RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITYCollege of Arts and Sciences

Department of Psychology

Term Paper

CAS 06 601-E / 10:30am-1:30pm

Group 3

Leader: Jay Michael T. Pineda

Members: Mickaella Atas Jane MondaresJustin Balena Joy PagulayanMary Jane Baloro Rica Mae TalleJengky Marie Galemba Pauline Jean TaperoShiela Mae Leray Rashane Mae Vaflor

Submitted to:Dr. Henry Agong

Professor of Social Psychology

Social PsychologySocial Psychology

Question A:

How Interpersonal relationship works?

Answers:

For me interpersonal relationship works, if when an individual is open of anything, can communicate effectively and also if they can interact freely with other individuals in their environment. -From Atas, Mikaella

No man is an island, in which every human needs his or her company to fill his or her weakness, longing, or any reasons behind. We are part of society that keeps us to interact to each every person we come across. In interaction we create a social exchange in which we shared different things to other people. In social exchange there are called social rewards and social costs. In which we tried to maximize the interaction for social rewards, these are favorable outcomes for us while we tried to minimize the social costs, those scenario that is unfavorable or negative to us. It happens when someone asked you a favor in which you do in expecting them to return the good things you’ve done and it become an exchange of goods or services. And if someone breaks by not giving back the favor, the exchange will destroy-From Baloro, Mary Jane

For interpersonal works when people effectively have an agreement on a topic or issue. It is communicating freely to other person with comprehension. -From Galemba, Jengky

Interpersonal relationships are social connections with others. We experience a variety of interpersonal relationships on a daily basis with family, friends, significant others and people at our workplace. 

For example, in a group work, being open to the opinions or suggestions of others is one of the key potential of a leader and in this way we can create a good and harmonious relationship with the other members of the group. -From Leray, Shiela

Interpersonal relationship works when an individual open their mind with the opinion of the other. Moreover, the relationship grows when they share the same interest

Example:

In a classroom where people have different personalities, it is wonderful to see that they formed kinds of group where they share their common interest. Ana is a kpop fan and belonged to a group of friends who’s also a kpop fan. Therefore, it is expected that a group would agree with certain things in the likeness of interest.-From Mondares, Jane/ Balena, Justin

Interpersonal relationship works if we can maintain those attractors like similarity, proximity, exchange and intimacy. Those attractors that I have mentioned are the reasons for attraction so for me, if we maintained those attractors interpersonal relationship works and it can also go deep and also understanding each other can also make interpersonal relationship works, we must learn how to listen and be open to anyone. -From Pagulayan, Joy

For me, Interpersonal relationship towards another person or group of people may work well if we are willing and very open to communicate whatever the topics or ideas are about to share by each other. Our mind must be open and most importantly, we must learn how to listen very well so we can response accordingly. -From Pineda, Jay Michael

People have the urge and the need to belong to feel that they are not alone. With this need, we interact and form relationships with others may it be friendships or romantic relationships. Now, how do people interact or how people can be attracted to a certain person? Of course, we like people who have the same interest as we do. If there’s a common thing that these people like, then there’s something that they can share. Physical attractiveness is also another thing. We are attracted to people who are beautiful and handsome because I mean, it’s hard not to notice them right? Another attractor is reciprocity. We tend to like others who also like us. We tend to hang out with people who treat us right or show us with kindness. We do the same thing to them. If they care for us, we also do the same thing to them because as the relationship gets deeper, commitment gets deeper too. Attractors determine why we approach or why we want to be with that person. After that, we form relationships with them and we commit ourselves to them. -From Talle, Rica

I can say that an interpersonal relationship can develop between individuals who may works together in the same organization or in the same team. I also believe in relationship between a man and a woman (Love, Marriage), relationship with immediate family members and relatives, Relationship of a child with his parents and relationship between friends.

Relationship can also develop in a group (Relationship of students with their teacher, relationship of a religious guru with his disciples and so on) -From Tapero, Jean Paulline:

For me, Interpersonal relationship works when the individual has willingly open anything about herself/ himself and they feel comfortable talking with you and also if they can interact well to the other people. -From Vaflor, Rashane

Question B:

How to overcome prejudices?

To overcome prejudice, we must get to know the person more, spend time with them so that we get to know them better. -Atas, Mikaella

In overcoming it, we can use the ABC of cognitive-behavioral therapy, most specifically is the rational emotive behavior therapy. Since prejudice is ones cognition ABC may be effective in which stands for the antecedent, beliefs and consequences. First we must analyze the event happening to us, what is really happening in your surrounding? And B for the belief, what are the beliefs that floating in our mind in this situation? Does it beliefs or thoughts are appropriate? C for consequences, think of behavioral or emotional consequences if let yourself drive of the situation. Put it in this way, applying in being prejudice, you always listen to the news in which a lot of young individual involved to different crimes and one day you are waiting for a ride and you saw a young individual not so groomy lad, attacking a handsome decent man. In your mind, you are thinking that this not so groomy lad are liked those juvenile delinquent young ones that destroying their future, by thinking like that you are already become a prejudice. The consequences of that is you tried to call police and pointing the not so groomy lad as a criminal. But what if the story is like this, this handsome decent man was always poking the not so groomy young lad every time he saw it, and this not so groomy young lad reacted and aggresses because of repressed anger to this handsome decent man. Or maybe this not so groomy lad is having mental illness or the handsome decent man kicked the not so groomy lad because there was bad thing happened in the office and the lad aggresses. lets apply ABC in overcoming the prejudice, given the same scenario before you come to any belief make at least know the whole story in the event happen, then your belief to those parties or individuals involved will changed and the consequences is you call the police you tell the whole thing you saw but not pointing the not so groomy lad as primary person who started it.

In this let me note that the prejudice thinking there was when you thought that the not so groomy lad is one of those juvenile delinquents, but when you overcome being prejudice your belief to this young lad will be like this “maybe there was a reason why he acted like that or by not having negative thought to the both party

involved”, but it does not mean not making any action upon witnessing this kind of scenario. -Baloro, Mary Jane

To overcome prejudice, first we must know our self more and think of our self worth. We must know that we are individuals with a role in this world and that any negative opinions of others won’t reflect us on how we live. -Galemba, Jengky Marie

First, know better the person or the group he/ she belongs before judging them. We shall not make prejudgments. Second, we must be aware of the negative effects of prejudice to people. Lastly, we must respect each other’s differences. We are in a multicultural world and we have different beliefs and opinions. We must accept cultural diversity. -Leray, Shiela

Social Psychology as I know is the study of science under psychology that examines how an individual perform and perceive in the society. On the other hand, sociology is the study of society and how the society develops over the period of time. The difference is that, social psychology studies extensively about individuals while sociology studies the society itself. -Mondares, Jane/Balena Justin

We can overcome prejudice if we will first learn how to understand and know that person or group and we must know how to accept differences and know each other better. -Pagulayan, Joy

Well, we can overcome prejudice if we will exert effort to get to know that person and also to spend an ample time to observe person’s behavior. It is important not to judge the person only by physical looks because it really not determines his or her character. There’s a saying like “Don’t judge the book by its cover” and personally I can say that this is true. Looks can be deceiving. We will never know that the one who’s looking pleasant in our eyes is fake inside. -Pineda, Jay Michael

Prejudice is the unfair attitude towards a particular group. Meaning, we tend to judge or stereotype people based on their race and such and this often lead to discrimination. In order to avoid this, let’s say, people of different races must have an interaction. If there’s a chance that people of different race gets to interact with each other, they can see for themselves, that there are good traits that the inferior individual possessed. That that person can be as successful as the other individual is. Another way to overcome prejudice is to have both grouped an equal opportunity or status. Meaning, that both individuals from different groups must have the same benefits. There should be no exceptions. In this way, we can give a chance to other people to show their full potential and who knows, the person belonging to the inferior group can do much better than the other individual. Another factor is to help the inferior individual not to compete with them. If you do this, the chance of discriminating can be reduced because of the friendship that you may develop. Lastly, to overcome prejudice is to be humble. Don’t think that you’re always greater, better, or higher than the others or compared to others. It is a cliche’ that if you want

change, you must start with yourself, but it’s really the thing that we must do. Stop judging others and try to know them more before judging. -Talle, Rica

