Groundwater Contamination through waste disposal
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WASTE MANAGEMENT AND GROUND
WATER PROTECTION
AMALKRISHNA.K.L.AMALKRISHNA.K.L.
DISASTER MANAGEMENTDISASTER MANAGEMENT
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The Millennium DevelopmentGoals...Water has a key role in strategies forachieving all of the MDGs, which include a
target to reduce by half the proportion ofpeople without access to a safe water supplyand a commitment to ensure environmentalsustainability.
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The worlds hidden water resource
Water is essential for life, and groundwater is
estimated to constitute more than ninety five
percent of the global, unfrozen freshwater reserves.The remaining freshwater supplies are found in lakes,
rivers and wetlands, and the atmosphere.
Groundwater is a renewable resource which, when
managed properly, ensures a perpetual supply.
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What is Groundwater?
The water that lies beneath the
Earths surface. Accumulates chiefly from precipitation,
rainfall and melting snow and seeps through the soil.Gravitational force pulls the water downward .Travels
very slowly through rock and soil particles Water seeps
through openings then fills the pores and cracks of
underground rocks and the spaces between the soil
particles and becomes groundwater. The porous layer of
materials that yield useful amounts of groundwater is
called an aquifer.
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ATTRIBUTES OF GROUNDWATER
There is more ground water than surface water
Ground water is less expensive and economicresource.
Ground water is sustainable and reliable sourceof water supply.
Ground water is relatively less vulnerable topollution
Ground water is usually of high bacteriologicalpurity.Ground water is free of pathogenic organisms.
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Ground water needs little treatment before use.
Ground water has no turbidity and colour.Ground water has distinct health advantage as art
alternative for lower sanitary quality surface water.
Ground water is usually universally available.
Ground water resource can be instantly developed andused.
There is no conveyance losses in ground water based
supplies.
Ground water has low vulnerability to drought.
Ground water is key to life in arid and semi-arid
regions.
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Although groundwater is not easily
contaminated, once this occurs it is difficult to
remediate, and in the developing world, suchremediation may prove practically
impossible
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Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged
directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove harmful compounds.
Water pollution
Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has
been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and
diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000
people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a
proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness
every day.(Wikipedia ,accessed on27 October 2010)
Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has
been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and
diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000
people daily. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a
proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness
every day.(Wikipedia ,accessed on27 October 2010)
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In many of the developing countries like India,
uncontrolled land disposal of municipal solid waste is
a common practice even today. The unregulated waste
dumps and landfills cause a number of environmental and
human health hazards, the most
significant of them being the
groundwater contamination
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DETERMINATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION HAZARD
POTENTIAL OF WASTE DUMPS AND LANDFILLS
In any hazard assessment, three hazard components;source, pathway, and receptorare required to be
evaluated. In case of groundwater contamination
from the landfills, the source refers to the candidate
landfill and is characterized by a number ofparameters that influence landfill leachate quantity
and quality. The pathway refers to the travel route of
leachate contaminants migrating away from source,
and is characterized by different pathway media
parameters that govern the contaminant transport. The
receptor is the groundwater and its users including the
human beings, livestock, crops, sensitive environment
etc.
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Point source pollution
Point source pollution refers to contaminants thatenter a waterway through a discrete conveyance, suchas a pipe or ditch
---oil refinery wastewater discharge outlet
Non-Point source pollutionNon-point source (NPS) pollution refers to diffusecontamination that does not originate from a singlediscrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative
effect of small amounts of contaminants gatheredfrom a large area.
---agricultural areas draining into a rive
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contamination sources
Natural
Groundwater contains some impurities, even if it is unaffected byhuman activities.
Impurities depend on the nature of the geological material throughwhich the groundwater moves and the quality of the rechargewater.
Groundwater moving through sedimentary rocks and soils may pick
up a wide range of compounds such as magnesium, calcium, andchlorides.
Some aquifers have high natural concentration of dissolvedconstituents such as arsenic, boron, and selenium.
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Agricultural
Pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides and animal waste are
agricultural sources of groundwater contamination.
Industrial
One of the major sources of groundwater pollution isindustries . Groundwater pollution occurs when usedwater is returned to the hydrological cycle.
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Residential
Residential wastewater systems can be a sourceof many categories of contaminants, including
bacteria, viruses, nitrates from human waste, andorganic compounds. Injection wells used fordomestic wastewater disposal are of particularconcern to groundwater quality if located close to
drinking water wells.
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For protecting groundwater
RAINWATER HARVESTING AND ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE
Groundwater recharge is an important part of the hydrologic cycle.
Any man-made scheme or facility that adds water to an aquifer may be
considered to be an artificial recharge system.
Methods of artificial recharge in urban areas :
Water spreading
Recharge through pits, trenches, wells, shafts
Rooftop collection of rainwater
Induced recharge from surface water bodies.
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Reduce OVEREXPLOITATION of groundwater.
Groundwater decrease reduces transmissivity in water table
aquifers and the yield and specific yield of the wells. This ismore acute in thin heterogeneous aquifers and in fractured
rock aquifers. Well and water galleries have to be deepened or
redrilled. Pumping machinery becomes inadequate, works
outside the performance range or have to be replaced.
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Septic system maintenance
Septic systems are main sources of groundwater
contamination. So proper maintenance should be
given. Generally recommended that septic tanks be
plumbed out or the sludge and scum layers bemeasured at least every three year. So that solids
dont wash out into the soil treatment system.
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Social Cost of GW Pollution?
Total pollution Load into Aquifers (mainly)
= Load from Industries + Load from
Agriculture + Load from Domestic waste
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Fluorosis
HydroFluorosis causes by consumption of highFluoride in water
Not just Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis, but
variety of problems with brain, liver, kidney,heart diseases
Estimates vary from 10 to 65 million people
exposed DALY of 38.5 per 1000 population (NEERI,
2007)
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Source CGWB
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In addition, you should test your well water for
contaminants if
the taste or odor of your well water changes
significantly
your family experiences repeated, unexplainedgastrointestinal illnesses
you replace old pipes, or install a new well or pump
you have a new baby, test specifically for nitrates
your well is located near industrial sites, test for
lead, mercury, arsenic and nickel
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A 1995 survey undertaken
by Central Pollution Control Board identified 22
sites in 16 states of India as critical forgroundwater pollution, the primary cause being
industrial effluents.
Gujarat, AndhraP
radesh andHaryana reported traces of heavy metals such as
lead, cadmium, zinc and mercury.
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ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATERPOLLUTION POTENTIAL
THROUGH REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
TECHNIQUE
DRASTIC index methodology helps in the assessment of
groundwater pollution potential. DRASTIC index uses a set of
seven hydrogeological parameters
D-depth to Groundwater tableR-recharge due to rainfall
A-aquifer media, S-soil media
T-topography
I-impact of vadose zone
C-hydraulic conductivity.
These parameters are weighed with respect to their relative
importance.
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All the DRASTIC parameter layers in spatial
formats are put into GIS. The layers were assigned
weights and ratings and they are combined
interactively in the computer system.. The DRASTICindex map was generated on a minute grid and seven
categories of groundwater pollution potential zones
were identified.
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BASIC APPROACH IN HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT
The Government of India has promulgated
the Hazardous Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules [HW (M&H)] in 1989
through the Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MOEF) under the aegis of
Environment (Protection) Act [E(P) Act],
1986. Under the HW (M&H) Rules.
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Integrated management of groundwater resources to
meet the world's future needs necessitates are
Making the maintenance of hydrologic balance a long-
term goal of regional water-management strategies.
Improving scientific, engineering, and applied
technological expertise in developing countries toaccomplish sustainable water resources management.
Make aware of groundwaters essential role in the
community and the importance of its responsible use.
More comprehensive water-management strategies
that fully recognize groundwaters important role in
the hydrologic cycle.
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Please save water
Groundwater Animation.flv
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REFERENCES
Jerry A.N.(2009), Basic Environmental Technology-watersupply,Waste
management and control, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, Pages 78-82,
135-138.
Agarwal S.K.(2005),waterPollution , APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi,
Pages 301-314.
Soji J.A.(2009),Wastewater Treatment for pollution and Reuse, Tata McGraw Hill
Education Private Limited, New Delhi , Pages 432-441.
Kumar.A , Bohra.C, Sing.L.K.(2003), Environment Pollution and Management,
A.P.H. Publishing corporation, Pages 170-178.
Tools for groundwater protection, http://environment-
agency.resultspage.com/search?p=Q&ts=ev2&w=tools+for+groundwater+protection&x=0&y=0,1accessed on 07-01-11.
Groundwater Contamination Hazard Potential Rating of Municipal
SolidWaste Dumps and Landfills, http://www.swlf.ait.ac.th/IntlConf/Data/
ICSSWM%20web/FullPaper/Session%20VI%20A/6_A1%20_RK%20Singh_.pdf,a
ccessed on 21-10-10.
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REFERENCES
GroundwaterPollution and Contamination in India, http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/iwmi-tata/files/pdf/ground-pollute4_FULL_.pdf, pdf, accessed on 21-10-10.
Water pollution, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution, accessed on 21-10-10.
Impact of poor solid waste management on ground water ,
http://www.springerlink.com/content/a77h6p61144l1443/, accessed on 21-10-10.
GIS Techniques for Mapping Groundwater Contamination Risk ,
http://www.springerlink.com/content/j805567234120035/, accessed on 21-10-10.
Groundwater Contamination Hazard Potential Rating of Municipal Solid Waste
Dumps and Landfills
,http://www.swlf.ait.ac.th/IntlConf/Data/ICSSWM%20web/FullPaper/Session%20VI
%20A/6_A1%20_RK%20Singh_.pdf, accessed on 21-10-10.
Assessment of groundwater pollution potential through remote sensing and gis
technique a case study for anekal taluk, bangalore urban district, india.
http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXIII/congress/part7/258_XXXIII-part7.pdf,
accessed on 21-10-10.
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Thank you