NEW ZEALAND - GOLLIPOLIRESEARCH REPORT

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ABSTRACT

August 8th 1915 was the date that New Zealand and English soldiers reach the ridge of Conk Bayrn. Over the space of nine months the remaing troops were evacuated leaving more than 80,000 Turk-ish soldiers and 44,000 allied soldiers including 8,500 Australians and 2,721 New Zealands died.

A memorial is an object which serves as a focus for memory of something, usually a person (who has died) or an event. In the 20th century have become more abstract. Part Three enages on case studies around the world that commemorate battles and poeple.

However is it appropriate to design another memorial for the events that happened 100 years ago?

Do monuments still resonate and have meaning for young Turkish and New Zealand poeple? If so how can we pos-sibly create something that is different in all respects to a memorial but still potrays the memory of the war.

War memorials are built to commemorate the people we have lost as a country and their achievements throughout the event. But our groups main ques-tion, do we need another war memorial for people to remember Gallipoli by?

Our perspective is not negative towards memorials but is to look at it at a different point of view and focus on the local community of Turkey.

Investing in a better future for the locals and surroundings while being able to experience what actually happened there in 1915.

Eco Village Eco Tourism

Local community Investing in a better lifestyle Sustainable growth

1915 ExperienceSense of historyEducation

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Where do the Anzac landings fit into this?

PART ONETIMELINE

Winston Churchill is widely credited as the man who committed British, French and above all – untested Australian and New Zealand forces to the ill-fated campaign to seize control of the Dardanelles Straits and western Turkey.

The Value of the Straits

Why attempt the Straits in the first place? The answer lay in the great strategic value control would give the Entente Powers. The Straits linked the Mediterranean Sea with the Sea of Marmora. This not only gave ready access to the Turkish capital Constantinople and much of the Turkish Empire’s industrial powerhouse, but also provided a lane to the Black Sea.

Just as importantly, if not more so, access to the Sea of Marmora was bound to give Britain and France supply route access to their eastern ally, Russia. Therefore it was quite feasible that should Britain and France gain the Straits they could succeed in not only eliminating Turkey from the war, but in also drawing Greece and Bul-garia into the war against the Central Powers.

Attempt to force the Straits

19th FEB – 18th MAR

Naval Attacks – Gallipoli began as an ambitious naval strategy devised by Winston Churchill to force the Ottoman Empire out of the war. The plan was to attack the capital Constantinople (Istanbul) from sea by forcing open the Dardanelles with heavy bombardment of its costal forts. On 19 February, an Anglo French fleet attacked the Ot-toman forts at the mouth of the passage with little effect. Convinced however, that the Ottomans were weakened and vulnerable, the main attack was launched under Admiral de Robeck on 18 March. A fleet of ageing battleships, cruisers and destroyers, led by a new, heavily armoured dreadnoughts class battleship, “Queen Elizabeth”, was sent to break open the straits at its narrowest point.

As the ships sailed up the straits in formation they passed through lines of mines that the mainly civilian mine-sweepers had been forced to leave due to heavy shelling from the Ottoman guns. Three of the ships were sunk, three were put out of action and the fleet was hastily withdrawn. This defeat persuaded Kitchener to agree to the redirection of the ground forces away from the Western front to support a combined military – naval operation to capture the Ottoman forts along the Dardanelles western shore and the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was formed under General Ian Hamilton. It also alerted the Ottoman command to their intentions and gave them time to prepare their basic defense.

25th April

Gallipoli landings: British

Hamiton’s invasion plan of the 25th April was to land his infantry at strategic points along the coast. They would then cross the peninsula to take the forts at Kilitbahir thereby allowing his navy to pass through the heavily defended narrows of the Dardanelles. The British 29th Division would land at Cape Helles on the outside point of the peninsula across the five beaches named S, V, W, X and Y then advance together to first take the high point Achi Baba and the nearby village of Kirthia. From there they would cross to capture the forts defending the narrows. The British casualties were horrifying, over half a battalion of men. On 25th April the divisional reserves landed at the lightly defended S and X beaches with minimal casualties on both sides and held them until they were taken over by the French two days later.

Further west, the V beach landing encountered strong defence from the Ottoman forts and machine guns. The death toll in the crammed boats was appalling. As no landing could be made, the main force was redirected to land at W beach, which was finally taken at great cost from a small company of Ottoman defender who held off a force of several times their number. No advance from the beaches without a definite objective. With no clear orders, the Y beach troops were late to begin their fortification and were caught unaware by an Ottoman counter attack which killed over 697 of the landing party and forced their evacuation.

ANZAC

The ANZAC battalions would land on Z beach, north of Kaba Tepe then advance across the peninsula, first capturing their own high ground objective, Hill 971, then another hill, Mal Tepe, close to the Straits before reinforcing the British attack at Kilitbahir. The attack was scheduled to take place in the dark before dawn to keep the element of surprise. The Ottoman 5th Army under German General Ottto Liman Von Sanders meanwhile prepared for this ‘surprise’ attack by deploying regiments thinly across the peninsula, guarding the most likely landing sites between Helles and Suvla Bay, and keeping the remainder mobile and in reserve. The ANZACs begane their approach to their landing beach at about 1.30 am on 25th April, being carried by shops, then transferring to row boats initially towed by steamboats.

French

The plan for the French was to make a diversionary landing at Kum Kale on the Asian side of the Dardanelles before re-embarking and crossing to meet the British at the eastern side of Cape Helles and the Royal Naval Division would make a feint at Bulair Isthmus further north on the Gulf of Saros.

28th April – 4th June Battle of Krithia

On 28th April, despite the heavy casualties of the landing day, Hamilton ordered a renewed attack on the village of Krithia. The French held the right flank at Helles while the British approached from the South and the West but encountered the increasingly rugged terrain of the peninsula and determined defence from Ottoman troops who were scattered throughout. The frontline inched forward only to be driven back in parts and exhaustion and casualties forced a withdrawal on 28th April.

At Anazac Cove, on 2nd May the Australian and New Zealand Division commander, General Godley, ordered an attack on Hill Baby 700 from the frontline posts of Russells Top and Quinns Post. An initial advance was lost overnight and 1000s of men were killed with no ground gained for either side. General Hamilton then moved two brigades from Anzac Cove, the Australian Second Infantry Brigade and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade, to Helles as reserves for the second Battle of Krithia starting on 6th May. This battle used the same plan as the first, gained no more ground than the first and over a third of the men who attacked were wounded or killed. On 19th May, despite a lack of artillery ammunition 42,000 Ottomans launched a surprise assasult at the 2nd Ridge in the Anzac sector.

At 17,000, the ANZACs were outnumbered, but their strong defences and superior firepower resulted in 3000 Turkish deaths against only 160 ANZACs. A truce was organized for 24th May in order to bury the large numbers of Ottoman dead lying in no man’s land. Ottoman artillery problems persisted, and on 4th June, Hamilton launched a third attach on Krithia, attempting to capture Ottoma trenches 1000 yards in front. The attackers crept close to the Ottoman frontline at night. The plan was to bombard the trenches, then feint an infantry attack thereby drawing out troops to the firing line and subjecting them to a further bombardment. Thousands of Ottomans soldiers were indeed killed but Allied losses also ran high and only a few metres of ground were gained for an enor-mous loss of life.

Landings at Suvla Bay, 6 August 1915

It was clear that operations in Gallipoli were going badly. The newly formed Dardanelles Committee in London met on 7 June to consider what steps next to take. Agreement was reached to send additional forces to Hamilton, greatly reinforcing the Allied presence on the peninsula by some three divisions - a decision made by Kitchener in the face of fierce opposition from hard-pressed com-manders on the Western Front.

Unfortunately for the Allies their Turkish opponents were bringing forward additional reserves at a greater pace than they themselves could manage, with forces despatched from both Palestine and Caucasian Fronts.

Such an injection of additional Allied resources signalled another major offensive. When put into effect on 6 August 1915 it took the form of a three-pronged attack: a diversionary action at Helles; movement northwards from Anzac Cove towards Sari Bair; and the centrepiece of the offensive, a landing in force at Suvla Bay by freshly arrived divisions operating under General Sir Frederick Stop-ford. The idea was for Stopford’s forces to link with the troops at Anzac Cove and make a clean sweep across the Gallipoli peninsula.In the interim Hunter-Weston pressed on with further attacks directed towards Achi Baba in Helles. These were uniformly unsuccessful, maintaining Hunter-Weston’s particular record of poor re-sults since arriving on the peninsula.

To Hamilton’s credit the landings at Suvla Bay achieved total surprise and Stopford made initial progress unopposed. However the wider offensive rapidly lost momentum by 10 August as local com-mand indecision - Stopford was particularly at fault - and lack of firm decision from Hamilton’s headquarters took their melancholy toll, although fighting continued at Sari Bair until 12 August.

Evacuation

In October, with winter looming, the British government began to consider the need for evacuation. Once again, Hamilton resisted evacuation when it was proposed fearing a loss of British face and citing difficulties and heavy losses of up to 50%. He was dismissed as commander shortly afterwards and replace by Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro. A three day rain storm on 27th November flooded trenches, drowning soldiers and a blizzard in early December killed more. Munro advocated evacuation but Kitchener was reluctant and made a personal visit to the peninsula before the decision was made. Anzac Cove and Suvla were evacuated on 19th December, and Helles on 9th January 1916 after a gradual reduction of troop by stealthy methods such as automated rifle fire.

August 5th 1914New Zealand When the call came in August 5th 1914 to New Zealand to join the British Empires war on Turkey, we(NZ soldiers) barely understood the reasons as to why we were asked, but as a member nation of the British Empire, New Zealand had no say in the matter, “…nor did we want one…” “…Even though the cause of the conflict wasn’t clear…” young men from a very young age of 14 – 30 years were trained to be soldiers and were ready if the time came to it. Although “…much of the world though of the campaign as futile and best forgot-ten…” young men of New Zealand, filled with patriotism rushed to join ranks in the army. “…I was keen as mustard…” says one of the survivors from the Gallipoli war on a documentary that was made in 1984. He goes on to say that “…it seemed as though it was born is us…” Another war veteran says that it was “…the love of adventure…not the British em-pire…” that made him join the army and go to this war. Some of soldiers just want-ed to live their lives and do something with it. They wanted to look back on this day and say, yeah I did it. I went to war.ww – it is clear that the soldiers from that time didn’t want a reason to get into some-one else war. Some say that the Allied Forces were brainwashed as a joke, but it also seems that it was a combination of a hunger for adventure, patriotism and even a hunger for battle. The war was embraced as a nation…innocently (of course) as this was New Zea-land’s first war that put them on the map and helped make a name on the battle-field for them.

Allied ANZAC Forces were dropped off in British ruled Egypt in December that year where they thought “that they were being side lined” until the day came for them to be called to the front lines.

February 19th 1915Gallipoli

Winston Churchill divised a plan that was going to force the Ottoman Empire out of this war. The mission was an Allied Naval attack on the capital Constantinople (Istanbul).

But this mission was a failure as the Ottomans cleverly had taken good vantage points that had helped stop this naval invasion with the help of some mines which took out 3 ships and left the Allies running like dogs with their tails between their legs.

This called for a new plan of action, one that will get the ANZAC troops mobilised for another ambitious attack that in the end, failed miserably.

25th April 1915Somewhere off the Coast of Gallipoli0415 hours

The Australian New Zealand Army Cores 9th and 10th Battalion was under Ottoman fire on their landing zone which was now going to be known as, ANZAC Cove.

There were many casualties. Many of the soldiers were dead upon arrival as they were being shot down by the Turks that were camping in the trenches above. As time when by, the Allied Forces were able to claim this first trench as they outnumbered the Turkish forces that were sent to greet them

The ANZAC army went through an intense battle. It must have been frightening being in a war zone. Not being able to see at night at who you are shooting at, whether or not you getting your target or even trying to find cover from snipers and other soldiers on open lands that slope. Shooting down Turks as they come into view from the trenches. “...Get the bastard before he gets you...” one of the ANZAC soldiers say in an interview from NZ on screen.

8th August 1915Chunuk BairGallipoli

The ANZACs were constantly doing failed strategic warfare plans, consisting of daylight attacks, against a well dug in enemy. “This was due to insufficient reconnaissance. Not enough (proper) planning, including the planning of supporting artillery fire. It was the same…old story”

“We were just anybodies mutton.”

August 1915Hill 60 Gallipoli

“Hill 60 was said to have been a complete success, all those lives, thrown away for nothing. About 1000 soldiers, now reduced to 300.”

By the end of the war, only a few men got medals for their bravery. One of the old survivors said this, “…All my mates ever got were wooden crosses...”

The men couldn’t believe that the heads were thinking of retreat, they couldn’t understand two things, one for withdrawing in front of an enemy and two for leaving their comers behind – you didn’t understand how that hurt the blokes

20th December 1915GallipoliANZAC Withdrawal – Complete

New Zealand, a new and independent nation whose path was paved by those that had fallen at the battle of Gallipoli.

PART TWOSITE CONTENT

The Peninsula shows signs of Mediterranean Floristic plant spe-cies having to discover Pinus bruita, Olea europea var. Oleaster, Pillyrea latifolia, all of which relates to floristic composition. Typically, natural woodlands are also common located on the site around Gallipoli’s hills and valleys consisting number of pine species. Thick shrub woodlands can also be found within Gal-lipoli, such as strawberry plants, oak and wild olives. Various ecosystems can be found in Gallipoli and specific species are well adapted to survive and thrive much efficiently than oth-ers. Environments such as low shrub lands, salty marsh vegeta-tion, sand dune vegetation, coastal vegetation, high and low maquis. Survey was done to calculate and identify species found within these regions.

Salty marsh vegetation: Linmonium, Goniolimon, Centaurium spp., Frankenia; Polygonum maritimum and commonly found marsh herbs and weeds.Sand dune vegetation: Mixture of different species are found between the shore and Lake Suvla. Eryngium spp,; Gancratium spp,; and marsdenia erecta are found by the lake. Vegetation by the shore side is a mixture of various shrubs, Quercus coccifera, Capparis, Paliurus spp., Astragalus spp.High marquis: Oak (quercus trojana); eastern strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne); pine (Pinus spp,); cotoneaster (Cotoneas-ter salicifolia); myrtle (Myrtle communis)

Low marquis:Kermes oak (Quercus coccifer); cistus (Cistus salvifolius); dork thyme (Coridothymus capitatus); milk-wetch (Astragallus trojanus); prickly juniper (juniperus oxycedrus)Low shrub land: vegetation along the streams and creeks consist of trees of Salix spp. and Platanus spp,; Periploca, Clematis Althea, Convolvulus spp. (survey generated by Gal-lipoli Peninsula Peace Park International Ideas and Design Competition)

Hydrology

In terms of geology, the Peninsula predominately consists of dense rock types and high level of porosity thus no un-derground water resource remains. Attempts of 100 meter boreholes have been previously been made to investigate, but none were successful, all turned out dry.

Hydrology

Vegetation Geology

Topography

Gallipoli is essentially now a Nation-al Park where nature has reclaimed the gullies and ridges of the 1914 battleground. Vegetation has taken over signs of most trenches, holes that were dug by bombs and shells. Mixture of low ground shrubs, tall oaks and range of other Mediter-ranean species has inhabited Gal-lipoli.

Property Land charateristc (elevations)

PART THREE20TH CENTURY

The National Worold War II Memorial design recognizes that the site itself pays special tribute to Americas WWII generation. The memorial design creates a special place within the vast openess of the National Mall to commemorate the sacrifice and celebrate the victory of WWII, yet remains respectful and sensitive to its surroundings. The vistas from the Washington Monument to the Lin-coln Memorial and the sites park-like setting are preserved and the double row of elm trees that flank the memorial have been resotred. The design creates a powerful sense of place that is distinct, memorable, evocative and serene. The design includes, the Plaza, Pavillions, Pillars, Sculptures, Water and Fountains

Plaza

The memorial plaza and Rainbow Pool are the principal design features of the memorial, unifying all other elements. Two flagpoles flying the American flag frame the ceremonial entrance at 17th Street. The bases of granite and bronze are adorned with the military service seals of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Army Air Forces, Coast Guard and Merchant Marine. Ceremonial steps and ramps lead from 17th Street into the plaza. A series of 24 bronze bas relief panels along the ceremonial entrance balustrades depict America’s war years, at home and overseas. Announcements of the memorial are located at the 17th Street ceremonial entrance.

Curvilinear ramps at the north and south approaches provide access to the plaza for visitors walking along the existing east-west pathways between the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monu-ment. These ramps provide a gentle entry to the plaza. Granite benches follow the curvilinear rampart walls.

Pavilions

Two 43-foot pavilions serve as markers and entries on the north and south ends of the plaza. Bronze baldacchinos are an integral part of the pavilion design. Four bronze columns support four American eagles that hold a suspended victory laurel to memorialize the victory of the WWII generation. Inlayed on the floor of the pavilions are the WWII victory medal surrounded by the years “1941-1945” and the words “Victory on Land,” “Victory at Sea,” and “Victory in the Air.” These sculptural elements celebrate the victory won in the Atlantic and Pacific Theaters.

Pillars

Fifty-six granite pillars celebrate the unprecedented unity of the nation during WWII. The pillars are connected by a bronze sculpted rope that symbolizes the bonding of the nation. Each state and territory from that period and the District of Columbia is represented by a pillar adorned with oak and wheat bronze wreaths and inscribed with its name; the pillars are arranged in the order of entry into the Union, alternating south to north across the plaza beginning adjacent to the Field of Gold Stars. The 17-foot pillars are open in the center for greater transparency, and ample space between each allows viewing into and across the memorial.

Commemorative Area

Within a commemorative area at the western side of the memorial is recognized the sacrifice of America’s WWII generation and the contribution of our allies. A field of 4,000 sculpted gold stars on the Freedom Wall commemorate the more than 400,000 Americans who gave their lives. During WWII, the gold star was the symbol of family sacrifice.

Rainbow Pool and Waterworks

The historic waterworks of the Rainbow Pool are completely restored and contribute to the celebratory nature of the memorial. The design provides seating along the pool circumference for visi-tors. Semi-circular fountains at the base of the two memorial pavilions and waterfalls flanking the Freedom Wall complement the waterworks in the Rainbow Pool.

Landscaping

Two-thirds of the 7.4-acre memorial site is landscaping and water, allowing the memorial to nestle comfortably within its park-like setting. The ceremonial entrance has three large lawn panels be-tween the monumental steps. The elm trees have been restored to their original splendor, and a replanting plan replaced unhealthy trees. A landscaped contemplative area is located at the north-western corner of the site. Canopies of flowering trees augment re-seeded lawns.

WORLD WAR II MEMORIAL - WASHING DC, USA

Location

The first step in establishing the memorial was the selection of an appropriate site. Congress provided legislative authority for siting the memorial in the prime area of the national capital, known as Area I, which includes the National Mall. The National Park Service, the Commission of Fine Arts, and the National Capital Planning Commission approved selection of the Rainbow Pool site at the east end of the Reflecting Pool between the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument. President Clinton dedicated the memorial site during a formal ceremony on Veterans Day 1995.

Materials

The memorial is constructed of bronze and granite. Granite was chosen for its aesthetic appeal, superior strength, and durability. Water resistance was another important criterion. The two prin-cipal stones selected for the memorial are “Kershaw” for the vertical elements and “Green County” for the main plaza paving stone. “Kershaw” is quarried in South Carolina, while “Green County” is quarried in Georgia. Two green stones – “Rio Verde” and “Moss Green” – were used for accent paving on the plaza. Both are quarried in Brazil. “Academy Black” and “Mount Airy” were used to reconstruct the Rainbow Pool. “Mount Airy,” quarried in North Carolina, is the original coping stone of the Rainbow Pool. To enhance the aesthetic appearance of the water surface of the pool, an apron of “Academy Black,” quarried in California, were used for the vertical interior surfaces.

Cost

$175 Million to build

How it is used

With its attractive circle of fountains. Flagpoles frame the entrance to the memorial and bases of granite and bronze are adorned with the military service seals of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Army Air Forces, Coast Guard and Merchant Marine. Ramps emerge from the entrance and lead around the plaza, accommodating handicapped visitors.

The park staff offers daily interpretive tours every hour on the hour from 10 a.m. to 11 p.m. The memorial is open daily from 9 a.m. until 11:45 p.m.; it is closed on December 25 and for annual events surrounding the National Independence Day Celebration. Apart from that the memorial is surrounded by tourists.

KOREAN WAR MEMORIAL

The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between the Republic of Korea (supported primarily by the United States of America, with contributions from allied nations under the aegis of the United Nations) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (supported by the People’s Republic of China, with military and material aid from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The Korean War was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half.

The Korean War Veterans Memorial is located in Washington, D.C.’s West Potomac Park, southeast of the Lincoln Memorial and just south of the Reflecting Pool on the National Mall. It commemo-rates those who served in the Korean War. It is 0.89HA and has had 3.2million people since 1995.

 

KOREAN WAR MEMORIALThe Korean War Veterans Memorial was authorized by the U.S. Congress (Public Law 99-572) on October 28, 1986, with design and construction managed by the Korean War Veterans Memorial Advisory Board and the American Battle Monuments Commission.President George H. W. Bush conducted the groundbreaking for the Memorial on June 14, 1992, Flag Day.The memorial was dedicated on July 27, 1995, the 42nd anniversary of the armistice that ended the war, by President Bill Clinton and Kim Young Sam, President of the Republic of Korea, to the men and women who served during the conflict. Management of the memorial was turned over to the National Park Service, under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group. As with all National Park Service historic areas, the memorial was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on the day of its dedication.

The memorial is in the form of a triangle intersecting a circle. Walls: 164 feet (50 m) long, 8 inches (200 mm) thick; more than 100 tons of highly polished “Academy Black” granite from California: more than 2,500 photographic, archival images representing the land, sea and air troops who supported those who fought in the war are sandblasted onto the wall.Within the walled triangle are 19 stainless steel statues designed by Frank Gaylord, each larger than life-size, between 7 feet 3 inches (2.21 m) and 7 feet 6 inches (2.29 m) tall; each weighs nearly 1,000 pounds (500 kg). The figures represent a squad on patrol, drawn from each branch of the armed forces; fourteen of the figures are from the U.S. Army, three are from the Marine Corps, one is a Navy Corpsman, and one is an Air Force Forward Air Observer. They are dressed in full combat gear, dispersed among strips of granite and juniper bushes which represent the rugged terrain of Korea. When reflected on the wall, there appear to be 38 soldiers, representing the 38th parallel. To the north of the statues is a path, forming one side of the triangle. Behind, to the south, is a 164-foot-long black granite wall, created by Louis Nelson, with photographic images sandblasted into it depicting soldiers, equipment and people involved in the war. This forms the second side of the trian-gle. The third side of the triangle, facing towards the Lincoln Memorial, is open.To the north of the statues and path is the United Nations Wall, a low wall listing the 22 members of the United Nations that contributed troops or medical support to the Korean war effort.The circle contains the Pool of Remembrance, a shallow pool 30 feet (9 m) in diameter lined with black granite and surrounded by a grove of trees with benches. Inscriptions list the numbers killed, wounded, missing in action, and held as prisoners of war, and a nearby plaque in inscribed: “Our nation honors her sons and daughters who answered the call to defend a country they never knew and a people they never met.” Additionally, right next to the numbers of American soldiers are those of the United Nations troops in the same categories. In the south side of the memorial, there are three bushes of the Rose of Sharon hibiscus plant, South Korea’s national flower.

A further granite wall bears the simple message, inlaid in silver: “Freedom Is Not Free.”

Key to image:1. Lincoln Memorial2. Reflecting Pool3. National World War II Memorial (now complete; still under construction at time of image)4. Washington Monument (the grounds of which are not part of West Potomac Park)5. Korean War Veterans Memorial6. District of Columbia War Memorial (honoring World War I soldiers)7. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial8. Jefferson Memorial

PART FOURPROPOSITION

Eco Village Eco Tourism

Local community Investing in a better lifestyle Sustainable growth

1915 ExperienceSense of historyEducation

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How do we implement this idea without disturbance?

EcotourismEcotourism is defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people.” (TIES, 1990)

Encourages long-term sustainable solutions to enrich local natural assets by providing low impact commercial tourism. Ecotourism provides effective economic incentives for conserving and enhancing bio-cultural diversity and helps protect the natural and cultural heritage.

The increase in tourism requires larger capacity to accommodate visitors therefore the employment opportunities will also increase encouraging further low-impact developments establishment viability.

With an emphasis on enriching personal experiences and environmental awareness through interpretation, ecotourism promotes greater understanding and ap-preciation for nature, local society, and culture.

Principles of EcotourismEcotourism supports participate who are in-trigued by ecological conservation projects, interest in local culture and have admiration for significant historic events. For eco-tourists, few principles apply once entering protected signifi-cant areas.

Minimize impact.Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect.Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts.Provide direct financial benefits for conserva-tion.Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people.Raise sensitivity to host countries’ political, envi-ronmental, and social climate.

Conservation Local Communities Education Provider

ECO VILLAGE

Ecovillage Findhorn: New Frontiers for Sustainability

The Findhorn Ecovillage situated in the beautiful Findhorn Bay of Moray is a synthesis of the very best of current thinking on sustainable human settlements. Within the ecovillage, sustainable values are expressed in the built environment with ecological houses, innovative use of building materials such as local stone and straw bales, beauty in the architecture and gardens, and applied technology in the Living Machine sewage treatment facility and electricity-generating wind turbines. Sustainable values are also expressed in the community’s social, economic and educational ini-tiatives.

Organic Food Production

In 1994 a Community Supported Agriculture scheme called EarthShare, based on organic and biodynamic farming methods, was established to increase our use of local produce as well as to en-hance the quality of our food. The scheme has expanded from 5 to 25 acres, including cooperating with Cullerne Garden, the Findhorn Foundation’s market garden. It is spread over three sites, and currently provides much of the community’s temperate vegetables requirements as well as supplying 140 individual households. EarthShare joins in efforts to raise public awareness of the dangers of GM foods.

Organic cheese, eggs and meat are produced for the community and bioregional consumers by Wester Lawrenceton farm which occupies a 95-acre area overlooking Findhorn bay and the Moray firth. With cows, sheep, chickens and dairy facilities, the farm is providing solutions to reducing food miles, while combining the best of traditional methods with 21st century technology.

FINDHORNE ECOVILLAGE SCOTLAND

On a global level there is today an increasingly urgent need for positive models which demonstrate a viable, sustainable human and planetary future. Ecovillages are one such a model, exploring sustainable life styles not only in environmental but also in social, economic and spiritual terms.

Ecovillage principles can be applied equally to urban and to rural settings and to industrialized and non-industrialised countries. They address the need for participation in human-scale communities while nurturing and protecting the natural environment.

Ecovillages are communities with strong and vibrant social structures, united by common ecological, economic, social and spiritual values. Working with the simple principle of not taking more away from the Earth than one gives back, ecovillages consciously work towards progressively reducing their ecological footprint.

* Permaculture* Local organic food production* Renewable energy systems* Cooperative social economies* Group building and global networks* Deep ecology & earth restoration* Ecological building and engineering* Alternative waste water treatment

Tours of the Findhorn Ecovillage

From April 13th to September 30th, tours are available every Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday. Except Sunday 19th and Sunday 26th of April.

From October 1st to November 30th, tours are available every Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday.

From December 1st through April 12th, there are no regularly scheduled tours.

Guided tours begin at the Visitor Reception office at 2pm and cost £5.

You can also purchase a Visitor Guide tour book at £3.50, and create your own self-guided tour.

Guided tours for groups can be provided by prior arrangement.

FINDHORNE ECOVILLAGE SCOTLAND

CONTEMPORARY MEMORIAL, USAFLIGHT 93 NATIONAL MEMORIAL

The Flight 93 National Memorial is located at the site of the crash of United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked in the September 11 attacks, in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, about 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Shanksville, and 60 miles (97 km) southeast of Pittsburgh. The memorial was made to honor the passengers of Flight 93, who stopped the terrorists from reaching their target. A temporary memorial to the 40 victims was established soon after the crash, and the first phase of the permanent memorial was completed, opened and dedicated on September 10, 2011. The cur-rent design for the memorial is a modified version of the entry Crescent of Embrace by Paul and Milena Murdoch.

CONTEMPORARY MEMORIAL, USA

The site of the crash was enclosed by a fence and was closed to the public except for victims’ family members. The temporary memorial was located on a hillside 500 yards (460 m) from the crash site. The memorial included a 40-foot (to commemorate the 40 passengers and crew) chain-link fence on which visitors can leave flowers, flags, hats, rosaries, and other items. The items were collected by the National Park Service. Many cities wanted to memorialize the heroes of United Flight 93. Among the first was Marshall, Texas which by order of the City Commission, named “United Flight 93” a street in early 2002. The keynote speaker was Barbara Catuzzi, the mother of victim Lauren Grandcolas. Next to the fence were several memorials such as a bronze plaque of names, flags, and a large cross. The temporary memorial also included a row of small wooden angels, one for each passenger or crew member. There were also handwritten messages on the guardrails at the memorial. At the memorial site, there was also a small building where visitors could sign a guestbook. The building was staffed by National Park Service volunteers, called ambassadors, who answered questions. In the years following the attacks, approximately 150,000 visitors each year came to the memorial site, a number that reached “nearly a million people” as of July 2008.

Transprtation Significant sites existing villages

Tourism InfrastructureThe infrastructure of tourism in the Peninusla is far from satisfactory, espically during commemoration times. The peninsula as a whole requires urgent atten-tion towards adequate road infrastructure and parking facilities as currently the inadequate infrastructure is causing serious confusion and traffic conges-tion. This is becoming a serious issue and impacting directly on the tourism industry.