The word “prejudice” can literally be broken down into “pre-” and “judgment.” Aptly, much of prejudice stems from our pre-judging other people’s habits, customs, clothes, ways of speaking, and values. We often do this with no basis for the judgment other than the fact that they (the customs, values, food, etc) are different from our own. -Tapero, Jean Paulline

We can overcome prejudice by better getting to know that person, spend more time with them, attempt to change the negative beliefs and be mindful of your language. “Think before you speak”, so that you don’t have to hurt anybody because of your uttered words and I know that it is not important to judge a person because of their looks and the way they speak. -Vaflor, Rashane

Question C:

How Social Psychology does differ from sociology?

The differences between social psychology and social is, social psychology is about understanding the behavior of an individual through social and environment setting, while sociology is the study about the society itself and the behavior in the society about their culture and origins and how their society works. -Atas, Mikaella

The social psychology focuses on individual within the society while the sociology looking a group of individuals as a group that made up of society and how does the culture of society affect how that group of people work or done something. While in the social psychology it explains, that how an individual will react to the pressure that gave to him of the surroundings and why he tried to do the same thing. -Baloro, Mary Jane

Sociology is the study of people and how they interact with society. Social Psychology is the study of the thoughts and feelings and issues that people have while they are interacting with society. -Galemba, Jengky Marie

In Social Psychology, I’ve learned that we are the ones who affect the society while in Sociology; it is about how the society affects us. Social Psychology investigates how your thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment. On the other hand, sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior according to American Sociological Association. It is how people act in group situations, the development and structure of human society and how it works. -Leray, Shiela Marie

At some point, a person will not value the group where he belongs if he only sees the wellness of the other group. This is why people tend to diminish the sense of “consideration”. They only want the best for them. Unconsciously, making judgment to others only portrays the insecurity of an individual. To overcome prejudices, it is possible to consider the things that are good within an individual and disregard the negative thoughts. Making positive thoughts will enlighten our minds not to see the negative side of an individual. -Mondares Jane/Balena, Justin

For me, Social Psychology is the study of behavior of an individual in the environment while Sociology is the study of the environment or society itself.-Pagulayan, Joy

Based on what I’ve learned, Social Psychology is the study of the behavior of people in the society while Sociology is the study of how the society influences the way people think, behave and feel. -Pineda, Jay Michael

Before answering the question, let us first define the two. Social Psychology, according to Merriam-Webster dictionary, is the study of manner in which the personality, attitudes, motivations, and behavior of the individual influence and are influenced by social groups. Sociology, on the other hand, is the study of society, social institutions, and social relationships. So, Social psychology is about the behavior and attitudes of the people and how these behaviors affect or influence other people. Sociology is about the stuffs on society and how they are related. In my own understanding, Social Psychology attempts to explain why people behave the way they do on a society. Sociology for me is about the study of the societal behavior. What people of a certain group do without the explanation why they do it or how the behavior of others affects the others. -Talle, Rica

Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact whileSociology is the study of human social behavior, especially the study of the origins, organization, institutions, and development of human society. -Tapero, Jean Paulline

Social Psychology is the study of the thoughts and feelings and issues that people have while they are interacting with society while Sociology is the study of people and how they interact with society. -Vaflor, Rashane

Question D:

How are attitudes formed?

Attitudes are form through experience, observation and learning. -Atas, Mikaella

We must exposed first to those things in our surroundings, before we come up into an attitude. This attitude is formed exposing to a stimuli in which our surrounding will dictate if it is good or bad. Example, the pack of junk food if the advertisement of it will show that it was good for our health or endorsed by a healthy person the possibility we formed an attitude favorable to the product. -Baloro, Mary Jane

Attitudes are formed through three processes: affection, cognition and behavior. This concept is a departure from earlier authors' views of attitude formation.

-Galemba, Jengky Marie

In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event.In social psychology, attitudes are defined as learned, global evaluations of a person, object, place, or issue that influences thoughts and action. Put more simply, attitudes are basic expressions of approval or disapproval, favorability or unfavorability, likes and dislikes. Attitudes typically have three components and these are cognitive, affective and behavioral component.

Cognitive component is made up of the thoughts and beliefs people hold about the object of the attitude. Affective component consists of the emotional feelings stimulated by the object of the attitude. Behavioral component consists of predispositions to act in certain ways toward an attitude object. Attitudes are acquired through: social learning, social comparison, genetic factors and self-experiences. -Leray, Shiela

Attitudes may form through experiences. They may be born out of direct personal experiences or as a result of observations. Social roles and norms can also have an effect towards an individual’s attitude. The particular role that is expected to see to an individual and the norms that is considered to be appropriate in the society. Attitudes can also be affected through conditioning. It can also be formed simply inside the family or closely related groups the individual is associated to. -Mondares, Jane/Balena, Justin

Attitudes are form based on experiences or past experiences and through the influence of our environment; attitude can also influence our behavior. How we perceive or learned things can also be one of the reasons why attitude form. -Pagulayan, Joy:

I can say that there are a lot of factors that our attitude may form. A large part of it comes from our family inside the house. How we perceive attitude from the members of our family may change depends on the person by the way how he/she may accept other’s behavior. Secondly, the role of the environment may affect our attitude as well. Lastly, the people around us can take a vital role for us to form new attitude. -Pineda, Jay Michael

In psychology, there are two ways we acquire our attitude. It is called nature and nurture. Nature is when our personality is inherited while nurture is when our personality is acquired through the influence of environment. Our attitude changes as we grow up. But mostly, we get our attitudes through others. Rotter proposed a theory called Social Learning Theory wherein we imitate our parents, other adults, or our peers to produce our own attitudes. We based our ideal attitudes from others specifically our friends. As we experience and meet different kinds of people, we tend to adjust to their attitude just so we can get along with them or maybe because we admire the attitude they have or we learned from our mistakes and became a better person. -Talle, Rica

Attitudes may be learned from the experiences we have. These include mostly mundane events such as being praised by our parents for expounding “liberal” attitudes, but also major life and world events. The basic processes through which we learn attitudes remain the same throughout life, though as we grow older the attitudes we learn may be more complex, and the ones we already hold may become more resistant to change. -Tapero, Jean Paulline

Attitudes are form directly as a result of experience. They may emerge due to direct personal experience, or they may result from observation. Another factor is in the social roles and social norms it relates on how people behave in the particular context. -Vaflor, Rashane

Question E

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSUASION

This Summary below was written by Robert B. Cialdini, Ph. D, and he permitted it's reprinting here.

As such, it is important for those wishing to create and sustain practical change to understand fully the workings of this process.

I have incorporated Dr Cialdini's principles along with additional information in my book, Influence and Persuasion. 

In summary, these principles are:

• Reciprocation. People are more willing to comply with requests (for favors, services, information, concessions, etc.) from those who have provided such things first. For example, according to the American Disabled Veterans organization, mailing out a simple appeal for donations produces an 18% success rate; but, enclosing a small gift--personalized address labels--boosts the success rate to 35%

• Commitment/Consistency. People are more willing to be moved in a particular direction if they see it as consistent with an existing or recent commitment. Consider how small that commitment can be and still motivate change forcefully.

• Authority. People are more willing to follow the directions or recommendations of a communicator to whom they attribute relevant authority or expertise. One study showed that 3 times as many pedestrians were willing to follow a man into traffic against the red light when he was merely dressed as an authority in a business suit and tie.

• Social Validation. People are more willing to take a recommended action if they see evidence that many others, especially similar others, are taking it. One researcher went door to door collecting for charity and carrying a list of others in the area who had already contributed. The longer the list, the more contributions it produced.

