Role of Woman in Changing Climate and impact on Agriculture Activities in District Charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province Peshawar

Introduction of Climate Change

The word climate is Changing and the changes will have an enoromous impact on our planet;s people ecosystem , Average global air temperatures are already 1.5 degree higher than they aere at the start of the twentieth century , and have risen about one degree over just the last 30 years.

Woman role and Climate Change:

Impacts of climate change, such as drought, floods, extreme weather events and reduced food and water security, affect women and men differently with the poorest being the most vulnerable. 70 per cent of the world’s poor are women. Even though women are therefore disproportionately affected, at the same time they play a crucial role in climate change adaptation and mitigation actions. It is increasingly evident that involving women and men in all decision-making processes on climate action is a significant factor in meeting the climate challenge and achieving the long-term objectives of the Convention.

Women are predominantly responsible for food production, household water supply and energy for heating and cooking. As climate change impacts increase, these tasks are becoming more difficult. However, women have knowledge and coping strategies that give them a practical understanding of innovation and skills to adapt to changing environmental realities as well as to contribute to the solution. These strategies to deal with climate variability are still a largely untapped resource. Additionally, women are often faced with difficulties when it comes to the general accessibility of financial resources, capacity-building activities and technologies. This often stands in the way of women’s empowerment in general and their role in relation to climate change adaptation and mitigation in particular. Women also tend to be underrepresented in the decision-making on climate change at all levels. This severely limits their ability to contribute and implement solutions and apply their expertise.

Woman Role in Agriculture in World

Women make essential contributions to the agricultural and rural economies in all developing countries. Their roles vary considerably between and within regions and are changing rapidly in many parts of the world, where economic and social forces are transforming the agricultural sector. Rural women often manage complex households and pursue multiple livelihood strategies. Their activities typically include producing agricultural crops, tending animals, processing and preparing food, working for wages in agricultural or other rural enterprises, collecting fuel and water, engaging in trade and marketing, caring for family members and maintaining their homes. Many of these activities are not defined as “economically active employment” in national accounts but they are essential to the wellbeing of rural households.

Women play a critical role in agricultural production in developing countries. Particularly in low income countries in which agriculture accounts for an average 32 percent of the growth in gross domestic product (GDP), and in which an average 70 percent of the countries’ poor live and

work in rural areas, women make up a substantial majority of the agricultural workforce and produce most of the food that is consumed locally.

Role of Woman in Agriculture in Pakistan

Pakistan is among the countries most and alternative adaptation strategies is vulnerable to climate change impacts. crucial in order to properly address the Changing temperature, erratic precipitation, impacts of climate change. This brief, filling humidity concentrations and extreme the void, presents perceptions of farmers weather conditions pose serious threats to about climate change and the adaptation natural ecosystem of the country disrupting strategies exercised as identified through the performance of various sectors of the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) undertaken in economy—agriculture being the most eighteen selected districts representing all affected

Pakistani women play a major role in agricultural production, livestock raising and cottage industries. Women often devote more time to these tasks than men do. They participate in all operations related to crop production such as sowing, transplanting, weeding and harvesting, as well as in post-harvest operations such as threshing, winnowing, drying, grinding, husking and storage (including making mud bins for storage). Rural Women in Pakistan carry out these tasks in addition to their normal domestic chores of cooking, taking care of children, elderly and disabled, fetching water and fuel, cleaning and maintaining the house as well as some of its construction.

Pakistan Geographical Situation

Pakistan lies in the temperate zone (between latitdes 24° and 37° N), it has a continental type of climate characterized by extreme variations of temperature, both seasonally and daily. The climate is generally varied throughout the country, characterized by hot summers and cool or cold winters mean temperature during June is 38 °C (100 °F) in the plains, the highest temperatures can exceed 47 °C (117 °F). Winters are cold, with minimum mean temperatures in Punjab of about 4 °C (39 °F) in January, and sub-zero temperatures in the far north and Balochistan (Wikipedia, 2011)

Introduction to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province

Pakistan is a developing country, having vast and varied rural sector and primarily agrarian socioeconomic setup. Agriculture sector has been and will remain the mainstay of its economy, as it contributes 23.3% towards the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Majority of the population directly or indirectly depends on agriculture and it employs 48% of the country’s labor force. About more than 70% of population living in rural areas, depends directly or indirectly on agriculture. It also contributes about 53% to foreign exchange earnings, provides raw material to industries and serve as market for industrial goods. The significance of agriculture thus cannot be ignored because it constitutes the foundation of growth and stability of the entire economy. Women play a major role in agriculture activities both directly and indirectly, along with their household responsibilities and socio-cultural obligations.

