Growing Plants / Germination

7/29/2019 Growing Plants / Germination

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The World of Plants

GERMINATION


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World of Plants is divided into:

A- Introducing plants

B- Growing plants

(Pollination, Fertilization,

Asexual reproduction)C- Making food


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The life cycle of a plant

There are 7 stages in the life cycle of aplant.

seed / fruitFormation

seeddispersal

germination

flowerformation

pollination

fertilisation

development


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Seed Structure

Parts are:

Seed coat

Forms a toughprotectivelayer

Food storeProvides theembryo plantwith food.

Embryoshoot

Embryoroot

Embryogrowsinto

plant


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Seed Dissection

Using a scalpel, carefully dissect yourseed in half lengthways.

Draw a diagram of what you can see.

Identify the parts,

and label your drawing

(workbook p13).


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Seeds


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Investigation: Germination

This is an Exam Board Investigation that

makes up part of your PracticalAbilities grade (20% of finals)

Planning may be done in small groups

but after this you must work on yourown

Write in your Investigation booklet.


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What affects germination?

Botn3n Brainstorm Spacing / number of seeds

Humidity / water volume Type of seeds

Size of seeds

Type of soil / mass

Temperature

Depth of planting

Gases / oxygen levels

Measure by % germination after set time


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Germination and Temperature

Example of results table. Also draw a graph.

What conclusions can you draw from yourexperiment?

How could you have improved it?

Temperature

oC

No. ofseeds

No. ofseeds

germinated

Percentagegermination

4 25

20 25

50 25


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Germination conditions

Seeds need certain conditions to

germinate:Water

to activate enzymes which digest stored food

Oxygen

Needed for the production of energy forgermination

Warmth

Needed for the enzymes to work effectively.

Germination is the development of a newplant from the embryo in a seed.


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Germination and Temperature

The best temperature for germination

of a species of plant is known as theoptimum temperature.

The optimum temperature is normallybetween 15oC and 30oC.


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Structure of a Flower
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Petal

Stigma Anther


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PetalsStigma

Anther

FilamentOvary

SepalsOvules Nectaries

Style

Collect a cut-out flower, colour it in and put it together.

Carpelfemaleparts

Stamenmaleparts


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What do the parts do?

Sepals-protect theflower whenit is a bud

Petals-colourful toattract theinsects

Nectaries-give outsugary liquidto attract

insects

Stamen- antherproduces male sexcells (pollen)

Carpel- stigma

traps pollen

Style is wherepollen tube growsdown to female sex

cells.

Carpel- ovaryproduces femalesex cells (ovules)


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Quick Test1. Why is the seed coat important?

2. Name the parts of the embryo plant.

3. Why is the food store in a seed important?

4. Name the three factors required for

germination.5. Where are a plants sex organs found?

6. Name two parts of a flower that attract insects.

7. Name the male part of a flower.

8. Which part of the flower contains ovules?

9. Which part of the flower produces pollen?

10. Which part of a flower catches pollen grains?


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Pollination

Pollination involves the transfer of pollen(male gamete) from the anther to the stigma(outermost female part)

If it is in the same flower it is called

self-pollination.

If between different flowers it is calledcross-pollination

Plants are pollinated by insects or the wind.
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Insect Pollinated Plants


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Wind Pollinated Plants


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Pollination Activity

Which features are from windpollinated or insect pollinated plants?

the differences between

insect and wind pollinated

plants.


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Pollination Summary

Structure Wind

Pollinated

Insect

Pollinated

Petals

Pollen

Stamen

Stigma

nectar

dull

light

dangling

feathery

none

bright colour

sticky

inside flower

sticky

makes sugar


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Hayfever
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Fertilization

Fertilization involves the fusion of thenucleus of the male gamete (in the

pollen) with the nucleus of the femalegamete (in the ovules).


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Fertilization


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Pollen tubes

The pollen grain grows a tube.

The tube reaches an ovule.

The gamete nuclei fuse (fertilisation) and a

zygote (seed) forms.


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Pollen tube growth


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Fertilization

Once fertilization has taken place thezygote (fertilized ovule)becomes a seed,

and the ovary becomes a fruit.

The petals die and fall off.

The plant seeds are in the fruit.
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What are fruits like?

The fruits can be:

- soft & fleshy

- hard & dry

What fruits can you think of?

What are their seeds like?

Draw a table with headings for each

type and write some examples for them.


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Types of Fruits

Soft & fleshy Hard & dry

Apple

Tomato

Hazelnut


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Seeds must be carried away (dispersed /

scattered) from the parent plant to:

Reduce overcrowding

Seed Dispersal- why?

