Gross Anatomy and CNS Organization; Neuroimaging Techniques March 31, 2011.
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Gross Anatomy and CNS Organization; Neuroimaging Techniques
March 31, 2011
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BASICS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Coronal Slice Sagittal Slice Horizontal Slice
Frontal View Medial View Dorsal View
MRI of patient with 16p11.2 Dup
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MRI of patient with 16p11.2 Dup
• 14:1 male• Previous diagnoses: Intellectual Disability,
PDD-NOS, ADHD-Combined Type, Disruptive Behavior Disorder-NOS, Cognitive Disorder NOS.
• Current diagnoses: Mild Intellectual Disability, Vocal Tic Disorder, ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorder-NOS.
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Neurons and Glia
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Neurons and Glia
• Glial cells– Ependymal– Astrocyte– Microglial– Oligodendroglial– Schwann
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Gray, White, and Reticular Matter
Gray MatterColor from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies
White MatterColor from axons covered in an insulating layer of glial cells
Reticular MatterColor and appearance from cell bodies and axons
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Layers, Nuclei, Nerves, and Tracts
• Layers or Nuclei– Well-defined group of cell
bodies (e.g. thalamus)• Tract
– Large collection of axons projecting to or away from a layer or nucleus within the CNS (e.g. optic tract)
• Nerves– Fibers and fiber pathways
that enter and leave the CNS (e.g. auditory nerve)
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REGIONS & STRUCTURES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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The Central Nervous System
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Ventricles
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The Spinal Cord
• Spinal Cord Structure and the Spinal Nerves– Receives fibers from afferent sensory
receptors– Sends efferent fibers to control muscles– 30 spinal cord segments divided into five
regions• Cervical (8)• Thoracic (12)• Lumbar (5)
• Sacral (5)• Coccygeal Segment
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• Dorsal Root: Strand of afferent fibers entering the spinal cord; Carries sensory information to the brain
• Ventral Root: Strand of efferent fibers leaving the spinal cord; Carries motor information to the body• Reflexes occur at the level of the spinal cord
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Connections Between Central and Somatic Nervous System
• Cranial Nerves– 12 pairs, overseen by
the brain– Can have afferent
functions, efferent functions, or both
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The Central Nervous System
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The Brainstem
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Hindbrain
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Midbrain
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Diencephalon• Hypothalamus
– Interacts with the pituitary gland– Participates in nearly all aspects of motivated behavior
• Thalamus– Relays sensory information to appropriate targets– Relays information between cortical areas– Relays information between forebrain and brainstem
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Forebrain
• Three main structures– Basal Ganglia– Limbic System– Cerebral Cortex
Subcortical
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Forebrain
• Basal Ganglia– Collection of nuclei that includes the:
• Putamen• Globus Pallidus• Caudate Nucleus
– Supports stimulus-response learning– Functions in sequencing movements
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Forebrain
• Diseases of the Basal Ganglia– Huntington's Chorea
• Genetic disorder• Cell death in the basal ganglia• Involuntary “dance like” movements
– Parkinson’s Disease• Projection from the substantia nigra to the basal
ganglia dies• Rhythmical tremors in hands and legs• Rigid movement and difficulty maintaining balance
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Forebrain
• Diseases of the Basal Ganglia– Tourette’s Syndrome
• Involuntary motor tics• Complex movements• Involuntary vocalizations
• Basal ganglia diseases are disorders of controlling movement, not producing movement
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Forebrain
• Limbic System (limbic lobe)– Amygdala
• Emotion and species-typical behaviors– Hippocampus
• Memory and spatial navigation– Septum
• Emotion and species-typical behavior– Cingulate Cortex (cingulate gyrus)
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Forebrain
• Neocortex (cerebral cortex)– Has expanded the most during evolution– Comprises 80% of the human brain– Two cerebral hemispheres, four lobes
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Fissures, Sulci, and Gyri
• Fissure– A cleft in the cortex that is deep enough to
indent the ventricles• Sulci
– A shallow cleft in the cortex• Gyri
– A ridge in the cortex
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Organization of the Cortex
• Primary Areas– Frontal lobe - Motor functions– Parietal lobe - Body senses– Temporal lobe - Auditory functions– Occipital lobe - Visual functions
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Organization of the Cortex in Relation to its Inputs and Outputs
• Secondary Areas– Adjacent to primary areas– Receive input from the primary areas– Engaged in interpreting sensory input or
organizing movements• Tertiary Areas (Association Cortex)
– Located between secondary areas– Mediate complex activities
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Cellular Organization of the Cortex– Brodmann’s Map
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The Crossed Brain
• Brain has contralateral organization– Each symmetrical half
responds to sensory stimulation from the contralateral side or controls musculature on the contralateral side
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CLINICAL VIGNETTES
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Brain Structures & Functions:
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Brain Structures & Functions:
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Brain Structures & Functions: