Growth of ColoniesGrowth of Colonies

Growth of the ColoniesGrowth of the Colonies

► Pop. in 1700: Pop. in 1700: 250,000250,000

► Pop. In 1775: 2.5 Pop. In 1775: 2.5 millionmillion

► Reasons for growthReasons for growth—immigration and —immigration and large large families/healthy families/healthy livingliving

Life in New EnglandLife in New England

► Towns were centralized Towns were centralized and well organizedand well organized

► Every town center had Every town center had a a meeting housemeeting house

► Subsistence farming: Subsistence farming: produced just enough produced just enough to meet the needs of to meet the needs of their familiestheir families

► Farms were smaller in Farms were smaller in New EnglandNew England

CommerceCommerce

► Small businesses Small businesses were important to were important to life in New Englandlife in New England

►Waterpower provided Waterpower provided power to cut power to cut wood/grind grainwood/grind grain

► Blacksmiths, Blacksmiths, weavers, weavers, shoemakers, etc.shoemakers, etc.

► ShipbuildingShipbuilding► Fish industryFish industry

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

►Goods like tobacco, Goods like tobacco, sugar, cotton, furs sugar, cotton, furs go to Europego to Europe

► Cotton, woolens, Cotton, woolens, metal goods, guns, metal goods, guns, slave ships go to slave ships go to AfricaAfrica

► Slaves go to West Slaves go to West Indies and Southern Indies and Southern ColoniesColonies

Middle PassageMiddle Passage

► The act of shipping The act of shipping slaves to the West slaves to the West Indies/ColoniesIndies/Colonies

► Inhumane Inhumane conditionsconditions

►Disease and death Disease and death were common on were common on these shipsthese ships

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies

► Fertile soil and Fertile soil and warmer climate than warmer climate than the New England the New England ColoniesColonies

► Cash crops: crops Cash crops: crops that were sold for that were sold for profitprofit

► Large port citiesLarge port cities► Industry was very Industry was very

important (lumber, important (lumber, mining, mining, manufacturing)manufacturing)

Large German populationLarge German population

►More than 100,000 More than 100,000 Germans settled in Germans settled in the coloniesthe colonies

►Most settled in Most settled in PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

►Diversity, Diversity, Diversity, Diversity, DiversityDiversity

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies

► Rich soil and warm Rich soil and warm climate made farming climate made farming very importantvery important

► Commerce and Commerce and industry did not industry did not developdevelop

► Tobacco and Rice were Tobacco and Rice were the main cropsthe main crops

► Indentured Indentured servants/slaves worked servants/slaves worked the landthe land

FarmingFarming

► Tobacco in northern Tobacco in northern southern colonies: southern colonies: Maryland/VirginiaMaryland/Virginia

► Rice in South Rice in South Carolina and Carolina and GeorgiaGeorgia

► Southern economy Southern economy grew faster than grew faster than northern northern counterpartscounterparts

Tidewater vs. BackcountryTidewater vs. Backcountry

► Tidewater: flat Tidewater: flat region near the region near the coast that provided coast that provided large plantationslarge plantations

► Backcountry: region Backcountry: region around the around the Appalachian Appalachian Mountains where Mountains where there were smaller there were smaller farms and poorerfarms and poorer

Slave TradeSlave Trade

► Overseers: someone Overseers: someone hired by plantation hired by plantation owner to keep slaves owner to keep slaves workingworking

► Slave codes: rules Slave codes: rules governing slaves in governing slaves in AmericaAmerica

► Slaves kept their Slaves kept their cultural identity alive cultural identity alive even after being even after being separated from their separated from their clans/familiesclans/families

Trouble in EnglandTrouble in England► James II takes over James II takes over

for his father Charles for his father Charles IIII

► Parliament is not Parliament is not happy and they oust happy and they oust James II for his James II for his Protestant daughter Protestant daughter Mary and William of Mary and William of OrangeOrange

► Known as the Known as the Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution

► James is father and James is father and brother-in-law of brother-in-law of WilliamWilliam

English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights►William and Mary William and Mary

sign the English Bill sign the English Bill of Rightsof Rights

►Gave rights to all Gave rights to all citizenscitizens

►The English Bill of The English Bill of Rights helped Rights helped inspire Americans to inspire Americans to write our Bill of write our Bill of Rights 100 years Rights 100 years later.later.

How were the colonies How were the colonies viewed?viewed?► Mercantilism: nation’s Mercantilism: nation’s

power depended on power depended on expanding trade and expanding trade and increasing gold reservesincreasing gold reserves

► England used the England used the colonies for purely colonies for purely economic purposeseconomic purposes

► Navigation Acts: Navigation Acts: colonists had to use colonists had to use English ships (brought English ships (brought about smuggling)about smuggling)

► Could only use British Could only use British ships for trade – very ships for trade – very restrictiverestrictive

Colonial GovernmentColonial Government► Charter: Charter:

Connecticut/Rhode IslandConnecticut/Rhode Island► Proprietary: Delaware, Proprietary: Delaware,

Maryland, PennsylvaniaMaryland, Pennsylvania► Royal: Georgia, Royal: Georgia,

Massachusetts, New Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina and South Carolina and VirginiaVirginia

►Only white men could Only white men could votevote

The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening

► Attempt to bring about Attempt to bring about a ‘re-birth’ of religious a ‘re-birth’ of religious idealsideals

► A return to a strong A return to a strong faith of earlier days.faith of earlier days.

►George Whitefield was a George Whitefield was a well-known preacher well-known preacher and started revivals in and started revivals in 1739.1739.

►Many new churches Many new churches were started because of were started because of The Great Awakening.The Great Awakening.

Life in the ColoniesLife in the Colonies► Men were the formal Men were the formal

heads of the household.heads of the household.► Men were farmers and Men were farmers and

business owners.business owners.► Sons could be indentured Sons could be indentured

servants or apprentices: servants or apprentices: learning a craft or trade learning a craft or trade in the hopes of starting in the hopes of starting their own businesstheir own business

► Women could hold jobs, Women could hold jobs, but it was rare. They but it was rare. They took care of the house.took care of the house.

EducationEducation

►Massachusetts Bay Massachusetts Bay passed first education passed first education law in 1647.law in 1647.

► Each town that had 50 Each town that had 50 houses or more was houses or more was required to have a required to have a schoolschool

► Very high literacy rate Very high literacy rate for men.for men.

►Harvard College was Harvard College was first college founded in first college founded in 1636 by Puritans to 1636 by Puritans to educate men to be educate men to be ministers.ministers.

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

► The Enlightenment: The Enlightenment: movement where it movement where it was believed that was believed that knowledge, reason knowledge, reason and science could and science could improve societyimprove society

Conflict in the Great Lakes Conflict in the Great Lakes RegionRegion

► British colonists look British colonists look to expand west into to expand west into the Ohio River Valley the Ohio River Valley RegionRegion

► French settlers refuse French settlers refuse to give up landto give up land

► Competition between Competition between Britain and France Britain and France date back centuriesdate back centuries

France and Native AmericansFrance and Native Americans

► France let Native France let Native American maintain American maintain their identity and their identity and used Native used Native Americans as a Americans as a trading partnertrading partner

► Britain was not as Britain was not as friendly with the friendly with the Native AmericansNative Americans

►Native Americans Native Americans favored Francefavored France

Iroquois ConfederacyIroquois Confederacy

► Based in New York Based in New York and was comprised and was comprised of Native American of Native American tribes (alliance)tribes (alliance)

► Became allies with Became allies with the Britishthe British

► Created a buffer Created a buffer between French and between French and British coloniesBritish colonies

Colonist make their moveColonist make their move

►Gov. Robert Gov. Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia Dinwiddie of Virginia send George send George Washington to claim Washington to claim land for the colonistland for the colonist

►Was supposed to Was supposed to tell the French they tell the French they were trespassing; were trespassing; instead, came back instead, came back empty handedempty handed

George WashingtonGeorge Washington

► Was made a lieutenant Was made a lieutenant colonel of the Virginia colonel of the Virginia militiamilitia

► Goal was to build a fort Goal was to build a fort in what is present date in what is present date PittsburghPittsburgh

► French were already French were already there; thus, he built there; thus, he built Fort NecessityFort Necessity

► Washington was Washington was surrounded and surrounded and defeated by the Frenchdefeated by the French

Albany Plan of UnionAlbany Plan of Union

► Discussion by New Discussion by New England, New York, England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Pennsylvania, and Maryland to discuss Maryland to discuss threat of warthreat of war

► Goal was to work Goal was to work together to defend together to defend themselves and to themselves and to try and get the try and get the Iroquois on their sideIroquois on their side

Albany Plan continued…Albany Plan continued…

►Drafted by Benjamin Drafted by Benjamin FranklinFranklin

► Plan: one general Plan: one general government; single government; single elected legislature elected legislature that would assemble that would assemble troops/collect troops/collect taxes/regulate tradetaxes/regulate trade

► Plan failed because Plan failed because none of the colonies none of the colonies wanted to support itwanted to support it

Send in the troops!Send in the troops!

► British Gov’t was British Gov’t was worried the French worried the French were building too were building too many fortsmany forts

► Send General Send General Edward Braddock to Edward Braddock to command British command British forcesforces

►Goal: Drive out the Goal: Drive out the FrenchFrench

March on DuquesneMarch on Duquesne► 1,400 Red Coats 1,400 Red Coats

march to Fort march to Fort Duquesne Duquesne

► July 9 the French July 9 the French and Native and Native Americans Americans ambushed the ambushed the British forcesBritish forces

► British lose in bitter British lose in bitter defeatdefeat

British Declare War!British Declare War!► Seven Years’ War:Seven Years’ War:► Prussia (Germany) Prussia (Germany)

fought France in fought France in EuropeEurope

► Britain fought France Britain fought France in the Caribbean, the in the Caribbean, the colonies and Indiacolonies and India

► Britain was losing Britain was losing handedly until handedly until William Pitt became William Pitt became Prime Minister of Prime Minister of BritainBritain

War Plan!War Plan!

► Conquer French Conquer French Canada under the Canada under the leadership of Jeffrey leadership of Jeffrey Amherst/James Amherst/James WolfeWolfe

► Proved successful Proved successful as troops destroyed as troops destroyed Quebec on the Quebec on the Plains of AbrahamPlains of Abraham

Pitt Takes ChargePitt Takes Charge►William Pitt decided William Pitt decided

that Great Britain that Great Britain would pay for the would pay for the war supplies for the war supplies for the colonists – no colonists – no matter the cost.matter the cost.

► Pitt ran up an Pitt ran up an enormous debt.enormous debt.

► After the war, After the war, Britain raised the Britain raised the colonists’ taxes to colonists’ taxes to pay the debt.pay the debt.

Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

of 1763of 1763

► General Amherst captures General Amherst captures Montreal; thus ending the Montreal; thus ending the battle between battle between France/BritainFrance/Britain

► France had to give Canada France had to give Canada & most of its lands east of & most of its lands east of the Mississippi to the the Mississippi to the British.British.

► France could keep islands France could keep islands in the West Indies.in the West Indies.

► British got FloridaBritish got Florida► Spain got French lands Spain got French lands

west of the Mississippi west of the Mississippi River including Louisiana.River including Louisiana.

► Marked the end of French Marked the end of French as a power in North as a power in North America.America.

Trouble on the FrontierTrouble on the Frontier► The French loss in the The French loss in the

Ohio River Valley, was Ohio River Valley, was detrimental to the detrimental to the Native Americans.Native Americans.

► They lost a trading They lost a trading partner and the British partner and the British raised prices of goods raised prices of goods and refused to pay the and refused to pay the Native Americans for Native Americans for use of the land.use of the land.

► British settlers began British settlers began moving into N.A. lands.moving into N.A. lands.

Pontiac’s WarPontiac’s War► Pontiac, chief of an Pontiac, chief of an

Ottawa village, near Ottawa village, near Detroit attacked the Detroit attacked the British fort at DetroitBritish fort at Detroit

► Formed alliance with Formed alliance with Native Americans to Native Americans to defend against British defend against British aggression.aggression.

► Killed settlers along the Killed settlers along the PA & VA frontierPA & VA frontier

► The war ended in 1765 The war ended in 1765 after Pontiac’s allies after Pontiac’s allies were defeated.were defeated.

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763► King George III King George III

declared that the declared that the Appalachian Appalachian Mountains were Mountains were western boundary of western boundary of coloniescolonies

► Angered land Angered land spectators/investors spectators/investors who had already who had already bought land west of bought land west of the Appalachiansthe Appalachians