Growth Increase in size-more cells Cells possess internal controls over the process of cell...
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Transcript of Growth Increase in size-more cells Cells possess internal controls over the process of cell...
![Page 1: Growth Increase in size-more cells Cells possess internal controls over the process of cell division. Each cell knows it’s size limitation. Some cells.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082711/56649e765503460f94b77b5a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mitosis
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GrowthIncrease in size-more cellsCells possess internal controls over the
process of cell division. Each cell knows it’s size limitation.Some cells like skin cells divide continuouslyHeart and nerve cells reach a certain size,
stop growing and rarely divide
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CELL SIZE- How big can a cell get? 2 Factors limit cell size1. DNA- can only control so much of the
reactions within the cell(DNA contains instructions for protein manufacturing)
2. Surface Area vs. Volume- the cell volume increase faster than the surface membrane. Cell can’t make enough membrane fast enough.
SA increases to the 2nd power while volume increases to the 3rd power
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CELL REPRODUCTION-MITOSISResults in formation of 2 identical daughter cells
Also called body or SOMATIC cells
Need to replicate cytoplasm and all of the organelles- including the chromosomes(coiled chromatin)
Chromatin- thin, uncoiled chromosomes and proteins called histone
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Chromosome numberEach species has a certain set number of
chromosomes- ½ from mom, ½ from dad.Humans have 46 or 23 pairs.Each chromosome contains genes that
determine all the attributes of that organism from eye color to protein synthesis.
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CELL CYCLE sequence of growth and division 2 STAGES
1.Interphase
2. A Mitosis :replication of nuclear material Prophase Metaphase) Anaphase Telophase
2.B. Cytokinesis
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Interphase :G1-S-G2G1-growth and
developmentS- DNA replication
and important proteins produced
G2- new organelles and more RNA produced
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1. INTERPHASEGrowth periodNormal chromosome
number- 46(23 pairs)When CD is about to
happen: the chromosomes duplicate- now have 92
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2.PROPHASELongest phaseChromatin coils upSister chromatids pair up(original and copy)Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappearCentrioles migrate to endsSpindle forms(microtubules).Help pull
chromatids apart. Other mt radiate out from pole- called asters.
Original and copy held together by centromere
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CENTROMERE
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3. METAPHASEShortest phaseSister chromatids
line up in the middle(equator)
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4. ANAPHASEChromosomes begin
to separate with help of spindle fibers
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5. TELOPHASEChromosomes reach
opposite endsNuclear membrane
begins to reform around each set of chromosomes
Chromosomes begin to loosen and return to chromatin
Cell has 2 nuclei
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6. CYTOKINESISDivision of cytoplasmCell membrane reformsEnd up with 2 identical
cells
In plant cell- division of material along cell plate-becomes cell wall.
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CONTROL OF CELL GROWTHAccomplished by proteins called CYCLINS
and enzymesThey must bind together in order to become
active
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CancerUncontrolled growth of a cellCaused by : change in enzyme production or
environmental cause which causes a change in the gene which leads to a protein change
This gene change causes uncontrolled growth which is now called cancer. The mass can grow large enough and deprive normal tissue of nutrients. Sometimes a cell from the mass breaks off and travels to other body part through the circulatory system (Metastasis)
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Types of CancerMalignant- disease causingBenign- not malignant
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Cancer CausesGenetic(born with faulty gene)
Environmental- sunlight, smoking, chemicals
Viral infection- causes destruction of gene ( ex. Cervical cancer)