Road & BridgeSafety Manual

INTRODUCTION

WELCOME!!! This manual was developed to assist county governments in committing its employees to SAFETY. It is our goal to provide a workplace for the employees of our county that is free of recognizable hazards and to eliminate the number of unsafe acts and conditions. We feel that there is no other important asset to our county than the safety of our employees and residents.

The suggestions and regulations within this manual are based upon the safest practices that individuals in our line of duty have followed for many years. Although county governments in Missouri are currently exempt from OSHA regulations, it is our intent to follow these regulations. We see these as the minimum guidelines to follow to develop an effective safety program. Along with these regulations, we observe that GOOD COMMON SENSE is also another priority to preventing unsafe acts and conditions. If everyone works together, our goals can be achieved.

To be safe, each person must have an “attitude” that diligently maintains a sense of urgency about the task at hand. One little slip at the wrong time can have disastrous consequences.

The guidelines in this manual are provided to help you keep that safe balance and develop a safe culture for yourself, your family and co-workers for the rest of your life. If you do not understand the proper safety procedure, see your supervisor. Do not guess what the proper procedure is.

This manual is intended to be a template for your county’s own personalized program. It will need to be modified to suit the particular size and needs of your entity. We would also recommend that you have the completed program reviewed by local counsel prior to implementation. The safety guidelines provided are considered the minimum suggestions for the particular situation. Your particular situation may require additional measures to insure adequate protection.

Let’s keep the workplace safe for you, co-workers and the public.

This manual is periodically revised and updated. The most current copy is available as a download at the MAC Trust website.

THINK – SAFETY FIRST!!!

Date Implemented ______

SAFETY POLICY

PURPOSE

Every employee is a valuable asset and the personal safety and health of each is of vital concern. __________ County recognizes the importance of a safe and healthy working environment and considers safety to be an integral part of the daily administration of county government.

POLICY

Safety will be given a high priority in the planning and operation of county activities in order to:

1. Eliminate employee hardships which result from occupational injuries and illnesses; and

2. Reduce __________ financial burden of direct and indirect costs that result from unsafe work conditions and habits.

To promote and maintain safe practices and conditions, all Elected Officials and/or supervisors will:

1. Explain the County Safety Policy to your employees;2. Strive to maintain safe and healthy working conditions;3. Assure mechanical safeguards and personal protective equipment is available

where it may be needed;4. Maintain an active safety program, coordinated through

____________________, in which all members of the staff will participate in training and promote safety awareness among all employees;

5. Charge employees, as a condition of employment, with the responsibility of practicing safe work habits;

6. Measure employee practice of safety in the evaluation process;7. Investigate each accident report promptly and correct any problems; 8. Establish, communicate and update site safety rules; and 9. Post this policy on the County bulletin boards.

In cooperation, employees will diligently;

1. Report all hazards and make suggestions to improve safety; and2. Report any deficiency in safety compliance to their supervisor.

_____________________

Presiding Commissioner

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Accident and Near Miss Reporting .......................................................................

Back Safety..........................................................................................................

Bloodborne Pathogens .........................................................................................

Boom Truck/Aerial Lift Operation ..........................................................................

Compressed Gasses and Welding ........................................................................

Handling and Storage, General ..................................................................

Storage for Cylinders .................................................................................

General Welding and Cutting ....................................................................

Electric Welding .........................................................................................

Gas Welding ..............................................................................................

Communications ...................................................................................................

Disciplinary Guidelines ..........................................................................................

Elevated Working Surfaces ...................................................................................

Employee Responsibility and Conduct ..................................................................

Emergency Procedures ........................................................................................

Fire Protection ...........................................................................................

Housekeeping ...........................................................................................

Tornado Procedure ...................................................................................

Chemical, Biological or Bomb Threat ........................................................

Emergency Response Agency Telephone Numbers..................................

Ergonomics ..........................................................................................................

Excavations and Excavations ...............................................................................

Excavation by Machine ..............................................................................

Excavation by Hand ...................................................................................

General Safety and Health Practices ....................................................................

Guidelines .............................................................................................................

Hazardous Materials and Communication (HAZCOM) ..........................................

Introduction ...........................................................................................................

Ladders, Scaffolds and Elevated Working Surfaces...............................................

Machine/Equipment Operations............................................................................

Motor Vehicle Accident Reporting .........................................................................

Table of Contents - Cont’d.

Office Safety ..........................................................................................................

Guidelines ..................................................................................................

Operation of Equipment and Tools ........................................................................

General Provisions .....................................................................................

Use of Tools ...............................................................................................

Care of Tools ..............................................................................................

Compressed Air and Compressed Air Tools ...............................................

Power Lawn Mowers, Power Lawn Edger’s, Tractor Type Mowers .............

Chain Saws and Weed Eaters ....................................................................

Grinding Operations ...................................................................................

Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing .........................................................

Eye Care ....................................................................................................

Fall Protection ............................................................................................

Head Protection ..........................................................................................

Respirators .................................................................................................

Employees’ Responsibilities .......................................................................

Types of Contaminants ..............................................................................

When to Use Respirators ...........................................................................

Rivers, Streams and Lakes ....................................................................................

Supervisor Responsibility and Conduct ..................................................................

Vehicle Operation and Care ...................................................................................

Machine/Equipment Operations .................................................................

Weather - Exposure to Environmental Extremes ...................................................

Heat ............................................................................................................

Cold ............................................................................................................

Worker’s Compensation .........................................................................................

Provision for Safe Work Standard ...............................................................

Employee Responsibility and Conduct ........................................................

Supervisor Responsibility ............................................................................

COMMUNICATION

Communication is an important safety tool. Whether it is a radio, phone or pager, abuse of any of these communication systems at the wrong time could increase the response time during an emergency. Unnecessary visiting and verbal vandalism (broadcasting radio programs) is strictly forbidden by county policy. Anyone engaging in these acts will be subject to disciplinary action including termination.

Some department two-way radios are equipped with Sheriff’s frequencies. If you happen to have these frequencies on the radio in the vehicle or equipment that you are operating or on a hand held unit and are not authorized to use or monitor these frequencies, it is imperative that you comply with these authorization limits. Call numbers have been assigned to authorized personnel in accordance with each department’s procedures.

If an emergency occurs:

1. Departments with radio communication and field operators.

a. Contact radio dispatcher by radio or phone.b. If radio dispatcher is not on duty, contact appropriate emergency

response organizations listed on the next two pages and/or your supervisor immediately.

c. If not available, call 911 and report emergency.

2. Departments with telephone communication only.

a. Call 911 and report emergency. Depending on circumstances, this could be your first call. Use your own judgm.0ent.

b. Contact appropriate emergency response agency liston the next two pages, if necessary.

c. Notify your supervisor immediately.

3. All departments. If the situation is life threatening, call 911 or department dispatcher, whichever is faster and appropriate.

When calling 911 or any emergency phone number, always stay on the line until the emergency dispatcher hangs up.

SampleEMERGENCY RESPONSE AGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS

USE 911 FOR ALL EMERGENCIES(List the appropriate numbers for your county)

FIRE DEPARTMENT

POLICE DEPARTMENT

HIGHWAY PATROL

SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT

PUBLIC WORKS - ROAD AND BRIDGE DIVISION

PARKS/SHERIFF VEHICLE SERVICE CENTER

PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION OFFICES

COUNTY SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICER

DESIGNATED MEDICAL FACILITIES:

OTHER EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS:COUNTY COMMISSION

POISON CONTROL CENTER .................................................................... 816-234-3434 or 1-800-366-8888

MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT REPORTING

A. First report the accident to the local law enforcement agency and your supervisor immediately. If on private property call the sheriff and/or your supervisor.

B. Fill out all forms and reports in the packet entitled, “In Case of Accident” located in the glove compartment.

C. With your supervisor’s assistance, contact the department person responsible for notifying the county’s auto liability insurance company and complete all accident reports.

D. Complete each item of the accident report form. This form should be checked by your supervisor and then sent to the auto insurance company through regular department procedures.

E. Forward copies of all information to the County Clerk and the Safety Officer.

F. Be sure to include all the information required:

1. The year, make, model, and owner of the vehicle.

2. The last four digits of the county vehicle serialnumber and the county license plate number, if applicable.

Note: The County’s auto insurance is for the protection of the county and is not a replacement for personal automobile insurance. Employees should be instructed to also contact their own insurance company in the event they are using their personal vehicles.

DISCIPLINARY GUIDELINES

The purpose of this section, as is the purpose of the entire Safety and Health Policy, is to save lives, eliminate injuries, and stop property damage. Safety rules are designed to provide a safe and secure work place for every individual. Violation of safe work procedures when performing any given task or responsibility makes it necessary to provide a means of enforcement if compliance is not voluntary.

Disciplinary guidelines will be the responsibility of the department and serve to inform all employees that they will be held accountable for all unsafe acts and all preventable accidents. It should be kept in mind that the nature or severity of an unsafe act could demand a variance from these guidelines. Disciplinary guidelines shall conform to the _________County Personnel Practices.

Definition: A preventable accident is one in which the employee fails to do everything he/she could reasonably be expected to do to prevent it.

The accident shall be determined preventable or not by a method approved by each department director.

Personal counseling, verbal or written warning, written reprimand, suspension, demotion or termination will be determined by the Elected Office holder in conjunction with the county’s established personnel policies and procedures.

ACCIDENT AND NEAR MISS REPORTING

A. Report accidents or near miss accidents to your supervisor.

B. With your supervisor’s assistance, complete the appropriate accident report.

C. Send copies of this report to the County Clerk and County Commission.

Failure to report a near miss is a violation of the Safety and Health Policy, which is a condition of employment. In addition, failure to report a near miss reduces the probability of removal of a hazardous condition or practice.

SAFETY

In each facet of our lives, there are risks. Some of the things we do are more risky than others. This is called the level of risk. Our goal must be to reduce the level of risk as much as possible during the performance of any given task, whether at work, home or play, thus insuring a higher quality of life for our families, our co-workers and ourselves. Safety consciousness requires rigid adherence to good safety practices and guidelines.

This guide will provide you with many of the basic safety and health ideas to reduce the possibility of work-related injuries or illness. It is the responsibility of each individual employee to report all injuries, illnesses, near misses, and hazardous conditions to their supervisor immediately. Only then can we reach the goal of improving the quality of life for all _______

County employees.

In addition to this guide, there are other standards and regulations published by ________ County and your department, which should serve as supplemental information to this policy and is considered a part of this policy. There are many other guidelines, standards and regulations mandated by state and federal agencies which must be followed to provide the “standard of care” necessary to prevent illnesses and injuries and reduce the possibility of individual and county liability.

You are charged with the responsibility of reading and understanding not only the items in this guide but also all other safety publications and operators’ manuals pertaining to your work situation.

PROVISION FOR SAFE WORK STANDARDS

Never try to perform any job in an unsafe manner, even if it might save time and trouble. If you get hurt by violating established safe work procedures, you fail yourself and the county. Violations of the Safety and Health Policy will be just cause for disciplinary action whether or not an accident occurs. Actions to be taken are set forth starting on page __ of this guide.

