Group 5 :Iodide & Glyceride

IODIDE

Representative Iodides

Compound Formula Appearance Use or occurrence

Potassium iodide KI White crystals Iodine component of

iodized salt

Hydrogen iodide HI colorless Solution Mineral acid

Silver iodide AgI yellow powder that

darkens in light

photoactive

component of silver-

based photographic

film

Thyroxine

(tetra iodothyronine)

C15H11I4NO4 yellow solid hormone essential for human

health

MAIN USES - Iodide

● Because of its excellent function to absorb X-ray, iodine is used as a

substituent when various contrast-media for diagnostic purposes are

produced.

● Some of the pharmaceuticals and crop protecting agents have iodine

as the substituent

● Iodine, being the simple substance and having an anti-biotic function

by nature, is used as a raw material for the production of various

bactericides or disinfectants.

MAIN USES – Iodide Cont’d

● Iodine compounds are added to table salt and feed to treat

and prevent "iodine deficiency symptom".

● Iodine has a wide range of uses, for example, in photo-

sensitizers, catalysts, stabilizers and polarizing films on the

liquid crystal display. Also, iodine compounds are widely used

as intermediates for various reactions because of their high

reactivity.

Potassium Iodide (KI)

● KI (potassium iodide) is a salt of stable (not radioactive) iodine that can

help block radioactive iodine from being absorbed by the thyroid gland,

thus protecting this gland from radiation injury.

● The thyroid gland is the part of the body that is most sensitive to

radioactive iodine.

Potassium Iodide (KI) Cont’d

● Potassium iodide is used to loosen and break up mucus in the airways.

This helps you cough up the mucus so you can breathe more easily if you

have long-term lung problems (e.g., asthma, chronic

bronchitis, emphysema). This medication is known as an expectorant

● The FDA has approved two different forms of KI (potassium iodide),

tablets and liquid, that people can take by mouth after a radiation

emergency involving radioactive iodine.

Health effects of iodine

● Many medicines and cleansers for skin wounds contain iodine.

● Iodine is a building material of thyroid hormones that are essential for growth, the nervous system and the metabolism. Humans that eat little to no bread can experience iodine shortages. This condition is rare now as table salt is dosed with a little iodide. Large quantities of iodine can be dangerous because the thyroid gland will labor too hastily. This affects the entire body; it causes disturbed heartbeats and loss of weight.

● Elemental iodine, I2, is toxic, and its vapor irritates the eyes and lungs. All iodides are toxic if taken in excess.

● Iodine 131 is one of the radionuclides involved in atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, which began in 1945, with a US test, and ended in 1980 with a Chinese test. It is among the long-lived radionuclides that have produced and will continue to produce increased cancers risk for decades and centuries to come.

Iodine in the environment

● Iodine is added to nearly any kind of salt that is applied. It is an ingredient of bread, sea fish and oceanic plants. Iodine is naturally present in the ocean and some sea fish and water plants will store it in their tissues.

● Iodine can be found naturally in air, water and soil. The most important sources of natural iodine are the oceans. About 400.000 tons of iodine escape from the oceans every year as iodide in sea spray or as iodide, hydrochloric acid and methyl iodide, produced by marine organisms. Much of it is deposited on land where it may become part of the bio-cycle.

Phase Diagram

• a fatty acid ester of glycerol.

• The triglycerides are esters of glycerol with long

chain fatty acids. These three fatty acids in

triglycerides may be same or different.

-Glyceride(Triglycerides)

Phase Diagram (Cont)

As shown over in the Phase diagram below in the fatty acids of a glyceride, the lower is the melting point and the more likely the glyceride will exist as a liquid at room temperature(Black Line ).

Phase Diagram (Cont)

A triglyceride contains three fatty acids that are made up of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. In a single free fatty acid if there is a hydrogen missing from the carbon chain creating a double bond then it is considered to be unsaturated. In comparison saturated fat contains no missing hydrogen’s. The molecular structure of Triglyceride can effects its physical state .

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Janelle Anderson

GLYCERIDE

What Is A Glyceride?

Any of various esters formed when glycerol reacts with a fatty acid. The fatty acids can react with one, two, or all three of the hydroxyl groups of the glycerol, resulting in mono-, di-, and triglycerides, respectively. Triglycerides are the main components of plant and animal oils and fats.

Esters: any of a class of compounds produced by reaction between acids and alcohols with the elimination of water.

A vegetable oil is a triglyceride extracted from a plant .Vegetable oils are composed of triglycerides, as contrasted with waxes which lack glycerin in their structure.

Health Benefits of Glyceride

Constipation:

Glycerin suppositories are often prescribed for the short-term treatment of constipation. They work by lubricating and mildly irritating the lining of the intestines, causing the muscles to contract, while pulling water from the intestines into the stool to make it easier for the stools to pass. Triglycerides are necessary for good health in several very distinct ways. They provide stored energy to the body, and their levels can serve as a warning sign of potentially dangerous conditions and risk factors. High triglycerides can even trigger a person to make healthy lifestyle changes, and monitoring their levels can serve as a way to evaluate the success of those changes

Risks When Exposed To Glyceride

While glycerin itself is not toxic, it can irritate the lower bowel as it pulls water from surrounding tissues. Dehydration of the tissues of the rectum and lowermost intestine can lead to cramping of the smooth muscle that lines the bowel.

Side effects from this treatment can include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and etc.

● Triglycerides are formed from a single

molecule of glycerol combined with three

fatty acids on each of the OH groups and

make up most of the fats digested by

humans. It is the main constituent of

vegetable oil and animal fats

● Triglycerides comprise the largest

proportion of fats (lipids) in the diet, in

the adipose tissue, and in the blood. High

levels of triglyceride are considered as a

risk factor for ischemic heart disease.

This is especially true because people

with high triglycerides often have other

conditions, such as diabetes and obesity,

that increase the likelihood of developing

cardiovascular disease.

What is a Triglyceride?

Triglycerides store fat and are used by the body to create energy and serve as building blocks for cells.

Health Risks for Triglyceride

Triglyceride levels can provide a

warning of an underlying disease. The

Mayo Clinic says that high triglyceride

levels can signal the presence of

hypothyroidism, kidney disease, liver

disease or type 2 diabetes. They can

even be a sign of a rare genetic

condition in which the body cannot

properly convert fat to energy. If you

have a high triglyceride level, your

doctor can screen you for other

illnesses that might be related.

How Glyceride is Used In The Industry

Soaps are formed from the reaction of glycerides with sodium hydroxide. The product of the reaction is glycerol and salts of fatty acids. Fatty acids in the soap emulsify the oils in dirt, enabling the removal of oily dirt with water.

How to Make Glycerin Soap

Buy supplies. Craft stores sell glycerin,

which is a soap base, in solid, meltable

blocks. If you're feeling ambitious, you can

make your own glycerin, but it's easier to

buy blocks of clear glycerin, white glycerin,

or a different color. Clear glycerin soap

always looks a little transparent, no matter

what color you choose. Supplies:

● Essential oils. Craft stores sell essential

oils meant for use in glycerin soap.

● Rubbing alcohol. If you don't already

have some in your medicine cabinet,

pick up a bottle at the drugstore.

Step 2. Melt the glycerin in a double boiler.

Cut off as much glycerin as you need to fill the soap molds you bought, then slice it into small pieces that will be easier to melt. Place the glycerin pieces in a double boiler, fill the boiler with water, and place it over medium heat. Continue heating the glycerin until it is completely melted.

● If you don't have a double boiler, you can make

one. Find two pots, a large one and a smaller

one that fits inside. Fill the larger pot with a

few inches of water. Set the smaller pot inside

the larger pot so that it floats on the water.

Place the pots on a burner over medium heat.

Put the glycerin chunks into the dry, smaller

pot and allow them to melt.

● You can also melt the glycerin in the

microwave.

Step 3: Stir in the essential oil.

Add just a few drops of the oil; since it's so concentrated, a little goes a long way. Use a wooden spoon to stir the drops in until they are thoroughly combined with the glycerin, then remove it from heat.

Step 4: Prepare the soap molds.

Set the molds on a flat

surface lined with paper

towels. Use the spray bottle

full of rubbing alcohol to lightly

mist the insides of the soap

molds, coating the area where

the glycerin will go. The

alcohol prevents bubbles from

forming in the soap as it cools

and dries. If you don't use

alcohol, your finished soap

may have a layer of bubbles.

Step 5:Pour the soap.

Lift the top of the double boiler and carefully pour the soap into the molds. Fill each mold to its rim. Be careful not to let it overflow, or the soap will come out misshapen.

Step 6:Spritz it with more alcohol.

Use the spray bottle to mist the

soap after it has been poured

into the molds and while it's

still in its liquid stage. This way

you'll prevent the formation of

bubbles on the flat side of the

soap, too.

Final Step 7: Let the soaps cool, then pop them out.

Let the soaps cool in their molds for an hour or two, until they're completely hard. Invert the soap molds to pop out your brand new glycerin soaps.

● Tap the back of the mold

gently if the soap does not

come out right away.

● Store the soaps in an air-tight

container until you are ready

to use them.

Glyceride ( C3H8O3 )

Melting point =17.8°C

Boiling point(760mm Hg) = 290°C

Viscosity = 20°C

• Glycerol is a useful solvent for many solids, both organic and inorganic. solubility of gases in glyceride,like other liquids is temperature and pressure dependent.

Referenceshttp://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/in-depth/triglycerides/ART-20048186

http://www.ehow.com/about_5060999_benefits-triglycerides.html

http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/i.htm#Environmental%20effects%20of%20iodine#ixzz3LjY6JiuN

http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/ki.asphttp://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-35-iodine.aspx?activeingredientid=35&activeingredientname=iodine

http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Glycerin-Soap

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