPT

• WPS for PCUSN

• TML

— TML for BTS (TIL)

— TML for BSC 3000/TCU 3000

2.8.1 CT2000CT2000 is the Nortel GSM/GPRS EDGE BSS configuration product.

The CT2000 allows the operator to configure all the Nortel BSSs andgives a graphic representation of all BSS network elements and links. TheCT2000 can manage several OMC-Rs.

The CT2000 is a high-performance tool that will help you designand configure (BSS datafill) a BSS network, based on GSM/GPRSrecommendations.

The main objective of the CT2000 is to allow you to:

• perform the initial configuration of a BSS network

• extend and optimize the configuration of an existing BSS network.

To perform these operations, the CT2000 manages BSS data coming fromvarious sources:


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• input data such as DRF Data Request Forms (BSS networkparameters in ASCII file format) issued by Customer BSS NetworkDesign tools, and database import coming from the OMC-R

• output data such as formatted DRF, NRP (Network Reconfiguration

Procedure) files, and command files to be executed on the OMC-R.

The following figure shows the position of the CT2000 in an operatornetwork.


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Figure 7CT2000 position in an operator network


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It also provides a centralized view of all BSS network parameters(frequency plans, hand-over, power control and radio resourcemanagement).

The CT2000 is compliant with Nortel BSS and telecommunication systems:

• GSM 850, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, and e-GSM

• GSM-R

• GPRS-Access

For more information about the CT2000, see Nortel GSM CT2000 Fundamentals (411-9001-148).

2.8.2 CT/CPTCT/CPT introduction

The CT/CPT (Call Trace/Call Path Trace analyzer) has three functions:

• Call Tracing: this consists in activating a trace session on a particularcommunication identified by the mobile identity.

• Call Path Tracing: this consists in tracing all the communicationssupported by the BSC with respect to a particular object or equipment(cell, TRX, terrestrial circuit).

• Cell Tiering: this consists in allocating the worst communications to thenon-hopping frequencies and the best communications to the hoppingfrequencies.

Data provided by the Call Trace/Call Path Trace analyzer are collectedand stored on the OMC-R server.

The Call Trace/Call Path Trace analyzes SDO files located on the CT/CPTserver or on the local PC hard disk.

The Call Trace/Call Path Trace analyzes SDO files located on a server(CT/CPT or SDO) using a connection to the server or on the local PC harddisk.

The Call Trace/Call Path Trace architecture is described in the following

figure:


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Figure 8Call Trace / Call Path Trace architecture

Two modes can be used:

• Remote - Connection to the server• Local - Work from the local hard drive

Before performing an analysis, you can choose to work either in localmode or in remote mode.

For more information about the CT/CPT, see Nortel GSM BSS Performance Management - CT/CPT User Guide (411-9001-060).

2.8.3 WPS for PCUSNWPS for PCUSN is an advanced tool for off-line configuration

(provisioning). It works with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) featuringWindows-Explorer™ like tree of managed objects and parameters tabulardisplay with sorting capabilities.

It provides task-oriented configuration wizards with intuitive graphicalsupport and on-line contextual help. These wizards simplify theprovisioning tasks by relying on extensive use of templates and embeddedengineering rules.


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WPS for PCUSN allows the user to:

• configure a PCUSN (creation, deletion or update)

• retrieve/restore data configuration

• check the network consistency• audit the network configuration

WPS for PCUSN provides configuration data import and exportcapabilities. It uses an OMC-R based conversion module that supportsdata exchange between PCUSN(s) and WPS.

The process of WPS for PCUSN is shown in the following figure.

Figure 9WPS for PCUSN process

This conversion module allows the user to:

• retrieve PCUSN configuration and convert it into a snapshot file (inXML format)

• import snapshot files or user-generated workorders (in XML format)

• then convert them into PCUSN-specific configuration command script(CAS commands) to be processed by the PCUSN

For more information about WPS for PCUSN, see Nortel GSM WPS for PCUSN Fundamentals (411-9001-802).


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2.8.4 TML/TILWithin a global GSM 900, GSM 1800, or GSM 1900 network, the majorpart of Base Station Subsystem maintenance activities are centralizedat the OMC-R, as defined in CCITT recommendations. In some cases,however, the information required by maintenance teams cannot be

centralized and the operator needs to perform procedures that the OMC-Rdoes not support.

On-site BSS maintenance, therefore, refers to all the operationsundertaken outside the OMC-R through a local maintenance terminal,called the TML, connected to one of the following:

• BTS

• BSC

• TCU

The TIL components are shown in the following figure.

Figure 10On-site maintenance terminal (TIL components)


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TML for BTS (TIL)BTS maintenance operations are performed on-site through a specialterminal, called the TIL, which uses specific tools for each functional entity.A hardware device (PC) and a dedicated package of boards, software, and

cables support the complete tool set.

The tool set includes the following:

• BTS on-site maintenance terminal (TIL RTC) for that supports thefollowing:

— BCF maintenance test software tool (TIB)

— FP maintenance test software tool (TIF)

• BTS on-site maintenance terminal (TIL COAM) for S12000 and S8000(CSWM or CBCF), S8002 BTS, S8003 BTS, and S8006 BTS

The TIL is compatible with Windows Vista.

For more information about the TIL, see Nortel GSM BTS Commissioning and Configuration - TML User Guide (411-9001-051).

TML for BSC 3000/TCU 3000The TML for BSC 3000/TCU 3000 works in two ways:

• With equipment off-line and OMC-R link out of service

The TML allows the user to perform tests after an equipmentinstallation.

• With equipment on-line processing traffic and OMC-R in or out ofservice

The TML application allows the user to:

— perform corrective maintenance tasks

— investigate and locate any product problem

With BSC/ TCU 3000 products, preventive maintenance automatic testsare performed by the nominal software. Their results are periodically sentto the OMC-R. So, the TML 3000 is not used in a preventive maintenancecontext.

A TML software release supports English and French languages.

The TML is compatible with Windows Vista.

For more information about TML for BSC 3000/TCU 3000, see Nortel GSM BSC 3000/TCU 3000 Commissioning and Configuration - TML User Guide (411-9001-139).


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57.

Chapter 3 Regulatory information

3.1 Specific regulatory information3.1.1 United States of America

The products comply with Part 68 of the FCC rules. Each equipmentcontains a label that gives the FCC registration. If requested, thisinformation must be provided to the telephone company.

Each product uses the following standard connections and codes:

Table 3

Regulatory information

USOC CODE RJ-48H

Service Order Code 6.OF

S8000 Outdoor BTS

Facility Interface Code: 04DU9-BN, 04DU9-DN, 04DU9-1KN,04DU9-1SN

USOC CODE —

Service Order Code 6.OF

BTS 18000

Facility Interface Code: 04DU9-BN, 04DU9-DN, 04DU9-1KN,

04DU9-1SN

If the equipment causes harm to the telephone network, thetelephone company will notify the customer in advance that temporarydiscontinuance of service may be required. But if advanced notice is notpractical, the telephone company will notify the customer as soon aspossible. Also the customer will be advised of his right to file a complaintwith the FCC if he believes it is necessary.

The telephone company may make changes in its facilities, equipment,

operations or procedures that could affect the operation of the equipment.If this happens, the telephone company will provide advance notice inorder for the customer to make necessary modifications to maintainuninterrupted service.

No repairs can be performed by the user. In case of trouble with thisequipment and for repair and warranty information, please contact:


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58 Chapter 3 Regulatory information

NORTEL NETWORKS400 North IndustrialRichardson, Texas 75081U.S.A.Tel (972) 684-1000

If the equipment is causing harm to the telephone network, the telephonecompany may request that the customer disconnects the equipment untilthe problem is resolved.

This equipment cannot be used on public coin phone service providedby the telephone company. Connection to party line service is subjectto state tariffs. Contact the state public utility commission, public servicecommission or corporation commission for information.


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3.1 Specific regulatory information 59

3.1.2 CanadaNOTICE: The Industry Canada Label identifies certified equipment. Thiscertification means that the equipment meets telecommunications networkprotective, operational and safety requirements as prescribed in theappropriate Terminal Equipment Technical Requirements document(s).

The Department does not guarantee the equipment will operate to theuser’s satisfaction.

Before installing this equipment, users should ensure that it is permissibleto be connected to the facilities of the local telecommunications company.The equipment must also be installed using an acceptable methodof connection. The customer should be aware that compliance withthe above conditions may not prevent degradation in service in somesituations.

Repairs to certified equipment should be coordinated by representative

designated by the supplier. Any repairs or alterations made by theuser to this equipment, or equipment malfunctions, may give thetelecommunications company cause to request the user to disconnect theequipment.

Users should ensure for their own protection that the 1 electrical groundconnections of the power utility, telephone lines and internal metallic waterpipe system, if present, are connected together. This precaution may beparticularly important in rural areas.

DANGERElectric shock

Users must not make such connections themselves, butshould contact the appropriate electric inspection authority, orelectrician, as appropriate.


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3.2 Human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields3.2.1 United States of America and Canada

Regulatory bodies in the US, Federal Communications Commission(FCC), and Canada, Health and Welfare, are imposing EMR limits. FCC’sOET Bulletin #65 addresses calculation and measurement procedures to

determine compliance with the FCC limits which includes the 800 MHzcellular and 1.9 GHz bands. The equipment and its associated deploymentmust comply with NCRP Report No.86, "Biological Effects and ExposureCriteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields". This standard islargely based on the limits and test methods outlined in IEEE C95.1-1982and C95.3-1982 respectively.

This requirement officially takes effect Jan.1/97, but should apply to allknown sites since existing facilities are not exempt or grandfathered fromthe new rules.

The FCC has determined that certain sites will require "EnvironmentalEvaluations" in order to show compliance to the standards. Adhering tothese guidelines can ensure compliance to the standard, and thereforecan be the basis for the Environmental Evaluation. Please note thatsome installations do not require such an evaluation, exceptions arenoted further in this document, but adherence to these guidelines are stillrecommended to promote safety. Environmental Evaluations are kept onhand, as opposed to filed with the FCC, unless it is requested by them forsubstantiation.

Where NORTEL NETWORKS is responsible for installing or engineeringbase stations the person in charge should be aware of and have

access to documentation for making an Environmental Evaluation. Also,NORTEL NETWORKS will need to provide assurances to the FCC thatEnvironmental Evaluations have been conducted for each radio stationthat uses our Experimental Radio License, or STA, where the stationtransmits at 100 Watt ERP or more.

The objective of the Environmental Evaluation is to ensure that humanexposure to RF energy does not go beyond the maximum permissiblelevels stated in NCRP No.86. Therefore certain sites do not requirean evaluation by nature of its design. It could be that the antennas areplaced high enough thereby resulting in extremely low RF fields by the

time it reaches areas that would be accessible to people. Environ mentalevaluations are required for broadband GSM 1900, Part 24 Subpart E:

• non-rooftop antennas: height of radiation center < 10 m above groundlevel and 12000 W ERP (3280 W EIRP)

• rooftop antennas: total power of all channels > 2000 W ERP (3280 WEIRP)


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3.2 Human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields 61

An environmental evaluation must be prepared, regardless of the aboveconditions, should the site be located in any one of the areas mentionedbelow:

• Wilderness Area

• Wildlife Preserve

• Endangered Species Area

• Historical Site

• Indian Religious site

• Flood Plain (100 yrs)

• Wetlands

• High intensity lights in residential neighborhoods

RF energy from other people’s equipment must be considered whensharing antenna sites. The total RF must be within the limits for exposure.All parties sharing that site are accountable unless the RF energy fromtheir system contributes less than 1% of the total energy. Therefore, whendeploying at a shared site, it is recommended that measurements aremade at that site prior to its acquisition.

