Ground Water Pollution Due to Industrial Discharges in Gampaha

District(WEPA Action Programme 2017)

By Sanjaya Ratnayake

Central Environmental AuthoritySri Lanka

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Content

1. Background Information2. Ground water pollution Incidents in SL3. Objectives of the WEPA Action Programme4. Site Selection Criteria5. Project Implementation6. Benefits and Outcomes 7. Way Forward

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1. Background InformationWater Resources in SL

• Rain water– Annual Rain fall

• Wet zone – over 2000mm/year• Intermediate zone – between 1500- 2000 mm/year• Dry Zone – 1500 mm/year or less

• Surface water– River basins – 103 Total length – 4,500km– Total area of irrigation & multipurpose reservoirs – 169,941 hectares

• Ground water Resources – 7,800 million m3 about 72% of the rural population rely on ground

water.– Total Annual Fresh Water Withdrawals - 13 billion m3 (2005)

(Source : Central Bank Report 2010)

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• Annual Fresh Water Withdrawals by sectors – Agriculture 87.3%– Industry 6.4%– Municipal (including domestic) 6.2 %

Source : Central Bank Report 2010

Agriculture, 87.30%

Industry, 6.40%

Domestic, 6.20%

Sri Lanka Water Usage

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72% of the rural population

Estimated groundwater potential in Sri Lanka:app. 7800 x 106m3/year rainwater is the mainsource of recharge.

(Natural Resource of Sri Lanka, 1991)

22% of the urban

population

60% of the total population

Towns of Jaffna, Batticaloa, Mannar, Vavuniya andPuttalam:

>90% depending on groundwater aquifer

dependent on groundwater for domestic water supply

(Central Bank of Sri Lanka 2006)

Groundwater use in Sri Lanka

1.1 Water Supply Coverage

– 33% of population in Sri Lanka is served by pipe bornewater supply with 294 water supply schemes

– Protected Dug Wells is 33%

– Hand pump/tube wells is 8%

– Rain water is used by 2.4% of population

Overall access to safe water coverage is 76.4% in2007 ( NWSDB report)

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Water Supply Coverage (According to the WHO/UNICEF report on “Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation-2000 )

Urban Rural Population In 1999, 5.86 million 13.05 million

piped supply 76.1% 11.4%

underground well-water

22.4% 71.8%

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1.2 Legal Status of Ground Water Protection in Sri Lanka

• Multiple mandates governing the use and management of ground water are dispersed among various agricultural, land and water managing institutions.

• 50 legislative enactments and 42 institutions deal with water related matters.

• No single or formally accepted policy or law.• Draft policy in year 2000 have opposed by the public

due to implementing economic principles.• Extraction is freely open to every one and no limits.• Fee is charged only if the water supplied in piped

schemes

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1.3 Institutional arrangement for water administration

• Central Environmental Authority Overall responsibility for protecting water Environment.

• Water Resources Board –scientific characterization, mapping, preparation of comprehensive and integrated plans for conservation, utilization, control and development of the groundwater.

• National Water Supply & Drainage Board- operational development and installation of public and private water supply schemes based on groundwater, coordinate sewerage systems.

• Department of Irrigation – Regulation & control of inland waters

• Mahaweli Authority – Maintenance of Mahaweli River and its reservoirs for development of lands for agriculture.

• National Aquatic Resources Research Agency – Conduct Researches on Aquatic Resources

• Department of Coast Conservation – Conservation of the coastal zone and management of its resources.

• Marine Environment Protection Authority- protect the marine environment from ship based and shore based maritime related activity.

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1.4 Industrial Distribution in Sri Lanka

Total A Total B Total C Total

Sri Lanka 11,180 10,643 23,769 45592

Colombo 2115 1410 1976 5710

Gampaha 1725 1362 1950 5308

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1.5 Ground water usage in Colombo & Gampaha Districts( study of the management of ground water resources in Sri Lanka)

Colombo Gampaha

Population rely on ground water %

34.8 75.4

Ground water usage –individuals m3/d

78,000 156,000

Registered deep bore hole wells

342 890

Ground water for piped supply m3 / d

0 5,859

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1.6 Administrative Divisions in Gampaha District

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1.7 Water Resources in Gampaha District

GIS Lab/ CEA/ 201013

1.8 Land use map of Gampaha district

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2.0 Recent ground water pollution incidents reported due to Industrial discharges

• Since 2011 ground water contaminated with oil discharge from Power plants in Chunnakum area in Jaffna peninsula.

• In 2014 Well water contamination in Rathupaswala (Gampahaarea) due to industrial effluent discharge ( rubber glove manufacturing industry) on land.

• Ground water contamination since 2013 due to Palm oil effluent & sludge disposal on land. AEN Palm Oil , Baduraliya

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• In January 2016 accident in paint factory in Panadura, Keselwatte, leakage of chemical compounds in to near by lands and polluted well water in the close vicinity.

• In January 2016, leakage in under ground diesel tank and pollution of ground water and Nilwala river in Southern Province.

• July 2016 South Asia Textile, Pugoda (Gampaha) , flood caused damage s to sludge storage tanks and discharged sludge in to up stream of water intake in Kelani river.

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3. Objectives of the WEPA Action Programme

• Analyze and improve the water pollution control strategies adopted, and sludge disposal methods in selected high polluting industries in Gampahadistrict.

• Analyze the situation of ground water pollution in Gampaha District due to industrial activities.

• Develop policies or guidelines for industrial waste disposal and siting of industries in Sri Lanka with respect to ground water pollution.

• Develop Ground water quality standards?

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4.0 Criteria for Selection of Project Location

• Selection Criteria – Industrial distribution– Usage of shallow ground water– Level of water table– Number of recent incidents– Data available– Representation of the wet zone.

• Justification of the Selection– Gampaha district is the second largest industrialized district in Sri

Lanka counting 5339 number of high, medium and low polluting industries.

– Shallow ground water is the main source of water in the District.– Board of Investment (BOI) Export Processing Zones such as

Katunayake, Biyagama , Wathupitiwala and Malwana are located in Gampaha district.

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– Recent studies reveal that the well water is acidic in many localities due to soil characteristics.

– WRB has some data on ground water in Gampaha district except Mahara and Dompe DS areas.

– The DS areas in Gampaha district are categorized as most sensitive areas in the Kelani river basin according to the Cabinet Memorandum No. 93/340/166 and 93/340/166/1 in 1993.

– Conversion of coconut plantations and other non forested lands in to industrial uses.

– Increase in establishment of new industries.

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4.1 Selection Criteria of Industries

– The industry types dominated in the area are categorized as high polluting activities ie. chemical, leather, food, basic metal, textile and transport sector.

– Most of the wastewater discharging industries in this areas are not located within industrial zones.

– Quantity of wastewater discharge– Sludge generation (containing heavy metals ) & non availability

of proper disposal site.– Use of chemicals as ( may be heavy metals contain) raw

materials.– Pollution control methods adopted.

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4.2 Industrial Distribution in Gampaha district

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Total "A"Category

Total "B" Category

Total "C"Category

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4.3 Information of major industrial Categories in Gampaha district (CEA data base 2016 up dated)

Category Chemical Basic Metal Food Textile Paper & pulp Transport related

Other

A ( High ) 49 11 43 34 02 21 51

B (Medium) 01 - 03 03 - 01 02

C (Low) - - 01 01 01 - -

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Wastewater discharge from textile industry

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Sludge collection Tank

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Wastewater generated from Garment Washing Industry

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4.4 Information of some industries proposed for the survey

Industry TypeChemicals

usedSource of water e

Daily Discharge & Final point

1Idea Metals Ltd, Wester seatonEstate, Negombo.

Manufacturing ofBuilding Hardware CaOH, Hcl,H2So4

NaoHCN compound

Processing 10m3 /dDomestic 10m3 /dGround Water

10m3 /dConstructed PondOver 20 years

2Star Textile Processing Industries,Kadirana, Negombo.

TextileDisperse DyesReactive DyesHydrogen PeroxideCaustic SodaSoda AshAcetic acid

100 – 150 m3/ dayGround Water

150 m3/ dElaOver 15 years

3Lanka Washing Unit,Blue diamond Rd, Liyanagemulla, Seeduwa.

Textile WashingDetergentsEnzymesBleaching Powder

Processing100 m3/ dDomestic 100 m3/ dGround water

100 m3/ dNegombo Lagoon.

4Toyota Lanka (Pvt) Ltd,337, Negombo Rd, Wattala. Vehicle Servicing

Activities

Car washing Detergents

Britol Car wash liquid / Dketone

70 m3 Per dayCommon Supply

70 m3 /DKalu Ela

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6 Tan Rite International, No.31, 3rd lane, Palliyawatta, Handala, Wattala.

Leather finishingChromium & other chemicals

Industrial 5000 l/DDomestic 300 l/DPipe line

5000L / BatchUntreated WW onground

7 Knit Fin (Pvt) Ltd), Wanguthota Watta, Giridara, Kapugoda.

TextileDisperse DyesReactive DyesHydrogen PeroxideCaustic SodaSoda AshAcetic acid

Surface water20 m3

18 m3/DTreatment plant availableGardening

8 Oxford Dyeing (Pvt) Ltd, Ragama Rd, Kadawatha. Textile

Disperse DyesReactive DyesHydrogen PeroxideCaustic SodaSoda AshAcetic acid

Public SupplyGround water59 – 60m3/D

50m3/dMarshy land

9 Crystal Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd), 33/1/2,Gotabhaya MW, Hunupitiya, Wattala.

Garment WashingDesizing AgentEnzymesBleaching PowderSoftners

Public Supply/ Ground waterProcessing 40m3/d

40m3/dEla

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10 Biyagama Export Processing

Zone (BEP3)

Industriesmanufacturegloves, Lace,Garments,threads,Button,Granites, ShoeSoles, Rubberbands, lyeing offabrics/ items,Printing ofCurrency,Tyres etc

Dyes, Textile auxillaries, Washing Chemicals glove manufacturing

Chemicals.

Public Supply 18000m3/dayDomestic 7000m3/day

14000m3/day

Pond, Ela

11 South Asia Textile Industries Lanka (Pvt) Ltd, No.20, Pugoda.

Dyeing,Printing,Knitting,Finishing

Dyes, Textile auxillaries, Washing Chemicals

Processing 4200m3/dKelani River

Pond and ela

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5. Project Implementation

03 Weeks

• Initial survey to Select high polluting industries in Gampahadistrict.

04 Weeks

• Gather data related to geological and meteorological parameters.• Raw material and chemical usage

04 Weeks

• Prepare survey format for inspection of industries (wastewater discharge, sludge disposal, pollution control methods etc.)

04 weeks

• Select sampling points (10 dug wells for each industry)) around the identified industries and reference wells (5 wells)

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02 Weeks• Mapping of locations (industries and wells)

02 Weeks• Detailed survey on industries.

44 Weeks• Sample collection and analysis

08 weeks

• Compilation of data and analysis• Preparation of final report with recommendation

６. Benefits and Outcomes

• To strengthen the capacity of local staff (industrial inspection and water quality monitoring aspects)

• Comprehensive data set on industrial pollution control measures and surrounding water environment

• Results can be applied on preparation of new regulation for industrial siting

• Data gathered could be incorporated in decision making under following aspects: – a) Restrict industrial siting for selected industry types based on the

study.– b) Select industry types for the area including pollution control

techniques.– c) Based on the sludge disposal in the area develop a

sludge disposal guideline which is not in existence at present.

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7. Way Forward

• Enforce the regulation on siting of industries thereby encourage industries to select suitable sites with proper discharge modes.

• Policy decisions to be taken based on the results of ground water contaminations in critical areas.

• Control chemical effluent discharges (land disposal)• Impose multiple discharge standards such as sea out fall, sewer systems,

inland surface waters • Limit over extraction of water by industries• Seek funds to establish regular and island wide monitoring programme

and enhance ground water quality

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THANK YOU

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