Growth & Development - THE NEWBORN
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First 28 days of life
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PRINCIPLES
OF NEWBORN CARE
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1. Stimulation2. Position should promote drainage
3. Suctioning4. Airway patency
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B. Maintain appropriate body
temperature.
Chilling will increase the body’s need for
oxygen.
COLD STRESS
Metabolic acidosis
Hypoglycemia
Dry the newborn immediately.
Wrap warmly
Put under a droplight
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C. Immediate assessment of
the newborn
APGAR SCORING – standardized evaluation of
the newborn’s condition and serves as a baseline
for future evaluations
• Performed at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
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APGAR SCORING
SIGN 0 1 2
Heart rate Absent <100 >100
Respiratory effort Absent Weak cry Good, strong cry
Muscle tone Limp, flaccid Some flexion of
extremities
Well-flexed
extremities
Reflex irritability No response Grimace; weak cry Sneeze; good,
strong cry
Skin color Pallor or cyanosis Extremities blue,
body pink
Pink all over
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APGAR SCORING
• Interpretation:
• 0 – 3
• Serious danger and needs resuscitation
• 4 – 6
• Condition is guarded and needs clearing
of airway and supplementary oxygen.
• 7 – 10
• Good
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BALLARD SCORING
• A revised assessment of Dubowitz scale
(Maturity scale).
• Assessment for gestational age
• The total score of both portions is compared
with the standard scale.
• cit different parameters
• Numeric scores from 0-5 is given
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BALLARD SCORING
• Two portions:
1. PHYSICAL MATURITY
• Series of observation about skin texture, color,
lanugo, foot, creases, genitalia, ear and breast
maturity.
• The body part is inspected, and given a score 0-5.
• Should be done as soon as possible after birth
2. NEUROMUSCULAR MATURITY
• Observe and position the body to elicit different
parameters
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PHYSICAL
MATURITY
SIGN
SCORE
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
SKIN sticky, friable,
transparent
gelatinous,
red,
translucent
smooth pink,
visible veins
superficial
peeling &/or
rash, few
veins
cracking, pale
areas, rare
veins
parchment,
deep
cracking, no
vessels
leathery,
cracked,
wrinkled
LANUGO none sparse abundant thinning bald areas mostly bald
PLANTAR
SURFACE
heel-toe
40-50 mm: -1
<40 mm: -2
>50 mm
no crease
faint red
marks
anterior
transverse
crease only
creases ant.
2/3
creases over
entire sole
BREAST imperceptable barely
perceptable
flat areola
no bud
stippled
areola
1-2 mm bud
raised areola
3-4 mm bud
full areola
5-10 mm bud
EYE / EAR lids fused
loosely: -1
tightly: -2
lids open
pinna flat
stays folded
sl. curved
pinna; soft;
slow recoil
well-curved
pinna; soft but
ready recoil
formed & firm
instant recoil
thick cartilage
ear stiff
GENITALS
(Male)
scrotum flat,
smooth
scrotum
empty,
faint rugae
testes in
upper canal,
rare rugae
testes
descending,
few rugae
testes down,
good rugae
testes
pendulous,
deep rugae
GENITALS
(Female)
clitoris
prominent &
labia flat
prominent
clitoris &
small labia
minora
prominent
clitoris &
enlarging
minora
majora &
minora
equally
prominent
majora large,
minora small
majora cover
clitoris &
minora
BALLARD SCORING
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BALLARD SCORING
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BALLARD SCORING
SCORE -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
WEEKS 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
MATURITY RATING
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D. Proper identification
Must be done the DR.
Use of identification band with permanent locks
case/hospital number
the mother’s full name
sex, date , and time of birth of the newborn.
Footprints are said to be the best way to identify
newborns.
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E. Nursery Care
Check identification of the newborn.
Take the temperature
At birth is 37.2 °C
Must be maintained at 35.5-36.5 °C
Rectal route is preferred in order to check the
patency of the anus
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• Take anthropometric
measurements
• Length
• Head circumference
• Chest circumference
• Abdominal circumference
• Weigh-taking
• Average birth weight
• 3000 – 3400 g
• Lower limit - 2500 g (5.5 lbs)
• Physiologic weight loss
E. Nursery Care
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• Vitamin K administration
• Facilitates production of clotting
factors
• 0.5 – 1.0 mg IM into the vastus
lateralis
• Dress the umbilical cord.