Reduce competition for:

- Water- Light

- Nutrients
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Seed Dispersal

Dispersal

method

Description Seeds/

Fruits

Wind Seeds are designed totravel as far as

possible.

May have extensions

which act as

parachutes or wings.

Fruits may be shaken

like a pepper pot.
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Seed Dispersal

Dispersal

method

Description Seeds/

Fruits

Animal(internal)

Fruit is brightlycoloured to attract

animals.

When eaten the seed

travels with theanimal, survives acidic

digestive juices and is

passed out in the

faeces.
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Seed Dispersal

Dispersal

method

Description Seeds/

Fruits

Animal(external)

Some have little hooksor sticky substances so

they stick onto the

animals fur, are

carried away and

rubbed off later.

Some carried away by

animals and dropped.
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Activity

Cut out the seeds, match and stick them

into appropriate columns in a table, for:

Wind

Animal (external)

Animal (internal)

[There is also mechanical (eg broom, seacucumber) and water (eg coconut) but you dont

need to know them for Standard grade]


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Activity

Listening exercise on seed dispersal

Listen to the tape,


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Quick Test-A

1. What term is used to describe male and

female gametes?2. What is pollination?

3. Name the two types of pollination.

4. Describe the differences in the pollen

between insect and wind pollinated plants.

5. Explain why the stigmas of wind pollinated

flowers hang outside the flowers.


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Quick test-B

1. Why do wind pollinated flowers not

produce nectar?

2. How does the male gamete reach thefemale gamete?

3. What is a fruit?

4. Name three ways in which fruits and seeds

are dispersed.

5. Why is it important that fruits and seeds are

carried away from the parent plant?


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Types of reproduction

Sexual reproduction

Involves 2 parents and sex cells ie. pollen and

ovule join to make a new individual.

Asexual reproduction

Involves 1 parent and no sex cells.

Ways they naturally reproduce include:

- Tubers

- ( Bulbs )

- Runners


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Tubers

Tubers are undergroundfood stores which storesfood over the winter andprovides a new plant withfood until it can make itsown.

Food made by the new plantis sent to make new tubers.

Thereby reproducing itself.

Examples: potato,

artichoke, yam, cassava,water chestnut, arrowrootTaro-Japanesepotato


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arrowroot = arrow root =

Chinese potato (this name

also is used forjicama) = goo

= seegoo = arrowhead =

Chinese arrowhead = tse goo

= ci gu = tsu goo

Arrowroot

Notes: The name arrowroot is more commonly associated

with a thickener that's made from the plant.A fresh arrowroot tuber looks like a small onion, only without

the layers.

It should be peeled, and then it can be boiled or stir-fried.

Look for it in Chinese markets during the winter.


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Cassava

cassava = casava = manioc =

mandioca = tapioca root =

yucca = yucca root = yuca

root = Brazilianarrowroot Pronunciation:

kuh-SAH-vuh

Notes: People in Hispanic countries use cassavas much like

Americans use potatoes. There's both a sweet and a bitter variety

of cassava. The sweet one can be eaten raw, but the bitter one

requires cooking to destroy the harmful prussic acid it contains.


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Topinambour

Notes: Water chestnuts are delightfully sweet and crisp- if you

buy them fresh. You need to peel off their brown jackets andsimmer them for five minutes before stir-frying.

Tinned Water chestnuts are easily available but not nearly as

good. If you use them, blanch them first in boiling water for

thirty seconds.

Topinambour

Water chestnut

Chinese waterchestnut
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Bulbs

Bulbs are also underground food stores which work inthe same way as tubers.

The difference is that bulbs have thick fleshyleaves.

KeukenhofgardensnearAmsterdamHolland.
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Stargazer lily

Examples: snowdrop,crocus, daffodil, iris, lily,hyacinths, amaryllis, onion,

garlic.