Agriculture is the backbone of the developing economies and women are the key figure in their vast agrarian socioeconomic setups, however their participation varies from region to region (Govt of Pakistan 2004).

District Charsadda Geographical Information

District Charsadda lies in the central plain of Peshawar valley between 34-03’ and 34-28’ north latitudes and 71-53 east longitudes. The total area of the district is 996 square kilometers and its total population is about 1022000, increasing at an annual growth rate of 2.9% and in the total populace the women contribute about 50%. The Charsadda district is mainly divided into two sectors, Urban and Rural. The rural sector constitutes 81.1% of the total population. It is bounded by Malakand District on the north, Mardan district on the east, Nowshera and Peshawar districts on the south and Mohmand Agency on the west. The Kabul River enters at a point near the south west of the district. The Swat (Abazai) river is the important tributary of the Kabul River.The plain area of the district includes: Doaba Plain lying between Swat and Kabul rivers, Hashtnagar, in the central and southeastern parts and Mohmand and Muhammadzai plain in the north and northeast.

The land of Charsadda is very fertile and beautiful and is said to closely resemble Damascus due to its beauty. There are three rivers flowing in Charsadda: the River Jindi, theKabul River and the Swat River; these are the main source of irrigation for Charsadda. The three rivers then merge and join the Indus River.[6] The area surrounded by River Swat and River Kabul is called Doaaba and has a great importance in the District. Dense Forest area is Charsadda and Nisatta. Sardaryab, Khyali, Jindi, Shalam and Naguman these five rivers meet in Nisatta area (locally called Khwlay) and become Kabul river

The main crops of Charsadda are tobacco, sugarcane, sugarbeet, wheat and maize. Vegetables include potato, tomato, cabbage, brinjals, okra and spinach. Charsadda is especially famous for lotus roots, known as barsanday. Among orchards, peach, apricot, citrus, plum, strawberry and pears are famous

The population of Charsadda District is comprized of the population of its Tehsils namely, Tehsil

Charsadda, Tehsil Tangi and Tehsil Shabqadar. District Charsadda consists of 49 Union Counc

Sarki Titara is a town and union council of Charsadda District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan

Objectives of Study

The objectives of the study were:

i. To identify the major agriculture activities performed by women in the study areaii. To estimate time women allocate to various farm activities in the study area. iii. To analyze the factor influencing women participation in agriculture activities. iv. To identify various problems faced by women in performing agriculture activities. v. To put forward recommendations in the light of the finding of this study

vi. To explore ways and means in order to enhance the productive role of women in Agriculture Development..

Introduction to topic.

Women are predominantly responsible for food production, household water supply and fuel wood collection for heating and cooking. We cannot, however, afford to keep them (women) off the processes of planning and policy and decision making meant for tackling devastating impacts of climate change on different sectors of economy, particularly agriculture, water and health.Women are very vulnerable, and are most likely to be disproportionately affected by the adverse impacts of climate change because they constitute the majority of poor people.Climate change is likely to affect poor and underprivileged regions, communities and people disproportionately as they are more vulnerable and have the least resources to adapt. In Pakistan, women are likely to be strongly affected by climate change as majority of rural women are engaged in agriculture sector which is highly climate sensitive. Climate change is expected to increase the workload of women engaged in agriculture production and other subsistence activities such as collecting fuel wood and water. Further, women are found to be more vulnerable during extreme climate events and disasters.

The women have suffered because their role in rural economy has never been fully appreciated. Micro studies reveal that women undertake a wide range of activities at the farms and at home. Their involvement in farm work especially in the post-harvest operations is enormous. After the harvest, drying, cleaning and storage of grains are the exclusive responsibilities of women. 

Their contribution is also significant in the preparation of seed, collection of farmyard manure, weeding, harvesting etc. Similarly, livestock management has always been considered to be the sole responsibility of women. For the peasant women, the farm manure is important as a source of fuel and as a source to augment the family income. Around 25 to 30 per cent of rural women are engaged in income and expenditure decisions of the household. 

