Greening Commodity Agriculture: Agri-environmental policy in East and Southeast Asia
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Transcript of Greening Commodity Agriculture: Agri-environmental policy in East and Southeast Asia
STEPS TOWARD GREEN Policy Responses to the Environmental Footprint of Commodity Agriculture in
East and Southeast Asia
September 15th, 2015
Outline • Context • Objectives and Scope • Approach • Major Findings • Recommendations
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Share of Urban Population (%)
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Indonesia
India
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA A Dynamic Region
East and Southeast Asia: A Dynamic Region
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8,000 GDP per capita (constant 2005 US$)
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Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)
China Indonesia Philippines Thailand Vietnam
With Dynamic Agro-Food Sectors
Country 2000-2014 China 3.7
Vietnam 3.7
Indonesia 3.6
Malaysia 3.2
Philippines 2.7
Thailand 2.6
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Cereals Production (tons) Per Capita 1990-2013
China
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Viet Nam
Average Annual Agriculture Growth Rates
…and Expanding Food and Agricultural Exports
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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Bill
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s U
SD
Viet NamThailandPhilippinesMalaysiaIndonesiaChina
Rank Rice Palm Oil Tea Coffee Cocoa Cassava Rubber Crustaceans Garlic Onion
1st India Indonesia Sri Lanka Brazil Côte d'Ivoire Thailand Thailand India China Netherlands
2nd Thailand Malaysia Kenya Viet Nam Ghana Viet Nam Belgium Ecuador Spain India
3rd Viet Nam Netherlands China Colombia Netherlands Cambodia Viet Nam Canada Argentina China
4th Pakistan Papua New
Guinea India Germany Malaysia Indonesia Guatemala China Netherlands Egypt
5th USA Guatemala Argentina Switzerland Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Viet Nam Malaysia Mexico
Among the Global Leaders in Agri-Food Commodity Exports
Agriculture’s Heavy Enviro Footprint Air and water pollution
Biodiversity and habitat loss
Water scarcity/salinity
Deforestation
Soil degradation
Natural resource depletion
Greenhouse gas emissions
Deforestation for palm oil in Indonesia
Maize on unsuitable land in Thailand Deforestation in China
National Level
• Green growth/agri-modernization strategies
• Closing regulatory gaps
• Increased media coverage
Growing Recognition of the Problems and Solutions
Practices to mitigate risks
• Farm level
• Community level
• Landscape level
• Value chain level
Countries have begun to pilot and apply measures to create more awareness and change prevailing trends…Nevertheless, a large gap generally
remains between green agriculture aspirations and applications.
The Gap Between Aspirations and Applications
• Agnostic consumers
• Hierarchy of objectives
• Conflict between environmental and agricultural policy
• Weak administrative coordination
• Transaction costs of collective action
• Gaps in knowledge, capacity and/or finance
OBJECTIVES Inform public policy on effective measures
which governments can take to reduce the environmental footprint of commercial
agriculture
SCOPE Three Components
1. Steps Toward Green: synthesis based on (6) commodity landscape case studies in the region
2. Shades of Green: compilation of international experiences involving public-private collaboration
3. Aspirations to Applications: country level ‘green agriculture’ reviews in Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines
APPROACH • Framework – Map commodities, ecosystems and
environmental risks
– Typology of roles/policy instruments
– Expectations on suitability and effectiveness
• Case Studies – Scoping (22) and selected 6
– Diversity of problems, structure and solutions
– Literature review; interviews
• Synthesis – Cross-cutting observations, lessons and
recommendation
Factors conditioning the choice of policy instrument
Exogenous factors
Endogenous factors
Competencies
Economic conditions
Socio-Political Conditions
Product characteristics
Agro-ecological conditions
Industry Structure & Characteristics • Financial value • Concentration of producers/buyers • Strength of producer orgs • Socio-economic status of producers • Business commitment to CSR • Market demand • Maturity of sector Green Agriculture
Capabilities
Mae Chaem watershed, Thailand
Yunnan Province, China
Dak Lak, Viet Nam
Ca Mau, Viet Nam
Central and West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Mindanao, Philippines
SIX COMMODITY LANDSCAPES
MOBILIZING POLICY ACTION
Triggers for integrated policy action
• International market pressure
• Landscape-scale environmental catastrophes
• Threats to water important to key stakeholders
• Threats to human health of influential groups
• Social conflicts
• Operational risks for agribusinesses
ROLES FOR GOVERNMENT
5 ROLES FOR GOVERNMENTS 1. Definer 2. Enabler 3. Funder 4. Regulator 5. Advocate
DEFINER Policy Instruments • Endorsing AGG strategies
• Designated secision-making authority
• Inter-ministerial coordination
• Multi-stakeholder dialogue/action
‘Organic Coast’, Ca Mau Province, Vietnam
ENABLER Policy Instruments • Public procurement
• Institutionalize private PES
• Technical assistance
• Research for innovation
• Information systems
• Enviro action in green growth initiatives
Mae Chem Watershed, Thailand
FUNDER Policy Instruments • Producer & organizational
subsidies • Payments for ecosystem services • Direct investments by public
agencies • Bonds • Preferential credit for private land
managers
Dak Lak, Vietnam – cost share for farmers to transition coffee systems
REGULATOR Policy Instruments • Land use and zoning rules
• Norms for health
• Polluter penalties
• Direct regulation of practices
• Environmental monitoring
• Private standards frameworks
Kalimantan, Indonesia
ADVOCATE Policy Instruments • Raise awareness of resource
managers/users
• Public media campaigns for citizens & investors
• Public dissemination of data and evidence
• Mobilizing allies and advocates Yunnan, China
CASE OF TEA IN YUNNAN, CHINA
Tea production & area, 2000-2012
Consequences of monoculture tea • Soil erosion/loss of topsoil/soil hardening • Soil degradation (changes to soil chemistry) • Water pollution/local hydrology changes • Local micro-climate changes • Biodiversity loss • Greenhouse gas emissions
Drivers for policy change in Yunnan • Local protests• Consumer health concerns• Price premium for ‘quality tea’• Sustainability concerns of
western/Japanese buyers(small % demand)
• Pride in cultural heritagePhoto by ICRAF
Agri-Environmental PoliciesDefiner: Yunnan green growth policy, local ‘quality tea’ initiative; provincial bio-industry strategy
Enabler: Labeling, standards & certification (health, eco-, ‘famous’); farmer training; science centers, encourage NGOs Funder: PES; watershed and land management programs; subsidize producers for reforestation;
Regulator: land use zoning; monitoring for health labels
Advocate: Pu’er City GIAHS desig. (“Tea Garden-Tea Culture”)
Outcomes • 187,000 hectares environmentally-sensitive tea
production [Pu’er goal -90% of all tea] • Price premium for quality tea from agroforestry
systems ( up to $730/kg leaf vs $1.60/kg for low quality from monoculture
• Sustained high agrobiodiversity in tea (25 of 49 global species); densely inter-planted
• Biodiversity corridor supported
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
Be proactive rather than reactive
Align ag and environment policies
Recommendations
Align sector and sub-sector policies and programs
Promote diversified land use and market development
Target and coordinate policy instruments spatially
Devise alternative revenue strategies for local government
Choose government roles more strategically
• Using the D-E-F-R-A framework, explicitly examine which roles are needed and will have the biggest impacts.
Recommendations
Develop a hierarchy of action across policy roles
Draw on a complementary mix of policy instruments
Use different tools for large growers and smallholder producers
Clarify the respective roles of local and national policy
Take a learning approach
Combine value chain and spatial approaches, engaging all stakeholders
Recommendations
Reconceive certification as a tool, not a strategy
Build local, regional and national coalitions
Promote integrated landscape initiatives
Partner with the private sector around shared risks
Build on technical and policy innovations piloted by civil society
Strengthen organizational capacity, data and knowledge systems
Recommendations
Develop robust public sector agro-environment data systems
Share information widely among stakeholders
Improve capacity to administer and implement agro-environment policies and programs
Consider • supply chain actors • national ministries & agencies • sub-national and local
governments • research/training instit. • civil society • the media
Thank you
For more, visit
ecoagriculture.org/easer