WORKERS’ COMPENSATION

If you are injured, no matter how slight, you must report this injury to your supervisor immediately. Failure to do so could jeopardize your workers’ compensation claim. The county has made arrangements with doctors and clinics experienced in industrial injuries and health- related matters. You will be required to use one of these facilities for non-life-threatening incidences. Emergency medical services and hospital emergency rooms located closest to the area of the incident should handle life-threatening incidents.

The State of Missouri has a comprehensive workers’ compensation law. It entitles you to medical treatment at no cost to employees as well as reimbursement for a portion of your salary if said injury meets time requirements. For additional information on workers’ compensation, contact your supervisor, county clerk or the county benefits coordinator.

If you are injured:

1. No matter how slight the injury, report all injuries immediately to your supervisor.

2. In case of minor injury:

a. Notify your supervisor and receive immediate first aid attention.

b. Report back to work as directed by your supervisor.

c. Cooperate in completing all necessary worker’s compensation/accident injury reports and forms.

3. In cases where further medical treatment is required:

a. You will be taken to one of our clinics or an emergency room at a hospital.

b. After treatment:

- If released for work, you need to bring your supervisor a signed “return to work” form from your doctor.

- If not released for work, call your supervisor after receiving treatment and give expected date of return along with other requested information. Make sure your supervisor receives the signed authorization report from the doctor or hospital.

- Cooperate and complete all necessary workers’compensation forms.

- Keep all scheduled medical appointments.

- Keep your supervisor informed of your work status after each medical visit.

- Return to work on date authorized by the physician and give your supervisor the signed release. If the physician recommends restricted duty, an agreement between you and your supervisor as to what duties you may perform must be established. Each department has their own policy on restricted duty requests.

- Bring medical bills that you receive to your supervisor who will, in turn, send them to the Benefits Coordinator.

- For your protection and the County’s, you may be requested to submit to drug/alcohol tests if circumstances warrant.

Workers’ compensation is administered through the Missouri Association of Counties Trust by an outside administrator. It is very important that you give full details of your injury and recovery progress if you are contacted by the Workers’ Compensation Administrator or representatives of the MAC Trust.

EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITY AND CONDUCT

Duty assignment: All safety activities and personnel assignments required herein shall be considered an official duty and an integral part of satisfactory employee performance.

A. All employees shall know and abide by all safety rules and safe work procedures located in the "Supervisor's Safety Procedure Manual." This includes any special safe work procedures published in equipment owner/operator's manuals. Failure to perform in accordance to all guidelines, policies and procedures will result in the use of department disciplinary action.

B. All employees shall be consciously aware of the hazards of their jobs, avoid unsafe acts, and warn others seen performing unsafe acts.

C. All injuries and illnesses shall be reported to your supervisor immediately. Failure to report accidents or injuries may jeopardize a workers’ compensation claim.

D. Unsafe conditions shall be reported to your supervisor.

E. Report all near misses to your supervisor. A near miss is still considered an accident (unplanned event or hazardous condition/practice), even though no damage or injury occurred.

F. Be alert to those around you. An unsafe act could endanger others as well as yourself.

G. Keep all assigned safety equipment readily available, clean, and in good condition.

H. Report all missing or defective safety equipment immediately to the supervisor.

I. Request from your supervisor copies of or clarification of all applicable special safety policies and procedures.

J. Know the location of and how to read and use all Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) on chemicals you use.

SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITY AND CONDUCT

Duty assignment: All safety and health activities and personnel assignments required herein shall be considered an official duty and an integral part of satisfactory supervisory performance. Non-compliance could lead to prosecution under civil law or department

disciplinary guidelines.

A. Supervisors/work leaders shall be responsible for the instruction and enforcement of all safe work practices.

B. This government agency sets a high standard of care for safety and health in the work place. Management shall be responsible for appropriate staff attendance at designated training classes.

C. Supervisors/work leaders should ensure that all tools and equipment used by personnel within his/her work group are properly maintained. Dangerous equipment shall be removed from service until it is repaired or replaced.

D. Supervisors/work leaders shall review all equipment combinations for safety compatibility; e.g., trailers towed by proper vehicles (size, light and brake hookup, etc.), attachments designed for the equipment used.

E. Supervisors/work leaders must be responsible for control of their work areas by removing hazards when possible. Those hazards that cannot be removed must be neutralized as much as possible by using known safeguards, such as respirators in dusty areas, cones, barricades, and vehicle safety belts.

F. Working Around Traffic:

1. Supervisors/work leaders shall be responsible for the proper control of traffic through work zones in accordance with the guidelines set forth in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). This includes worker safety vests, signing, warning devices, etc.

2. Any unusual circumstances or questions concerning safety or traffic control shall be immediately brought to the attention of the Safety Officer or Traffic Engineer.

G. Supervisors/work leaders shall be responsible for reviewing with all employees sections of this guide pertinent to their areas of operation at least once a year and at other times said information might be considered necessary, i.e., tornado season.

GENERAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PRACTICES

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) shall be worn as necessary or as directed while performing hazardous tasks.

A. Avoid making loud or sudden noises.

B. When lifting, bend the knees to utilize the stronger leg muscles. Don't bend your back. When lifting, pushing or pulling, do not subject yourself to excessive physical strain. If the job is too strenuous for one person, ask for assistance or consult your supervisor. Physical capabilities vary with individuals, and good judgment must be used before tackling assignments.

C. Use ladders when overhead work must be performed. Ladders shall be secured or held

by another employee. Do not stand on chairs, boxes, tables, or unsteady objects, which may move or topple over.

D. When mounting or dismounting a piece of equipment, face the equipment using the hand holds for extra stability. Make certain that soles of shoes are free from mud, snow or ice as much as practical.

E. Use hand railing when using stairs.

F. Never place pins, nails, glass or other sharp objects in wastebaskets. Place them in special containers provided before disposal.

G. Give maintenance priority to any repair required as a result of a safety inspection, driver repair requests, etc.

H. Obey warning signs, tags, barriers, seals, and markers used to designate hazardous areas. They are for your protection.

I. Do not remove, relocate, conceal, or alter any emergency equipment, signs, guards, locks, tags or other items pertaining to health, safety or fire.

J. Unsafe behavior is unacceptable behavior. Such actions are in violation of this policy.

K. Keep all county property, equipment and work areas clean and orderly at all times. Rubbish or flammable materials should not be allowed to accumulate in any work place. Oily rags shall be placed in safety cans provided.

L. Place all chemicals and fuels in marked safety cans appropriate for work to be performed or in a container in accordance with United States EPA guidelines.

M. Attend department "Employee Right-to-Know" safety hazardous material training within a six-month period of employment.

N. Attend department defensive driving courses at the first scheduled class after date of employment and thereafter as department procedure requires.

O. _________ County has a Drug Free Work Place policy. It is suggested that each employee become familiar with this policy. In addition, those employees whose jobs require a Commercial Driver’s License come under the U.S. Department of Transportation alcohol and drug testing regulations. The use of alcohol or other drugs on the job shall not be tolerated. Under workers’ compensation laws, an employee injured on the job "under the influence" may forfeit or have their worker’s compensation benefits reduced if intoxicated to a degree that the employee cannot perform his or her job.

OFFICE SAFETY

Over 30 million people work in an office environment. Every year one out of every twenty-five sustains an injury while working in the office areas. Injuries from falling and tripping are the most common.

The purpose of this section of the guide is to reduce office injuries by the observance of on-the-job safety measures. Correct procedures will not only reduce injuries but will help maintain an acceptable level of productivity, efficiency and quality.

GUIDELINES

1. Waxed and wet floors can be slippery. Take short steps, flat footed and toes slightly pointed in.

2. If you have a split-level in your work place, be sure that you step down in a safe manner. It should be clearly marked by outlining the edge of the split-level.

3. Be mindful of any structural defects (loose carpet, tiles, etc.). Identify and barricade hazard until repaired.

4. Shoes with high heels are not recommended to be worn in the work place.

5. Carry cartons in such a manner that your vision is not blocked.

6. Keep all aisles and stairways free of boxes and other items at all times.

7. Clean up any spills immediately.

8. Listed below are some guidelines for file cabinets:

* All drawers should have safety stops;* All cabinets should be secured from falling; * Load all cabinets from the bottom up;* Open one drawer at a time and close when finished; and* Never leave a drawer open unattended.

9. Place all office equipment normally used on the top of a desk or a table such as letter trays, etc., a safe distance from the edge of the desk or table.

10. Never place thumb over staple ejection area while clearing jammed stapler.

11. Always use a staple remover when removing staples, not your fingernails.

12. Keep pointed or sharp items such as letter openers and scissors in drawers when not in use.

13. Keep stickpins in a secured box and preferably in a desk drawer.

14. Use caution when operating a paper cutter, shredder or other office equipment whereby your hand could be injured. When not in use, paper cutter blade should be down and locked.

15. Wear gloves when cleaning office machines or changing chemicals. Read and

understand all Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

16. Wash your hands after using chemicals even though you have been wearing gloves.

17. Do not overload electrical receptacles or use extension cords that are too light for the voltage required. Use a power center. Extension cords are tripping hazards and, if used, should be taped down or secured in some safe manner.

18. Do not stand on a chair or cart to reach overhead items. Always use a ladder or approved step stool.

19. Use the handrail provided on stairs.

20. Request qualified maintenance personnel to move office equipment; e.g., computers, copiers, filing cabinets, desks, and other heavy items.

21. Maintain good housekeeping in the office area.

22. Each office area shall have at least one employee certified in first aid/CPR and have a properly equipped and maintained first aid kit.

23. If a portable heater is used around desk area, it must be equipped with a tip-over switch.

ERGONOMICS

A. Ergonomics is the study of people in the work environment. This simply means that the workstation is to be designed as convenient for the employee as possible.

1. Adjust the height of the chair seat so your feet are firmly on the floor. If you have short legs, a footrest needs to be placed so you can rest your feet properly. The backrest should support your back and allow you to sit in a straight, upright position. Knees should be slightly higher than hipbone.

2. When writing, etc., rest the forearm on the desk or table.

3. When typing, use a stand for the hard copy so that it is adjacent to the keyboard, which allows you to read the material that you are typing without moving your head up and down. Where possible, the hard copy stand should be alternated from one side to the other during the day's typing to prevent neck strain.

4. Adjust the computer screen level so that it is parallel to your chin; i.e., looking down slightly. Use good posture. Do not slump in your chair. Avoid any glare on the screen. Screen glare filters are available.

5. If wearing bifocals, adjust the screen so that you are not bending your head backward.

6. It is recommended that you use a keyboard rest for your wrists. Elbows should be held at a 90-degree angle. Wrist exercises will help with the relaxing of tendons. To prevent fatigue, take frequent short breaks. Get up and walk around your work area.

If physical discomfort is a continuous problem, contact your supervisor for assistance from the Safety Officer.

BACK SAFETY

A. More than 400,000 workers suffer disabling injuries each year from back pain. This reduces an employee’s quality of life, resulting in lost wages, lost time for treatment, and lost mobility, which limits recreational activities. Most importantly, it increases pain and suffering for the individual. Using some simple steps and investing a little time in preparation, exercise and proper lifting techniques can prevent most back injuries. Listed below are some “dos and don’ts” which, if followed, will give you a better chance to avoid back pain or reduce the possibility of recurring back pain. Once you have injured your back, it is four to five times more likely that re-injury will occur.

1. Use proper lifting techniques.

a. Before picking up the object, plan the move, open doors, clear aisles of objects, which may trip you. Plan a resting location if the object must be

carried a long distance.

b. If there is any possibility that the load is too heavy or bulky, get help from others or use a mechanical lifting device. To check weight, attempt lifting one edge of the object.

c. Stretch or “wake up your back” so the initial excursion will not be a surprise.

d. Stand close to the load with feet firmly on the floor.

e. Squat down with back locked, knees bent, stomach muscles tight. Tilt your head up, keeping arms and elbows close to your body.

f. Grab the load firmly and make sure you can carry it before you start to move.

g. If possible, place palm of hand around the object so your fingers alone won’t have to carry the entire load.

h. Stand up slowly, do not jerk. Lift load with your legs as you stand, hold object close to your body.

I. Do not twist your body while carrying the load.

j. As you begin to walk and carry the load, point your toes in the direction of travel.

k. Put down the load smoothly and slowly again letting your legs do most of the work.

2. Use of Back Belts

In the past few years, back belts have become quite popular, yet there is no substantial proof that they eliminate or reduce the possibility of back injuries. The Ergonomics Standing Committee for the National Safety Council advises that back belts should only be used as prescribed by a physician. Back belts can give the worker a false sense of security, cause muscle deterioration, increase blood pressure and reduce the desire to find a better way of performing the task.

3. Exercise

A full regiment of exercises is recommended after you get approval from your doctor. Many physicians will give you instructions or instruction sheets on proper exercises. Your safety officer also has lists of approved exercises. Some exercises include:

a. The shoulder shrug - stand or sit head up, arms at sides, shrug your shoulders upwards toward your ears as high as you can, hold a few seconds then relax - repeat.

b. Back press - lay on your back with knees bent and feet flat on the floor, tighten your stomach and buttock muscles pressing your lower back against the floor, hold that position for a few seconds, then relax - repeat.

c. Half sit-up - lay down and reach toward your knees with your hand out, stretch until you feel your shoulder lift off the floor, hold for five seconds, and slowly drop back to the floor - repeat.

Never overdo it. No pain, no gain is not the rule. Stretching exercises should be done before any lifting is preformed.

4. Cost of Improper Lifting

Again the cost is pain and a lower quality of life. Improper lifting can put hundreds of pounds of pressure on your lower back. Example - how much does a pencil weigh? With proper lifting methods less than an ounce. With improper lifting methods 1,000 lbs. or more. As a young person of 16, your lower back can withstand 1,600 lbs. of pressure without injury. As you grow older, this amount of pressure is reduced. Bending over and using your lower back muscles adds ten times the weight of the object that you are picking up. Add to this an approximate 100 lbs. for the trunk of your body times ten and you have 1,000 lbs. of pressure being applied to your back.

Invest a few minutes in proper lifting techniques and gain a life free of back pain.

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES: FIRE EQUIPMENT, TORNADO AND BOMB THREAT

A. Fire Protection

1. In case of fire:

a. Call the fire department or 911. Do this at the first sign of a fire. Do not try to extinguish the fire until after the fire department has been notified.

b. Assist anyone in immediate danger.

c. If the fire is small and containable, use fire extinguishers located at all areas and in most vehicles.

d. In using a fire extinguisher, direct extinguisher at base of the fire and move rapidly from side to side until fire is out. Always leave yourself a way out!

e. If the fire is large, evacuate the area immediately. Gather outside the structure at a predetermined location and a minimum distance of 150 feet and check to see if all employees from your work place are present. Under no circumstances should an employee leave the scene of a fire or employee gathering place without permission from his/her immediate supervisor or supervisor in charge at that moment.

f. Evacuation Rules.

Stay calm. If you have a clear escape route, move quickly but calmly outside.

Feel doors before opening them. If they feel hot, do not open.

If you must stay in a room or office, get close to the floor; there is less heat and smoke near the floor.

Do not leave any doors or windows open. This would allow the fire to spread more quickly.

If you are inside the building during a fire, cover your face with a wet cloth or wet paper towels and take shallow breaths.

If you have moved outside, go directly to your office's predetermined gathering place and stay there.

Take a count of all persons at your gathering place. Report anyone missing to your supervisor, if possible.

Never try to use elevators in your escape.

2. Fire Mitigation and Training

a. Fire Routes

Large facilities: In multiple-floor buildings, each supervisor is responsible for providing drawings of escape routes. The supervisor is also responsible for instructing all employees in proper evacuation procedures including a mandatory gathering place outside the facility. Escape routes and evacuation procedures shall be posted, reviewed annually, and updated when change in the floor plan is necessary.

Small facilities: It is not necessary in small facilities to post diagrams of fire escape routes. It is the responsibility of the lead supervisor of each facility to instruct all employees as to the quickest and safest way to exit each building and locate a mandatory gathering place outside the structure. There should always be an alternate escape route.

b. Fire Extinguishers

Fire extinguishers shall be inspected annually by a licensed vendor and monthly by each supervisor or department safety representative. Monthly inspections shall include: discharge, date of annual inspection, proper security/storage and location markings.

All discharged fire extinguishers or emergency oxygen tanks shall be recharged and/or replaced immediately through individual department procedures.

Placement of fire extinguishers in trucks, other vehicles and equipment is the responsibility of each supervisor/work leader. This in no way alleviates or reduces the responsibility of each vehicle/equipment operator to make certain that the fire extinguisher is in place in his vehicle at all times and is in good operating condition.

If a fire extinguisher is not in its permanent location, the supervisor should be informed immediately.

It shall be considered an infraction of the County Safety Policy for anyone to tamper with, abuse, or misuse, a fire extinguisher or fire hose.

Fire extinguishers carried in vehicles shall be secured in such a manner that they cannot become a projectile in case of a collision or sudden stop.

It is each employee's responsibility to know the locations of all fire extinguishers and other equipment used in fire-related emergencies (i.e., SCBA, self-contained breathing apparatus, fire alarms, emergency oxygen, etc.) within their regular work area. When temporarily assigned to an unfamiliar work area, employees should note the location of fire extinguishers and exits in that area.

Local and national fire codes shall be followed at all times.

c. Fire extinguisher and emergency oxygen location and recharge/replacement.

All supervisors must write up an investigation report at any time a fire extinguisher or emergency oxygen is used. Turn in this report to the Safety Officer within 24 hours after the use of this equipment.

d. Housekeeping

Keep combustible materials, such as oil-soaked rags, waste, and shavings in approved metal containers with self-closing lids. Empty containers at the end of each day.

Keep cleaning rags or waste in metal or metal lined bins with self-closing covers.

Keep paper and other combustible materials from accumulating. Weeds or other rank vegetation should not be permitted to grow in close proximity to structures.

Do not use flammable liquids such as gasoline, naphtha, lacquer thinner, etc., for cleaning purposes.

Keeping flammable liquids, solvents and chemicals indoors is inherently dangerous. Limit the total indoor storage of flammable liquids such as gasoline, benzine, naphtha, lacquer thinner, etc. to five gallons. All of these items must be kept in approved containers and properly labeled. Unmarked containers can only be used for immediate use chemical supply only. Containers larger than five gallons are not to be used for transporting these solvents inside the building.

When pouring or pumping gasoline or other highly flammable liquids from one container to another, maintain metallic contact between the pouring and receiving containers.

Do not smoke in proximity of flammable liquids, gasses or explosives.

Do not smoke or carry lighted cigarettes, cigars or pipes in elevators.

3. Fires are divided into four basic classes. These classes and the type or types of extinguishers designed for use on each are:

a. Class “A” Fire

Class “A” fires are fires of ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics.

Use water, CO2, or multi-purpose “ABC.”

b. Class “B” Fire

Class “B” fires are fires of flammable liquids, gasses, or greases.

Use CO2, Potassium Bicarbonate “Purple K”, Potassium Chloride KCL, multi-purpose “ABC.”

c. Class “C” Fire

Class “C” fires are fires, which involve energized electrical equipment, where the electrical non-conductivity of the extinguishing media is of importance.

Use CO2 Potassium Bicarbonate “Purple K”, Potassium Chloride KCL, multi-purpose “ABC” and halogenated agents.

d. Class “D” Fire

Class “D” fires are fires of combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium and potassium.

Use dry powder special compound (for specific metal only).

B. Tornado Procedure

1. The management of each facility is responsible for notifying all employees that a tornado or severe weather watch is in effect.

2. A radio should be tuned to a local station that is known for its dependability in reporting tornado and severe weather warnings if a "weather radio" is not available. In addition, assign personnel to monitor “Computer Internet Weather Radar,” if available. Radio dispatchers shall inform all field personnel with radios of a weather warning or alert. Field supervisors shall tune vehicle AM/FM radio to a station reporting weather information. Technology in weather communication is constantly improving; therefore, all supervisors must stay abreast of these new communication methods and implement if applicable.

3. If a tornado is sighted:

a. Don’t open windows;

b. Go to the basement; take cover under a heavy table. Make sure table is not under a heavy object above;

c. Stay against an inside wall or interior room, on lowest floor of the building;

e. Lie under a heavy table or desk and stay away from windows;

e. Protect yourself from broken window glass.

4. If in the field:

a. If time permits, take shelter in a steel frame, or reinforced concrete building, or basement.

b. Travel at right angles to the path of the funnel.

c. If no protection is available, lie flat in a ditch or depression and protect your head.

DO NOT STAY IN YOUR VEHICLE OR IN ANY KIND OF TRAILER.

5. Stay in your protected area until the “all clear” is sounded. Upon the sounding of the all clear, assemble as close to your work station as safely possible and await instructions from your supervisor. No employee shall leave the scene without permission from his/her supervisor. Possible exception to this rule would be if an employee were traveling from one location to another. If this happens, check in with your supervisor immediately.

C. Chemical, Biological or Bomb Threats

The person receiving a call about a threat should first attempt to stay calm. Then get the exact location within the building where the device has been or is going to be placed. When will it go off? What kind of device is it? Attempt to get as much information as possible about the caller; for example, vocal idiosyncrasies, sex, race, and age. Repeat your questions and the caller’s answers. This will alert co-workers. Listen for noises in the background or for other clues, which might indicate the caller's location. Information received should be carefully recorded and given to your supervisor. The supervisor shall follow proper department procedures. It is suggested that the attached “Bomb Threat Checklist” be copied and placed at all supervisors’, receptionists’ and dispatchers’ workstations.

Report any abandoned packages, boxes, knapsacks, briefcases, etc., to your supervisor immediately. Do not touch them or open any suspicious letters or packages. If you see anyone leaving any item without informing someone, report him or her immediately to security.

Things to remember:

1. Stay calm.2. Listen to the caller and background carefully.3. Ask to repeat questions.4. Don’t get angry and hang up. Show concern. If the caller thinks they have an

audience, they might reveal more information.5. Ask where the device is and how many.6. Ask when will it go off.7. Ask where the device(s) are located.8. Determine if the caller is familiar with the building.9. Write down every word.10. Follow the outline on the next page. Keep a copy handy.

WEATHER-EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES:

HEAT

Signs, symptoms and treatment of heat-related illnesses and emergencies:

The human body goes to great lengths to maintain its constant core temperature of 98.6 F (37C). To maintain this temperature, heat loss must equal heat production. If heat loss exceeds heat production, the body temperature will fall. If heat production exceeds heat loss, the body temperature will rise. Normally varying blood flow to the peripheral circulation system of the body, i.e., skin surface, head, neck, arms, and legs control this process. When the core temperature rises, veins in the periphery dilate to move heat to the surface where it can be dissipated by evaporation, radiation, and sometimes-even conduction. This process is effective only if the skin temperature is greater than that of the outside temperature.

When the outside temperature nears or exceeds skin temperature, normal heat loss by convection and radiation gradually slows and eventually ceases completely. Thereafter, body heat must dissipated by the evaporation of sweat. This process, however, does have its flaws. For example, a normal adult may perspire only up to one liter/hour and can’t keep that rate constant for more than a few hours at best. In addition, in order for the evaporation process to provide cooling, the ambient air must be relatively free of moisture. As humidity rises on a summer day, this process slows greatly. Once the relative humidity nears 75%, this process will cease.

We now find ourselves in a potentially dangerous situation. Our bodies own regulatory system is becoming taxed beyond its ability to cool us. Once it fails for any reason, our temperature will quickly soar to 106 or greater in as little as 15 minutes. This potentially lethal situation is found in heat stroke, which is the failure of the mechanisms the body uses to rid itself of heat. We are fortunate that the symptoms show us very clearly the progress of this process. With recognition and appropriate and timely intervention, the effects of the heat can be successfully treated.

Heat-related illnesses usually occur in one of three levels of severity. These are heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke.

A. Heat Cramps:

Heat cramps are simply muscle pain/spasms, usually occurring in the arms, legs, and abdomen. These symptoms usually follow physical activity with profuse sweating and salt loss. Heat cramps usually happen to people in good health who overwork themselves in the presence of high heat and humidity combinations (heat index). Signs and symptoms may include muscle cramping, nausea, rapid pulse, along with pale and moist skin. The patient suffering from heat cramps will be alert and oriented.

Treatment:

1) Move to a cool environment.2) Drink cool fluids, slowly.3) DO NOT administer salt tablets.4) If unable to take fluid by mouth, seek professional medical attention.

5) DO NOT massage the cramping muscles.

B. Heat Exhaustion:

Heat exhaustion is a more severe response to salt and water loss. It generally happens to persons working in hot environments but also is especially likely in the dehydrated, the elderly, shut-ins, and infants less than one year of age. The elderly and infant population are more prone to heat exhaustion as their diminished thirst mechanisms lead to a low fluid intake and subsequent dehydration. Additionally, their mechanisms for controlling and dissipating the heat are also diminished. Heat exhaustion may occur suddenly as fainting, preceded by headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness and profuse perspiration. The skin will become cold and clammy, pulses become weak, and respiration becomes shallow. People suffering from heat exhaustion may be disoriented.

Treatment:

1) Move to a cool environment.2) Place patient flat on his/her back.3) Elevate legs.4) Sponge the patient with cool water or rubbing alcohol, and fan the

patient if the humidity is high.5) As I.V. fluid replacement is usually required, DIAL 911 immediately.

Untreated heat exhaustion will rapidly lead to heat stroke and death.

C. Heat Stroke:

Heat stroke is a profound life-threatening emergency, which coincides with overall system failure of the body’s heat-regulating systems. Its mortality rate ranges from 25% to 50%. Heat stroke occurs with a rapid onset of hot, flushed and dry skin along with a strong, bounding pulse. Initially, the patient may complain of headache, dizziness and dry mouth, which rapidly leads to coma and seizures. If heat stroke is not immediately recognized and treated, the body cells literally cook--especially brain cells. Left unchecked, permanent brain damage and death are common.

Treatment:

The patient suffering from heat stroke needs immediate advanced life support procedures, including airway support, I.V. fluid boluses and cardiac monitoring. Immediately remove the patient from the hot environment and DIAL 911. Until EMS arrives, use any means at your disposal to cool the patient rapidly.

Prevention:

A very simple substance - water, could prevent most heat-related health problems. Each year many people suffer from health problems caused or complicated by the heat. These problems may range from minor fatigue to death. As the temperature and humidity rise, so does the potential for heat-related illness.

Water. Plain water. Many heat-related incidences are due to dehydration or loss of body water greater than is consumed. About 60% of our body weight is water, which serves many functions. A major component of this is to cool the body during exercise and warmer temperatures. The body provides this function by simple sweating.

Most of us do a very poor job of replacing the water lost through sweating. Simply quenching your thirst is not nearly enough. The thirst mechanisms stop calling for water after only drinking one pint, while we could have lost three or four quarts of water. This is 6 or 8 pounds of fluid. We won’t feel thirsty but may still be at risk. It takes 12 to 24 hours for the body to register the need for all of the fluid lost.

To prevent dehydration. The word PREVENT is the key. Cool, plain old water should be consumed before, during and after activity. Limit the use of sport drinks. Absolutely avoid soda, alcohol, and caffeine-containing products.

For rapid replacement of fluids, water should be:

- Cool (roughly 40 to 50 F)- Low or no sugar- Consumed frequently in moderate amounts (½ cup every 10 to 15

minutes)COLD

HOW TO STOP FROST BITE AND HYPOTHERMIA COLD

Prolonged exposure to low temperatures, wind or moisture whether it is at work, on a ski slope or in a stranded car--can result in cold-related illnesses such as frostbite and hypothermia. The following suggestions can help you recognize and stop these winter hazards.

Frostbite is the most common injury resulting from exposure to severe cold. Grey or yellowish patches on the affected areas characterize superficial frostbite. The skin remains soft and pliable but after thawing becomes red and flaky. You should treat superficial frostbite by bringing the victim inside immediately and warming the affected area with warm, not hot, water.

Deep frostbite usually affects the feet or hands and is characterized by waxy, pale, solid skin, which may turn blue or purple upon thawing. Large blisters may also appear. Treat deep frostbite by moving the victim indoors and seeking medical attention immediately.

Hypothermia occurs when the body’s temperature drops below 98.6F. Symptoms of this condition include uncontrollable shivering, impaired speech and clumsy movements. Severe hypothermia may produce rigid muscles, dark and puffy skin, irregular heart and respiratory rates, and unconsciousness.

You should treat hypothermia by protecting the victim from further heat loss and calling for immediate medical attention. Carefully remove the victim’s clothing if it’s wet, but avoid rubbing the victim’s skin. Give artificial respiration or CPR (if you’re trained) as necessary.

Avoid frostbite and hypothermia by following these tips when you’ll be exposed to cold temperatures.

- Eat a well-balanced diet. Drink warm, non-alcoholic, caffeine-free liquids to keep fluid levels maintained.

- Avoid becoming wet since wet clothing loses 90 percent of its insulation value.- Put on rain gear before you get wet, and warm clothing before you start to

shiver.- Wear hat and gloves.- Check weather forecast for “wind chill index” before going out. The following

illustration can be used to figure this index.

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL PROVISIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS (HAZCOM)

A. General Information

Annually about 32 million workers are potentially exposed to hazardous chemicals in the workplace. It is estimated that there are over 575,000 chemical products available and hundreds of new ones introduced every year. To provide for worker’s safety, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) developed the Hazard Communication Standard. To assure safe working conditions, ________ County provides all employees with information on all hazardous substances used in the workplace. Employees must become familiar with Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) to understand the nature of the chemical being used and methods to protect themselves.

Safe use of chemicals at work or at your own home requires your being knowledgeable of the hazards of the substance. Information on these hazards can be found on the package label, the MSDS, the safety department or from the manufacturer of the product. Never use a chemical substance without determining the hazard and correct methods of use.

1. All products that contain hazardous chemicals must be cleared through your supervisor before purchase. Whenever possible, a MSDS will be obtained before a purchase order is completed. Supervisor questions shall be director to the Safety Officer.

B. Material Safety Data Sheets

1. MSDSs are developed by the manufacturer or importer. The information provided on the MSDS includes:

a. Identity of the hazardous chemical-by-chemical name;b. Identity of the chemical by common name;c. Physical and chemical characteristics;d. Known acute and chronic health effects (and other health information);e. Exposure limits;f. Whether or not the chemical is considered a carcinogen (cancer

causing);g. Precautions to take when using the product;h. Emergency and first aid procedures; andI. Identification (name, address and phone number of the organization that

prepared the MSDS).

This information provides both the employer and employee with the necessary information to use the products safely and in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation. The following guideline should be observed in regard to MSDSs.

1. All products containing hazardous materials must have a MSDS on file in the operations area where the product is used.

2. An annual inventory of products and MSDS’s by each department is necessary to keep the information current. A copy shall be sent to the Safety Officer.

3. MSDSs over 3 years old will be updated by requesting information from the manufacturer.

4. Data sheets will be kept in binders or other convenient locations that allow employees ready access. Under no circumstances will the MSDS files be locked up or kept from view.

C. Labeling

Each product brought to a County facility that contains a hazardous material will be labeled to provide employees with the necessary information to use that product in a safe manner. The labeling of these materials also allows for the effective management of product storage, use and selection.

1. The labels must contain the following information:

a. The identity of the hazardous chemicals;b. An appropriate hazard warning; andc. The name and address of the manufacturer, importer or other

responsible party.

2. Materials with damaged labels must be re-labeled prior to use. Any material without a label or with an illegible label must be removed from service until a proper label can be attached.

3. Transfer from a manufacturer’s container is allowed under the following circumstances:

a. The new container has an appropriate label, orb. The worker who transfers the product to a small container will use all of

the product in a single shift. No other employees will be using the new container.

4. Pipes that carry hazardous materials shall provide warning labels to alert all employees.

5. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) developed a special labeling system in order to allow workers a quick reference to identify chemical hazards. The label consists of a large diamond with 4 small colored diamonds in the center. Each of the colored diamonds represents a specific type of hazard (see

examples below). The hazards are then numbered from 0-4, according to the severity the product presents. Those marked as a hazard “4" pose the most severe risk; “0" indicates minimal or no risk associated with the product. (See page 31a for illustration and quiz.)

D. Hazardous Chemical Inventory

Each department to assure that all hazardous chemicals on the property have an MSDS on file and that any product without an MSDS is removed from service until an MSDS is obtained will conduct an annual inventory. During this inventory any chemical products that are no longer necessary will be disposed of according to state and federal laws.

E. Employee Training

Safety training is an ongoing process. To assure that all employees fully understand the Hazard Communication process, each supervisor for all employees will conduct annual refresher programs. This training will provide and document the ability of employees to identify the risks associated with hazardous chemical use and their understanding of the correct measures to take to prevent injury or illness. This training should coincide with training on proper PPE use and maintenance.

The training programs must include:

1. The location of MSDSs and chemical inventories;2. How to read the labels used to warn employees of hazards;3. Individual or categories of hazards present in the workplace;4. Steps workers can take to protect themselves from these hazards; and5. Methods of detecting the presence of hazardous chemicals such as visual

appearance or smell.

F. The handling of pesticides and herbicides require special training and certification. Do not work with these chemicals without proper certification.

VEHICLE OPERATIONS AND CARE

A. No one shall operate any county-owned vehicle without a valid Missouri Operator's License or valid Missouri Commercial Driver's License in his/her possession and in compliance with any restrictions or endorsements on the license. If you drive a county vehicle, even on an occasional basis, and your driver's license is suspended or in any way restricted, you shall notify your supervisor immediately. Failure to abide by this rule is just cause for disciplinary action or termination.

NOTE: Supervisors of county drivers shall periodically (at least once per year) examine all operators’ licenses for validity. The expiration date and renewal date shall be noted. Failure to renew a license shall result in loss of driving privileges on the job.

B. No one shall operate a county-owned vehicle without proper authorization. If applicable, CDL and U.S. DOT rules and regulations shall be followed. This includes placarding for hazardous materials.

C. No one shall authorize operation of a county vehicle/equipment without reasonable assurance that the person operating said vehicle/equipment is capable, trained and qualified to operate said vehicle/equipment. Any supervisor who authorizes use of a county vehicle/equipment in violation of this policy is also subject to the same disciplinary action as the driver, if circumstances warrant.

D. Seat belts and shoulder harnesses shall be worn by all occupants of a motor vehicle driven on county business, whether the vehicle is privately or county owned.

E. All employees operating county-owned vehicles shall obey all state and local traffic ordinances, never exceed the posted speed limit and operate vehicles in a safe and prudent manner. As an additional measure of safety, it is recommended that all drivers run vehicles with "head lights on" even during daylight hours. Most of the newer vehicles come equipped with Daytime Running Lights (DRL).

F. All employees operating county-owned vehicles designed to haul materials or equipment shall secure those materials or equipment to prevent them from dislodging and falling from their vehicles. Materials shall be covered with a protective cover/tarp or be sufficiently secured in accordance with Missouri state statutes.

G. Report all vehicle accidents to the appropriate law enforcement agency even if there is no apparent damage. (This should normally be accomplished through your supervisor or department dispatcher.)

H. If the operator of a county vehicle is convicted of operating that vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, that employee will be subject to disciplinary action. All operators of county vehicles requiring a CDL shall be subject to U.S. DOT drug- and alcohol-testing regulations. Failure to comply shall result in termination or transfer to a non-safety-sensitive position.

I. All vehicles shall be kept free of objects that might lodge under a brake pedal or interfere in any way with the safe operation of the vehicle or become a projectile in a sudden stop or collision.

J. No personnel shall be transported in the bed or other area of any vehicle not designed for the transportation of personnel.

K. Any imprudent or careless operation of any county-owned vehicle shall be considered a violation of the County Safety and Health Policy and the operator shall be subject to disciplinary action.

L. All employees operating county-owned vehicles shall carry the proper county accident form packet in the vehicle. Each department shall be responsible for obtaining this packet from the county clerk. Each packet contains: insurance company name/identification card, accident questionnaire form and information on what to do in case of an accident.

M. No vehicle/equipment shall be left unattended or out of sight of operator with the engine running. Parked and unattended vehicles/equipment shall have the parking brake set.

N. Backing Large Vehicles, Equipment and Vehicles with Unusual Blind Spots

Ten Rules for Safe Backing:

1. Clear the rear.

2. Sound your horn before you start to move.

3. Back immediately - never trust the scene you checked to stay the same.

4. Back slowly.

5. As you back, check both side mirrors.

6. Don’t ever back further than necessary.

7. Always back to the driver’s side.

8. Use another worker as a ground guide.

9. Always park so the first move in the vehicle is forward.

10. All vehicles equipped with a “back up” alarm shall be in good working order. Any person disconnecting said alarm shall be subject to disciplinary action or termination.

O. Any employee involved in a vehicular accident may be tested for alcohol or other drugs, and if tested positive, workers’ compensation benefits may be reduced. In addition, the employee will be subject to disciplinary action in accordance with U.S. DOT regulations and County Personnel Rules.

MACHINE/EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS

A. Any imprudent or careless operation of any county-owned machinery/equipment will be considered a violation of Safety and Health Policy procedures and subject to the operator to disciplinary action.

1. Only trained operators shall run equipment. If you are not trained, get someone who is.

2. Use proper size/type wrenches when tightening down or loosening nuts and bolts. A wrench that slips can cause an injury. Do not use worn wrenches or tools. Replace worn nuts, bolts, screws, etc.

3. It is critical for employees to check machines regularly and inform their supervisor when adjustments or maintenance are necessary.

4. Never attempt to remove or bypass any safety devices on the machine or

equipment including “back up” alarm.

B. When working around machinery, stay clear of moving parts.

C. Do not wear loose clothing, jewelry (bracelets, necklaces, watches or rings), while operating rotary machines such as: lathes, drills, presses, milling machines, saws, etc.; when in the immediate proximity of electrically energized circuits; when climbing on or working around equipment or when there is a danger of falling to a different level.

D. It is specifically required that you know and follow safe work procedures in the use of all tools, equipment, and machinery normally used in your work.

E. Keep all tools, vehicles, equipment, and machinery clean, maintained in good working condition, and used only for their correct purpose. Regular inspection and maintenance schedules should be established and shall be followed.

F. Ensure that all guards and shields are in place. Report any equipment, which is not fitted with a guard to your supervisor. Required personal protective equipment shall be used at all times when operating machines, tools, and equipment.

Lockout/Tagout procedures shall be adhered to when maintenance or cleaning is required.

G. Use of compressed air: When cleaning equipment, keep the airflow away from eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. Eye protection, such as safety glasses, goggles, or a face shield, shall be worn. All air nozzles shall not exceed 30 PSI.

H. Operate grinders or similar machines that throw off small particles only when wearing safety glasses and a face shield and/or goggles.

I. In hazardous areas, footwear with substantial soles, enclosed toes, and proper heels are required. Safety shoes are recommended and may be required for some operations by some departments.

J. Do not carry sharp instruments in pockets.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING

All employees are expected to wear adequate personal protection as required by the task performed or as directed by the manufacturer, material safety data sheet (MSDS), supervisor, safety officer or special procedures/directives.

A. Wear clothing that is suitable to your job requirements.

B. Use special safety equipment or clothing required for duty assignment as directed.

C. Perform special tests or function checks required on safety equipment as prescribed.

D. Wear safety vests any time when exposed to traffic. Flaggers shall wear hard hats or high visibility hats.

E. Wear hand protection (work gloves, etc.) suitable to the task when necessary.

F. Wear hearing protection when hearing loss could occur. If noise level is high enough so that you must raise your voice to be heard by another individual, hearing loss will occur.

G. Wear proper eye protection by personnel who are:

1. Handling chemicals or molten metals;

2. Exposed to flying particles;

3. Using welding equipment (including cutting torches);

4. Performing work on any electrical equipment; or

5. Performing work in which a hammer, chisel, chain saw, jack hammer, ax, grinder or other hand or power tool is used where there is the slightest chance of exposure to flying particles.

H. Wear head protection (meeting ANSI Standard 289.1 or 289.2) where there is a possibility of head injury, performing work below grade (i.e., placement of pipe), or overhead work (i.e., tree removal or any time equipment is over head or conveying materials overhead). Hard hats must not be altered or defaced in any way.

I. Fall protection

1. If working at a height of six feet or more above another surface whether the ground, a platform, water, etc., use appropriate fall protection in accordance with industry standards.

2. Due to the numerous types and complexity of fall protection available, contact the safety officer if there is any question as to what appropriate fall protection is required.

3. All employees shall be instructed in proper use of fall equipment before task assignment.

4. Fall protection equipment shall consist of a body harness (body belts are prohibited), an appropriate lanyard, preferably with a shock absorber feature, and appropriate tie-off devices.

5. Tie-off devices shall meet industry standards of 5,000-pound test per worker and shall be obtained from an approved manufacturer. Any questions concerning tie-off devices shall be directed to the safety officer.

6. Inspect all fall protection equipment before use; i.e., harness, lanyard, fasteners and tie-offs.

7. Examples of areas where fall protection is needed include but are not limited to:

a. Aerial baskets (cherry pickers);

b. Marinas;

c. Roofs;

d. Marina roofs; and

e. Bridges and culverts that meet the minimum six-foot height.

J. Respirators - Supervisors are responsible to:

1. Select respirators on the basis of the hazards to which the workers may be exposed. Only NIOSH-approved respirators are allowed. (This includes all dust masks.)

a. Determine the hazard. (Identify product or process hazard.)

b. Determine the concentration of the hazard. (Obtain readings.)

c. Determine the toxicity of the hazard. (Research PEL [Permissible Exposure Limit], legal limit of chemical exposure set by OSHA and TLV [Threshold Limit Value], recommendation set by American Congress of Industrial Hygienists). If supervisor has questions, call the safety officer.

d. Discover the properties of the hazard (Review MSDS [Material Safety Data Sheets], information provided by chemical manufacturer). (See Haz Com section - this Guide.)

e. Selection of a filtering element (identified by color code).

f. Selection of a face piece.

2. Instruct and train the user in the proper use of respirators and their limitations.

3. Where feasible, assign the respirator to individuals for their exclusive use.

4. Perform a qualitative fit test to assure that a proper seal can be achieved.

5. Maintain appropriate surveillance of work area conditions and the degree of employee exposure or stress.

6. Perform regular inspection and evaluation to determine the continued effectiveness of this program.

7. Ensure that respirators are worn by all personnel when spray painting, handling, pouring, spraying toxic liquids, powder or crystal, exposed to concentrations of dust, smoke or fumes.

K. Employee’s Responsibilities

1. Thoroughly clean and disinfect respirators after each use and no less than once per month.

2. Store respirators in plastic bags or specifically designed carrying cases.

3. Inspect the following items prior to each wearing and use.

a. Check cleanliness.

b. Inspect the inside sealing surface for cracks or distortion. If any are found, exchange the face piece.

c. Inspect the valves (inhalation and exhalation) for severe distortion, which would cause them not to seal properly. Have distorted or damaged valves replaced.

d. Inspect the headband. Have severely over stretched, frayed, or mutilated head bands replaced.

e. Confirm that the correct filter element is being used and that it is secured tightly to the face piece.

4. Return respiratory units to the supervisor if not permanently assigned.

5. Remove facial hair that interferes with the sealing part of the respirator. Side burns and mustaches must be kept cut to permit a proper seal. Beards are not permitted.

6. Supply supervisor with prescription for glasses if required. A special frame and glasses can be obtained to fit the face piece.

L. Categories of Respiratory protective devices:

1. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

The pressure demand system provides a positive pressure environment in the face piece. Breathing air is continuously flowing into the face piece. The pressure demand, self-contained breathing apparatus provides the most complete and absolute protection of any respiratory device.