If an Environmental Evaluation shows that the EMR limits are exceeded,then an Environmental Assessment must be made and filed with the FCCthat justifies why the limits in this case can be exceeded. The FCC wouldthen review this Assessment and make a judgement whether or not itsacceptable.

Safe distance formulae for base stations.

Uncontrolled refers to situations where individuals are either unaware ornot in control of their exposure to the electromagnetic fields in question.This typically pertains to the general public.

Controlled refers to situations where individuals are aware and in controlof their exposure to the electromagnetic fields in question. This typicallypertains to trained staff that are in contact with these fields as a result oftheir employment.


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If it is important for trained personnel to gain access to an area whichexceeds the controlled limits, access can still be allowed given thefollowing conditions:

• Mount appropriate warning signs to make sure they are cognizant

of the danger and can therefore take any of the following steps tominimize exposure. An example of such a sign is as follows:

This equipment emits electromagnetic radiation. You should not comeinto contact with this equipment while it is being operated."

• Use RF shielding

• Turn off or reduce the transmit power

• Control time of exposure. The controlled limits are averaged over 6minutes, therefore one could reduce their exposure by almost 50% ifworking in proximity for only 3 minutes at a time.

• RF protective clothing could reduce power density levels by as muchas 10dB.

For more complete Antenna Siting Guidelines, please refer to thedocument SI-EMR-R01.0.

3.2.2 EuropeNo European legislation is in place regarding Maximum PermissibleExposure to electromagnetic fields. Nevertheless, there is a project whichreference is ENV 50166.

Guidelines outlined above for America and Canada can be retained, in so

far as they are very close to the European project. For further information,please contact your NORTEL NETWORKS representative.


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3.3 Electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC) 63

3.3 Electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC)3.3.1 United States of America and Canada

GSM 1900 productsGSM 1900 products are classified under two categories:

• Class A devices: S4000C Indoor, BSC 3000/TCU 3000• Class B devices: S12000 Indoor, S12000 Outdoor, S2000E Outdoor,

S8000 Outdoor, BTS 18000

For a Class A digital Device This equipment generates, uses, and canradiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordancewith the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radiocommunications. This equipment has been tested and found to complywith the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCCRules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against

harmful interference in a commercial environment. If this equipment isused in a residential area, it may cause harmful interference that you mustfix at your own expenses.

For a Class B digital Device This equipment has been tested and foundto comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonableprotection against harmful interference in a residential installation. Thisequipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and,if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, maycause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there isno guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.

If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or televisionreception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on,the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or moreof the following measures:

• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.

• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.

• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that towhich the receiver is connected.

• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

For all BTSs only:This Base Station has been evaluated under IEEE C95.1 requirements,regarding safety levels with respect to human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, 3kHz to 300 GHz. The leakage fields


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and equivalent power densities are orders of magnitude less than themaximum permissible exposures (MPEs) given in the IEEE safetyguidelines.

3.3.2 Europe and others

This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energyand, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual,may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, thereis no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or televisionreception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on,the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference.

The EMC requirements have been selected to ensure an adequate level ofcompatibility for apparatus at residential, commercial, and light industrialenvironments. The levels however, do not cover extreme cases which may

occur in any location but with low probability of occurrence. In particular, itmay not cover those cases where a potential source of interference whichis producing individually repeated transient phenomena, or a continuousphenomena, is permanently present, e.g. a radar or broadcast site in thenear vicinity. In such a case it may be necessary to either limit the sourceof interference, or use special protection applied, to the interfered part,or both.

Compliance of radio communications equipment to the EMC requirementsdoes not signify compliance to any requirement related to the use of theequipment (i.e. licensing requirements).

These products are compliant with the relevant parts of the followingspecifications:

Table 4Specifications

S2000E Indoor /S2000EOutdoor BTS

S8002 BTS

89/336/EEC (EMC directive) 89/336/EEC (EMC directive)

ETS 300 342 - 2 Nov. 1994 p ETS 300 342 - 3 may 1997

GSM 11.20 GSM 11.21

e-cell BTS 18000


EN 61000-4-6 EN301908-1 & -3

EN 61000-4-11

S8000 Indoor BTS S8000 Outdoor BTS


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3.5 Cable specifications 65

Table 4Specifications (cont’d.)


p ETS 300 342 - 3 MAY 1997 p ETS 300 342 - 3 MAY 1997

GSM 11.21 GSM 11.20

S12000 Indoor BTS S12000 Outdoor BTS


p ETS 300 342 - 3 MAY 1997 p ETS 300 342 - 3 MAY 1997

GSM 11.21 GSM 11.20

BSC 3000 TCU 3000


EN 300 386 V1.2.1 ETS 300 342 - 2 NOV 1994

3.4 Operating conditions3.4.1 For all countries

EMC compliance of the product is based on the following operatingconditions (called normal operation):

• doors closed and/or cover in place

• external cables of the same type as specified by NORTELNETWORKS

• no modification of any mechanical or electrical characteristics of theproduct

Any change or modification made to the product without written approvalfrom NORTEL NETWORKS does not engage NORTEL NETWORKS’responsibility any more.

3.5 Cable specifications3.5.1 For all countries

The compliance to EMC requirements in force (89/336/EEC) hasbeen verified using cables as specified by NORTEL NETWORKS. Thecontinuing compliance of the product relied upon the correct cablingscheme, as specified by NORTEL NETWORKS.

Refer to the installation guide for details on cable specifications.


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3.6 PCM requirements3.6.1 United States of America

This equipment complies with Part 68 of the FCC rules. The equipmentlabel contains, among other information, the FCC registration numberfor this equipment. Upon request of the telephone company, you should

provide the FCC registration number of the equipment which is connectedto your T1 line.

No repair can be performed by the user. If trouble is experienced with thisequipment, please contact your NORTEL NETWORKS representativeoffice. If the trouble is causing harm to the public network, the telephonecompany may request you remove the equipment from the network untilthe problem is resolved.

3.6.2 CanadaThis equipment has been certified by the Industry Canada under CS03

requirements. The equipment label shows the certification number. Thiscertification means that the equipment meets telecommunications networkprotective, operational and safety requirements as prescribed in theappropriate Terminal equipment technical requirements document(s). Thedepartment dose not guarantee the equipment will operate to the user’ssatisfaction.

Before installing this equipment, users should ensure that it is permissibleto be connected to the facilities of the local telecommunications company.The equipment must also be installed using an acceptable methodof connection. The customer should be aware that compliance withthe above conditions may not prevent degradation in service in some

situations.

Repairs to certified equipment should be coordinated by representativedesignated by the supplier. Any repairs or alterations made by theuser to this equipment, or equipment malfunctions, may give thetelecommunications company cause to request the user to disconnect theequipment.

Users should ensure for their own protection that the electrical groundconnection of the power utility, telephone lines and internal metallic waterpipe system, if present, are connected together. This precaution may be

particularly important in rural areas.

Users should not attempt to make such connections themselves, butshould contact the appropriate electric inspection authority, or electrician,as appropriate.


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3.7 Radio approvals 67

3.6.3 EuropeCompliance of the product to European PCM requirements has beenverified against standards CTR 12 and TBR 13. They cover essentialrequirements (directive 91/263/EEC) for the physical and electricalcharacteristics of the terminal equipment interface, unstructured leased

lines (U2048S) and structured leased lines (D2048S).

Conformance to these requirements does not guarantee end-to-endinteroperability.

Conformance to these requirements does not guarantee user safety orsafety of employees of public telecommunications networks operators, inso far as these requirements are covered by the Low Voltage Directive73/23/EEC.

