Grundlagen der TENS - paincourse.com · TENS - an alternative to antiviral drugs for acute herpes...

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Grundlagen der TENS

Transcript of Grundlagen der TENS - paincourse.com · TENS - an alternative to antiviral drugs for acute herpes...

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Grundlagen der TENS

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TENS

II

t

Biphasischer Rechteckimpuls

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Johnson, 2000

TENS - physiologische Effekte 1Antidrome Effekte

Sofort- Effekt

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TENS - physiologische Effekte 2Gate-Control

SchmerzreizviaAδ- und C- Fasern

EA - ImpulseviaAβ - und Aδ - Fasern

Hemmung

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TENS - physiologische Effekte 3Zentrale Neurotransmitter Freisetzung

Langsamer Effekt, wirkt über Stunden

• Endorphin

• Enkephalin

• Endomorphin

• Monoamine: Noradrenalin, Serotonin

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TENS - physiologische Effekte 4Reduktion des Schmerzgedächtnisses

„ Eine Umkehr der Sensibilisierung kann jedoch unter Umständen durch den Einsatzvon so genannten Gegenirritationsverfahren,.. z.B. durch TENS erfolgen....“

Sandkühler, 2001

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Indikationen, Evidenz

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Indikationen

Johnson, 2000

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n = 90- TENS ( n= 30)- placebo-TENS (n= 30)- control ( n= 30)

“ We conclude that TENS can be used as a pain relief therapy in unsedated screening colonoscopy.”

Pain relief by applying (TENS) during unsedated colonoscopy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Amer-Cuenca J et al. (2011) Eur J Pain 15(1)

Akuter Schmerz

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TENS - an alternative to antiviral drugs for acute herpes zoster treatment and postherpetic neuralgia prevention

“.. TENS may be safe adjunct or even alternative to antiviral drugs for treatment of acute Herpes zoster. It looks that TENS may be at leastas good as antiviral drugs…”

Koltek M (2012). Swiss Med Wkly 141:w13229

Retrospektive Studie, n=102

Akuter Schmerz

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Postoperative Schmerzen, S3 Leitlinie 2008

DIVS Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie e.V.

„Die zusätzliche Anwendung einer TENS-Stimulation wird nach einigen chirurgischen Eingriffen empfohlen.“

Empfehlungsgrad B: (A=sollte, B=soll, C=kann)

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Chronischer muskuloskeletaler Schmerz

Meta-Analyse

n=1227 in 38 Studien

„… ENS is an effective treatment modality for chronic musculoskeletal pain Previous equivocal results may have been due to underpowered studies.“

.M. Johnson et al. (2007) Efficacy of electrical nerve stimulation for chronic musculoskeletal pain: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain 130

Prof. M. Johnson

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Chronischer muskuloskeletaler Schmerz

Meta-Analyse

n=2268 in 38 Studien aus 3 aktuellen Cochrane Reviews

- nur 65% der Studien richtige Elektrodenplatzierung- nur 60% richtige Intensität- nur 15% geben korrekte Dosierung von min. 30 Min an

„Suboptimale Dosierung der TENS und eine fehlerhafte Auswertungwaren besonders häufige Gründe einer mangelnden Studienqualität.“

M. Bennett et al. (2011) Methological quality in randomised controlled trials of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain: Low fidelity may explain negative findings. Pain 152

Prof. M. Bennett

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TENSwichtigste Parameter

- Frequenz

- Intensität

- Dosierung

- Elektroden(Anlage, Größe, Polung,Typen)

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Hochfrequenz: 50 - 100 Hz

Niederfrequenz: 2 - 10 Hz

Frequenz2 Bereiche

- Schnell eintretende Analgesie

- Kurze Wirkdauer

- Segmentaler analgetischer Effekt

- Langsam eintretende Analgesie

- Lange Wirkdauer

- Generalisierter analgetischer Effekt

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Han-Stimulation

Enk Dyn Enk + Dyn

A

B2Hz2Hz 100Hz100Hz

30 6 9 12 15 S

Prof. Han

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FrequenzFaustregeln

- akuter Schmerz, primäre Hyperalgesie: eher hochfrequent

- chronischer Schmerz, sek. Hyperalgesie: eher niederfrequent

- ideal für fast alle Schmerzindikationen: Frequenzkombination nach Han

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•• deutlich spürbarer Strom, aber nicht schmerzhaft → Aß- Fasern, hochfrequente Stimulation

• deutlich spürbarer Strom mit Muskelzuckungen→ niederfrequente Stimulation

•• intensive, schmerzhafte Intensität→ Aß, A δ- Fasern

Intensität

3 Möglichkeiten:

Aß < motor. < A δ < C

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Muskelzuckungen nicht provozierbar?

