Gross National Happiness · 2018. 4. 6. · X. Consideration of karma in daily life XI. ......

Operationalizing Gross National Happiness

• GNH is a development approach that seeks to “achieve a harmonious balance between material well-being and the spiritual, emotional and cultural needs of an individual and society.”

• GNH based on the belief that since happiness is the ultimate desire of every citizen, it must be the purpose of development to create the enabling conditions for happiness

What is GNH?

2 Gross National Happiness Commission

The Four Pillars of Gross National Happiness

GNH Pillars

Fostering a vibrant democratic culture

Improve Performance of three tiers of governments

Right to freedom of speech and opinion

Freedom from Discrimination

Trust in media

Fighting Corruption

Constitutional Requirement to maintain 60% of country under forest cover

Carbon Neutral

Over 50% of country declared as protected areas

Poverty reduction

Universal Primary Enrolment

Free health and education services

Land redistribution reforms

Rapid rural infrastructure development

Good governance

Conservation of the environment

Sustainable and equitable socio-economic development

Preservation and promotion of culture

Transmission of values

Strengthen family ties

Promotion of meditation

Balanced Time use

Promote knowledge of traditional games, masked dances etc.

Promote Voluntarism

Bhutan’s journey with GNH began more than four decades ago and more elaborate and precise metrics

to measure GNH has been underway since 2008 with the GNH Index


Gross National

Happiness

Psychological

Well-being

11 Community

Vitality

16

Health

7

Education

4

Standard

of Living

8

Cultural

Diversity

12

Time Use

2

Ecology

5

Addition to the

conventional

indicators

Good Governance

7

What is the GNH Index?


• Gross National Happiness Commission created to mainstream GNH

• GNH Index adopted with a set of indicators that captures the common aspirations of the Bhutanese people – 72 indicators under 9 domains in 2009

• Two Tools: GNH indicators and Policy and Project Selection Tools developed

• To draw attention to areas that need to be addressed and thus be used as a basis for resource allocation

• To mainstream GNH into new policies & plans by screening the policies using the Policy and Project Selection Tools (PPST)

• To complement existing indicators (such as MDGs, GDP) for a more holistic assessment of socio-economic development

• GNH Survey carried out every two years to assess progress and sharpen policy interventions towards GNH

Operationalizing Gross National Happiness

5

GNH Indicators


•Psychological Wellbeing


• Stress

• Compassion (pe)

• Calmness (pe)

• Generosity (pe)

• Frustration (ne)

• Selfishness (ne)

• Jealousy (ne)

• Frequency of prayers

• Frequency of meditation

• Consideration of karma in daily life

• Consideration of Suicide

Psychological Wellbeing Index

I. Stress

II. Compassion

III. Calmness

IV. Generosity

V. Frustration

VI. Selfishness

VII. Jealousy

VIII. Frequency of prayers

IX. Frequency of meditation

X. Consideration of karma in daily life

XI. Consideration of suicide


45%

52%

3%

Always

Sometimes

Never

38%

49%

13%

Daily

Occasionally

Not at all

1%8%

90%

Daily

Occasionally

Not at all

I. Frequency of prayers

3. Consideration of karma

2. Frequency of meditation

Consideration of suicide

5%

95%

Yes

No

Psychological wellbeing - Spiritual index


How are GNH Indicators used?


• Stress

• Compassion (pe)

• Calmness (pe)

• Generosity (pe)

• Frustration (ne)

• Selfishness (ne)

• Jealousy (ne)




• Consideration of Suicide

Psychological Wellbeing Index

• Stress

• Compassion

• Calmness

• Generosity

• Frustration

• Selfishness

• Jealousy




• Consideration of suicide


Case Example - GNH Index helped identify a key shortcoming in the school education system

Wholesome education

Conventional Parameters

GNH Index

8

Daily Occasionally

90

Not at all

1

Psychological wellbeing

Policy and program response:

• Introduced meditation in schools

• Creating avenues, such as the proposed GNH Center for people to practice meditation

Frequency of meditation


Meditation in Schools


My Project ano mov.avi

GNH Policy Screening Tool (PST)


OBJECTIVES of the GNH Policy Screening Tools

• Systematically assess policies and projects

through GNH “Lens”

• Select GNH enhancing policies and projects &

reject projects and policies that adversely affect

key indicators of GNH

• Orient policy makers & planners with the GNH

frame of thinking


Description of the GNH PST

Stress

Will increase

levels of stress in

the population

Do not know the effects

on levels of stress in the

population

Will not have any

appreciable effects

on levels of stress

Will decrease

levels of stress

in the

population

1 2 3 4

Rationale (reasons for choosing a

certain indicator)

Mitigating Measures identified (if selected 1 or 2)

Each selection indicator has a four-point scale from 1 to 4

• This 4- pointer scale is ranked from the most negative to the most positive score

where 1 denotes a negative score, 2 uncertain, 3 is a neutral score and 4 denotes a positive score


Calculation

• Total points : 26 x 4 = 104

• Neutral score : 26 x 3 = 78

• Policy or project assessed should score

above average score (neutral score) to pass

• For the policy screening test, threshold is 78


Experiences from Field Testing – GNH Policy Screening Tools

Approved:

National Human Resource Development Policy 2010

National Youth Policy 2010

National Health Policy 2011

National Land Policy 2011

National Forest Policy 2011

Draft:

Draft RNR Research Policy

Draft Municipal (Thromde Class A) Finance Policy, Bhutan

Draft National Irrigation Policy

Draft Bhutan Renewable Energy Policy


GNH PST: Renewable Energy Development Policy GNHC screening exercise result

2.67

3.93

3.13

4.00

3.00

1.40

2.87 3.00 3.00 2.93

4.00 4.00 4.00

2.40

4.00

2.79

4.00 4.00

2.50 2.64

3.86 3.86

2.93

3.64

2.86

2.00

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

Sco

re

Variables

GNHC Score


2.40

3.67 3.73 3.67

3.06 2.93

2.67

3.00

2.60

2.93

3.67

3.93 4.00

3.67 3.87

3.60

3.87

3.60

3.33 3.13

3.67

3.40 3.20

2.80

3.33

2.73

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

Sco

res

Variables

MoEA Score

GNH PST: Renewable Energy Development Policy MoEA screening exercise result


• Total score :

• GNHC : 83.40

• MoEA : 86.46

• Common variables that scored less than 3 in both cases are Equity, Corruption, Judiciary equality, Gender equality and stress

• 10 variables scored less than 3 (neutral score) during GNHC screening

• 7 scored less than 3 in MoEAs screening

Comparison of the two results


GNH Indicators and

Tools

Influence

Resource allocation, policies and programs


• Opportunities:

• GNH Indicators has made our “public policy making framework” more holistic and thus more complete and consistent with what individuals want from development– brings greater breadth (through 4 additional dimensions) and depth (qualitative aspects) -

• Due to its comprehensiveness, it can provide a better measure of progress and thus ensure that development means more than economic growth or attainment of targets like MDGs.

• Challenges

• Work in progress – room to improve its use to inform decisions

• Complexities of dealing with unconventional domains

Opportunities and Challenges


Thank You

for more information – please visit

www.gnhc.gov.bt www.grossnationalhappiness.com

Gross National Happiness · 2018. 4. 6. · X. Consideration of karma in daily life XI. ......

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