3.7 Radio approvals

3.7.1 United States of AmericaFor all BTSs only:

This equipment complies with Part 24 Subpart E of the FCC rules. Theequipment label contains, among other information, the transmitter(TX) FCC registration number for this equipment. Upon request of thetelephone company, you should provide the TX FCC registration numberof the equipment.

Compliance of radio communications equipment to the FCC Part 24Subpart E requirements does not signify compliance to any requirementrelated to the use of the equipment (i.e. licensing requirements).

3.7.2 CanadaFor all BTSs only:

This equipment complies with RSS 133 of the DOC rules. The equipmentlabel contains, among other information, the DOC registration numberfor this equipment. Upon request of the telephone company, you shouldprovide the DOC registration number of the equipment.

Compliance of radio communications equipment to the DOC RSS 133requirements does not signify compliance to any requirement related to the

use of the equipment (i.e. licensing requirements).

3.7.3 Europe and othersThere is a specific radio approval procedure for each country. It is notpossible to list all the applicable approvals, since they will be dependant onmarkets and products. Please contact your local NORTEL NETWORKSrepresentative for more information.


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3.8 Product labeling3.8.1 United States of America

To indicate compliance with FCC requirements, this device bears thefollowing statement in a conspicuous location on the device:

• This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is

subject to the following two conditions:

— (1) This device may not cause harmful interference

— (2) This device must accept any interference received, includinginterference that may cause undesired operation.

• TX FCC ID: xxxxxxxxx (FCC Part 24 compliance)

• FCC ID: xxxxxxxxx Complies with part 68, FCC rules

• Manufacturer’s name

• Model Number

• Equipment designation: Example = S8000 Outdoor BTS GSM 1900

The label may be located inside or outside the product, provided that theuser and/or maintenance people will have the information when workingon the product.

3.8.2 CanadaTo indicate compliance with the Canadian Standards, the device bears alabel stating that the unit complies with all conditions set out in the specialpermission. Suggested text for the notice indicating compliance with thisStandard:

• This Class (*) digital apparatus meets all requirements of the CanadianInterference-Causing Equipment Regulations.

• CANADA ID: xxxxxxxxxx (RSS 133 compliance)

• CANADA ID: xxxxxxxxxx (CS03 compliance)


• Model Number


(*) has to be replaced by A or B depending on the product, as

following:• Class A devices: S2000 Indoor, S2000E Indoor, S4000/S4000C

Indoor, S4000 Outdoor, BSC 12000HC, TCU

• Class B devices: S2000E Outdoor, S8000 Outdoor, BTS18000.


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3.9 RoHS compliancy 69


3.8.3 Europe and others

To indicate compliance with the European Directives (EMC, Low Voltage,Terminal), this device bears the following label in a conspicuous locationon the device:

• CE 0188 X


• Model Number


• Any labeling requirement specific to a market (e.g. Type Approval)


3.9 RoHS compliancy3.9.1 RoHS directive

The RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) directive imposesrestrictions on the type and quantity of materials used in the manufacturingand construction of Electronic and Electrical Equipment (EEE).

The directive is not applicable to spare parts for the repair, or the reuse, of

electrical and electronic equipment put on the market before 1 July 2006.

For details concerning Nortel’s environmental strategy, refer to:www.nortel.com


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http://www.nortel.com/

http://www.nortel.com/





411-9001-001 18.07 29 January 2010





Nortel GSM BSS OverviewRelease: V18.0 PC2

Publication: 411-9001-001

Document revision: 18.07

Document release date: 29 January 2010


While the information in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable, except as otherwise expressly agreed to in writing

NORTEL PROVIDES THIS DOCUMENT "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OR CONDITION OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS

OR IMPLIED. The information and/or products described in this document are subject to change without notice.

Nortel, Nortel Networks, the Nortel logo, and the Globemark are trademarks of Nortel Networks.

All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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