2. Supplied Air Respirators

The respirator consists of a face piece (either half mask or full face piece), a breathing tube, a belt hook, and a quick disconnect male fitting. As the wearer enters a contaminated atmosphere, the employee would plug into a source of clean air. The quick disconnect hardware used for breathing air must be different from that used for any other purpose. To provide suitable breathing air, a compressor sends clean breathing air through a series of lines, installed like plumbing, to various locations. An airline is connected to an air outlet at the work location. NIOSH/MSHA approves airline systems, which include the

airline, breathing hose and face piece. Whenever an oil-lubricated compressor is used to supply breathing air, the airline must be monitored for carbon monoxide and/or heat. The monitor would be placed between the compressor and the worker’s location. Where supplied air is used in an Immediately Dangerous to Life and health (IDLH) atmosphere, a lifeline must be attached to the entrant. Example: A confined space.

3. Air Purifying Respirators

Air purifying respirators do exactly what their name implies. They can only be used to filter out contaminants from the breathing air. They cannot be used to supply breathing air when insufficient oxygen is present; they cannot supply oxygen in an oxygen deficient atmosphere.

Air purifying respirators can be broken down into several classes. The three classes that are used are:

a. Single Use/Reusable

Represents the first level of protection at which NIOSH/MSHA has established performance specifications. This general class of respirator offers protection against nuisance dust and pneumonoconiosis-producing dusts. Single use/reusable respirators cannot be used when asbestos is present.

b. Cartridge Style

The most widely used of all respiratory protective devices. They are available as either a half face piece or a full-face piece respirator. These respirators employ both a mechanical filter to eliminate dusts, fumes and mists and chemical “sorbents” which absorb toxic gas and vapor.

c. Powered Air Purifying

This device employs a relatively new concept in air purifying respirators. It consists of a face piece assembly with breathing tubes leading to the air purifying filter elements, which are mounted on the back. In addition to the filtering elements, the backpack assembly consists of a battery- powered blower assembly, which keeps air moving to the face piece.

M. Types of Contaminants

Airborne Particulate Hazards - The term “particulate” covers a very broad range of substances. It is much more inclusive than the average person realizes. We can break “particulate” down into these major categories:

- Dusts - organic, inorganic, systemic poison, high toxic and radioactive;- Metal fumes;- Mists and fogs;- Smokes;- Living organisms; and

- Gasses.

1. Dusts

a. Organic Dusts

Organic dusts are derived from material formed by living organismsand contain carbon. Examples would be flour, sugar and wood sawdust. While these compounds do not generally cause lung damage, they may irritate the upper respiratory passages if encountered in large quantities. They are not poisonous or capable of producing fibrous tissue in the lungs. They are, however, discomforting and may become dangerous when associated with colds, bronchitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. This category of dust is usually referred to as NUISANCE DUST. Nuisance dusts are those for which no specific threshold limits have been assigned. For this reason, a general TLV (Threshold Limit Value) was established for nuisance dust of 10 mg/M3. (TLV-TWA is the time weighted average concentration for a normal workday (8 hours) and a 40-hour workweek to which most people may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effects).

b. Inorganic Dusts

Inorganic dusts are usually mineral. Examples of inorganic dust are silica, asbestos, and coal dust.

Silica dust is found in sandblasting. Employees could experience high exposure to silica. Asbestos dusts and fibers are found when handling amosite and chrysotile. A common means of encountering asbestos is in the handling of insulation. Recent studies indicate that mechanics who work on brake linings receive excessive doses of asbestos and should use a wet or vacuum system purchased specifically to eliminate asbestos dust in this situation. These dusts enter the body through inhalation and slowly convert and degenerate healthy lung tissue into useless fibrous or scar tissue. Common physiological effects are pneumonoconiosis, fibrosis, silicosis, and asbestos, which may cause cancer.

c. Systemic Poison Dusts

Systemic poison dusts encompass the general category of dusts, which have been assigned to TLV NOT LESS THAN 0.05 mg/m3. Systemic poison dusts include: lead, arsenic, chromium, mercury, barium, or their compounds, and fluorides, manganese and cadmium. These dusts are considered more dangerous than the pneumonoconiosis-producing or fibrosis producing dusts. Whether inhaled into the lungs or ingested through the mouth into the stomach, these dusts dissolve and enter the blood stream to travel through it and produce injury to almost any organ of the body. The poisoning effect from toxic dusts may be fast or slow. As an example, workers exposed to heavy concentrations of lead and

dust for just a few days may become fatally ill within a week. Others working in light concentrations may not notice any injurious effects until many months or years later.

d. High Toxic Dusts

Highly toxic dusts are those, which are more harmful than the systemic poisons. Having a TLV LESS THAN 0.05mg/m3 denotes them. An example of dust in this grouping is beryllium. Beryllium is a good example since it is solid form and it presents no danger; but when subjected to machining, high temperature heating, or other processes that generate dust or fumes, and becomes a lethal poison.

e. Radioactive Dust (Highly Toxic)

Radioactive dust is a high toxic breathing hazard that requires the most efficient type of air purifying respirator. A filter element certified to remove 99.97% of the contaminant is required. As an example of toxicity, plutonium 239 is one million times more toxic than lead on a weight basis.

2. Metal Fumes

Metal fumes are encountered in smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals, particularly brass, lead and zinc. Other common metals which produce fumes which cause “metal fume fever” are mercury, magnasese, and cadmium. Metal fume results when metals are subjected to high temperature. The solid metal becomes liquid and emits some vapors. These vapors rise and cool. The result is condensation, or particles of extremely small size suspended in air. Welding fumes is an example of metal fumes. Metal fume fever is symptomatic of exposure to metal fumes. The worker will experience irritation of the respiratory tract, dryness of throat, dry cough, severe chills with fever, pain in the limbs and sweating.

3. Mists and Fogs

Mists and fogs are tiny droplets of liquid dispersed and suspended in air. Propelling the liquid under pressure generates mist. Mists are encountered in spray coating and atomizing operations. One of the more common mists is found in chrome-plating operations and is known as chromic acid mist.

4. Smokes

Smokes are encountered mainly during firefighting but can also be the result of industrial operations in foundries and steel mills. Smoke is the product of incomplete combustion and is usually combined with gasses such as carbon monoxide. Often when smoke is present, an oxygen deficient atmosphere exists.

5. Living Organisms

Living organisms include harmful airborne bacteria and virus of very small size. These are normally found in hospitals and laboratories. When living organisms are highly concentrated, self-contained air respirators are required.

6. Gasses

Gasses are any substance that is in the gaseous state of standard temperature and pressure (25 degrees and 760 mm Hg). For purposes of respiratory protection, gases usually are placed in one of two groups: acid or alkaline. Examples of acid gasses are: hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine. Examples of alkaline gasses are: ammonia, amines, and arsine.

Vapors are the gaseous state of a substance, which is normally solid or liquid at standard temperature and pressure (25 degrees and 760 mm Hg). In terms of respirator selection, vapors are generally considered to be organic. Common organic vapors are: trichloroethylene, perclorethylene and styrene.

N. When to Use Respirators

Examples of situations where approved respirators are worn include but are not limited to:

1. Applying paint (or other toxic liquids, i.e., muriatic acid, cleaning solvents), with pressure spray equipment inside buildings, except in shops where special approved rooms are provided for this purpose;

2. Buffing materials, which create abnormal amounts of dust;

3. Welding (or flame-cutting) galvanized iron or melting zinc;

4. Handling toxic or other caustic powdered chemicals;

5. Sandblasting; or

6. In confined spaces that could or do contain a hazardous atmosphere.

Misuse or failure to use respirators when necessary may put you at serious risk. Full compliance with respirator policies is required.

O. Proper self-contained breath apparatus shall be worn when:

1. Entering a questionable atmosphere;

2. Sandblasting;

3. Entering or working in any manhole, sewer or enclosure where an adequate supply of fresh air cannot be assured in accordance with department Confined Space Procedures.

P. Safety harnesses and lifelines shall be worn when:

1. Falling could occur from the structure.

2. Fumes or escaping gases are evident.

3. Limited exit area prevails.

4. In accordance with department Confined Space Procedure.

BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS

Employees working at tasks involving trash pick-up, clearing restrooms and other areas could come in contact with bloodborne diseases. To eliminate or minimize occupational exposure to Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) and other bloodborne pathogens, each person must educate and protect himself or herself. The following information and guidelines reduce the possibility of contamination.

Definitions:

A. Bloodborne Pathogens means pathogenic micro organisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Human Immune deficiency Virus (HIV).

B. Occupational Exposure means reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucus membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee’s duties.

What to do:

Before any such exposure with human blood, mucus, etc., the employee will be expected to use the facilities and/or “Personal Protective Equipment” provided by the department. These may include, but are not limited to, the following:

A. Hand washing facilities: An adequate supply of running potable water, liquid soap and single use towels. Employees are to wash their hands as soon as possible after removing gloves.

B. Personal Protective Clothing: When there is occupational exposure, the department shall provide appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves, face shields or masks, eye protection, mouth pieces, resuscitation bags, pocket masks and clothing.

1. Gloves shall be worn at those times when an employee is called upon to administer first aid to either another employee or a guest of the department. Disposable (single use) gloves such as surgical or examination gloves shall be used and replaced as soon as practical.

Contaminated gloves shall be placed in the properly marked container provided for this purpose. They are not to be reused.

2. Gloves shall be worn by staff members whose work duties include handling of trash and refuse. These are to be heavy-lined gloves such as worn by fire fighters. These gloves will provide some protection against being stuck by a contaminated needle, broken glass, etc.

3. Chaps/aprons are recommended for those who handle trash and refuse. Again, this affords protection against punctures from needles, broken glass, etc.

4. In the event of the need for rescue breathing, certain precautions are required. First, only qualified persons are to be permitted to administer C.P.R. Second, only mouth pieces/pocket masks are to be used in every case.

5. Sharp containers (sharp needles, broke contaminated glass, etc.) are to be kept by your supervisor. Such items are to be handled with care using protective gloves in every instance. They are to be taken to your supervisor.

6. Water repellent coveralls and face shield should be worn when spray cleaning restrooms and other areas of exposure if there is the possibility of splash back from spray.

Fortunately, Hepatitis infections can be effectively controlled through vaccination. The vaccine is affective in 85 percent of healthy adults according to statistics. The vaccine is given in three doses over a six-month period to those people who have been exposed to this bloodborne pathogen problem. The experts report that the vaccine provides protection for approximately nine years. If an employee has such an exposure, they should immediately discuss it with their supervisor to determine what steps should be taken to seek medical attention.

OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS

For guidelines on other equipment and tool use, see the “Specialty Equipment and Tool Operation” procedure available through your supervisor or the Safety Officer.

A. General Provisions

1. Only authorized personnel will be allowed to operate equipment or tools. Each employee will be informed of what equipment they are qualified and authorized to operate.

2. Do not alter or remove protective guards or any other safety feature from equipment without prior approval of the Safety Officer.

3. Employees that are ill or on medication, which could impair the safe operation of the equipment, shall not be permitted to operate said equipment. All employees who have a Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) who are taking any medication shall inform their supervisor so medical forms can be filled out and turned in to Personnel according to federal CDL regulations.

4. Wear adequate personal protective equipment at all times during operation.

5. Smoking is a fire hazard as well as a health hazard. Therefore, smoking is not recommended while operating equipment and tools.

6. Use approved handles with files, rasps, and other hand tools, which have a sharp edge.

7. Place tools (except those normally carried on belts) that must be raised or lowered from one elevation to another in a bucket or attached to a rope with safety clasp.

8. Tools left lying around can cause tripping or stumbling. Pick them up - put them away. Take the time to keep your work area neat. Arrange power cords and hoses out of the way of travel.

9. Keep scrap and supplies neatly organized. Not only does this prevent accidents but also it allows space for efficient work activity.

10. Unplug all electrical powered equipment (fixed or portable) before adjustments or repairs are made.

11. To prevent tools or parts from dropping to a lower level when working on or above open grating, cover the grating with a canvas or other suitable covering and, if necessary, barricade or guard the danger area.

12. Remember what your science teacher said? Water is a great conductor of electricity. If you are using any electrical equipment make sure the equipment, or your hands are not wet and that you are not standing in any water. Check to make certain extension cords are not split, torn, or frayed and that the plug is

grounded or the tool is double insulated. Never use an extension cord lighter than 14 gauge. Always unplug electrical equipment by pulling the plug not by tugging at the cord. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) should be used in all areas and it must be used in areas where dampness is a possibility. If equipment smokes, sparks, smells funny, or tingles when you use it, turn it off and report it to your supervisor immediately.

13. When operating or working near rotating machine tool equipment do not wear rings, gloves or coveralls with baggy sleeves. Secure long hair.

14. NEVER USED DAMAGED TOOLS. Inspect the tools before use and give damaged tools to your supervisor to have repaired.

15. Before handing pneumatic or electrical cutting tools to another employee, disconnect the tool from the power source.

16. Make sure that pneumatic and electrical tools are not left unattended unless disconnected from the power source. Disconnect pneumatic and electrical tools before making any adjustments or repairs.

B. Use of Tools

1. Do not use conducting tools, hammers with metal handles, screwdrivers or knives with metal continuing through to the end or side of handles or near energized electrical equipment.

2. Never use metal measuring tapes or tapes that have metal strands woven into the fabric, brass bound rules, metal scales and gauges, wire or metal bound hose, or rope with wire core when working on or near energized electrical circuits or equipment.

3. Do not use cheater bars or pipes used to extend a wrench handle for added leverage unless the wrench was designed for such use. Cheater bars can easily slip and cause serious hand injuries. If you need more leverage, get the right tools.

4. Use tools only for the purpose for which they are designed.

5. Hold chisels, drills, punches, ground rods, and pipes with suitable holders or tongs (not with hands) while being struck with a sledge by another employee.

6. When using a knife, do not brace the work with a knee or other part of the body. Cutting motions should be directed away from your body [including hands], not towards any body part.

7. When using a screwdriver or other tool, place yourself in such a position that you will avoid injury if the tool slips.

C. Care of Tools

1. Maintain all tools, regardless of ownership, in first class condition. Tools are

subject to inspection at any time. The group supervisor may condemn tools and forbid their use.

2. Store and handle tools with sharp edges so that they will not cause injury or damage. Do not carry tools in clothing pockets.

3. Keep all tools in suitable guards unless special compartments are provided for their storage, i.e., axes, knives, razor blades, etc.

a. Keep tools in a safe place when not in use.

b. Cover tools when finished.

4. Keep all spark proof tools separate from the regular tools.

5. Use only approved spark proof hand tools and power tools approved for use in a hazardous location where explosive gases or dusts are present.

6. Be sure the tool is in good condition before using it. DO NOT USE:

a. Chisels and punches with mushroomed or chipped heads;

b. Mallets that have uneven, worn heads, or poorly secured handles;

c. Electric power tools that have worn, deteriorated or inadequate insulation, split or damaged plugs, damaged plug terminals, defective switches, sparking, damaged or missing guards, worn or insecure chucks;

d. Files with handles missing or chipped ends or sharp ends;

e. Hammers with loose, split, or battered handles or chipped or battered heads;

f. Screwdrivers with split, rough or loose handles, dull or bent blades, or bent shank;

g. Shovels with split, rough or loose handles;

h. Tongs and pliers with poorly shaped, worn or chipped jaws or improperly shaped handles;

i. Wrenches with worn or sprung jaws, battered heads, rough, broken or sprung handles or worn mechanisms.

D. Compressed Air and Compressed Air Tools

1. Do not use compressed air for cleaning purposes except where pressure is reduced to less than 30 psi, and only then when effective chip guarding and personal protective equipment is used.

2. Do not use compressed air to clean employee’s clothing or to blow dust or dirt out of hair.

3. Never point air gun at others.

4. Before making adjustments or changing air tools (unless equipped with quick-change connectors) shut off the air at the air supply valve ahead of the hose, and then bleed the hose at the tool before breaking the connection.

5. Practical jokes with compressed air are strictly forbidden. Compressed air entering or blown against the body may result in serious injury or death.

6. Do not use high-pressure air to clean lathes; vehicle/equipment brakes, threading machines, mills, or other machinery, equipment or clothes.

E. Power Lawn Mowers, Power Lawn Edger’s, Tractor-Type Mowers

1. Fuel power lawn mowers only in well-ventilated locations. No fueling will be permitted while the engine is running or hot (unable to touch by hand). A funnel shall be used if necessary to avoid spillage of gasoline. Smoking is not allowed while fueling or operating the mower.

2. Disconnect the spark plug when mower repairs or adjustments of wheel height are necessary.

3. Wear eye protection when working in the vicinity of the mower. Wear foot protection and ear protection if operating a mower.

4. When team mowing, or mowing around other workers or patrons, stay away from other mowers as far as possible. Have an “Alert Zone” of 30 feet. Be aware of your surroundings. Keep discharge chutes aimed in opposite direction of other operators. If patrons are in the vicinity, politely ask them to move due to the danger or stop mowing.

5. Mow on slopes perpendicular to plane of the horizon and only with mowers equipped with rollover protection. In addition, wear seat belts when operating mowers on slopes. See “Suggested Guide for Sighting Slopes for Safe Operation” at the end of this section.

6. Ensure that proper signs are in place and all warning lights in operation when mowing streets, roads or highway rights-of-way.

7. Police the mowing area when practical (example, mowing county road shoulders or ditches) before mowing begins to remove hazardous objects such as: rocks, sticks, metal, glass objects or paper. If an unusual container is found, don’t touch it, contact your supervisor, mark the area and mow around the object. It could be a hazardous substance.

8. Conduct walk-along mowing operation only when the grass is dry to prevent from losing your footing.

9. Maintain good air circulation around the engine of the mower. Keep the engine and/or radiator reasonably clean.

10. Store push-type lawn mowers in a manner, which will eliminate snagging, tripping or other hazardous conditions.

11. Keep mower blades sharp, balanced and tight.

F. Chain Saws and Weed Eaters

1. Use the fueling procedures listed above in power lawn mower, power lawn edgers, and tractor-type mowers.

2. When starting a chain saw, place it on or against a solid support.

3. Grip the chain saw with both hands during the entire cutting operation.

4. Place saw bumper against tree limb before starting to cut.

5. When necessary, clear the immediate area around your work to make certain that brush will not interfere with either the chain saw or you.

6. Stop the chain saw engine when:

a. Working on any part of the chain or cutting bar;

b. The saw is being moved from one location to another; or

c. The unit is unattended.

7. Stop gasoline driven chain saw engines before refueling. If gas is spilled on the chain saw during refueling, wipe it off before the engine is started. Do not refuel when the engine is hot.

8. Do not use a gasoline driven chain saw above shoulder level.

9. Do not approach a chain saw operator within the reach of the saw while the saw is in operation.

10. Wear hearing protection, face protection, and other personal protective equipment including chaps as necessary for the task.

G. Grinding Operations

1. Mounting a new Wheel

Immediately before mounting, closely inspect and sound (ring) test all wheels to make sure they have not been damaged in transit, storage, or otherwise. To ring test a wheel, it must be dry and free from saw dust. Tap the wheel with a wooden object about every 45 degrees on each side of the vertical center line and about one or two inches from the periphery wheel. If they sound cracked

(dead - no ring), do not use the wheel. Check RPM ratings on grinder motor and grinding wheel for compatibility.

2. Guards

Make sure the angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides for safety guards used on grinders do not exceed 90 degrees or one-fourth of the periphery. Set the adjustable tool rest at one-eight of an inch from the grinding wheel. The upper guard must be set to within one-fourth inch of the wheel. As the wheel wears down, be sure to re-adjust the tool rest and upper guard.

3. Grinder Use

a. Never jam parts or tools against the grinding wheel.

b. Always have a firm grip on material being ground.

c. Report all damaged wheels, guards, or rests to your supervisor for repair.

d. Make sure part contact with the wheel is in the proper rotational area.

4. Be sure the wheel is rated for the RPM of the machine.

ELEVATED WORKING SURFACES, PORTABLE LADDERS, AND SCAFFOLDS

A. General

1. Do not use a ladder that has broken, loose or cracked rungs, side rails or braces. Inspect ladders before use and repair or replace if defective. Only fiberglass and aluminum ladders are authorized for use. Wooden ladders are not allowed without special approval from the Safety Officer.

2. When ascending or descending ladders, have hands free from materials or tools, grip the sides or rungs with both hands and face the ladders.

3. Never stand on boxes, crates, chairs, etc., while working. Take the time to get the right ladder.

4. Only one employee may work from a ladder at one time. If the work requires two people, use a second ladder.

5. If a ladder is placed where a door opening may displace it, lock or otherwise guard the door.

6. Never use metal ladders or ladders with metal side rails near electrically energized equipment or lines.

7. Don’t paint wooden ladders. Treat only with a transparent non-conducting material.

8. Use only approved ladders. “Homemade” ladders are prohibited.

9. Tag defective ladders, remove from the job site and notify your supervisor.

10. Stepladders longer then 20 feet shall not be used.

11. Single ladders longer than 30 feet shall not be used.

12. Extension ladders longer than 60 feet shall not be used.

B. Step Ladders

1. Do not work from the top step of a ladder. (This does not apply to ladders equipped with a safety platform.)

2. While working on a step ladder (except a safety platform ladder) at a point 10 feet or more above ground or floor, at least one other employee should hold the ladder.

3. Fully spread stepladder legs when ladder is in use.

4. Step ladders should never be used as straight ladders.

5. Place ladder feet on a substantial, solid base.

6. Never use a ladder as a scaffold platform.

7. Only one employee may be on a ladder at a time.

C. Straight and Extension Ladders

1. Ensure that all ladders are equipped with approved safety shoes. The distance from the foot of the ladder to the support should equal one-fourth of the extended or working height of the ladder.

Example: If the ladder is extended 20 feet, the bottom or butt, of the ladder should be 5 feet from the object the ladder is resting against.

2. Do not work or stand on either of the top two rungs of the ladder.

3. Don’t splice short ladders together unless the ladder is designed for it.

4. Never place a ladder against an unstable or unsafe support. When possible, tie the ladder at the top to a firm anchor point.

5. Ensure that all ladders must extend a minimum of 3 feet above the top support. Tie off or secure the ladder in some other approved manner.

D. Scaffolds

1. Make sure scaffolds are of sufficient strength and rigidity to safely support the weight of employees and materials to which they may be subjected.