Livestock rearing is largely a woman’s job. And according to estimates, the time devoted by them in livestock related activities range from three to five hours per day. Women take responsibility for cutting fodder, cleaning sheds, milking dairy animals, processing animal products and looking after the health of the herd. 

A rural woman in Punjab works almost 15 hours a day, spending about 5-6 hours in caring for livestock. Women involved in rearing livestock and poultry look after all its aspects and are responsible for about 60 to 80 per cent of feeding and milking of dairy animals with the exception of herding and marketing, since these tasks require going away from home.

Livestock is the second important sub-sector of Pakistan's agriculture. It contributes about 50 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) and eleven percent of overall national GDP. Livestock raising is primarily a subsistence activity to meet household food needs and supplement farm incomes. Almost every rural household in the Punjab, Pakistan owns some livestock. The public sector involvement for increasing livestock productivity is insufficient. The private sector is generally encouraged to invest in production, processing and marketing of livestock and livestock products (GOP, 2008).

Climate change is perhaps the most serious environmental threat to the fight against hunger, malnutrition, disease and poverty in Africa, mainly through its impact on agricultural productivity. This paper discusses the challenges of agricultural adaptation to climate change in Nigeria under the categories (adapted from FAO, 2001) -

Justification of Study

Justification of the Research Study Research studies investigating women’s role particularly that of rural women in agriculture activities are scarce. In terms of research very few studies pertaining to women participation in agriculture activities have been carried out in Pakistan in general and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in particular. Keeping in view the dearth of information concerning women participation in agriculture activities, the study in hand is initiated to fill these gaps. The study would enable the policy makers to prepare plans, which would address women’s concerns and develop projects/schemes where the hidden potential could be utilized fully for the development of the economy. As for the selection of the rural areas of Charsadda for this study is concerned, women do participate in agriculture activities here and it is easily accessible for the researcher.

Review of Literature

In Pakistan, agricultural activity rates may vary from one region to another as in the Khyber pakhtun Khwa and Balochistan socio-cultural norms are more binding and less female participation in such work is observed. Women from poor landless families work in fields in an attempt to raise their household income. In Bangladesh, studies have found that the highest involvement of women in agriculture comes from households with small landholdings. Similar situation occurs in Pakistan with women communities. Women are often responsible in part or in whole for livestock activities. Women are usually afforded greater recognition in this sector than their role in crop production. In a country, livestock not only generates income but also provides fertilizers for plants draft power for farms, food for humans and biomass fuel for energy. In Pakistan, it is women who make the feed, collect fodder, clean animals and their sheds, make dung cakes, collect manure for organic fertilizers, pump milk, process. animal products and to market them They also play a crucial role in rural poultry farming, where they apply their own methods of rearing and breeding.

It is widely accepted that most of the critical roles related to livestock farming are played by thewomen (Moser, 2007). Rangnekar (1992) claimed that livestock management has always been perceived as thetraditional responsibility of women. Pakistani rural women involved themselves in agricultural activities by playing their role in livestock promoting activities by availing credits (Todd, 1998). Livestock farming become more attractive for women when they are in cash strapped(Mendoza, 2003). They have to work harder and moreintensive in order to make agriculture economically affordable (Arun, 1999). Women generally contribute more labour inputs in areas of fodder cutting, watering,cleaning of animals and their sheds etc. Milking theanimals and milk processing has also been attributed to the women folks. Manure collection, preparation of

dung cakes and maintenance of animal sheds are also the exclusive activities of rural women (Akmal and Sajida, 2004). Managing and herding large stock and other animals and processing livestock products are also considered the sole responsibility of women in the Punjab

(Niamir-Fuller, 2000). Paudel et al. (2009) claimed thatwomen in Nepal contribute in livestock farming tasks likecleaning of sheds (80%), forage collection (93%), and feeding of animals (73%).

In rural areas of Pakistan, women participate in all operations related to crop production such as sowing, transplanting, weeding and harvesting, as well as in postharvest operations such as threshing, drying, and storage. Rural Women in Pakistan carry out these farm duties in addition to their normal domestic chores of cooking; cleaning and maintaining the house as well as some of its construction (USAID, 1999).

