Green Vehicles Workshop - Gas Technology Institute Presentation
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Transcript of Green Vehicles Workshop - Gas Technology Institute Presentation
Overview on Current Fuel Trends and Barriers : Propane, CNG, and Electricity Green Vehicles Workshop
Ted Barnes
Gas Technology Institute
April 2014
2 2
Objectives
A. Intro to Fuel Type
B. Fueling Station Basics
C. Barriers
D. Trends and “Typical” Applications
3 3
ESTABLISHED 1941
GTI Company Overview
> Staff of 250
> 350 active projects
> 1,200 patents; 500 products
Energy & Environmental Technology Center
Office & Labs Pilot-Scale Gasification Campus
Training
Applied Energy Research and
Development Focus
4 4
Propane Autogas 101
oLPG or Propane or Autogas is transferred into a vehicle as pressurized liquid and will vaporize at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature
oLike gasoline or diesel, propane gas is heavier than air
oPropane is burned in internal combustion engine to power vehicle; same as gasoline or diesel
oPropane is dispensed and sold by liquid gallon
oPropane Autogas station is similar to gasoline station; fueling time is similar – 10-12 gallons/min
5 5
Propane Station Basics
6 6
CNG 101
oCompressed Natural Gas (CNG) is mostly Methane (chemical formula CH4), stored in gaseous form
oUnlike other fuels, natural gas is lighter than air
oCNG pressure is 3600 psi at 70° F (typical settled pressure), and no more than 4500 psi at any temp
oCNG is burned in internal combustion engine to power vehicle; same as gasoline or diesel
oStation is similar to gasoline station, “fast-fill” 5-10 “gallons”/min. “Time-fill” or home fueling is possible
7 7
CNG Station Basics
8 8
Electricity as Trans. Fuel 101
oFueling can be performed in a residential garage or
at commercial location:
o Level 1 - Standard household 120 VAC, 12 A, 7 to 16 hours for full charge.
o Level 2 - 240 VAC, 20 A, 3 to 7 hours for charge
oDC Fast Charge - requires 480 VAC to charger, DC current goes directly to battery, charges vehicle to 80% capacity in 30 minutes
oElectric motor in vehicle
oCommercially sold in a variety of ways (subscription,
per charge, per hour, per kWh)
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EV Station Basics
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Barriers for Alternative Fuels
o Issues of scale:
oCost – upfront vehicle and station cost
oNumber of fueling locations (range anxiety)
oNumber of available vehicle models
oMaintenance facilities
o Lack of environmental policy and/or incentives to
switch to cleaner vehicles
oUnderstanding/education of alternative fuels (i.e.
availability, safety, code officials)
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Best Practices and Applications
o All of these alt fuels are a triple win:
o Economic advantages
o Environmental benefits
o Energy security benefits
o All of these alt fuels offer “dedicated” and “bi-fuel”
options; option to use traditional fuel and/or alt fuel
o Training and “buy-in” key to every deployment
o Knowing your vehicle needs and driving
characteristics
12 12
Propane “Typical” Applications
o Low fueling station cost and maintenance garage similarities leads to low upfront capital investment
Propane Fleet “Sweet Spot”
Range Limits (miles)
400 to 800 (varies by vocation)
Fleet Size Small to Large (>5)
Vehicle Class Light Duty; Medium Duty
Fuel Usage High (>1000 gal/yr.)
Time of Day Ops 24/7
Station Cost $30,000 (Small Fast Fill) - $175,000 (100’s of vehicles/day)
Fuel Cost per year1 (LD Fleet vehicle)
$2,533 (25,000 miles ; 26.4 mpg; $2.67 / gallon)
1. Fuel cost from Clean Cities Alt Fuel Price Report (Oct 2013, Midwest); Fuel Economy 85% of LD vehicle
13 13
CNG “Typical” Applications
o High Fuel use vehicles have very fast Return On Investment because of low per gallon cost
CNG Fleet “Sweet Spot”
Range Limits (miles)
200 to 600 (varies by vocation)
Fleet Size Medium to Large (>10)
Vehicle Class LD; MD; HD
Fuel Usage High (>2000 gal/yr.)
Time of Day Ops 24/7
Station Cost $40,000 (Small time-fill) - $2M (100’s of vehicles/day)
Fuel Cost per year1 (LD Fleet vehicle)
$1,508 (25,000 miles ; 31 mpg; $1.83 / GGE)
1. Fuel cost from Clean Cities Alt Fuel Price Report (Oct 2013, Midwest); Fuel Economy of 2012 Honda Civic Natural Gas
14 14
EV “Typical” Applications
o Zero tailpipe emissions and high motor efficiency lead to local environmental benefits
EV Fleet “Sweet Spot”
Range Limits (miles)
30 to 100 (varies by vocation)
Fleet Size Small to Medium
Vehicle Class Light Duty; MD/HD (limited)
Fuel Usage Low
Time of Day Ops 8 hours / day
Station Cost $1,000/vehicle (Level 1) - $75,000 (DC Fast Charge)
Fuel Cost per year1 (Light Duty Fleet vehicle)
$1050 (25,000 miles; .35kwh/mile; .12/kwh)
1. Fuel cost from EIA (Midwest, 2013); Fuel Economy from US DOE eGallon
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Acknowledgement of Support
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Questions?
Thank you for your time.