2. Equip all scaffolds 6 feet or higher with railings and toe-boards.

3. Remove all loose tools, materials and equipment resting on the scaffold deck before moving the scaffold.

4. When working on all swing work, wear a safety harness.

E. Elevated Working Surfaces

a. Permanent. Shall have a 42 inch hand rail constructed from minimum 2" x 4" wood with 1" x 6" midtail and 1" x 6" toe board supported vertically every 6 feet or less.

b. Personnel working from permanent elevated surfaces as described in “a” above do not need to use fall protection.

c. All other elevated working surfaces not described in this guide shall conform to construction industry safety standards as to fabrication, use and fall protection.

RIVERS, STREAMS AND LAKES

A. Working around/over water - Employees working around deep (over shoulder high) or fast moving water (example: Missouri River or flooding conditions) shall wear a Coast Guard approved floatation device. No inflatable vests are allowed.

B. When working under these conditions described above:

a. A minimum of three workers shall be assigned to water projects.

b. Some type of Coast Guard approved watercraft shall be dedicated and available for immediate use that is appropriate for water rescue.

c. Life buoys, poles, and other rescue equipment shall be in the rescue craft or other appropriate place depending on the conditions and work project.

d. When working surface is six or more feet above water, fall protection shall be worn by all personnel in accordance with industry standards and approved fall protection policy listed in this guide.

e. Radio communications shall be available and used to summon the appropriate help at the first sign of water entry.

BOOM TRUCK/AERIAL LIFT OPERATION

A. Do not operate an aerial boom closer than twenty feet from an electrical power company’s transmission line under any circumstances.

B. Do not operate equipment in tree areas where electrical lines have an opportunity to touch any branch of any tree.

C. Do not trim trees around power lines. Only electrical contractors and power companies may trim trees around power lines.

D. Use appropriate fall protection i.e., body harness and lanyard at all times and tied off fall protection with specifically designed anchors. (See “Fall Protection” in this guide.)

E. Before operation:

1. Perform a pre-operation inspection before each use with special attention given to tire pressure, hydraulics, parking brake, outriggers, fall protection equipment, chocks and all other items listed in the operator’s manual.

2. Hydraulic controls shall be tested by cycling both ground and basket controls.

F. Operation of aerial baskets/boom trucks.

1. Wear appropriate personal protection equipment.

2. Use a ground guide to help position and level the equipment.

3. Inspect the area for aerial hazards such as electrical lines, aerial structures, ground structures, etc.

4. Always use outriggers if equipment is equipped with them. Under no circumstances shall an aerial basket be entered without the vehicle being immoveable. Outriggers placed on asphalt, soft soil or other unstable surface shall have outrigger pads placed under outriggers. Pads shall measure twice the size of the outrigger feet and be constructed from 3/4" marine plywood three sheets thick.

5. If aerial equipment does not have outriggers, place chocks in front of and in back of the rear wheels of vehicle. Check to be sure that rocking motions are kept to a minimum. Set the parking brake.

6. Do not operate with personnel under boom, or move vehicle with personnel in basket.

7. Never leave equipment unattended with boom extended or personnel in basket.

8. If basket is designed for two people and they are in the basket, a third person trained in the operation of the equipment shall be assigned as the observer. There shall be a trained observer present when personnel are operating equipment.

EXCAVATION AND TRENCHING

When working in an excavated area, always ensure that the proper shoring system is in place before anyone enters the excavation.

A. Excavating by Machine

1. Stop engine before oiling, greasing or fueling a machine. Use approved safety type cans or pumps to fill fuel tanks.

2. Keep other employees and bystanders a safe distance from the machine while it is in operation.

3. Do not attempt to clear the buckets or discharge chute by hand while the machine is in operation.

4. When an end-loader is being loaded by hand, keep hands and feet free of all controls except the brakes.

5. Do not use the machines on slopes or inclines without first preparing the work area to prevent overturning. Rollover protection and the wearing of safety belts are required.

6. If not operating the machine, do not stand with hands or feet resting on a machine while it is running. Keep clear of conveyor or discharge side.

7. Contact Diggers Hotline (DIG-RITE) before excavating.

8. Spot and stake or mark all underground cables and pipe lines, when possible. When digging near such facilities, manually excavate to avoid damaging them using proper shoring methods.

9. Protect machines, which are parked, or operating on streets or highways with proper warning devices.

10. When it is necessary to leave excavating equipment unattended, lower the blade, bucket, or scoop to the ground, and lock the ignition system.

11. Protect ground openings such as trenches or shafts, and other obstructions, with suitable barricades or covers.

12. Shut down and de-energize equipment before refueling, inspection or maintenance work is begun.

13. Where laser beams are used for guidance in excavating, avoid looking at the beam or its reflection.

B. Excavation by Hand

1. Pile all material removed from excavations at least 2 feet from the edge of the excavation, preferably on the side next to traffic.

2. Do not work under a pipe, which is supported on skids over a trench.

3. Any excavation over 48 inches deep, where workers must enter, requires steps to prevent a cave in. This means either sloping the sides sufficiently or installing shoring around the sides. Workers must have a sound method of exiting the excavation. Soil testing should be done by civil engineers or qualified technicians. When there is any question as to the type and stability of the soil, use shoring. In this geographical area, always install shoring.

4. Release pressure on air tools before the equipment is left unattended.

5. Secure all connections to air tools before turning on air pressure.

6. Do not turn on compressed air at the tool until the tool is under the control of the operator.

7. Ground the frame of a paving-breaker, air drill or other pneumatic tools, when it is being used close to underground electrical installations.

8. The use of explosives for digging is prohibited.

COMPRESSED GASSES AND WELDING

A. General Handling

1. Do not allow cylinders to come in contact with energized conductors or ground wire from electrical equipment.

2. Exercise care in handling all pressurized cylinders. Never drop or jar them. Use bumping mats, hydraulic tailgates or other approved methods to lower cylinders from trucks.

3. Transport cylinders in an upright position with caps in place. (Only metal caps are acceptable.) Always transport cylinders without regulators attached.

4. Do not roll cylinders or carry cylinders by valves or caps.

5. Use a suitable truck, chain or other holding device to keep cylinders from being upset while in use.

6. Do not use electric magnets or loop slings for handling cylinders.

B. Storage for Cylinders

1. Store portable gas cylinders whether full or empty in an upright position with caps in place, away from heat and fastened so they cannot fall or be upset.

2. Never store cylinders where sparks from welding or cutting operations can reach them.

3. When it is necessary to store cylinders indoors, place oxygen and acetylene

cylinders in separate areas or separated by a fire resistant wall or at least 20 feet apart.

4. Store cylinders containing chlorine, propane or hydrogen in separate, well ventilated, fireproof areas.

5. Plan cylinder storage so that cylinders will be used in the order, which they are received. Store empty and full cylinders separately, with empty cylinders clearly marked. Group empty cylinders with the same contents together.

6. Plainly label or identify all stored cylinders.

C. Cylinder and valve special instructions.

1. Connect a full cylinder to a header or manifold with other cylinders only when their temperatures are approximately the same.

2. Only those fuel gas cylinders that are in actual use, secured in place and connected to manifold, welding set, etc., are permitted in any building except a structure designated for tank storage. Store empty and spare cylinders elsewhere.

3. Open the valves of compressed gas cylinders slowly.

4. Never tamper with the safety relief devices in valves of cylinders.

5. Never force connections that do not fit. Tanks have different fittings based on the contents to avoid mistakes in use.

6. Do not use oil or grease for lubricating valves, gauge connections or other parts of an oxygen system. Avoid handling oxygen cylinders and fittings with oily, greasy hands or gloves.

7. Before a regulator is removed from the cylinder, close the cylinder valve and release all pressure from the regulator.

8. If you find a leaking cylinder, notify your supervisor. Don’t try to use damaged or leaking cylinders.

9. Never use an open flame to detect flammable gas leaks.

10. Do not use the recessed top of cylinders as a place for tools.

11. Post and follow “No Smoking” signs at entrances to areas where hydrogen, oxygen or acetylene are used or stored.

12. When the valve of a cylinder becomes clogged with ice, thaw with warm water (not boiling water).

13. When in doubt as to the contents of a tank, don’t use it.

D. Welding and Cutting

1. Use compressed gases only if experienced and properly instructed.

2. When welding or cutting in elevated positions, take precautions to prevent sparks or hot metal from falling onto employees or flammable material below.

3. Make sure suitable fire extinguishing equipment is immediately available at the location before welding and cutting equipment is used.

4. Do not carry matches and lighters on your person when engaged in welding or cutting operations.

5. In dusty, gaseous or confined spaces, where there is danger of causing an explosion, do not use welding or cutting equipment until the space is adequately ventilated. Check with the immediate supervisor because certain conditions may also require cleaning or wetting down the area. Hot work permits are required.

6. Do not weld or cut any pipeline, tank or empty container until positive proof is obtained that it is free from an explosive mixture of gases. Before welding or cutting close to containers, be sure that they are vented to the atmosphere to prevent an explosion by expansion of trapped gases.

7. Because metal fumes can be very dangerous, use adequate ventilation or approved respiratory equipment when:

- Welding in confined spaces.- Brazing, cutting or welding zinc, brass, bronze, galvanized or lead

coated material.

8. When welding, burning or brazing metal tanks or drums, empty the tanks and drums of their contents and fill with warm water, if practical.

9. Designate any heated material or stock, which must be left in the work area or on the workbench as “hot” so others are warned of the hazard.

D. Electric Welding

1. Where possible, perform electric welding behind a permanent screen or in curtained-off areas. If working in other areas, use a portable welding shield. Take every precaution to prevent exposing nearby employees to the arc.

2. Unless working behind a screen, do not strike an arc with an electrode until nearby employees, who might be exposed to the arc, have been warned of the hazard and the appropriate precautions.

3. Do not operate electrical welding machine, either AC or DC, until the machine is properly grounded. The only exception to this is portable self-generating units, which should never be grounded.

4. Wear an approved helmet, proper protective clothing and protect your eyes,

face, and body during electrical welding and cutting. Use approved eye protection to observe electrical welding operations.

5. Wear proper eye protection to guard against flying particles of scale when the helmet is raised.

E. Gas Welding

1. Wear suitable eye protection, gloves and clothing during welding or cutting operations or while cleaning scale from welds.

2. Do not use matches to light a torch or relight a torch on hot work. Use a friction striker to ignite torches.

3. Do not repair hoses with tape.

4. When welding equipment is not in use, close the cylinder valves and bleed the regulators, lines and torches completely.

5. If there are defective gauges on compressed gas cylinders, leaky welding hoses, cylinders or torches, do not use the welding unit and report the condition to the immediate supervisor for repairs.

READ AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT STATEMENT

THE ___________ COUNTYROAD & BRIDGE SAFETY MANUAL

Name : _______________________________________________(Please Print)

PLEASE READ BEFORE SIGNING:

I understand I must read and understand or have explained to me all items listed in the __________County Safety Manual that pertains to my present and/or future job assignments. I further understand as a condition of employment I must follow all rules and regulations set forth in this and any other safety and health documents in accordance with the County’s Safety Policy.

Signature: ________________________________________

Date: ________________________________________