Agricultural extension education services in Pakistan are responsible to enhance and accelerate the process of agricultural development to meet the food needs of rapidly growing population. The aim of agricultural extension education are to provide farmers (of both male & female) with information that enables them to make good assessment/decision in farming, to transfer suitable technologies from research and other sources and ultimately to abolish poverty and hunger by improving their production and food security. Rural women faces more problems and difficulties than that of men in gaining access to credit and extension education services related to agriculture, livestock management and food security (Achamyelesh, 2000).

Women are mostly affected directly by the ubiquitous use of pesticides and other chemicals. Pesticides leave residues on crops, particularly on cotton, which are picked only by women causing blisters on their hands and necks. In Pakistan, about 70 percent of total pesticide use is accounted by cotton. Animal waste used as fuelwood which generates harmful biogases affecting women, especially since they are responsible for cooking. Women in some cases also perform the hazardous task of placing mixtures of mercury and oil in the grains to kill insects. The increased exposure to toxic chemicals and pesticides combined with water pollution, creates a number of health risks for women and their infants.

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, there is no sound industrial base and population residing in rural areas is engaged directly or indirectly in agriculture. The role of women is very significant in spite of many social barriers and constraints. They help the farmer in field operation, manage the livestock production, dairy products and participate in poultry agriculture, kitchen gardening and food preservation. All their work enhances the family income. They produce about two third of total food which is quite rational to involve them actively in all agricultural development programs. The women take active part and work shoulder to shoulder with male in the field of agriculture. (Munir Khan et al. )

Participation of women in agriculture activities in district Peshawar all the field operations in fruits, vegetables and crops production involving sowing, harvesting and storage of the crops grown in the area are equally participated by the rural women. Besides the work in the field they also take part in all aspects of animal husbandry such as herding/grazing, feeding, cutting fodder, transporting and chopping fodder/grasses and cleaning livestock sheds and so on. In addition, women are also involved in general health care, milking, butter\ghee making, and preservation of milk and milk products and their marketing. These later duties performed by women are mainly of great importance and contribute a lot to their family income (Ahmad, 2001).

In spite of all this contribution, women work has not been recognized on national level (Green, W.H. 2000. Econometric Analysis. International Edition (4th ed). New York ).They have no access to information source relating to critical issues like balanced diet, health care, sanitation, care of pregnant animals and new born calf, correct procedure of milking and feeding, least access to veterinary services, and true breed survival and artificial insemination techniques (Siva Kumar, P.S and R.N. Trikha 2002. Message design for community wall newspaper: Participatory approach. Manage Extension Research Review. Vol. III (1) National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management. Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. January – June. P. 114-116.)

Their working efficiency deteriorates due to lack of technical knowledge in livestock management. Morevoer, they have competency to perform agricultural tasks and training activities related to agriculture sector only (Santra S. K. and R. Kundu, 2001. Women’s Empowerment for Sustainable Agriculture Development. MANAGE Extension Research Review. National Institute of Agricultural Management, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India Throughout the world the women have very limited access to training facilities and technology is rarely designed to assess and address the needs of rural women regarding livestock production and management (Rousan, L. M. 2007. Women farmer and their educational needs in small ruminants’ production in the Northern Badia region of Jordan. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 2(4): 369-374.).

Livestock also plays an important role in the agro based economy of the country as a major source of cash income especially in hard times with the consumption of large portion of paid and unpaid labour . It contributes approximately 55.1 percent to value added agriculture and 11.6 percent to national GDP

Women are generally less able than men to participate in economic opportunities because they face work burden that men do not. In most societies, women are responsible for most of the household and child-rearing activities as well rearing of small livestock, although norms differ by culture and over time. This additional work burden is unpaid and limits women’s capacity to engage in income-earning activities, which often require a minimum fixed time before being profitable. Furthermore, the nature of tasks, such as caring for children and elderly household members, requires women to stay near the home, thus limiting options to work for a wage. Time scarcity forces many women to start-up cottage industries, such as handicrafts, which are often characterized by low returns and limited potential for expansion (Lanjouw and Lanjouw, 2001).