1. Sept.- Oct. Planting Time4 F b M h G P d
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.backyardnature.net/pix/lilybulb.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.backyardnature.net/stemtype.htm&h=237&w=200&sz=7&hl=en&start=32&tbnid=cfBEM4r-SbH1jM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlily%2Bbulb%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.thegardener.btinternet.co.uk/images/stargazer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.thegardener.btinternet.co.uk/diaryaugust03.html&h=341&w=350&sz=35&hl=en&start=12&tbnid=hxh6rT9fz8QOLM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlily%2Bbulb%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactivehttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.neurochrome.com/iblog/Spring2005/Daffodil.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.neurochrome.com/iblog/Spring2005/Spring2005_pics.htm&h=450&w=300&sz=34&hl=en&start=107&tbnid=ZNyEJZt_cKcIIM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=85&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddaffodil%26start%3D100%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mooseyscountrygarden.com/flower-bulbs/bright-yellow-daffodil.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mooseyscountrygarden.com/flower-bulbs/bright-yellow-daffodil.html&h=446&w=600&sz=32&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=Rp8fkN8OrZ0onM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddaffodil%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactivehttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mooseyscountrygarden.com/flower-bulbs/apricot-cream-daffodil.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mooseyscountrygarden.com/flower-bulbs/apricot-cream-daffodil.html&h=614&w=600&sz=41&hl=en&start=7&tbnid=SbPYVJ47DTkB5M:&tbnh=136&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddaffodil%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactivehttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.srgc.org.uk/bulblog/log2004/040804/Crocus%2520nudiflorus.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.srgc.org.uk/bulblog/log2004/040804/log.html&h=400&w=533&sz=43&hl=en&start=17&tbnid=_kArlIaIDGZcOM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcrocus%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactivehttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.twofrog.com/images/crocus665web.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.twofrog.com/autumncrocus.html&h=446&w=550&sz=43&hl=en&start=13&tbnid=tFAYNTedbYv1cM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcrocus%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactivehttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.english-country-garden.com/a/i/flowers/snowdrop-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.english-country-garden.com/flowers/snowdrop.htm&h=500&w=430&sz=34&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=gxYj0rqLuWGgLM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsnowdrop%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactivehttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.english-country-garden.com/a/i/flowers/snowdrop-5.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.english-country-garden.com/flowers/snowdrop.htm&h=500&w=400&sz=54&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=00RZOQei9PR6KM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsnowdrop%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive


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The tulip bulbs are going to be plantedtwice as deep as the bulb is high. Theyhave no roots at this stage.

2. NovemberMaking Roots

The roots start growing out of the base,establish themselves taking nutrients fromthe soil. Mother bulbs get ready forwinter.

3. Dec. - Jan.Cooling PeriodRest period. In order for bulbs to bloom inthe spring they need weeks of at least 5oC.

Frost at this time doesnt harm them.

4. Feb. MarchGrowing PeriodThe bulbs begin to change as the starch,or carbohydrates in them turns to sugar.As this occurs, the leaves and flowergradually push up-wards out of the bulb.

5. April MayBlooming TimeThe tulips are in bloom-they receive theirnourishment from the roots-only thebrown skin of the bulb remains as all ofthe energy has gone to the bloom.

6. May JuneRegenerationAfter flowering the blooms are cut andthe leaves are left on the plant. The newdaughter-bulbs use the food in the leavesto grow.

7. July - Sept. MultiplyingUp to five small bulbs can be expected togrow out of the mother bulb. They formtheir roots slowly, and develop theirblooms and leaves within the bulb, for next

year's plant.


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Runners

Runners are side shootswhich grow out from theparent plant.

Buds form at points alongthe runner and eventuallythese buds form roots andgrow into new plants.

Examples: spider plant(Anthericum), strawberry(Fragaria x ananassa)
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.visit-islay.com/resources/plants_files/image019.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.visit-islay.com/resources/plants.htm&h=200&w=250&sz=11&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=Gh-qm-haBRJezM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=111&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspider%2Bplant%2Brunners%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactivehttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.blaserco.com/blogs/images/rhyzomes.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.blaserco.com/blogs/2006/02/05.html&h=298&w=397&sz=23&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=QWKJ9ntvVOPkGM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstrawberry%2Brunners%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactivehttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ncsu.edu/project/agronauts/images/berry.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ncsu.edu/project/agronauts/mission2_polly.htm&h=131&w=105&sz=5&hl=en&start=89&tbnid=RU_iqx1Pp70eFM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=73&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstrawberry%2Brunners%26start%3D80%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/hil/gif/8701fig6.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/hil/hil-8701.html&h=144&w=225&sz=7&hl=en&start=21&tbnid=teEx4TJAQz72fM:&tbnh=69&tbnw=108&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspider%2Bplant%2Brunners%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.isledegrande.com/giimages9/wildstrawberryrunners.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.isledegrande.com/naturepage04-v2.htm&h=513&w=684&sz=67&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=ZnZ5qL1KkKoxPM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=139&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstrawberry%2Brunners%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive


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Flame violet

(Episcia reptans)

Collect Information Card

Asexual Reproduction

Take short notes from it.
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gesneriads.com/cleopat.jpg&imgrefurl=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/syllabi/302/new/family/gesneriaceae.html&h=331&w=422&sz=25&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=geXKWdP_OLmj-M:&tbnh=99&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Depiscia%2Brunners%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/syllabi/302/new/graphics/E/episcia.gif&imgrefurl=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/syllabi/302/new/family/gesneriaceae.html&h=400&w=400&sz=43&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=aHoZUH5dsR69aM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Depiscia%2Brunners%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive


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Activity

Advantages of asexual reproduction

Copy and complete the table.

Summarizing advantages & disadvantagesof sexual versus asexual reproduction


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Reproduction- advantages

Asexual SexualGenetically identicaloffspring (clones) whichhave parents strong

characteristics (but weakones also passed on) andare suited to theirenvironment.

Narrow distributionspreading over the areaquickly as no vulnerablestages involved.

Genetically differentoffspring- variation.More chance of survival if

conditions change.Wide distribution

Reduces competition forwater/light/nutrients as no

dense growth around theparent.

Using seeds allows theoffspring to travel to new

areas.


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Clones

A clone is the name given to thegenetically identical plants produc

from a single parent plant.

They are formed during asexualreproduction only.


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Artificial Propagation

People can make use of plants ability toreproduce asexually (instead of using

seeds) by using methods of artificialpropagation such as:

- Cuttings

- Graftings

Again this produces genetically identicaloffspring (clones).

C i


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Cuttings

They can be placed in moistsoil or water (and sometimes

dipped in rooting

powder).

Cuttings are small pieces of stem with some

leaves attached, the new plant grows from this.
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nantuckethydrangea.com/PropagationPics/trimbot.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nantuckethydrangea.com/propagation.html&h=405&w=400&sz=93&hl=en&start=83&tbnid=N-zbA_-dv3yvDM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=122&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drooting%2Bcuttings%2Bpowder%26start%3D80%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gardenhive.com/houseplants/peperomias/propagate/stem-cuttings/rooting-powder-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gardenhive.com/houseplants/peperomias/propagate/stem-cuttings/&h=120&w=180&sz=6&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=xrlGTDo67GtVpM:&tbnh=67&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drooting%2Bpowder%2Bcuttings%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive


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Grafting

A cut stem of one plant (with good flower orfruit growth) (the graft) is taken and firmlyattached to the rootstock of another plant(which has a strong, established root system)(the stock).

Examples- roses, fruit trees
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/APOL7/qu-graft.gif&imgrefurl=http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/APOL7/sep97-2.html&h=490&w=400&sz=10&hl=en&start=31&tbnid=IPxpg88KyPBNhM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgraft%2Bjoining%2Bplants%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rosemagazine.com/articles04/tree_roses/tree_rose.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.rosemagazine.com/articles04/tree_roses/&h=269&w=398&sz=27&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=qwnGi4NXS7mmbM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drose%2Btree%2Bgrafts%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rosemagazine.com/articles04/tree_roses/tree_rose.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.rosemagazine.com/articles04/tree_roses/&h=269&w=398&sz=27&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=qwnGi4NXS7mmbM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drose%2Btree%2Bgrafts%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN


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Grafting- advantages

Allows you to clone the commercial qualities

of a particular fruit variety on another tree.

Seed trees have highly variable fruit quality.

They come into production much earlier (2-3

years) than trees grown from seed (5-10

years).
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/c/cf/180px-Zweij%C3%A4hrige-Gei%C3%9Ffu%C3%9Fveredelu.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.answers.com/topic/grafting&h=240&w=180&sz=16&hl=en&start=120&tbnid=FpP-SrB1SwoQpM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=83&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgraft%2Bjoining%2Bplants%26start%3D100%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN


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Activity

Artificial propagation- commercial

advantages


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Commercial aspects

Artificial propagation has allowed us toadapt and improve plants for our own

use.Some of the benefits include:

Quickproduction of large numbers of

genetically identical plants.

Specific varieties, desired features orconsistent quality can be produced

especially in fruit, flowers.

Quick Test-C


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Quick Test C1. How many parents are involved in asexual

reproduction?

2. Name 3 ways in which plants reproduceasexually.

3. Give 2 examples of plants that reproduce

asexually by producing runners.

4. What term is used to describe a population ofgenetically identical plants?

5. Name 2 common methods of artificialpropagation.

6. Give the commercial advantages of artificialpropagation.


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Quick Test C answer key

1. How many parents are involved in asexualreproduction?

2. Name 3 ways in which plants reproduceasexually.

3. Give 2 examples of plants that reproduce

asexually by producing runners.

4. What term is used to describe a population ofgenetically identical plants?

5. Name 2 common methods of artificialpropagation.

6. Give the commercial advantages of artificialpropagation.

One

Runners, tubers, bulbs

Spider plant, strawberry

Clones

Cuttings, grafting

Quick method, producing large numbers of

plants, of known quality and specific variety


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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!

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