• Check for the presence of 2
arteries and 1 vein
• If not complete, suspect a
congenital anomaly
• Fall-off at 7-10 days
E. Nursery Care
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• Crede’s prophylaxis
• Prophylactic treatment against ophthalmia neonatorum
• Drugs used:
• Silver Nitrate 1%
• Erythromycin ophthalmic ointment
• Feeding
• Initial feeding – test feeding consisting of an ounce of sterile water
• Subsequent feedings – per demand
E. Nursery Care
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F. Physical Assessment
Pulse120-140 bpm
Irregular
Respiration30-60 cpm
Irregular and with periodic respirations
Gentle, quiet, rapid but shallow, diaphragmatic and abdominal
Blood pressureNot routinely measured in newborns unless cardiac anomaly is
suspected.
Normal valuesAt birth – 80/46 mmHg
By tenth day – 110/50 mmHg
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• Head
• Largest part of the
infant’s body
• Forehead is large and
prominent
• Chin is receding and
quivers when startled
or crying
F. Physical Assessment
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F. Physical Assessment
• Fontanelles
• Spaces or openings where
the skull bones join
• Anterior fontanelle
• Diamond shaped
• Measures 2-3 cm in width
and 3-4 cm in length
• Closes at 12-18 mos
• Abnormal findings:
• Indented or sunken
• Bulging
• Posterior fontanelle
• Triangular in shape
• Measures 1cm in length
• Closes 2-3 months
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• Sutures
• Separating lines of the skull
• Overriding is normal at birth
• Should never appear separated or fused.
• Molding
• Craniotabes
• Localized softening of the cranial bones.
• The condition corrects itself without treatment after a
few months.
F. Physical Assessment
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INDICATORS CAPUT SUCCEDANEUM CEPHALHEMATOMA
Definition Edema of scalp Collection of blood
Location Presenting part Between periosteum of the
skull bone and the bone
itself
Involvement Both hemispheres Does not cross suture lines
Cause Pressure Pressure
Period of absorption 1 – 3 days Several weeks
Treatment None Support parents
F. Physical Assessment
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F. Physical Assessment
• Eyes
• Tearless
• Should appear clear
• Small Subconjuctival Hemorrhage
• Appears as a red spot on the sclera
• Bleeding is slight and needs no treatment
• Completely reabsorbed in 2-3 weeks.
• Edema around the orbit or on the eyelids
• Remain for the first 2-3 days
• Cornea should be round and proportionate to that of an
adult.
• The pupil should be dark.
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• Ears
• The level of the top part of the external ear should be on a line
drawn
• Small tags of skin
• Test hearing by ringing a bell 6 inches from each ear.
• Nose
• Appear large for the face.
• Test for choanal atresia.
• Presence of milia – small pinpoint white or yellow dots usually
found in the nose, forehead & cheeks.
F. Physical Assessment
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• Mouth
• Epstein’s pearls
• Thrush
• Blowing bubbles of mucus
• Natal teeth
• Neck
• Short and often chubby with creased skin folds.
• Head should rotate firmly on the neck and should be
able to flex forward and back.
F. Physical Assessment
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• Chest
• Should be symmetrical.
• Breast may be engorged.
• Witch’s milk
• Retraction should not be present
• Abnormal sounds:
• Grunting – suggestive of respiratory distress syndrome
• High, crowing sound –suggestive of stridor or immature
tracheal development
F. Physical Assessment
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• Skin
• Color
• Normally with ruddy complexion
• Generalized mottling
• Cyanosis:
• Acrocyanosis
• Central cyanosis
• Gray color indicates infection
F. Physical Assessment
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• Jaundice
• Due to inability of the newborn to conjugate bilirubin
• Pathologic jaundice
• Physiologic jaundice
• Breastfed babies have longer periods of physiologic
jaundice
• Kernicterus.
• Pallor - due to anemia
• Harlequin Sign
F. Physical Assessment
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• Birth marks
• Hemangiomas - Vascular tumors of the skin
• Nevus flammeus
• A macular purple or dark red lesion - “port-wine stain”
• May appear lighter, pink patches at the nape of the neck – “stork’s beak
marks”
• Strawberry hemangiomas
• Elevated areas formed by immature capillaries and endothelial cells
• Formation is due to high estrogen levels of pregnancy.
• Tend to be absorbed and shrink in size after 1 year.
• Cavernous hemangiomas
• Dilated vascular spaces
• Raised and resemble strawberry hemangiomas
• Mongolian spots
F. Physical Assessment
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• Vernix caseosa• A white, cream cheese-like substance that serves as a skin
lubricant.
• Takes color of the amniotic fluid
• Lanugo
• Desquamation
• Milia
• Erythema toxicum• Newborn rash
• “flea bite rash”
• Skin turgor• Resilient, feel elastic, fall back to form smooth surface after
being grasped.
F. Physical Assessment
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F. Physical Assessment
• Abdomen• Slightly protuberant
• Bowel sounds should be present within an hour after birth
• Anogenital Area• Passage of meconium
• Male Genitalia• Scrotum may be edematous and has rugae
• Testes should be present; if not descended, the condition is called cyrptorchidism
• Elicit cremasteric reflex
• Urethral opening should be open at the tip of the glans
• Female Genitalia• Vulva may be swollen
• Psudomenstruation
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• Back
• Spine of newborn appears flat in the lumbar and sacral areas
• Extremities
• Arms and legs are short
• Hands are clenched to fists
• Unusually short arms may signify achondroplastic dwarfism
• Note for simian crease
• Arms and legs should be symmetrical
• Erb-Duchenne paralysis
• Congenital hip dislocation
• Assess for finger abnormalities
• Syndactyly
• Polydactyly
• Assess for talipes deformity (clubfoot)
F. Physical Assessment
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G. Physiologic Function
• Gastrointestinal System
• Regurgitates if stomach is overfull
• Meconium
• Sticky, tarlike, blackish-green, odorless material formed from mucus, vernix, lanugo, hormones, and carbohydrates that accumulated during intrauterine life.
• Transitional stool
• Second or third day of life
• Green and loose, and may resemble diarrhea to the untrained eye
• Breastfed babies’ stool
• Golden yellow, mushy, sweet smelling, more frequent
• Bottle-fed babies’ stool
• Pale yellow, firm, slight more noticeable odor, less frequent
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• Urinary System
• Must void within the first 24 hours
• First voiding may be pink or dusky because of uric
acid crystals that were formed in the bladder in utero.
• Immune System
• Prone to infection
• Passive natural immunity
• May have antibodies from the mother
G. Physiologic Function
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• Neuromuscular System
• Should demonstrate general neuromuscular function
by
• moving their extremities, attempting to control head
movement, and exhibits a strong cry.
• Limpness – total absence of a muscular response to
manipulation.
• Senses:
• All are functional at birth
• Touch is the most developed of all senses
G. Physiologic Function
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• Reflexes
• Blink
• Rooting
• Sucking
• Extrusion
• Swallowing
• Palmar Grasp
• Step-in
• Plantar Grasp
• Tonic Neck
• Neck Righting
• Moro
• Babinski
• Magnet
• Trunk Incurvation
• Landau
• Parachute
G. Physiologic Function
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NURSING CARE
OF NEWBORN
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A. FEEDING
Term newborn
Breastfed - may be fed immediately.
Formula fed – first feeding at 2-4 hours
of age
Feed by demand
Feed by schedule
Should be burped at least twice during
feeding.
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B. BATHING
Initial complete bath
Bathed once a day.
Best done by parents under nurse’s supervision.
The room should be warm and water temperature should be 37 – 38 °C.
Should be done before feeding.
Should proceed from the cleanest to the most soiled areas.
Talcum powder is not advisable.
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C. SLEEPING
Should be positioned on the back for
sleeping.
Newborn sleeps an average of 16 hours of
every 24 hours in the first week.
By 4 months of age, the child sleeps an
average of 15 hours of every 24 hours and
through the night.
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D. CORD CARE
Fold down diaper so that cord does
not get wet during voiding.
Dab rubbing alcohol (70%) once or
twice a day
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E. DIAPER AREA CARE
With each diaper change, the area should
be washed with clean water and dried
well.
Wear gloves for diaper care as part of
standard precautions.
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F. CLOTHING
Cover newborn’s head to prevent heat loss
As a rule, to be comfortable, the infant
should be dressed in one more layer of
clothing than what the parents are
wearing.