In the Punjab Province of Pakistan, the important factors that influence the gender division of labour in livestock production and the place where the animals are kept, the size of the area being farmed and the caste of the family. The material value of the animals and their use impinge on the decision-making powers in cattle farming. Women are involved in all cattlefarming tasks if the animals are kept in the farmyard; larger farms do not involve women in these tasks. The more valuable the animals, the smaller the possibility that women could make decisions on their purchases and sales. If the animals serve a purpose which is in the women’s realm of responsibilities, e.g. feeding the family, her influence on decision making is greater than with animals that fulfill purely farming purposes, such as draft oxen (Martins, 1990).

METERIALS AND MATHODS

This chapter gives the procedure for research study. It explain the selection of study area, selection of respondents, sampling procedure, data collection and analysis Universe of the Study. The study was conducted in union council Sarki Tetara a Union council. of Charsadda district. Three villages ( Hji Abad , Sarki , and Tibana ) were selected. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in these villages

Sampling Procedure

After the selection of sampled villages a list of sample size for each village was prepared on the basis of information available from the Assistant Commissioner Tangi office. In all these villages 600 households are engaged in agriculture activities. From the three villages, 10% of the households (i.e. 60) were randomly selected on proportionate sampling basis.

Data Collection

Interview schedule (questionnaire) was used as a research instrument to elicit information on women participation in agriculture activities. A well structured questionnaire was prepared for the collection of data. Efforts were made to keep it simple and understandable so as to capture all the necessary information on family income, household composition, age groups, participation of men and women in agriculture. This interview schedule was pre-tested and modified according to the feed back from respondents. The primary data for this study was collected through a household survey.

Data Analysis

Data analysis was conducted to find out the required results of the study. Women participation in agriculture activities was measured in man days/seasons and one day consists of 8 hours. Ordinary least square (OLS) method was used to estimate the impact of various socio-economic and cultural factors. Education level and Age of respondent

Socio-Economics Characteristics of the Respondents

The socio-economics characteristics of the sampled respondents including age, educational status, tenancy status .

REFERENCES.

1. Ahmad, U. 2001. Participation of women in livestock activities in the rural areas of Charsadda District. M. Sc (Hons) Thesis, Deptt. of Agric. Econ. Agric. Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan. Govt. of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

2. Anon. 2012. Economic Survey, Economic advisor’s wing, Finance Division, Government of Pakistan. Islamabad.

3. Arun, S. (1999). Does landownership make a difference? Women’s role in agriculture in Kerala, India.Gender and Development. 7 (3): 19-27

4. FAO (2001). Farming systems and Poverty: Improving farmers’ livelihoods in a Challenging world. FAO, Rome, Italy

5. GOP (Govt. of Pakistan). 2008. Economic Survey of Pakistan. Finance Division, Economic Advisor’s Wing, Islamabad

6. Lanjouw, J.O. and P. Lanjouw. 2001. The rural non-farm sector: issues and evidence from developing countries. World Development 26: 1-23.

7. Martins, C. 1990. The role of women in the production of livestock in third world countries. A review of literature. Working paper (GTZ Project 90.9127.3- 91.100). Berlin, Germany. pp.29.

8. Mendoza, M. (2003). Women in livestock and poultry industry. Farm News, Philippine Peasant Institute, Philippine

9. Moser, C. (2007). Reducing global poverty: The case for asset accumulation. Brookings Institution Press,Washington, DC.

10. Rangnekar, S. D. (1992). Involvement of women and children in goat keeping in some villages of Gujarat and Rajasthan. 5th International Conference on Goats, Dehli, India. Abstracts of Contributory Papers, 1.

11. Todd, H. (1998). Women climbing out of poverty through credit; or what do cows have to do withit, Livestock Res. for Rural Dev. 10 (3). (Online) Available: www.cipav.org.com

12. Wikipedia, 2011. Climate of Pakistan. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Climate_of_Pakistan.

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Questionnaire Role of Woman in Changing Climate and impact on Agriculture Activities in District Charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province Peshawar

1. Name of respondent___________________________________________

2. Name of District ---------------------------------------------------------------

3. Name of Sub Division----------------------------------------------------

4. Name of Union council________________________________

5. Name of Village_____________________________

6. Date of Interview ----------------------------------------

7. Age of respondent in Years --------------------------------

8. Number of House Hold-------------------------------------------

9. Education Status of Respondent

i) Illiterate --------------Yes/No ii) Literate ------------------------yes/No

If Literate

a) Upto Primary----------- b) Primary to Middle ---------- c) Middle to

Matric--------------d) Above Matric ----------------------- e) Graduate ----------------f)

other --

10. Distribution of the respondents according to their age

a) Young ( upto 35 Years) -------------------- b) Middle Age ( 35-50 Years)

------------ c) Old (above 50 years )

d) Any other -------------------------------------------------------.

11. Marital status of respondent

Single Married Widow

11. Women share in the property of the respondent

Respondent Part in Property

Yes No

12. Involvement of Women in Agriculture Yes/No

Activity Yes No

Planting

Seeding

Thinning

Weeding

Fruit Collection

Harvesting of vegetables , crops and fruits

Crop residual collection pruning

Sowing of vegetables , crops

Threshing

Watering

Storage of cereals

Selection of Variety

Land Preparation

Drying of seed

Grading of seed

Peeling of sugarcane

Husking of Maize

12.Involvement of women in Livestock

Caring of diseased of animal and poultry birds Yes No

Cleaning and maintenance of animal shed /

poultry shed

Feeding and water Livestock and poultry

Selection of Livestock/Poultry birds

Milking and Milking Processes

Calf rearing

Making Feeding Concentrates

Breeding Livestock

Marketing of Livestock and poultry

Egg collection

Dung Collection and making dung cakes

Cutting green fodder and chopping

Bringing fodder

Milk processing

Churning

Hatching eggs

Involvement of women in various house hold activities time spent in hours

Activities Total daily time spent

Breakfast

House Cleaning

Dish washing

Cooking

Childern care

Sewing knitting and embroidery

Laundry

Q1. What environmental services are important for you from your village?

Part 3. Perception of respondent about the climate change

1. Has temperature during the winter over the last 5 years increased or decreased?2. Has temperature during the spring over the last 5 years increased or decreased?3. Has the temperature during the summer over the last 5 years increased or decreased? 4. Has the temperature during the fall over the last 5 years increased or decreased? 5. Have you observed any change in timing of monsoon over the last 5 years?

If yes choose a or b a. Monsoon rains received weeks earlier than in the past b. Monsoon rains received weeks later than in the past (No change in the timing)

6. Have you observed any change in the quantity of monsoon received over the last 5 years?

If yes consider one from scenarios a to f:

a. Monsoon has slightly increased

b. Monsoon has increased to some extent

c. Monsoon has

d. Monsoon has slightly decreased

e. Monsoon has decreased to some extent

f. Monsoon has highly decreased

7.Have you observed any change in timing of winter rain over the last 5 years? If yes: choose a or b a.Winter rain received -----------------------weeks earlier than in the past

b. Winter rain received ------------------------weeks later than in the past

8. Have you observed any change in the quantity of winter rainfall over the last 10 years? If yes consider one of the scenarios from a to f.

a. Winter rain has slightly increased

b. Winter rain has increased to some extent

c. Winter rain has increased heavily

d. Winter rain has slightly decreased

e. Winter rain has decreased to some extent

f. Winter rain has highly decreased

9. Have you observed any change in dry periods over the last 5 years? If yes choose a or b.

a. The dry period has increased by --------------------------------( weeks)

b. The dry period has decreased by--------------------------------- ( weeks)

10. Have you observed changes in duration of the summers over the last 5 years? If yes choose a or b.

a. The summers have prolonged ------------------------------- weeks

b. The summers have shortened by----------------------------- weeks

11. Have you observed changes in duration of winter over the last 5 years? If yes choose a or b. a. The duration of winter has increased by------------------------ weeks

b. The duration of winter has decreased by------------------------ weeks

12. Have you observed changes in duration of autumn over the last 5 years?

If yes choose a or b.

a. The duration of autumn has increased by ---------------------------weeks

b. The duration of autumn has decreased by--------------------------- weeks

13. Have you observed changes in duration of spring over the last 5 years? If yes choose a or b.

a. The duration of spring has increased by-------------------------------- weeks

b. The duration of spring has decreased by -------------------------------weeks.

Part 4: Community observations about the impact of climate change on farming

1. Did yield of your main crop change (increase or decrease) over the last 5-10 years. In case of change, describe three main reasons for decrease or increase in main crop yield:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Did livestock productivity change (reduce / increase) over the past 5-10 years? In case of change, describe three main reasons for decrease or increase in productivity:

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