100 Hz

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IntensitätFaustregeln

• Klassische nieder-/ hochfrequente Stimulation: nicht schmerzhaftes TENS, 30 min

• Kurzzeitstimulation bei akuten oder therapierefraktären Schmerzen:hochfrequentes, schmerzhaftes TENS, 1 min

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High frequency, high intensity transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation for pain relief after surgical abortion

- n = 200, randomized to Tens or max. 50µg Fentanyl iv

- 20 – 60 mA for 1 Minute; if necessary 1 repetition

„…TENS after surgical abortion induced a prompt onset,similar pain relief and a shorter visit in the recovery ward, compared with opiods“

Platon B et al. (2010) Pain 148(1)

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Dosierungnozizeptiver Schmerz

PENS, 15/30 Hz bei 65 Rückenschmerzpatienten

3x/ Woche über 2 Wochen

Hamza MA et al. (1999) Effect of the duration of electrical stimulation on the analgesic response in patients with low back pain. Anesthesiology 91,6:1622-7

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Dosierungneuropathischer Schmerz

vv mehrstündige Stimulation

(Wynn Parry, 1984)

v wichtig: Pausen einhalten, um eine Gewöhnung zu vermeiden

(Han,1998)

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DosierungBei gleichzeitiger Opioid - Medikation

• Opioide und TENS führen zur Entwicklung einer gegenseitigen Cross-Toleranz

(Salomon et al., 1980)

• Bei Opiat-Patienten reduzierte Analgesie durch niederfrequente TENS,

aber nicht hochfrequente TENS (Leonard et al., 2010)

• Zur Vermeidung einer Opioid-Toleranz hochfrequente TENS bevorzugen

und Anzahl der Behandlungen reduzieren (Chandran, 2003)

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Elektrodenpolung

Anode = positiver Pol= mehr analgetisch

Kathode = negativer Pol= weniger analgetisch

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ElektrodenpolungFaustregeln

•• Lokal:Anode auf den Hauptschmerzpunkt, Kathode in die Schmerzausstrahlung

II

tt

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ElektrodenanlageFaustregeln

v Elektrodenanlage lokal segmental im Schmerzgebiet

v Elektrodenanlage über dem peripheren Nerv

v Elektrodenanlage segmental paravertebral

v Elektrodenanlage kontralateral

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LWS - Syndrom

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Ischialgie

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ElektrodengrösseFaustregeln

Elektrodengröße richtet sich nach dem Schmerzareal

- großes Areal (oder Adipositas): grosse Elektroden oder 2- Kanalanlage

- kleines Areal: kleine Elektroden

- Punktstimulation: kleine Elektroden( Akupunkturpunkte, Triggerpunkte, Motorpunkte)

- tiefes Areal: kleine Elektroden verwenden und Elektrodenabstand vergrössern

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Elektrodentypen

z Handschuhe

z Socken

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TENS – Sonderformen

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z Frequenz: 2 Hz z Intensität: bis zum Auftreten von Muskelzuckungen z Indikation: - akuter und chronischer Schmerz

- Durchblutungsstörungenz Wirkcharakteristika : - langsamer Wirkungseintritt, anhaltende Wirkung

Niederfrequente, nicht-segmentale Stimulation nach Kaada

Anode

Kathode

Birger Kaada

TEAS: Transkutane elektrische Akupunkturpunkt-Stimulation

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Pain relief by applying TENS on acupuncture points during the first stage of labor: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Chao An-Shine et al. (2007) Pain 127,214-220

- n = 53- Li 4, Sp 6- 100 Hz, burst 2 Hz

„..TENS application on acupuncture points resulted in significantly better pain relief (0.001) than placebo in the first stage of labor.“

TEAS: Transkutane elektrische Akupunkturpunkt-Stimulation

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Kontraindikationen Elektrostimulation

• Anwender/-innen mit elektronischen Implantaten wie z.B. Herzschrittmacher oder Pumpen(Metallimplantate keine KI bei biphasischen Impulsen mit AKS)

• Anwenderinnen in der Schwangerschaft (Ausnahme Gebärschmerz)

• Anwender /-innen mit Epilepsie (individuelle Abwägung)

• Anwender/-innen mit Haut- /Schleimhauterkrankungen im Anwendungsbereich der Elektroden

• Anwender/-innen mit malignen (bösartigen) Erkrankungen im Anwendungsbereich

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Nebenwirkungen der Elektrostimulation

• Schmerzverstärkung

• Haut-/ Schleimhautiritationen

• Muskelschmerzen

• Herzrhythmusstörungen (Kreuzen der Herzachse vermeiden)

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VielenDank !

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Klinik der TENS

akuter Schmerz

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“..TENS reduces the VAS values during PDT when treating actinic keratoses located on scalp and face..“

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Pain Relief during Photodynamic Therapy of Actinic KeratosesHalldim c et al. (2008) Derm Vernerol 88:311-12

- n = 14- segmental 80 Hz

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Postoperativer Schmerz

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Postoperatives TENS nach Schultergelenkseingriffen

n= 30

6 mA, 80 Hz, paravertebral C 4/5

„..TENS post operative in surgery of the shoulder markly reduces pain and need of analgetics in the first 72 hours.“

R. Likar, M. Molnar, B. Disselhoff, R. Sittl (2001) Der Schmerz 15, 3

Prof. R. Likar

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Is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation effective in relieving postoperative pain after thoracotomy? A Review

7 von 9 RCTs positives TENS-Ergebniss

“…TENS in combination with postoperative medication is a safe and effective method to reduce postoperative pain and supports recovery of the patient.“

9 RCTs

Freynet A et al. (2009) European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery

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Spannungskopfschmerz

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Migraine and other Headache

Transcutaneous occipital nerve stimulation for implantation screening

n=21, refraktäre Kopfschmerzen (zervikal, Cluster, Migräne)

18deutliche Verbesserung

12 kein Eingriff

“The technique of transcutaneous occipital nerve stimulation appears to be an effective alternative to drug therapy in the treatment of headache and craniofacial pain“

Bougouin-Kuhn E. (2010) Abstract Congress IASP Montreal

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Klinik der TENS

chronischer Schmerz

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Primary care randomized clinical trial: manual therapy effectiveness in comparison with TENS in patients with neck pain

Both techniques produce a ..pain reduction that is clinically relevantof one-third of the patients 6 months after the intervention

Escortell-Mayor E et al. ( 2011) Manual Therapy 16:66-73

n = 90

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Pulsed radiofrequency vs. conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in painful shoulder: a prospective, randomised study

40 patients

- invasive group radiofrequency n. suprascapularis - TENS group

Significant improvement in pain, range of motion, shoulder disability index and reduction of analgetics in both groups

Korkmaz et al. (2010) Clinical Rehabilitation 24:1000-8

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Epikondylitis radialis

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Brousseau L et al. (2003). Cochrane Database Syst Rev

TENS for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in the hand

Prof. Brousseau

“AL-TENS is beneficial for reducing pain intensity and improving muscle power scores over placebo”

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Coxarthrose

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Short-term efficacy of physical interventions in osteoarthritic knee painA systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials

36 RCTs with 2434 patients

1391 patients received active treatment

„TENS, Electroacupuncture …..and low level laser therapy administered with optimal doses….seem to offer clinically relevant short-term pain relief for OAK.“

J. Björdal

Björdal J et al. (2007) BMC Musculoslelet Disord 22;8:51

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Diabetische Polyneuropathie

Assessment: Efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders

- 2 studies class II- 1 study class III

„Tens should be considered in treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy .“ (Level B)

Dubinsky R et al. (2010) Neurology 74, American Academy of Neurology

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ElektrodenanlagePolyneuropathie

N. peroneus com

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Feasibility study of transcutaneous electical nerve stimulation (TENS) for cancer bone painRandomised placebo controlled cross over study

n=24

“.. TENS has the potential to decrease pain on movement morethan pain on rest..“

Bennett M et al. (2010) J Pain 11,4: 351-359

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Indikationen

„Clinicans cannot assume that any particular pain will not respond to TENS.....“

Johnson et al. (1991) An in depth study of long-term users of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Pain, 44, 1

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Pantaleao M et al. (2011) J Pain 12,5

„..it is important to adjust the pulse amplitude during TENS application to get the maximal analgesic effect.“

n= 56

40 min TENS, pain pressure threshold

Adjusting pulse amplitude during TENS application produces greater hypoalgesia

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Akute Schmerzen

Akutes LWS Syndrom„Tens was found to be effective and rapid in reducing pain during emergency transport...“

Bertalanffy et al. (2005) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reducesacute low back pain during emergency transport Acad Emerg Med 12, 7

Nierenkolik

„This trial shows that local TENS is a rapid and effective treatment for renal colic pain...“

Mora et al. (2006) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an effective treatment for pain caused by renal colic in emergency care.The Journal of Urology 175

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Elektrodentypen

z SKE

z Silikongummi

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Anode (+)Basenentstehung

Kathode (-)Säureentstehung

Hautirritation

„Verbrennung“ durch Elektrostimulation

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AKS: Ausgangskurzschlußschaltung

ermöglicht Langzeittherapie ohne Hautschäden

AAAA

VV VV

ohne AKS mitohne AKS mit AKSAKS

0 V0 V0 A0 A

TENStem eco