• Scarcity. People find objects and opportunities more attractive to the degree that they are scarce, rare, or dwindling in availability. Even information that is scarce is more effective.

• Liking/Friendship. People prefer to say yes to those they know and like. For example, research done on Tupperware Home Demonstration parties shows that guests are 3 times more likely to purchase products because they like the party's hostess than because they like the products." -Atas, Mikaella

Reciprocity, Consistency, Social Proof, Liking, Authority, & Scarcity -these principles tend to dictate the way we behave in society, and we can use them to identify and predict human behavior. The principle of reciprocity says that people don’t like being indebted to others. The principle of consistency says that people want to be consistent in their decision making. For the uninitiated, the principle of social proof says that people want to do what everyone else is doing. The principle of liking is the simplest one on the planet. People respond more to people they like. The principle of authority says most of us realize we can’t be experts at everything. Our best bet is to rely on the testimony of experts. The principle of scarcity says that if it’s limited, people want it more. -Galemba, Jengky Marie

Robert Cialdini the one who made a study on the Psychology of Persuasion. There are six principles:

1. Reciprocity - People tends to return a favor.2. Scarcity - the fear of losing out something can be a motivator.3. Authority - Using power to persuade or influence.4. Commitment - People tends to honor agreements.5. Consensus - Relying on the judgments of others when making decisions.6. Likability - We tend to agree based on what we like

-Pagulayan, Joy:

Well, the study of Psychology of Persuasion by Dr. Robert Cialdini brought a great help as we realizes that this really happens. Thanks to this subject “Social Psychology” because we students learn its significance.

Here are the 6 principles of persuasion according to Cialdini namely:

Reciprocity - equal exchanges of goods or services Scarcity -use as tactics to things to be valuable Authority -power to control people Commitment -we value promises of what we commit. Consensus -unsure on how will act and they just copy the majority. Likability -If it has the characteristics of what you desire or having

the same quality as yours.-From Pineda, Jay Michael:

Persuasion is the act of causing people to do or believe something. To persuade people effectively, you must be one, an authoritative figure. People tend to believe or trust people with authority because we think that before they get where they are, they went through difficult training in order to achieve their position. And so, it appears that they know exactly what they do making it easy for them to persuade. Two, the person you like can easily

persuade you. Because you like the person, you are willing to do anything for them including the thing that they are persuading you to do or something. Just imagine, if you don’t like someone and they persuade you, do you think that there’s any chance that you’re going to say yes? Three, is when someone did you a favor, you are most likely to return the favor. Especially for us, Filipinos. Gratitude is a big issue for us so when someone did us a favor, we will be shy not to return the favor because we weren’t able to accomplish something without their help. *From Talle, Rica:

Well, I can say that physical attractiveness is a positive characteristic that dominates the way we view another person. Unconsciously, people assume that good-looking people have such traits as talent, kindness, honesty, and intelligence.

There’s a saying that “We like people who are similar to us" and studies have demonstrated that we "are more likely to help those who dress like us". -Tapero, Jean Paulline:

The book of Dr. Robert Cialdini explains the psychology of why people say yes and how to apply these findings to others and your own life.

There are 6 principles of Psychology of Persuasion:

1. Reciprocation- This rule states that “…we should try to repay, in kind, what another person has provided us.

2. Commitment & Consistency- This principle is about our “…desire to be (and to appear) consistent with what we have already done. Once we have made a choice or taken a stand, we will encounter personal and interpersonal pressures to behave consistently with that commitment. Those pressures will cause us to respond in ways that justify our earlier decision.”

3. Consensus- This rule “…applies especially to the way we decide what constitutes correct behavior. We view a behavior as more correct in a given situation to the degree that we see others performing it.” Basically, everyone else is doing it, so I’ll do it too.

4. Authority- Very simply, people tend to follow authority figures. We are taught from a very young age that obedience to authority is right and disobedience is wrong.

5. Liking- Very simply, this just means we prefer to say yes to the requests of people we know and like.

6. Scarcity- The scarcity principle states that “…opportunities seem more valuable to us when their availability is limited.” -Vaflor, Rashane: