Green Public Procurement Indoor Lighting Technical...

Green Public Procurement – Indoor Lighting

Green Public Procurement

Indoor Lighting

Technical Background Report

Report for the European Commission – DG-Environment by BRE, 2011. Owner, Editor: European Commission, DG Environment-C1, BU 9, 1160 Brussels. Disclaimer: The European Commission accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to the information presented in this

document.


Table of Contents Abbreviations ___________________________________________________________________ 1

1 Introduction ________________________________________________________________ 2

2 Definition, Scope and Background ______________________________________________ 3

2.1 Product Description_______________________________________________________ 3

2.2 Product Scope for Indoor Lighting __________________________________________ 3

2.3 Lighting Terminology _____________________________________________________ 3

2.4 Indoor Lighting Components _______________________________________________ 6

2.5 Design and installation ____________________________________________________ 9

3 Market Availability _________________________________________________________ 10

3.1 Lamps _________________________________________________________________ 10

3.2 Ballasts ________________________________________________________________ 12

3.3 Luminaires _____________________________________________________________ 12

4 Key Environmental Impacts __________________________________________________ 12

4.1 Production phase ________________________________________________________ 14 4.1.1 Materials and Substances used in production _______________________________________ 14

4.2 Use Phase ______________________________________________________________ 18 4.2.1 Energy Consumption __________________________________________________________ 18 4.2.2 Energy Efficiency ____________________________________________________________ 19 4.2.3 Lamp usage _________________________________________________________________ 21 4.2.4 Ballasts ____________________________________________________________________ 23 4.2.5 Luminaires__________________________________________________________________ 24 4.2.6 Lighting controls _____________________________________________________________ 24

4.3 Product Durability – Lifetimes_____________________________________________ 24 4.3.1 Lamp Survival and Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factors _______________________________ 24 4.3.2 Ballasts and Luminaires________________________________________________________ 27 4.3.3 Luminaire Maintenance Factor (LMF) ____________________________________________ 27

4.4 Health, safety and visual comfort ___________________________________________ 27

4.5 Design and installation ___________________________________________________ 29

4.6 End of Life and Waste Management ________________________________________ 29

4.7 Other considerations _____________________________________________________ 30

5 Cost Considerations _________________________________________________________ 30

6 Public Procurement Needs ____________________________________________________ 31

7 Conclusions and Summary____________________________________________________ 32

8 Proposal for Core and Comprehensive Criteria___________________________________ 33

9 Verification Issues___________________________________________________________ 36

10 Relevant European Legislation and Policies ____________________________________ 36


10.1 Regulation (EC) No 244/2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC with regard to eco-design requirements for non-directional household lamps ____________________________ 37

10.2 Regulation (EC) No 245/2009 with regard to eco-design requirements for fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast, for high intensity discharge lamps, and for ballasts and luminaires able to operate such lamps, repealing Directive 2000/55/EC and Regulation 347/2010_____________________________________________________________________ 38

10.3 Directive 98/11/EC with regard to energy labelling of household lamps __________ 41

10.4 Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services __________ 41

10.5 Directive 2010/31/EC on the energy performance of buildings _________________ 41

10.6 Directive 2009/125/EC establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products _________________________________________ 42

10.7 Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) _____ 43

10.8 Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS)________________________________________ 44

10.9 Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency _____ 44

10.10 Directive 2004/108/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility and repealing Directive 89/336/EEC ___________ 45

10.11 Directive 2006/95/EC on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits _____________________ 45

10.12 UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)____ 45

10.13 The EU Climate and Energy Package _____________________________________ 46

10.14 Directive 89/106/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to construction products_____________________ 46

11 Ecolabels & Existing Standards and Other Information Sources __________________ 47

11.1 EU Ecolabel for light bulbs ______________________________________________ 48

11.2 German Blue Angel eco-label ____________________________________________ 49

11.3 US Energy Star labels for compact fluorescent lamps and for LED light bulbs____ 49

11.4 US Energy Star labels for light fixtures (luminaires) _________________________ 50

11.5 Energy Efficiency Index for Ballasts ______________________________________ 50

11.6 European Standards ___________________________________________________ 51

11.7 Studies and Other Sources of Information _________________________________ 51

Appendices ____________________________________________________________________ 53

Appendix 1 – Setting target values for power density__________________________________ 53

Appendix 2 – Overview of lamp survey results _______________________________________ 60

Appendix 3 – European Standards and Guidance ____________________________________ 68


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Abbreviations

A Area of the working plane in the space (usually the same as the floor area)

ACA Irish Accelerated Capital Allowances scheme ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers CELMA Federation of National Manufacturers Associations for Luminaires and

Electrotechnical Components for Luminaires in the European Union CEN European Committee for Standardization CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp CIE International Commission on Illumination CLRTAP Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution CO2 Carbon Dioxide DLOR Downward Light Output Ratio of a luminaire ECA British Enhanced Capital Allowances scheme EEE Electrical and Electronic Equipment EEI Energy Efficiency Index ELC European Lamp Companies Federation EU European Union EuP Energy Using Product F Luminous flux emitted by all lamps in a luminaire GHG Greenhouse Gas GJ Gigajoule = 109 Joules GLS General Lighting Service incandescent lamps GPP Green Public Procurement HID High Intensity Discharge lamp HPS High Pressure Sodium lamp HPM High Pressure Mercury lamp ILP Institution of Lighting Professionals kWh Kilowatt hours K Luminaire efficacy LCA Life Cycle Assessment LED(s) Light Emitting Diode(s) LENI Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator LER Luminaire Efficiency Rating LFL Linear Fluorescent Lamps LLMF Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor lm Lumen LMF Luminaire Maintenance factor LOR Light Output Ratio of a luminaire LPD Lighting Power Density LSF Lamp Survival Factor MEEuP Method for the Evaluation of Energy using Products MH Metal Halide Lamp N Number of luminaires in a lighting installation


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NEMA US National Electrical Manufacturers Association NLPD Normalized Lighting Power Density OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development P Power consumed by a luminaire (including lamps and control gear) PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PBB Polybrominated biphenyls PBDE Polybrominated diphenyl ethers PM Particulate Matter PWB Printed Wiring Board Ra Colour Rendering Index RoHS Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and

Electronic Equipment Directive TWh Terawatt hours = 109 kWh UF Utilisation Factor of a luminaire ULOR Upward Light Output Ratio of a luminaire UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UV Ultra Violet W Watt WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

1 Introduction

The European Commission1 has developed common EU GPP criteria for a range of different products and services. Green Public Procurement is a voluntary instrument. This Technical Background Report reviews the "Indoor Lighting" product group. “Indoor Lighting” covers all aspects of lighting systems in buildings, excluding some specialist lighting applications which are listed in section 2.2 below. It includes lamps, ballasts, luminaires and lighting controls installed within buildings. This is a particularly important area for green public procurement, largely because of the substantial energy consumption and carbon emissions from lighting systems. The Report provides background information on the environmental impact of indoor lighting and outlines the key relevant European legislation affecting this product group. It then goes on to describe existing standards and ecolabels that cover these technologies. Finally, it outlines the rationale for the core and comprehensive environmental purchasing EU GPP criteria that are being proposed. This report accompanies the associated EU GPP criteria, which contains the proposed purchasing criteria and ancillary information for green tender specifications and as such they should be read alongside one another.

1 http://www.ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp


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2 Definition, Scope and Background

2.1 Product Description

Indoor lighting can be defined as covering lamps, ballasts, luminaires (light fittings) and lighting controls installed inside buildings. It is proposed that some specialist lighting types be exempt from GPP criteria and these are defined below.

2.2 Product Scope for Indoor Lighting

For the purpose of this report, indoor lighting is defined as covering lamps, ballasts, luminaires (light fittings) and lighting controls installed inside buildings. The GPP criteria do not cover the following specialist types of lighting:

• Coloured lighting • Display lighting for museums and art galleries • Emergency escape lighting • Illuminated signs • Lighting fixed to machinery or equipment • Lighting for plant growth • Lighting for televised sport • Lighting for visually impaired persons with special lighting needs • Lighting of monuments or historic buildings that have not been converted for

commercial use • Specialist medical lighting to carry out examination or surgery, for example in

hospitals, medical centres, or doctors’ and dentists’ surgeries. • Stage lighting in theatres and TV studios

GPP can cover a range of lighting procurement, from purchasing replacement lamps to design and installation of a whole new lighting system including luminaires and lighting controls.

2.3 Lighting Terminology

This section defines terms that describe the characteristics and properties of lighting and how it performs. Box 1 provides a brief summary of these terms, taken from European Standard EN 12665. Box 1. Definition of Lighting Terms Luminous flux [lm] The luminous flux (light output) quantifies the total amount of light emitted by a light source. It is measured in lumens [lm]. To rate the output of lamps, typically the lumen output at 1000 hours life is quoted. For example: • The flame of a candle generates about 12 lumens. • A standard 60W incandescent2 lamp is rated at 720 lumen. • An 11 W compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is rated at 600 lumen. 2 These are the more traditional lamps, sometimes known as tungsten filament lamps


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• A 36 W fluorescent tube is rated at 3300 lumen. Energy consumption [kWh] The amount of electric energy consumed by a lamp over a certain period is expressed in kWh (kilowatt–hours). For example a 100W incandescent lamp consumes 1 kWh in 10 hours (10 hours ×100W = 1000Wh or 1 kWh). The amount of electricity used for lighting can be based on energy consumption per year (kWh per year). Watt [W] The electrical power a light source consumes is measured in Watt [W]. Part of the power input is transformed into light (visible radiation), while the rest is considered as loss (heat and electricity). For example, incandescent lamps transform 95% of the electric power input into heat and only 5% into light, whereas fluorescent lamps and LEDs typically transform 80% of the electric power input into light with 20% lost as heat and ballast losses. Power factor [cos ϕ] For lamp types other than incandescent, the voltage and current waveforms are not exactly in phase with one another. Thus the volts multiplied by the amperes in the circuit may be higher than the watts. In such cases, the watts represent the active power and the volts multiplied by the amperes represent the apparent power. The power factor is the ratio of the absolute value of the active power to the apparent power. A low value of the power factor increases the current load and the energy consumption. Most high wattage lamp circuits are designed to have a power factor greater than 0.85. Efficacy “lumens per watt” [lm/W] The efficacy of a light source is the ratio of the light output to the power consumed. It is given in lumens per Watt. The higher the efficacy value, the more energy-efficient lamps or lighting systems are. For example, the efficacy of an incandescent light bulb of 60W is 12 lm/W and of a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) of 11W is 55 lm/W. For a 36W fluorescent tube it is 91 lm/W. The last figure is a lamp efficacy, excluding the power consumed by the ballast which is needed to run the fluorescent lamps (see below). Luminaire efficacy [lm/W] Luminaire efficacy is the light output of the entire luminaire (light fitting) divided by the total power consumed by the lamps and ballasts. It is equal to the lamp efficacy multiplied by the light output ratio of the luminaire (see below) and is measured in lumens per watt (lm/W). Light output ratio (LOR) The basic measure for the efficiency of a luminaire is the Light Output Ratio (LOR). This is the ratio of the light emitted by the luminaire to the light output of the lamps contained within it. The LOR depends on the quality of the materials used as well as the basic design of the luminaire. Luminaires for general office lighting may typically have LOR values of between 0.5 and 0.9, for example. Utilisation factor (UF) The Utilisation Factor (UF) of a luminaire is the proportion of the light emitted by the lamps that reaches a particular plane, e.g. the horizontal working plane, either directly or by reflection. It takes into account the properties of the room, its shape and surface reflectances, as well as the luminaire characteristics. A high utilisation factor indicates that much of the


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light reaches the horizontal plane, but may also mean that there is little reaching the walls or ceiling. Light Quality – Colour Rendering (Ra) Colour rendering is the ability of a light source to show surface colours as they should be, usually in comparison to a tungsten or daylight source. This is measured on colour rendering index (Ra) scale. A value of 0 means it is impossible to discern colours at all, while a score of 100 means no colour distortion. For most indoor lighting applications a value of at least 80 is recommended. The Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor – LLMF The output of a lamp tends to decrease with time. This is measured by the Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor which is the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by the lamp at a given time in its life to the initial luminous flux. The Lamp Survival Factor – LSF This is the fraction of the total number of lamps, which continue to operate at a given time under defined conditions and switching frequency. Definitions of the components of indoor lighting are given in Box 2. Box 2. EN 12665 Lighting System Component Definitions3 1. Lamp: a “source made in order to produce an optical radiation, usually visible” 2. Ballast: a “device connected between the supply and one or more discharge lamps which serves mainly to limit the current of the lamp(s) to the required value” (Figure 1) Note that a ballast4 may also include means for transforming the supply voltage, correcting the power factor and, either alone or in combination with a starting device, providing the necessary conditions for starting the lamp(s). 3. Luminaire: an “apparatus which distributes, filters or transforms the light transmitted from one or more lamps and which includes, except the lamps themselves, all parts necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps and, where necessary, circuit auxiliaries together with the means for connecting the lamps to the electric supply”. (Figure 2).

3 EN 12665 Light and lighting - Basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting requirements 4 Sometimes known as ‘control gear’


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Figure 1. A ballast incorporating starter. Such a ballast would normally be included in a fluorescent luminaire.

Figure 2. A typical office luminaire including fluorescent lamps, reflector and ballast (not visible).

2.4 Indoor Lighting Components

Lamps and ballasts Most lighting in public buildings is provided by fluorescent tubes. Fluorescent tubes are cheap and reliable; they tend to be less glaring than more compact, brighter sources; they can be switched and dimmed readily; and new types are highly efficient, with good colour rendering. a) Fluorescent tubes come in a variety of diameters. For most purposes the older T12 (38 mm diameter) lamps are being superseded by T8 (26 mm diameter) lamps and T5 (16 mm


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diameter lamps). The T8 versions are around 10% more efficient, typically having an efficacy of 80-95 lm/W, and can be used to replace T12 lamps in most existing fittings, in particular those with switch start ballasts (these fittings have a small cylindrical starter). Some other old types of control gear may not work with T8 lamps however. T5 tubular lamps are designed to run hotter than the T8 lamps, giving improved efficiency in enclosed luminaires. Compared with T8 lamps they are shorter in length, allowing them to be used in fittings that fit into smaller ceiling grids. Luminaires designed specifically for the T5 lamp tend to be more efficient because of the reduced source size. A drawback is the increased brightness of the lamp wall; good glare control is essential. For all these reasons, T5 lamps cannot be simply retrofit into existing T8 and T12 luminaires without a special conversion kit. All the above are linear fluorescent lamps. A wide range of compact fluorescent types is also available, with the fluorescent tube bent to reduce the source size. Typical efficacies are 50-60 lm/W. b) Sometimes compact fluorescents are used for general lighting. However the efficacy of a fluorescent lamp generally increases with its wattage. Luminaires with one or two linear tubes will tend to be more efficient than those with the same light output from four compact fluorescents. However compact fluorescent lamps are very suitable where a reduced light output or small fitting size is needed. Fluorescent lamps require a ballast to start the lamp and to control the discharge while the lamp is running. The older magnetic wire-wound ballasts may typically consume around 20 to 25% of rated lamp power. Electronic ballasts operate the lamp at high frequency. This improves the efficiency of the lamp so that the same light output can be achieved with a lower lamp power consumption. Typically the total circuit power of a high frequency circuit is around 25% less than a lamp with a magnetic ballast giving a similar light output. In addition, high frequency electronic ballasts eliminate flicker and noise. c) Tungsten halogen lamps, with their small size and good colour, are widely used for spotlighting and many come with integral reflectors. They have a higher efficacy than ordinary tungsten filament lamps, typically in the range 16-25 lm/W, but still much less than fluorescent lamps. Consequently they are not recommended for most lighting applications in public buildings, especially not for general lighting of a space. The use of tungsten halogen uplighters (torchieres) is not recommended because they are inefficient and can get dangerously hot in use. d) LED lamps are now a valuable alternative in terms of energy efficiency and quality of light to tungsten halogen lamps and some compact fluorescent lamps. LEDs are directional sources so are ideal for display or accent lighting, but can also be incorporated in general lighting fittings. LED lamps produce white light in different colour tones and variations, from warm to cold white. They generally have a very long life, reducing maintenance costs. LEDs tend to perform poorly at high temperatures, so their fittings require heat sinks or ventilation to keep the LEDs cool. At the time of writing, the more common commercially available warm white LED fittings have an efficacy of 40-60 lm/W. At this efficacy, to provide the 700 lumens of a basic 50W halogen reflector lamp, a 12-14W LED would be required. Within a few years, it is expected that the efficacies of LED chips will rise up to 200 lm/W (currently state-of-the-


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art white LEDs have already reached luminous efficacies of 100-150 lm/W), so lower wattage lamps may then be able to provide the required amounts of light. Concerning the lighting systems, LED based systems can be more flexibly controlled in terms of beam angle, light colour, dimming or frequent switching compared to other energy-saving lamps such as compact fluorescent lamps. In addition up to 70% energy saving can be achieved by using smart LED lighting systems instead of tungsten halogen lighting. e) High-pressure discharge lamps (usually high-pressure sodium or metal halide) are used in large spaces like atria and also for uplighting. High-pressure sodium lamps are very efficient in light emitted per watt consumed, but the warmer light they emit has poorer colour rendering and they are not widely used in public buildings. Metal halide lamps have better colour rendering and are more widely used in these applications. A particular type of these lamps, ceramic metal halide lamps, also come in low wattage types which are used for display lighting. High pressure discharge lamps require a ballast to operate, some also require an ignitor. Full light output is not achieved for a few minutes after starting and there may be a short delay after the lamp has been switched off before it is cool enough to restrike. This can make it difficult to use the lamps with some forms of lighting controls. Luminaires Lamps are generally used inside a fitting or luminaire, and this can also have a major impact on the performance of the overall lighting system. With an inefficient luminaire, less than half of the light from the lamp may emerge into a room. The basic measure for the efficiency of a luminaire is the Light Output Ratio (LOR). This is the ratio of the light emitted by the luminaire to the light output of the lamps in it. In practice the LORs of different ranges of luminaires can vary considerably, even for luminaires that look similar. The LOR depends on the quality of the materials used as well as the basic design of the luminaire. Luminaires for general office lighting may typically have LOR values of between 0.5 and 0.9, for example. Two components of the LOR are the Downward Light Output Ratio (DLOR) and Upward Light Output Ratio (ULOR). The DLOR is the ratio of the downward light emitted by the luminaire to the light output of the lamps in it. In a luminaire recessed into the ceiling, all of the light goes downwards and the DLOR equals the total LOR. Such a luminaire is often an efficient way to light horizontal tasks such as office desks, although the ceiling can look dark because it receives no direct light, and this can make a larger space look gloomy. The ULOR is the ratio of the upward light emitted by the luminaire to the light output of the lamps in it. Uplighter luminaires have ULOR equal to or close to the total LOR. The space is lit by light reflected from the ceiling. Often such uplighters have a high LOR, but the amount of light coming downwards towards visual tasks is less than this might indicate, because some of the light is absorbed by the ceiling. Lighting controls Appropriate lighting controls form an essential part of any lighting system. Controls allow the building occupants to switch off or dim lighting when it is not required. They can also give significant energy savings, up to 30-40% or more in some types of building. There are a


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number of different types of lighting control which may be used individually or in combination. Manual control may include rocker switches, push buttons, pull cords, infra red, sonic, ultrasonic and telephone handset controls. In spaces like large open plan offices with a central manual switch panel, waste can occur if some areas of the room are well daylit and others are not, or if some working areas are unoccupied. Localised switching is of benefit here. This can involve individual pull cords on the light fitting or infra-red switches operated by transmitter. As people are not generally good at switching lighting off when it is not needed, a timed switch off can be considered. Significant energy savings are possible. The timed off works best in reasonably daylit areas otherwise switching back on can become a habit. Switching off can happen at a natural break time such as lunchtime when most people may be out of the room anyway. Time switching can also be effective in spaces with set operating hours, like schools, leisure centres, social clubs and restaurants. In photoelectric control, the lighting is switched or dimmed in response to incoming daylight. Dimming generally saves more energy and will be less obtrusive to the occupants. Lamps should be switched or dimmed as individual luminaires or in groups depending on daylight penetration in the space. For example, the row of lamps nearest a window wall would normally be controlled separately from the remainder of the lighting. Photoelectric control should include a manual override, or at least a time switch, to allow the lighting to be switched off outside occupied hours. Occupancy switching can give substantial energy savings in intermittently occupied spaces. Full occupancy linking with presence detection is particularly useful in spaces like hospitals where people are carrying things or wearing protective clothing. It is also appropriate where people do not expect to control the lighting themselves, for example in corridors. However in offices absence detection is often better. Under absence detection the occupancy sensor only switches the lighting off. Switching on is by manual control.

2.5 Design and installation

A new lighting installation is required in a new building, or if an existing building is having major refurbishment which involves removal of the old lighting. This gives the contracting authority scope to specify a low energy lighting system. Using more efficient lamps and luminaires may cost more initially, but the energy savings can be substantial. Thus an efficient system can be much cheaper in the long term.

Beyond more efficient lamps, ballasts or luminaires, energy efficient lighting choices include “free” lighting – daylight. However, although the potential of energy saving by means of daylighting is enormous, it can be technically challenging to harness daylight in an acceptable manner if specific difficulties of daylight are considered: high variability, glare risk and heat gains. Nevertheless, there are good technical solutions available on the market and the added design costs associated with harnessing daylight are outweighed by the benefits that result


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from its use. Apart from allowing lighting energy savings of up to 70%5, day-lit buildings appear to be much preferred by their occupants and have additional benefits, including better health and higher productivity.

The design of a new installation is often carried out by an independent designer, but may also be undertaken by the lighting manufacturer themselves, or in some cases by the contracting authority’s own staff. Similarly the installation work is usually carried out by a contractor, but may be undertaken by the lighting manufacturer or by the contracting authority’s own staff. Design and installation may or may not be carried out by the same company. At the design stage it is important to specify appropriate lamps, ballasts, luminaires and lighting controls to ensure an energy efficient installation, as well as meeting standards and legal requirements. At the installation stage it is important to ensure that the correct equipment is put in; substitution of poor quality products may jeopardise the performance and efficiency of the system. Commissioning of the system is required to check that it works as expected, and for some lighting controls calibration and other setup procedures need to be carried out. Building users and facilities managers require appropriate information so that they know how the system works and can make adjustments if necessary.

3 Market Availability

This section presents market availability data based on the EuP Lot 8 and Lot 19 studies on office and domestic lighting respectively, which in turn used the Eurostat databases. The information extracted is aggregated for the whole of the lighting market across Europe rather than specifically for Government procurement. Eurostat does not break down the lighting market into individual sectors, so does not give, for example, the number of lamps used in schools or hospitals.

3.1 Lamps

The EuP Lot 8 report6 on office lighting and the Lot 19 report7 on domestic lighting gathered data on linear fluorescent (LFL), compact fluorescent (CFL), halogen and GLS lamps from the Eurostat database for the EU-27 region. The data is applicable to the lighting market as a whole. Total production, import and export figures were used to calculate an apparent consumption. The Lot 8 and Lot 19 reports cited data from the period 2003-2007. The same parameters have been extracted from Eurostat to investigate trends in more recent years. Fluorescent The data in the report suggests a 434% increase in apparent consumption of CFL from 145 million in 2003 to 630 million in 2007, in line with the market transforming to CFLs from inefficient incandescent lighting. Consumption of linear fluorescents has increased from 250

5 Waide P. ‘Light’s labour’s lost’ IEA 2006, http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/light2006.pdf 6 EuP Lot 8 Study: Office Lighting, VITO, April 2007, http://www.eup4light.net 7 EuP Lot 19 Study: Domestic Lighting, VITO, October 2009, http://www.eup4light.net


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million in 2003 to 400 million in 2007. The Eurostat data show that the EU-27 region is a net-exporter of LFLs but net-importer of CFLs, mainly from China. The same parameters used in the EuP report were extracted from Eurostat to investigate trends in more recent years. The data suggests that the increasing consumption of CFLs appears to have levelled off in 2008 and 2009 both being around 685 million units. Halogen and GLS For each year 2003 – 2007 the data in the report suggests that consumption of both low voltage and mains voltage halogens was approximately 300 million units. However it is stated that Eurostat may not include all halogen sales as multiple packs are counted as one lamp and sales with luminaires are not included. Data they have received from the European Lamp Companies Federation ELC and countries reporting sales suggest that the contribution of halogen lamps increased to 24% of stock for EU-27 in 2006. EU-27 is a net-importer of halogen lamps, mainly from the Far East. For GLS lamps the data from Eurostat suggests a fluctuation in apparent consumption between 2005 and 2007 with approximately 1300 million units in 2005, 1060 million in 2006 (although the EuP report increases this to 1350 million due to further information they received from ELC and lamp manufacturers) and 1250 million in 2007. However the EuP report does state that the production data for 2007 appears to be an estimate leading to an artificially high consumption figure. Extraction of the same parameters from the database for 2008 and 2009 show a decrease to 950 million units. European EuP legislation 244/2009 regarding ecodesign requirements for non-directional household lamps will affect the stock of most GLS lamps within the EU. These inefficient lamps are being removed in stages from the market. By 2012 nearly all GLS lamps will have been removed from the market. See section 10.1. LED LED lighting is a new and rapidly developing technology that has entered the general lighting market in the last few years. In 2010 the market penetration of LEDs in Europe reached 7% as reported by the McKinsey study on lighting market8. According to the same study, the current major application of LEDs in Europe is architectural lighting, but LED lighting market penetration is rapidly increasing and it is expected that LEDs share of Europe’s general lighting market will account for more than 45% by 2016 and more than 70% by 2020. Another study on LED lighting9 estimates a slower increase in lighting market penetration for LED luminaires, whose share of total luminaires could reach 20% in Western Europe and 12% in Central-Eastern Europe by 2015, with an average 20% growth during the period 2010-2015. The same study shows a higher market share of LEDs in Sweden, UK and the Netherlands.

8 ‘Lighting the way: Perspectives on the global lighting market’, McKinsey & Company, August 2011, http://img.ledsmagazine.com/pdf/LightingtheWay.pdf 9 ‘LEDs and the lighting fixtures worldwide market’, CSIL Centre for Industrial Studies, July 2011


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LED lamps with different lighting performance in terms of lamp efficacy, colour rendering, colour appearance, and lifetime are currently available in the European market, and therefore LED products are now viable replacements for traditional lighting in a range of applications, most notably directional lighting and colour-changing lighting. Currently LED lamps can replace successfully traditional tungsten and tungsten halogen lamps, and can also be used as an alternative to fluorescent tubes in linear arrangements for decorative, architectural and signage lighting. Some Member States have recently launched pilot actions for LED lighting of indoor and outdoor spaces.

3.2 Ballasts

The EuP report on office lighting investigated magnetic and electronic ballasts. Their analysis for 2003 and 2004 shows that apparent consumption of magnetic ballasts is much higher compared to electronic ballasts. The ratio is approximately 85%:15% by number sold. However in terms of sales value they are in the same order of magnitude. The report also states that magnetic ballasts sold in the EU market are mainly produced in the EU, while electronic ballasts are mainly imported. Extracting the same parameters from Eurostat, it seems that the consumption of electronic ballasts rises to a peak of approximately 150 million units in 2006 and 2007 before falling to 72 million units in 2009. These figures appear to contradict the effect of the ballast directive, in encouraging uptake of electronic ballasts, and it is not certain how reliable they are. For magnetic ballasts consumption peaks at 922 million units in 2006 and was at 665 million units in 2009. This would give a ratio between the two ballast types in 2009 of 89% magnetic:11% electronic.

3.3 Luminaires

As the EuP reports explain, there is only a little fragmented data on Eurostat regarding luminaires. The EuP office report takes an average of data over 2000-2002 for the EU-15 region and concludes a ratio of 15% CFL:85% LFL for about 10 million luminaires. They estimate 12 million luminaires for EU-25 based on population. The domestic report takes the limited luminaire data available, coming to the following split: 5% Table, desk, bedside and floor-standing lamps; 76% Chandeliers and other ceiling and wall fittings; 19% Lamps and fittings (filament and tubular fittings).

4 Key Environmental Impacts

Lighting can have environmental impacts at a number of different stages in its life: a. Manufacture/Production. This includes the energy and raw materials used in making

the lamps and luminaires. Use of hazardous substances. b. Distribution. This covers emissions from transport, and the use of packaging. c. Use. This is principally carbon emissions from the energy used by the lighting. d. End of life. This could include release of chemicals such as mercury following

disposal of lamps. Disposal – waste handling


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However two assessments of indoor lighting as part of the EuP studies on domestic lighting and office lighting concluded that energy consumption in the use phase, predominantly by the lamps, but also by ballasts and control gear, is the main environmental impact, due to the associated greenhouse gas emissions10. Other impacts relate to the chemicals and materials used in some types of lamps and their subsequent end-of-life disposal and treatment. There have been a limited number of studies looking at the life-cycle impacts of indoor lighting. However, the EuP Lot 19 final report for domestic lighting and EuP Lot 8 final report for office lighting use the ‘Method for the Evaluation of Energy using Products’ (MEEuP) methodology to assess these impacts. This data, along with other sources, namely from trade federations, has been used in assessing the environmental impact of manufacturing, using and ultimately disposing of indoor lighting products. The key impact from the use of lamps in lighting is the use phase, as depicted by Figure 3 below, from European Lamp Companies Federation11. Applicable to all kinds of lighting, this shows that over 90% of the environmental impact is from energy consumption and associated GHG emissions whilst the lighting is being used. The environmental effect of energy consumption originates from the power generation, where fossil energy carriers like oil, natural gas or coal are converted into electricity. Figure 3. Life cycle impacts of lamps (source: European Lamp Companies Federation, 2005)

For luminaires, most of the environmental impacts occur in the production and end of life phases. The importance of the different impact categories, for example energy use or emissions in the production and end of life phases will vary depending on the materials used. The key environmental impacts are discussed below in more detail.

10 This assumes conventional fossil fuel-derived power generation. Of course, if lighting is powered by renewable energy sources to a considerable extent then these global warming impacts can be reduced. 11 http://www.elcfed.org/1_health.html


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4.1 Production phase

4.1.1 Materials and substances used in production

Many materials are used in lamps, luminaires and ballasts; glass, metals and plastics being chief among them. By weight, glass is the most important material in most types of lamps (more than 90% of total weight) for most types of lamps, with the other contributors being brass for the cap and soldering metals (tin, lead). Ballasts on the other hand contain far more metal: the steel sheet has more than 50% of total weight, followed by copper, and plastics. As for luminaires, they are on average almost half metal (largely aluminium, with some copper wire) and half plastics. Although the use of certain materials and substances is essential to maintain optimal life cycle performance and maximum energy efficiency of lamps, the use of substances having a significant environmental impact in all types of lamps is regulated by the RoHS Directive (2002/95/EC), currently being recast (see section 10.8). Over the past few decades lamp manufacturers have put considerable effort into manufacturing lamps with optimal performance and minimal use of harmful substances. The substance that is most relevant in terms of environmental impact is considered to be the mercury used in gas discharge lamps. Technical advancements in the production process and materials applied have enabled the amount of mercury to be reduced without compromising light output or lamp life span. For example, the mercury content in fluorescent lamps has been reduced by more than 90% over the last three decades12. The mercury content in discharge lamps can vary significantly depending on the type of lamp. Typical mercury content is 1-5mg in linear fluorescent tubes and compact fluorescent lamps, and 4-30mg in circular fluorescent lamps. Table 1 below shows typical mercury content for the main fluorescent lamp types. Table 1. Typical mercury content of fluorescent lamps

Lamp type Manufacturer A

Manufacturer B

Manufacturer C

Manufacturer D

Linear T5, lifetime below 25,000 hours

1.4-1.9mg 1.4mg 2.5mg 3.2mg

Linear T5, lifetime above 25,000 hours

1.4-2.5mg 3.0mg 4.0mg

Linear T8, lifetime below 25,000 hours

2.5mg 2.0-5.0mg 4.0mg 3.3-4.5mg

Linear T8, lifetime above 25,000 hours

4.6mg 1.7-3.0mg 4.0mg

Circular T5 4.4mg 7.0mg 4.0mg Circular T9 30.0mg 30.0mg

Compact, non-integrated

1.4-5.0mg 1.4-4.3mg 3.0mg 1.8-4.6mg

Compact, integrated

1.3-4.4mg 1.2-5.0mg 0.85-2.0mg 3.5-4.6mg

12 Environmental aspects of lamps, European Lamp Companies Federation, April 2009, http://www.elcfed.org


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Taking into consideration the amount of mercury released during electricity generation, mainly from coal fired power stations, mercury containing fluorescent lamps, apart from short life compact fluorescent lamps, in fact reduce the total amount of mercury from a life cycle perspective as compared to filament lamps, which themselves are mercury free. This is, because mercury containing fluorescent lamps use less electricity to produce the same amount of light. In practice this is applicable to other gas discharge lamp types as well. Another feature of mercury containing lamps is that mercury stays within the lamp enclosure during its entire lifetime and can be recycled at the end of life. In contrast, mercury emitted into the atmosphere from the generation of electrical energy consumed by less energy efficient lamps cannot be captured. Figure 4 below shows the amount of mercury introduced for different lamp type applications as seen from a life cycle perspective (mercury from power plant and from lamp). It is important that lamps are dealt with correctly at the end of their life. This is generally covered by the requirements of the WEEE Directive, which is outlined in Section 10 of this report. A key issue in the end of life management of lamps is mercury and the release of mercury vapour. Mercury can be recovered from lamps using specialist plant and this should be undertaken wherever possible. Lamps should be sent to facilities that have the required technology to dismantle the lamps and recover the mercury appropriately. Figure 4. Amount of mercury introduced for different lamp type applications (source: European Lamp Companies Federation)

In addition to mercury, other substances are contained in lamps, depending on their types, for example sodium and lead. It is important that potential environmental impacts of these substances e.g. ecotoxicity are managed, and in particular at the end of life phase. The EuP study on office lighting13 identifies certain materials that can impact specific stages of the life cycle in different ways. For example, environmental impact categories where materials can have a large effect include PAH release due to aluminium production, particulate matter from the incineration of polyester housing and eutrophication from the production of the luminaire polyester housing. For example, in the case of luminaires the 13 EuP Lot 8 Study: Office Lighting, p. 150, VITO, April 2007, http://www.eup4light.net


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production phase and materials contribute most to environmental impacts over the life cycle of the product. This is in contrast to the use phase for lamps being the most important due to electricity consumption. The use of different materials for luminaires, such as a mix of aluminium and glass fibre reinforced polyester or all aluminium, and whether the front cover is made from glass or polycarbonate will influence the overall weight of the luminaire and therefore the relative life cycle environmental impacts. The use of different materials for luminaires will influence which of the different impact categories are most important, in the production and end of life phases. For example luminaires can be made of all aluminium or be a mixture of aluminium and glass fibre reinforced polyester. In addition the front cover material can differ, for example it may be glass or polycarbonate. For an average luminaire the distribution of environmental impacts over the entire life cycle is summarised in Table 2 below. It should be noted that this table is representative of the lifecycle of a ‘typical’ luminaire. Luminaires of a higher efficiency will help increase the overall efficiency of the light through improved use of light. The environmental impacts related to luminaires will be managed mainly in the production phase of the luminaire and at the end of life phase. Table 2. Distribution of impacts over life cycle of a typical luminaire14 Life Cycle Phases Production Use End of Life Distributio

n Other Resources & Waste Total Energy 1% 0% 99% 0% of which, electricity 0% 0% 100% 0% Water (process) 1% 0% 99% 0% Water (cooling) 0% 0% 100% 0% Waste, non-hazardous / landfill 21% 0% 78% 1% Waste, hazardous / incinerated 5% 0% 93% 2% Emissions (Air) Greenhouse Gases 1% 1% 98% 0% Acidification, emissions 1% 0% 98% 0% Volatile Organic Compounds 4% 10% 86% 0% Persistent Organic Pollutants 31% 0% 68% 1% Heavy Metals 7% 1% 91% 1% PAH 49% 2% 49% 0% Particulate Matter (PM, dust) 9% 13% 69% 9% Emissions (Water) Heavy Metals 18% 0% 82% 0% Eutrophication 25% 0% 69% 5%

14 EuP Lot 8 Study: Office Lighting, p. 150, VITO, April 2007, http://www.eup4light.net


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On the other hand, a study on the life cycle assessment of lamps15 showed the relative impacts of six types of lamps: integrally ballasted LED lamp, dedicated LED luminaire, ceramic metal halide, T5 fluorescent lamp, 23W compact fluorescent lamp with integrated ballast and 100W filament bulb, as it can be seen in Figure 5 below. Figure 5. Relative life-cycle assessment impacts of lamps by comparison with a 100W GLS lamp (base case) (source: UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs)

It is clear that due to its having the lowest efficacy, the incandescent lamp has the highest impact per unit lighting service of all the light sources considered. The next worst performer is the integrally ballasted LED lamp, followed by the integrally ballasted compact fluorescent lamp. Apart from the incandescent lamp, these two sources had the shortest analytical period, and therefore had a smaller amount of lighting service over which to amortise the environmental impacts. The best performer was the linear fluorescent T5 system, which had an impact, in total, of just 20% that of the incandescent lamp. The analysis underlines that the dominant environmental impact is that due to electricity consumption. The use of more efficient lamps and ballasts / control gear will reduce the energy consumption of indoor lighting, thereby reducing CO2 emissions from fuel combustion required to generate the electricity in the first instance. In addition there will also be reduced impacts in the life cycle of the fuel, included reduced emissions from exploration, extraction, refining, processing, transportation and storage. Similarly, there will be less maintenance required for more efficient, longer lasting lamps and luminaires and hence reduced impacts from these operations. The T5 system, as the most energy efficient option studied, therefore performs best over a range of indicators. This does not mean that T5 lamps should be installed

15 Life Cycle Assessment of Ultra-Efficient Lamps, DEFRA, May 2009, http://www.defra.gov.uk/


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everywhere, because they are less suitable for applications that require a smaller light source or directional lighting, for example. Nonetheless, the luminous efficacy of LED lamps is continuously improving, and this will lead in the coming years to lower environmental impacts than the ones determined in the analysis mentioned above.

4.2 Use Phase

4.2.1 Energy Consumption

Lighting is a large and rapidly growing source of energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. In 2005 grid-based electricity consumption for lighting was 2650 TWh worldwide, which was about 19% of the total global electricity consumption, whereas the electricity consumption for indoor lighting was estimated at 2438 TWh worldwide, which was about 17.5% of the total global electricity consumption, in a document published by the International Energy Agency16. Indoor lighting accounts for a significant part of electricity consumption in buildings. Heating is the leading energy consumer in the EU commercial building sector, including public buildings, followed by lighting (Figure 6). The consumption of electricity for commercial sector lighting only in the EU member states was estimated to be 185 TWh in 2005, according to the International Energy Agency17. Figure 6. Energy consumption by end use in EU commercial buildings (source: International Energy Agency)

The amount of electricity used for lighting in buildings differs according to the type of building. The European GreenLight Programme estimated EU15 lighting electricity consumption of 28.8 TWh for office buildings and 15.0 TWh for educational buildings18. In some buildings, lighting is the largest single category of electricity consumption; office buildings, on the average, use the largest share of their total electricity consumption in lighting. European office buildings use 50% of their total electricity consumption for lighting,

16 http://www.ecbcs.org/docs/ECBCS_Annex_45_Guidebook.pdf 17 Waide P. ‘Light’s labour’s lost’ IEA 2006, http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/light2006.pdf 18 www.iaeel.org/iaeel/Archive/Downloads/GLFinal_v3_oct99.doc


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while the share of electricity for lighting is 20-30% in hospitals, 15% in factories, 10-15% in schools and 10% in residential buildings9. Furthermore, the heat produced by lighting represents a significant fraction of the cooling load in many offices contributing to further indirect consumption of electricity.

4.2.2 Energy Efficiency

Before the adoption of the European Union’s Energy Performance in Building Directive (2002/91/EC), very few European countries had provisions addressing lighting in their codes10. The Danish Energy Saving Trust recommends maximum lighting power density (LPD) levels in W/m2 for different types of indoor spaces19, considering 10 W/m2 for offices and day care institutions, 8 W/m2 for classrooms and 5 W/m2 for circulation areas. The French regulation RT2000 (Réglementation Thermique 2000) specifies minimum lighting energy performance requirements for new buildings and new extensions to existing buildings. The regulation specifies the efficiency requirements in three different ways, namely; whole building LPD levels, space-by-space LPD levels and normalized lighting power density limits. The normalized lighting power density (NLPD) limits are given as: 4 W/m2 per 100 lx for spaces of less than 30 m2, and 3 W/m2 per 100 lx for spaces of more than 30 m2. Spanish building codes20 introduce the energy efficiency of the lighting systems, measured in W/m2 per 100 lx, for different indoor spaces and two quality classes of lighting. The United Kingdom building codes for domestic as well as for commercial lighting evaluate the efficiency as a luminous efficacy of the installed lighting system. The 2010 UK non-domestic building compliance guide requires that the office, industrial and storage area luminaires should have average initial efficacy not less than 55 lamp lumens per circuit-watt21. Lighting power density limits are only one issue influencing the lighting energy use. The other important issues are the control of time of use and the use of daylight. The metric which includes all these elements and represents the lighting system’s performance is the annual lighting energy intensity, expressed in annual lighting energy consumption per unit area (kWh/m2, a). This metric promotes the use of efficient light sources and effective control systems by considering occupancy and the use of daylight. However the metric can make it difficult to compare different lighting installations, as a building with high occupancy rates will use more lighting energy than one with a lower occupancy rate because of the longer operating periods. Thus buildings with different occupancy patterns and daylight provision have to be grouped and different requirements have to be set in developing lighting energy codes. There is a large variation in the annual lighting energy consumption per unit area between different types of commercial buildings (Figure 7). This is due to the different occupancy levels of the buildings. European surveys report annual periods of lighting use between 1,405 and 1,901 hours for offices and between 1,247 and 1,422 hours for education establishments22. The longer periods of use appear to be for hospitals and therefore the

19 http://www.savingtrust.dk/publications/guidelines/purchasing-guidelines 20 http://www.codigotecnico.org/web/recursos/documentos/dbhe/he3/ 21 Department for Communities and Local Government. ‘Non domestic building services compliance guide’ NBS, London 2010. Available from: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/partl/bcassociateddocuments9/further 22 Waide P. ‘Light’s labour’s lost’ IEA 2006, http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/light2006.pdf


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average electricity consumption for lighting per square metre in healthcare buildings is higher than in offices and education. Figure 7. Estimated global electricity consumption for indoor lighting by commercial building type in 2005 (source: International Energy Agency)

There is a trend in the international community to reduce the electricity consumption of lighting with new technology to below 10 kWh/m2.The possible ways to reduce lighting energy consumption include: minimum possible power density, use of light sources with high luminous efficacy, use of lighting control systems and utilisation of daylight. The recast Directive on the energy performance of buildings (2010/31/EU) encourages Member States to adopt requirements on indoor lighting systems, which are taken into consideration in the methodologies developed to measure the overall energy efficiency of a building. System lifespan is difficult to assess if considering the large variety of components and types of use. For example luminaires may last in average 20 years and control gear up to 15 years. It is difficult to predict the lifespan of lamps in years, as it depends on the daily usage time. Lamp life can reach more than 20,000 hours for fluorescent lamps and more than 50,000 hours for newer LED lamps. However, lamps are currently replacement parts for a luminaire, because lamp life is typically 5-7 years while luminaires are used for typically 20 years. LEDs could change this, as they can be lamps that last as long as the luminaire. The SAVE report showed that the average lifespan of a lighting installation in offices in EU-15 is 24 years23. Maintaining lighting systems in place for such long periods means that they miss out on the newest technological developments and the potential savings. The average lighting stock gradually improves as newer, more efficient installations replace old, inefficient ones; however, much of the existing stock remains unchanged. Given the lifespan of lighting systems and the considerable electricity consumption for indoor lighting, there is potential for a range of energy efficiency measures to be implemented including technology changes and improved management and control. On the other hand, the estimated lifespan of luminaires and control gear means there is likely to be a large number of older, less efficient systems in the EU. Although refitting and replacement of indoor lighting 23 EuP Lot 8 Study: Office Lighting, p. 83, VITO, April 2007, http://www.eup4light.net


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units will require capital investment, the annual maintenance and running costs are significantly reduced through the product’s life. The Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) published advice on current and forth coming legalisation within the lighting sector, meant to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions from indoor lighting24.

4.2.3 Lamp usage

More than 50% of all lamp technologies installed in Europe are still not the most energy efficient; the potential for improvements and savings (of energy, costs and carbon emissions) for Europe are significant. The majority of these savings (between 75% and 80%) can be achieved in the area of professional lighting and therefore the public sector has an important role to play in setting an example and influencing the market place through green procurement25. Most of the light delivered to public buildings is provided by fluorescent lamps due to their low cost and high light output. High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps, mainly metal halide, are also used for spaces with high ceilings but are not commonly used for office lighting as they are more expensive and the glare reduction requirements for office work are more difficult to meet. It is common to use fluorescent lamps in the open space facilities for work and their use is encouraged by the implementation of different energy efficiency improvement programmes. Figure 8 below shows the estimated share of light output by type of light source used within the commercial sector (including public buildings) of OECD European countries in 200526. Figure 8. Estimated light output by type of light source for commercial buildings in 2005 (source: International Energy Agency)

CFL with ballast 1.8%

T5 2.1%

T8 58.9%

24 Guidance on current and forth coming legalisation within the lighting sector, ILP 2011, http://www.theilp.org.uk/ 25 http://buybright.elcfed.org/uploads/fmanager/saving_energy_through_lighting_jc.pdf 26 Waide P. ‘Light’s labour’s lost’ IEA 2006, http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/light2006.pdf


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In European public buildings, fluorescent lamps are the dominant light source, the linear fluorescent lamp being the most common lamp. There are two main families of linear fluorescent lamps for office lighting: T5, with a tube diameter of 16mm; and T8, with a tube diameter of 26mm. The older T12 lamps, with a diameter of 38mm, are to be phased out under the Ecodesign requirements. T5 linear fluorescent lamps are the best and most efficient technology to illuminate office spaces. The equivalent T5 luminaires are equipped with electronic ballast and offer high visual comfort and efficiency. In existing T8 luminaires, maximum results are achieved with installing tri-phosphor lamps, which provide 10% more light than conventional T8 halophosphate lamps and provide a superior colour rendering and visual comfort. To achieve the highest possible energy savings with modern indoor lighting, it is recommended to use luminaires with dimmable electronic ballasts, with daylight control systems and presence detectors where relevant. Compact fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast are also a highly energy-efficient solution for lighting of public buildings, especially in smaller spaces or where less light is required. They work in a similar way to linear fluorescent lamps, but have a more compact shape, which makes them usable in compact luminaires and requires specific pin based fittings and control gear. The lamp can provide more energy savings compared to halogen or even compact fluorescent lamps with integrated ballast, due to its high quality ballast that manages the lamp operation to last longer under ideal conditions. Moreover control options such as dimming, daylight control and presence detection can be used for additional savings. The light output from a lamp is measured in lumens. Lamps are available with a range of lumen output to meet different requirements. In order to achieve this, lamps will likewise have a range of power consumptions. The efficiency by which a lamp uses the electricity supplied to it to create the lumen output is denoted as the lamp’s luminous efficacy; typical ranges are presented in Figure 9. It is the number of lumens provided per watt of power consumed, lm/W. This measure enables the efficiency of different lamps to be compared. As part of the Buy Bright Initiative27 a procurement guide for efficient lighting highlighted the need for procurement criteria for lighting to enable energy savings28. Limits to lamp efficacy, for example those in the Ecodesign requirements, has encouraged the use of the most efficient lamp types. An example is the implementing measure29 for tertiary sector lighting products under the Ecodesign Directive (245/2009).

27 http://buybright.elcfed.org/index.php?page=21 28 http://buybright.elcfed.org/uploads/fmanager/061016_sse_05_054_buy_bright_report.pdf 29 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:076:0017:0044:EN:PDF


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Figure 9. Luminous efficacy range of lamp technology (source: Laborelec, from EuP 8 Lot Study on Office Lighting)

Note: Although the luminous efficacy of the individual lamps will remain constant regardless of application it should be noted that the type of installation will affect how ‘efficiently’ this light is used.

4.2.4 Ballasts and drivers

In addition to the types of lamps used, the energy efficiency of indoor lighting is also influenced by the ballast used. Older ballasts can also significantly increase energy consumption of indoor lighting. Directive 2000/55/EC on energy efficiency requirements for ballasts aimed to improve the efficiency of the lighting systems by limiting the ballast losses. For this purpose, CELMA developed a classification system that takes both the lamp and the ballast into account and divides ballasts into 7 classes of efficiency according to their Energy Efficiency Index (EEI). The Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) of the ballast-lamp combination is defined as the corrected total input power of the lamp-ballast circuit and the classes of efficiency are A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C and D, where A1 ballasts are the most efficient. The Ecodesign measures also include minimum energy efficiency standards for ballasts. In addition ballasts that can dim lighting further reduce energy consumption. This ability has been incorporated in the criteria where appropriate as there are a number of factors that will influence where the use of variable control ballast is suitable, including the type of space and the activities within it, availability of daylight, levels of ambient lighting and security considerations.


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LEDs require a driver to convert mains power into the current and voltage required by the semiconductor material to emit light. The driver may also sense and correct for changes in intensity and colour during operation. Driver performance can be affected by the load placed on them and by thermal conditions. The quality of components is vital to avoid the driver being the limiting factor in LED luminaire lifetime. Drivers for LEDs are currently covered by standards EN 62384 and EN 61347-2-13.

4.2.5 Luminaires

In a typical lighting system there is a combination of light losses due to light being trapped in the luminaire, light absorption on surrounding surfaces and light being directed to areas where it is not particularly needed. There is a very large range of luminaires available commercially and these can have significantly different optical properties, which have a large impact on the efficiency of the lighting system. Inefficient luminaires may produce half as much light as highly efficient ones with the same lamps. Initial proposals30 for including luminaire efficiency in the Ecodesign requirements were not included in the final implementing measure for tertiary lighting. Thus there remains considerable scope for promoting energy efficiency by including luminaires in GPP criteria, either directly or indirectly.

4.2.6 Lighting controls

The choice of lighting controls from simple manual switches and dimming switches to presence detectors and light-level sensors has a large impact on total lighting energy use. The current under-specification of lighting control systems means that electric light is often delivered to spaces where no one is present, or for which there is already adequate daylight. Research shows that simply providing users with the capacity to control lighting levels in the space they occupy can significantly lower lighting energy use. Using more sophisticated automatic controls will save even more energy (30-40% is typical) and can be highly cost effective31.

4.3 Product Durability – Lifetimes

4.3.1 Lamp Survival and Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factors

In addition to the key aspect of increased lamp efficacy and reduced energy consumption, there are a number of other benefits linked with the use of efficient lamps for indoor lighting. These are primarily how long the lamps last for, the lamp survival factor (LSF) and how well they maintain their light output, the lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF). The following graph (Figure 10) demonstrates that electrodeless lamps and LEDs, as well as T8 tri-phosphor Extra Long Life fluorescent tubes, have longer lifetimes than other types of lamps, more than three (or more) times as much. The benefits of this are two-fold: lamps last for longer before needing to be replaced, so fewer of them need to be made and so less

30 ‘Working document on possible ecodesign requirements for fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast, for ballasts and luminaires used with these lamps, and on the conditions for the indication of suitability of lighting products for office lighting’ VITO, 2007. 31 ‘Selecting lighting controls’ BRE Digest 498, IHS/BRE Press, 2006.


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material is used in manufacture, furthermore fewer maintenance operations are required in replacing lamps. In addition to lasting longer these lamps maintain their lumen output, so that they remain near to the original output when they were first installed. There is therefore less need to over-light on initial installation to maintain sufficient illumination later in the lifetime. This reduces the requirement to replace older lamps that, whilst they still work, have dimmed beyond the necessary, useful and safe level of light required. Figure 10. Typical lifespan of lamp technology (source: Laborelec, from EuP 8 Lot Study on Office Lighting, VITO et al.)

Table 3 below shows the LLMF and LSF for different types of lamps used for indoor lighting. For example it can be seen that 94% of linear fluorescent tri-phosphor lamps with electronic ballasts survive to 15,000 hours of operation, whilst maintaining 90% of their original lumen output. On the other hand for either linear fluorescent tri-phosphor lamps with magnetic ballasts or linear fluorescent halophosphate lamps, only 50% of them survive this long, and those that do only retain 90% and 75% of their original light output, respectively. These lamps are also less efficient than tri-phosphor lamps with electronic ballasts. This information can be translated into common average lifetimes of these lamps, which indicate the usual length of time they will last both in elapsed time, years, and number of hours of burning if they are used in different indoor lighting applications. The calculation is based on the typical annual operating hours (burning hours) by type of application32. The results are given in Table 4 below.

32 EuP Lot 8 Study: Office Lighting, p. 220, VITO, April 2007, http://www.eup4light.net


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Table 3. LLMF and LSF data of lamps used for indoor lighting33 Burning Hours Lamp Type Factor

1,000 2,000 10,000 12,000 15,000 20,000 LLMF 0.93 Incandescent LSF 0.50 LLMF 0.97 0.95 Halogen LSF 0.78 0.50 LLMF 0.97 0.94 0.85 Compact fluorescent

integrated, electronic ballast

LSF 0.99 0.98 0.50

LLMF 0.85 Compact fluorescent non-integrated, magnetic ballast LSF 0.50

LLMF 0.90 0.85 Compact fluorescent non-integrated, electronic ballast LSF 0.95 0.50

LLMF 0.98 0.97 0.90 0.90 0.90 Linear fluorescent tri-phosphor, magnetic ballast

LSF 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.92 0.50

LLMF 0.98 0.97 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Linear fluorescent tri-phosphor, electronic ballast

LSF 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.94 0.50

LLMF 0.96 0.95 0.79 0.77 0.75 Linear fluorescent halophosphate, magnetic ballast

LSF 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.92 0.50

LLMF 0.87 0.75 0.60 0.56 Metal halide (ceramic) LSF 0.99 0.98 0.80 0.50

Table 4. Average lifetimes of indoor lighting lamps by lamp type and application

Lifetime Years Lamp Type

Hours Office Education Hospital

Daylight link controls Y N Y N Y N Incandescent 1,000 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 Halogen 2,000 1.3 0.8 1.8 1.1 0.6 0.3 Compact fluorescent integrated, electronic ballast

10,000 6.5 3.9 8.8 5.3 2.9 1.7

Compact fluorescent non-integrated, magnetic ballast

10,000 6.5 3.9 8.8 5.3 2.9 1.7

Compact fluorescent non-integrated, electronic ballast

15,000 9.7 5.8 13.2 7.9 4.3 2.6

Linear fluorescent tri-phosphor, magnetic ballast

15,000 9.7 5.8 13.2 7.9 4.3 2.6

Linear fluorescent tri-phosphor, electronic ballast

20,000 12.9 7.8 17.5 10.5 5.7 3.4

Linear fluorescent halophosphate, magnetic ballast

15,000 9.7 5.8 13.2 7.9 4.3 2.6

Metal halide (ceramic) 12,000 7.7 4.7 10.5 6.3 3.4 2.1 33 EuP Lot 19 Study: Domestic Lighting, VITO, October 2009, p. 102, http://www.eup4light.net


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4.3.2 Ballasts and luminaires

Depending on the type of ballast, manufacturers’ data suggests that ballasts can last anywhere between 40,000 to 60,000 hours of use, equating to ten to fifteen years. According to the relevant standards magnetic ballasts shall have minimum life of ten years continuous operation. However in practice this can be exceeded and field experience has shown that lifetimes of thirty or even fifty years can be achieved. The life of ballasts will be affected by conditions such as the working temperature of the lighting system; if it is too hot then the lifetime can be decreased. The types of ballast used will also be important, for example magnetic versus electronic ballasts. With electronic ballasts the failure rate tends to b higher, and the life time tends to be shorter than with magnetic ballasts. Electronic ballasts may need to be replaced during the life time of the luminaire. Luminaires within usual indoor spaces are normally only affected by dirt and/or moisture. Depending on their location they can remain in situ for anywhere between ten and thirty years27.

Due to the relatively long life span of luminaires and ballasts in comparison to most lamps, depending on how they are configured, lamps can be viewed as replacement parts for luminaires. Procurement decisions will need to bear this in mind when commissioning indoor lighting systems. Luminaires should be compatible with various existing and potential future types of lamps as well as ballasts where appropriate.

4.3.3 Luminaire Maintenance Factor (LMF)

During the life of a lighting installation, the available light progressively decreases due to accumulation of dirt on optical surfaces and to aging of equipment. The reduction rates are a function of the type of equipment, time and environmental and operating conditions. Lighting design takes this into account by the use of a maintenance factor and a suitable maintenance schedules to limit the decay should be planned. The International Commission on Illumination’s guide CIE 097-200534 provides information on suggested maintenance factors and the selection of suitable equipment. It describes the parameters influencing the depreciation process and develops a procedure for estimating the economic maintenance cycles for indoor electric lighting systems and gives advice on servicing techniques. Typical LMF values as specified in the CIE guide, according to a cleaning cycle of 2 years, are assessed as 0.8 for direct lighting (i.e. ceiling mounted luminaires) and 0.84 for direct/indirect lighting (i.e. suspended, wall-mounted, floor-standing luminaires).

4.4 Health, safety and visual comfort

The role of lighting systems is to provide adequate visual conditions for human activities to be carried out efficiently and comfortably. Therefore, lighting must obey human needs, which

34 CIE 097-2005 Guide on the Maintenance of Indoor Electric Lighting Systems, http://www.cie.co.at


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are extremely complex: emotions, moods, actions, perceptions and health are all influenced by light. Light radiation does not only have visual effects on the human body human body, but it also plays a vital role in maintaining the physiological and psychological balance, through influences on hormone secretions, body temperature, cognitive activities and moods. These are determined mainly by the level of illuminance, spectral composition of the light, light colour and the dynamics of the light source. Visual comfort is an essential human need that is strongly related to task performance, health and safety, and mood and atmosphere. Incorrect design of the lighting system or disregard of design specifications usually leads to visual discomfort35. This can further give rise to an extensive list of symptoms for the users of the lit indoor space: red, itchy, sore and watering eyes, headaches and migraines, gastrointestinal problems, and aches and pains associated with poor posture. Generally, visual comfort has a number of aspects: avoiding glare, a balanced luminance distribution on the working plane and within the entire visual field, and colour balance of the indoor luminous environment. Too low or too high levels of illuminance have a negative impact on visual comfort, improper light output distribution or unwanted light direction may lead to glare, and light colour also affects visual comfort due to its psychological effects on people. Public buildings, like any type of building, require specific care when designing, purchasing, commissioning and maintaining lighting systems. For instance, in hospitals or health centres observers with partial sight may be present in specific areas and therefore correct lighting is especially necessary in those areas. In schools, too, the quality of the lighting system has immediate impacts on the visual comfort and health of users, and consequently they require very good lighting. Glare has to be avoided in all indoor areas and it requires particular attention in workplaces with visual display screen equipment or detailed visual activities. Poor lighting in corridors or on stairs can contribute to slips, trips or falls, whilst too much bright light can mask otherwise obvious hazards. We need good light to see well. But light for the human being has a much more far-reaching meaning. It regulates a number of important biological processes such as circadian rhythms. Being active, concentrating and feeling well all depend on light. Good lighting can result in greater productivity, activity and concentration during the day, and better sleep at night, particularly for elderly people and those confined indoors. To achieve these health benefits may require additional energy consumption. When lighting energy savings measures are implemented, they should not affect lighting quality, which must take precedence.

35 ‘The SLL Lighting Handbook’, The Society of Light and Lighting, CIBSE, 2009.


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4.5 Design and installation

It must be remembered that lamps are chosen primarily for the amount of light they provide in order to meet the needs of a given application, such as lighting a given office space to a suitable extent for the comfortable perception of the visual task. Contracting authorities will also procure lamps for a number of different scenarios, including the replacement of lamps, retrofitting of lamps and installing completely new lighting systems. Aesthetics will play a part too, in the colour and brightness of the lamp, as well as its shape. It is therefore important in the design and commissioning phase that the correct lighting system is chosen for the intended application. Care must be taken to define the procurement needs in terms of the required lighting output for the given area, in terms of the lumen output from the lamps and associated ballasts as well as characteristics of the luminaires to direct the light. This is the role of the contracting authority working closely with suppliers and designers. This will maximise the use of indoor surface reflections, daylight availability and transfer into interiors and adequate control strategies in increasing energy efficiency. Choosing components with the right light output but also with long and good quality lifetimes will reduce the need for failed component replacement and other more general maintenance, such as cleaning. It is important to remember that not all indoor light installations can be retrofitted with more efficient lamp types, as they are not always compatible. T5 fluorescent lamps need an appropriate luminaire and they cannot replace T8 lamps in older luminaires without special adaptors, and so in many cases this will require replacement of whole installation: luminaire, lamp and ballast. Some older and worse performing technology is still available and installed today. The replacement of the existing indoor lighting stock that is still in good working order (albeit older and potentially less energy efficient) with newer more efficient indoor lighting will be a major capital investment in most cases and would depend on the policies of the relevant contracting authority. It is important that GPP criteria should not be too difficult or costly to implement, otherwise they may deter public authorities in investing in new, more efficient equipment. At the installation stage, commissioning of the system is required to check that it works as expected, and for some lighting controls calibration and other setup procedures need to be carried out. Building users and facilities managers require appropriate information so that they know how the system works and can make adjustments if necessary.

4.6 End of Life and Waste Management

The end of life management of indoor lighting products is mainly regulated by the requirements of the WEEE Directive; as such, units have to be collected for proper disassembly, treatment and recycling of parts. Much of the components of indoor lighting products can be recycled, for example glass, plastics and metals. This should be undertaken at the end of use phase.


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The environmental impact of the end of life phase for lamps, gear and luminaires is modelled within the EuP study on office lighting36 and Table 5 below shows the parameter used for this assessment. This study takes into account a 10% value of the mercury content which is not captured during the processing of the waste lamps and is emitted during the end of life phase. According to this assessment, it is assumed that 5% of the materials go to landfill, 90% of the plastics is incinerated and 9% is recycled and 95% of the metals and glass is recycled. Table 5. Environmental assessment data for the end of life processing of lamps, gear and luminaires (2007)

4.7 Other considerations

Other environmental effects of lighting procurement are relatively minor. There are some environmental costs associated with the transport and distribution of lighting equipment, but as Figure 3 in section 4.1 shows, these amount to less than 2% of all environmental impacts. They can be reduced by the choice of appropriate recyclable packaging to minimise breakage but also reduce additional weight and volume of transported items.

5 Cost Considerations

The cost of providing lighting to a building tends to be dominated by energy costs. For example, a typical luminaire may cost 50-100 Euros at current market prices. Over a 20 year 36 EuP Lot 8 Study: Office Lighting, p. 140, VITO, April 2007, http://www.eup4light.net


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life, operated 8 hours per day, such a luminaire would consume 400-500 Euros of electricity (assuming 10 cents/kWh). Accordingly it is usually cost effective to use a more expensive luminaire even if it is only 10-20% more efficient. Using more efficient luminaires can sometimes allow fewer luminaires to be installed, saving capital outlay. Energy efficient lamps last longer than their tungsten and tungsten halogen counterparts, saving on maintenance costs as well as on energy consumed. Replacing a 35W tungsten halogen downlight with a high quality 11W LED equivalent may cost an additional 50-80 Euros at current market prices. Over a 10 year period, used 8 hours per day, this will save 80-90 Euros worth of electricity. But during the same period the LED will not have to be replaced, but the halogen lamp will need replacing 14 times. Although the lamps are cheap, the cost of staff to replace them is not. Lighting controls can be highly cost effective, with typical payback periods of 2-4 years when retrofit to an existing installation37. In a new installation the cost of installing advanced lighting controls may be the same as that of a conventional manual control system. This is because there is no need to run wiring to wall mounted switches. The automatic lighting controls may save 30-40% of electricity cost with no additional capital cost. Controls can provide energy savings even if lighting is switched off for only short periods. It is a myth that lamps consume a lot of energy when switching on; at most it is only the same amount consumed in a few seconds of normal operation. There may be a reduction in lamp life if lamps other than LEDs are switched on and off repeatedly. For fluorescent lighting, switching off the lamps for 5-10 minutes is generally cost effective (it depends on the wattage of the lamp and how it is switched).

6 Public Procurement Needs

Almost all public buildings require indoor lighting. Public procurement activities may cover the following areas:

a. Lighting for an entire building, either a new building or one that is being completely refurbished.

b. Lighting for a space or set of spaces, either due to refurbishment of part of a building or an extension to an existing building.

c. Replacement luminaires within a space or spaces, while keeping wiring and lighting controls.

d. Retrofit lighting controls, while keeping luminaires. e. Replacement lamps. f. Additional lighting, perhaps in the form of desktop task lighting, or display lighting.

Often such lighting is portable and plugs into electric sockets. Replacement lamps form the majority of regular procurement. However there is limited scope for using procurement policies on replacement lamps to save energy. Partly this is because the Ecodesign requirements set high minimum standards of efficacy for most lamps anyway, and

37 Slater A, (1987) 'Lighting controls: an essential element of energy efficiency' Building Research Establishment Information Paper IP5/87. Garston, CRC.


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partly it is because installed lighting often requires particular types of lamps and using a more efficient lamp means replacing the luminaires. The purchase of new lighting, either in a whole building or a particular space, happens less frequently, but has a big influence on building energy consumption. This is because a new lighting installation may often remain in place for 20 years or more, consuming energy throughout that time. Some types of public building have special lighting requirements. Clinical areas in hospitals and health centres require lighting with excellent colour rendering. Lighting in mental health units and prisons is usually required to be of special types which are resistant to breakage. Homes for the elderly and disabled may require higher than average lighting levels for those with special visual needs. Museums and galleries require lighting with a low ultra violet and blue light content where sensitive artefacts are being displayed.

7 Conclusions and Summary

Indoor lighting covers lamps, luminaires (light fittings) and lighting controls installed inside buildings. Some specialist forms of lighting are proposed to be exempt from the GPP criteria. A number of different types of lamps are used for indoor lighting. Fluorescent lamps (linear or compact) are most commonly used in public buildings, although the less efficient tungsten and tungsten halogen lamps are still found in some buildings. High intensity discharge lamps (mainly metal halide and high pressure sodium) and LED lamps are used in some applications. LED lamps are becoming cheaper and more efficient and their use is set to rise. Mercury content of lamps is another key environmental issue. Limits for mercury content are dealt with through the RoHS Directive and are potentially subject to change. Lamps are generally used inside a fitting or luminaire, and this can also have a major impact on the performance of the overall lighting system. With an inefficient luminaire, less than half of the light from the lamp may emerge into a room. Appropriate lighting controls form an essential part of any lighting system. Controls allow the building occupants to switch off or dim lighting when it is not required. They can also give significant energy savings, up to 30-40% or more in some types of building. The environmental impact of indoor lighting is dominated by energy use. Lighting consumes 14% of energy in the commercial sector in Europe. The European GreenLight Programme estimated EU15 lighting electricity consumption of 28.8 TWh for office buildings and 15.0 TWh for educational buildings. In some buildings, lighting is the largest single category of electricity consumption; for example office buildings use half their total electricity consumption for lighting. Also the heat produced by lighting represents a significant fraction of the cooling load in many public buildings, contributing to further consumption of electricity.


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There is considerable scope for saving energy used for lighting in public buildings, either by more efficient lamps, more efficient luminaires, or by using lighting controls. Such measures are often highly cost effective. Ecodesign requirements for lighting have focussed on energy efficient lamps and ballasts. This involves the staged withdrawal of less efficient lamps from the market, including most forms of tungsten lamp, and the less efficient halophosphate fluorescent lamps. However there is little regulation concerning efficient luminaires, or the provision of lighting controls. For a new lighting installation is required, the contracting authority has scope to specify a low energy lighting system. Using more efficient luminaires and lighting controls may cost more initially, but the energy savings can be substantial. Thus an efficient system can be much cheaper in the long term. At the design stage it is important to specify appropriate lamps, ballasts, luminaires and lighting controls. At the installation stage it is important to ensure that the correct equipment is put in; substitution of poorly quality products may jeopardise the performance and efficiency of the system. Commissioning of the system is required to check that it works as expected, and for some lighting controls calibration and other setup procedures need to be carried out. Building users and facilities managers require appropriate information so that they know how the system works and can make adjustments if necessary.

8 Proposal for Core and Comprehensive Criteria

It is proposed to set core and comprehensive criteria for indoor lighting. The proposed GPP criteria are designed to reflect the key environmental risks. This approach is summarised in the following table: Key Environmental Impacts GPP Approach

• Energy consumption, in all phases, but especially the use phase of indoor lighting

• Potential pollution of air, land and water during the production phase

• Use of materials and hazardous materials

• Generation of waste (hazardous and non-hazardous)

• At design stage, ensure new lighting

installations have low power density meeting visual task requirements

• Purchase replacement lamps with high lamp efficacy

• Use lighting controls to further reduce energy consumption

• Encourage the use of dimmable ballasts where circumstances allow

• At installation stage, ensure system works as intended, in an energy efficient way

• Promote lamps with a lower mercury content

• Reuse or recover installation waste


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Please note that the order of impacts does not necessarily translate to the order of their importance. The criteria have focused on three aspects of public procurement:

a. Lamps, either replacement lamps. b. Design of lighting. This may be new lighting for an entire building, either a new

building or one that is being completely refurbished; or new lighting for a space or set of spaces.

c. Installation of lighting. Replacement lamps form the majority of regular procurement, and criteria have been proposed for energy efficiency, lamp lifetime, mercury content of fluorescent lamps, and packaging. There is limited scope for using procurement policies on replacement lamps to save energy. Partly this is because the Ecodesign requirements set high minimum standards of efficacy for most lamps anyway. The fluorescent tubes currently available tend to be quite similar in their efficacy, and close to the Ecodesign minima that will be in force from 2012. Also installed lighting often requires particular types of lamps, and using a more efficient lamp means replacing the luminaires. Consequently there is often little scope for public bodies to procure more efficient lamps. The purchase of new lighting, either in a whole building or a particular space, has a big influence on building energy consumption. A new lighting installation may often remain in place for 20 years or more, consuming energy throughout that time. For new lighting installations, a product based approach was initially considered. This would have included setting standards for the lamps, luminaires and lighting controls within a public building. However the approach was rejected because it would be complicated and difficult for contracting organisations to operate and verify. Consequently a systems approach has been adopted, based on installed power density. This is easy for public bodies to check, and also allows considerable freedom for designers to choose the best lighting option, so long as it is low energy. The approach adopted has been to set limits on installed lighting power density (taking into account the efficiency of lamps and luminaires) and to make further requirements for installing lighting controls. Another approach, based on the overall lighting energy consumption of the building including the effect of lighting controls, was also considered. This methodology is set out in EN 15193 which defines a Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator (LENI) in kWh/m2 over the whole year. In principle this is a more comprehensive approach, but it requires a complex and detailed calculation including predicting daylight and occupancy patterns within the building. Normally such a calculation would be carried out by the lighting designer, and it would be difficult for public bodies to check it themselves. Also it would require a much more complex set of criteria because the kWh/m2 figure will depend on hours of use and daylight provision. Thus the simpler method based on installed power density was chosen. Two different sets of criteria are given: 1. Where there is new lighting in a whole building, the criterion is for the installed lighting power (including lamps and ballasts and control gear) divided by the total floor area, in W/m2.


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2. Where there is new lighting in a particular space in a building, the criterion is for the normalised power density in W/m2/100 lux. This is the total power consumed by the lighting, including lamps, ballasts and control gear, divided by the total floor area of the space, and by one hundredth of the illuminance in the space. Thus if the illuminance were 500 lux, the lighting power would be divided by the floor area and by 5. The latter criterion is more flexible because if a space has higher lighting requirements, the target is increased to allow for this. The illuminance used in the calculation is the recommended illuminance in EN 12464-1 or equivalent national standard, or the installed maintained illuminance if it is lower. This prevents installers cheating by not installing enough lighting, but also does not give credit if too much lighting is installed. This approach is difficult to use for a whole building, because different spaces will have different recommended illuminances. Therefore the simpler W/m2 approach has been used for whole building lighting. For comprehensive criteria, tougher power density limits are proposed. For both core and comprehensive criteria, further reductions in power density are the subject of award criteria. Appendix 1 explains fully about the power density criteria and how they were derived. Lighting controls criteria are intended to cover the most obvious areas in which energy can be wasted by lighting being left on unnecessarily. They comprise the following:

• Occupancy sensing in infrequently occupied spaces. • Either time switching or occupancy sensing in spaces which are unoccupied at night or

at weekends, and where the lighting could be left on by mistake. • Lighting in spaces with side windows to be controlled in rows parallel to the windows,

so that rows nearer to the windows can be switched off separately. • Lighting in offices, conference rooms, school classrooms and laboratories to be

controllable by the occupants using accessible switches in convenient locations. • Automatic daylight linked control (either switching or dimming) in daylit circulation

areas and reception areas. In addition the comprehensive criteria include a requirement for lighting in offices, conference rooms, classrooms and laboratories to be dimmable, including daylight linked dimming if these spaces are daylit. Lighting of individual work areas in offices is to be controllable separately. Dimming can save energy and also meet occupant needs by allowing them to vary their working environment. An award criterion for the proportion of dimmable lighting has been included. It is very important that lighting controls are commissioned so that they work properly, that building occupants know how to use them and maintenance staff can adjust them, for example if room layouts change. Surveys in the UK have found that sophisticated control systems often do not work properly, either because they have never been properly set up in the first place, or because they no longer meet changing occupant needs. Consequently a contract performance clause on lighting commissioning is proposed. This covers checking that the lighting controls work and are set up correctly, and calibrating daylight linked controls.


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Another contract performance clause covers information provision, so that occupants know how to control their lighting, and maintenance staff can make adjustments if necessary. Waste is generated when replacing a lighting installation with a new one. A contract performance clause requires installers to reuse or recover waste materials as appropriate. The requirement to limit mercury content helps to reduce the hazardous nature of the waste.

9 Verification Issues

An advantage of the proposed criteria is that verification would be fairly straightforward. For the whole building power density criterion, it is a matter of adding up the total power consumed by the lighting and dividing by the floor area. Both these numbers would normally be calculated as a matter of course; the lighting power is required anyway for sizing the electricity supply. The normalised power density criterion for lighting of individual spaces is slightly more complicated because it also requires an illuminance calculation. However in most spaces this would generally be required to ensure that the new installation was going to provide enough light. The selection criterion for lighting controls is easy to verify because the contracting authority can just check that the controls are present. The award criterion, for dimmable lighting, is more difficult to apply. It requires a calculation based on data that would have to be obtained from the luminaire manufacturer. The efficacy, lamp life and mercury content criteria for lamps are easy to verify because manufacturers are required to provide this information anyway. The hazardous chemicals criterion would be more difficult to verify, because it requires a large amount of chemical analysis. Substitution can be an issue in lighting procurement. Sometimes installers can substitute lower quality luminaires which either produce less light or use more energy, even if they are claimed to be ‘equivalent’. A contract performance clause has therefore been developed to require the installer to provide lighting equipment exactly as specified in the original design. Where substitution is inevitable because the originally specified products are unavailable, the contractor would have to show that the installation would still meet the relative design criteria.

10 Relevant European Legislation and Policies

This section details EU legislation that is relevant to indoor lighting, which is important in setting the background context in which standards and labels have been developed. Contracting Authorities should also be aware of and take into account any additional local, regional or national legislation pertinent to their situation with respect to a particular product or service. It should be noted that this list is complete as of March 2011.


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10.1 Regulation (EC) No 244/2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC with regard to eco-design requirements for non-directional household lamps

This Regulation38 implements Directive 2005/32/EC establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products, and establishes eco-design requirements for the placing on the market of non-directional household lamps, including when they are marketed for non-household use or when they are integrated into other products. Thus it has a direct effect on public procurement, as it includes compact fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps which are still widely used in public buildings. The aim of this EU Regulation is to remove the most energy inefficient non-directional lamps from the market in favour of more energy efficient alternatives. This will save energy and consumers money in reduced electricity bills. The regulation enters into force in six yearly phases starting with the 1st of September 2009, as it can be seen from the phase-out timetable presented in Table 66 below. Table 6. Timetable for the phase out of inefficient non-directional lamps (source: The Lighting Association39)

Type of lamp

Non-clear lamps Clear lamps Stage Date

1 1 Sept 09

Min. Energy Class A for lamps above 60lm Typical lamps banned: • GLS • Candle, golf-ball • G9 frosted • CFL reflectors if not

“Directional” or Class A

Min. Energy Class C for lamps above 950lm Min. Energy Class E for lamps 60lm - 950lm Typical lamps banned: • GLS 100W & 150W (unless Class C) • Candle, golf-ball 15W, 25W (unless Class

C, D or E) • Linear halogen R7s 100W and above

(unless Class C) • G9 75W (unless Class C) • Other lamps of Class F or G

2 1 Sept 10

Min. Energy Class C for lamps above 725lm Min. Energy Class E for lamps 60lm to 725lm Typical lamps banned: • GLS 75W (unless Class C) • G9 60W (unless Class C)

3 1 Sept 11 Min. Energy Class C for lamps above 450lm Min. Energy Class E for lamps 60lm to

38 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:076:0003:0016:EN:PDF 39 http://www.lightingassociation.com/files/downloads/430/Lamp_Phase_Out_Chart.pdf


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450lm Typical lamps banned: • GLS, candle, golf-ball 60W (unless Class

C) • G9 40W (unless Class C)

4 1 Sept 12

Min. Energy Class C for lamps above 60lm Typical lamps banned: • GLS, candle, golf-ball 25W & 40W (unless

Class C) • G9 25W (unless Class C) • Any other lamps of Class D or E

5 1 Sept 13 Increase in other performance parameter

6 1 Sept 16

Min. Energy Class B for lamps above 60lm Typical lamps banned: • All lamps of Class C (except G9 and R7s)

10.2 Regulation (EC) No 245/2009 with regard to eco-design requirements for fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast, for high intensity discharge lamps, and for ballasts and luminaires able to operate such lamps, repealing Directive 2000/55/EC and Regulation 347/2010

This ongoing regulation implements Directive 2005/32/EC (now 2009/125/EC) of the European Parliament and of the Council.40 Implemented in three main and two intermediate stages, this directive gives details on the energy requirements related to the eco-design requirements for fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast, for high intensity discharge lamps, and for ballasts and luminaires able to operate such lamps, as it can be seen from Table7 below. This Regulation repeals the Directive on energy efficiency requirements for ballasts for fluorescent lighting 2000/55/EC. Table 7. Overview of eco-design requirements and phased out lighting products (source: CELMA and European Lamps Companies Federation41)

Stage Product Fluorescent lighting solutions

HID lighting solutions

Stage 1 Lamps Halophosphate T8 linear, T9 Obligation to provide

40 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:076:0017:0044:EN:PDF 41 http://www.celma.org/archives/temp/CELMA_EcoDesign_(SM)258_CELMA_ELC_Tertiary_Lighting_Guide_2nd_Edition_FINAL_December2010.pdf


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circular and U shape lamps

T4 linear lamps

Obligation to provide technical information on websites and in technical documentation

technical information on websites and in technical documentation

Ballasts

Non-dimmable ballasts: minimum EEI = B2

Dimmable ballasts: minimum EEI = A1

Standby losses ≤ 1 W

Non dimmable ballasts for new lamps which are not designed for existing ballasts: minimum EEI = A3

Marking requirements for ballasts mandatory

from 13 April 10

Luminaires

Lamps

Ballasts

Intermediate stage

from 13 October 10 Luminaires

Luminaire standby losses values = sum of ballast limit values (number of ballasts installed)

After 18 months: Technical information must be provided on websites and in documentation for luminaires above 2,000 lm

Lamps T10 and T12 Halophosphate lamps

Standard HPS and lowest performing MH lamps (E27, E40 and PGZ12 base)

Ballasts

Standby losses ≤ 0.5 W Introduction of efficiency limit values for HID ballasts

The energy efficiency of all HID ballasts must be indicated

Marking on the ballasts with EEI = A3

Stage 2 from 13 April 12

Luminaires Luminaire standby losses Technical information must


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values = sum of ballast limit values (number of ballasts installed)

Luminaires must be compatible with stage 3 ballasts, except for luminaires above IP 4X

be provided on websites and in documentation for luminaires above 2,000 lm

Lamps

HPM lamps (E27, E40 and PGZ12)

Retrofit/plug in HPS lamps (E27, E40 and PGZ12) designed to operate on HPM ballasts, that do not meet minimum requirements

Ballasts

Intermediate stage

from 13 April 15

Luminaires

Lamps CFLni 2 pin lamps MH lamps not meeting

minimum requirements ≤ 405 W (E27, E40 and PGZ12)

Ballasts

�ballast ≥ EBbFL (new ballast limit value formula)

Phasing out of ballasts with EEI = A3, B1 and B2 (permissible classes are A2, A2 BAT and for dimmable ballasts A1 BAT)

Marking on the ballasts only with A2, A2 BAT or A1 BAT

Higher limit values than in stage 2, as a function of lamp wattage

The energy efficiency of all HID ballasts must be indicated

Marking on the ballasts with A2

Stage 3 from 13 April 17

Luminaires All luminaires must be compatible with stage 3 ballasts

All luminaires must be compatible with stage 3 ballasts

Regulation 245/2009/EC has subsequently been revised by Regulation 347/201042, dated 21st April 2010. The purpose of this amendment is to ensure unidentified impacts on the availability and performance of the products covered by Regulation 245/2009 are avoided and improve coherence regarding the product information requirements between this Regulation and Regulation 244/2009, which covers non directional household lamps.

42 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:104:0020:0028:EN:PDF


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10.3 Directive 98/11/EC with regard to energy labelling of household lamps

This Directive43 refers to the energy labelling scheme for general lighting products and applies to household electric lamps supplied directly from the mains (filament and integral compact fluorescent lamps), and to household fluorescent lamps (including linear, and non-integral compact fluorescent lamps), even when marketed for non-household use. It implements the requirements of the Council Directive 92/75/EEC44 on the indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by household appliances. The label includes specific information, such as the energy efficiency class of the lamp, the luminous flux of the lamp in lumens, the input wattage of the lamp and the average rated life of the lamp in hours. The Directive also sets out how the energy efficiency class of a lamp will be determined.

10.4 Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services

The aim of this Directive45 is to enhance the cost-effective improvement of energy end-use efficiency across Europe. It provides the necessary indicative targets and mechanisms, incentives and institutional, financial and legal frameworks to remove existing market barriers and imperfections that impede the efficient end use of energy, and creates the conditions for the development and promotion of a market for energy services and for the delivery of other energy efficiency improvement measures to final consumers. Member States will be required to save at least an additional 1% of their final energy consumption each year from 2008 for nine years. Within these targets are savings targets for the public sector of 1.5%46 as it is expected that a particular contribution will have to be made by this sector, a large part of which will be as a result of public procurement. The Directive in particular promotes energy efficient public procurement, and lighting is specifically mentioned in Annex V of the Directive.

10.5 Directive 2010/31/EC on the energy performance of buildings

The original Directive (2002/91/EC) on the energy performance of buildings, which was approved on 16 December 2002 and brought into force on 4 January 2003, needed substantive amendments and it has subsequently been repealed by Directive 2010/31/EC47.

43 OJ L 71, 10.3.1998, p. 1–8 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1998:071:0001:0008:EN:PDF 44 OJ L 297, 13.10.1992, p. 16–19 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31992L0075:EN:HTML 45 OJ L 114, 27.4.2006, p. 64–85 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:114:0064:0085:EN:PDF 46 http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/03/1687&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en 47 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:153:0013:0035:EN:PDF


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The current Directive is a recast and strengthens the provisions of the previous Directive48 to improve the energy performance of buildings and of building elements within the Community through cost-effective measures which take into account outdoor climatic and local conditions, as well as indoor climate requirements and cost-effectiveness. These measures should not affect other requirements concerning buildings, such as accessibility, safety and the intended use of the building. Member States have the sole responsibility to set minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings and for large existing buildings when they are renovated, and to introduce energy certification schemes for buildings. The energy performance is calculated using an approved methodology and includes, amongst other things, the effects of natural light and built-in lighting installations. Buildings throughout the Community, which are occupied by public authorities or which are frequently visited by the public, should set an example by showing that environmental and energy considerations are being taken into account and therefore those buildings should be subject to energy certification on a regular basis.

10.6 Directive 2009/125/EC establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products

The original Directive (2005/32/EC) on the eco-design of energy using products was adopted in July 2005. This Directive has subsequently been repealed by Directive 2009/125/EC49, which is a recast and increases the scope from energy using products to energy related products. It provides clear EU wide rules for eco-design, aimed at avoiding disparities in regulation amongst individual Member States, which could impede the free movement of products within the internal market. The Eco-design Directive does not in itself set binding requirements for specific products, however it does define conditions and criteria for setting, through subsequent implementing measures, minimum requirements regarding environmentally relevant product characteristics and allows them to be improved quickly and efficiently. The framework provided by the Directive aims to encourage manufacturers to develop products where they have taken into account the environmental impact of the product throughout its entire life cycle. Regulations setting binding requirements for specific product groups are gradually been developed, and would only be set for those energy related products which meet certain criteria, for example, key environmental impact and volume of trade across the internal market and only if there is clear potential for improvement of a product. Under the Eco-design Directive, self-regulation, including voluntary agreements offered as unilateral commitments

48 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:001:0065:0071:EN:PDF 49 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:093:0003:0010:EN:PDF


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by the industry can, under certain conditions, be recognised as a valid alternative to implementing measures.

10.7 Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

The WEEE Directive50 aims to control the increasing amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment generated in Europe, reducing the environmental burden on conventional disposal routes and improving recycling rates. This RoHS Directive51, discussed below, is also relevant here. The Directive requires electrical and electronic equipment to be taken to a suitable authorised treatment facility at the end of its life so that it can be treated / dismantled and materials recovered for recycling where possible. The Directive outlines minimum requirements for the treatment and recovery of WEEE. The WEEE Directive also requires products to be labelled, in order to identify them as EEE, with the aim of minimising the wrong disposal of WEEE. Where it is not feasible to put the label on the actual product it should be included in the documentation accompanying the product. This Directive therefore deals with many of the end-of-life environmental impacts of electrical and electronic equipment, with some exemptions listed in annexes. In the subcategory of luminaires for fluorescent lamps, an exception is made for luminaires in households. Also filament lamps (incandescent and halogen lamps) are exempt from this directive. A stakeholder consultation on the WEEE Directive took place in 2008, resulting in a proposed revised WEEE Directive that sets a new binding target for the collection of electrical and electronic equipment. The Commission proposes to differentiate the targets by setting mandatory collection targets equal to 65% of the average weight of electrical and electronic equipment placed on the market over the two previous years in each Member State. The recycling and recovery targets of such equipment now include the re-use of whole appliances, and weight-base targets will increase by 5%52. The recast of the WEEE Directive is still in progress. Information regarding the latest status and schedule of this recast can be found on the European Parliament website53.

50 OJ L 37, 13.2.2003, p. 24–39 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0096:EN:HTML 51 OJ L 37, 13.2.2003, p. 19–23 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0095:EN:HTML 52 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/weee/index_en.htm 53 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/file.jsp?id=5723502


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10.8 Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS)

The RoHS Directive54 prevents the use of certain hazardous materials in new electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) placed on the market from 1 July 2006 onwards. This will limit the impact of the EEE at the end of its life and it also ensures harmonisation of legislation on the use of hazardous materials in EEE across all Member States. Electrical and electronic equipment must not contain the following substances; lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). There are some exemptions and limit values listed in the Annex to the Directive for some equipment where it is understood that one or more these substances is required for their functioning, and no economically viable alternatives exist in sufficient quantity at present. Therefore, some of these substances may still be found in some electrical and electronic equipment. The Annex to this Directive has been replaced by the Annex to the Decision 2010/571/EU55, altering the list of exclusions and limit values. A number of these exemptions relate to lamps, and in particular Exemptions 1 to 4 allows the use of mercury in fluorescent and discharge lamps, whereas Exemption 5 allows the use of lead in glass of lamp tubes. These exemptions are required, as the use of substances such as mercury is needed for the product to operate effectively. The recast of the RoHS Directive is currently in progress. It is proposed that the list of banned substances should apply to all electrical and electronic equipment unless specifically excluded. In addition it is proposed that a number of substances not currently restricted are evaluated further, including halogenated flame retardants and PVC. Information regarding the latest status and schedule of this recast can be found on the European Parliament website56.

10.9 Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency

This Regulation57 aims to protect human health and the environment, by controlling hazardous chemicals. The REACH Regulation came into force on 1 June 2007 and provides an improved and streamlined legislative framework for chemicals in the EU. It places the responsibility for assessing and managing the risks posed by chemicals and providing safety information to users in industry instead of public authorities, promotes competition across the internal market and innovation. Manufacturers are required to register the details of the properties of 54 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:037:0019:0023:EN:PDF 55 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:251:0028:0034:EN:PDF 56 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/FindByProcnum.do?lang=en&procnum=COD/2008/0240 57 OJ L 396, 30.12.2006, p. 1–849 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:396:0001:0849:EN:PDF


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their chemical substances on a central database, which is run by the European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki. The Regulation also requires the most dangerous chemicals to be progressively replaced as suitable alternatives develop.

10.10 Directive 2004/108/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility and repealing Directive 89/336/EEC

The Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive was adopted on 15 December 2004 and repealed Directive 89/336/EEC as from 20 July 2007. This Directive58 regulates the electromagnetic compatibility of equipment. It aims to ensure the functioning of the internal market by requiring equipment to comply with an adequate level of electromagnetic compatibility and not to interfere with or be disturbed by other electrical equipment. Before equipment is placed on the market (including both apparatus and fixed installations) they must be shown to meet the requirements set out in this Directive.

10.11 Directive 2006/95/EC on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits

This Directive59 covers electrical equipment designed for use with a voltage rating of between 50 and 1000 V for alternating current (AC) and between 75 and 1500 V for direct current (DC). These voltages refer to the input or output voltage and not to those found inside the equipment. The Directive’s main objectives are to ensure a high level of protection for the European public and that these products enjoy a single market within the EU. For electrical equipment within its scope, the Directive covers all health and safety risks, thus ensuring that electrical equipment is safe in its intended use.

10.12 UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)

The Convention aims to reduce and prevent air pollution. Of particular interest in relation to mercury-containing lamps is the Protocol on Heavy Metals (1998), which entered into force on 29th December 2003. This protocol targets mercury, cadmium and lead. It introduces measures to reduce emissions of these heavy metals, for example management measures for mercury containing products, such as electrical components.

58 OJ L 390, 31.12.2004, p. 24–37 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:390:0024:0037:EN:PDF 59 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:374:0010:0019:en:PDF


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10.13 The EU Climate and Energy Package

In March 2007 the EU’s leaders endorsed an integrated approach to climate and energy policy that aims to combat climate change and increase the EU’s energy security while strengthening its competitiveness. They committed Europe to transforming itself into a highly energy-efficient, low carbon economy.

To kick-start this process, the EU Heads of State and Government set a series of demanding climate and energy targets to be met by 2020, collectively they are known as the 20-20-20 targets60. These are:

• A reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels • 20% of EU energy consumption to come from renewable resources • A 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be

achieved by improving energy efficiency

10.14 Directive 89/106/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to construction products

The Construction Products Directive61 aims to create a single market for construction products, through the use of CE Marking. It defines the Essential Requirements of construction works (buildings, civil engineering works) which indirectly determines the requirements for construction products. Manufacturers of construction products must declare their mechanical strength and stability, fire safety, health and environment effects, safety of use, sound nuisance and energy economy, if EU or national regulatory requirements exist. Under the Directive, the Commission may give a mandate to standardisation organisations such as CEN to develop standards in consultation with industry. A list of the adopted standards can be found on the European Commission’s website62. Where harmonised standards are not available, existing national standards apply. Directive 93/68/EEC63 amended the Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to Construction Products. The Commission has adopted a proposal to replace Council Directive 89/106/EEC by a Regulation with the aim to better define the objectives of Community legislation and make its implementation easier64. It now includes a specific extra essential requirement related to the sustainable use of natural resources, stating that:

60 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/climate_action.htm 61 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31989L0106:en:HTML 62 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newapproach/standardization/harmstds/reflist/construc.html 63 OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1–22 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993L0068:EN:HTML 64 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/construction/index_en.htm


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“The construction works must be designed, built and demolished in such a way that the use of natural resources is sustainable and ensure the following:

(a) Recyclability of the construction works, their materials and parts after demolition. (b) Durability of the construction works. (c) Use of environmentally compatible raw and secondary materials in the

construction works.”

11 Ecolabels & Existing Standards and Other Information Sources

The currently existing Ecolabels specific for indoor lighting usually apply to compact fluorescent lamps, LED lamps and fluorescent tubes but not HID lamps. Many countries across the world have labels and/or minimum energy performance standards for various components of indoor lighting, focussing mainly on the ballasts. The summary in Table8 below presents the kinds of labels currently in use across the world for components of indoor lighting. In addition, eco-design requirements implemented through Regulations no. 244/2009 and 245/2009 are introduced within the table to have a better perspective on the area of coverage. All information is for the year 2011. Table 8. Worldwide Ecolabels for Indoor Lighting (June 2011)

Ecolabel EU Ecolabel

Blue Angel

Energy Star

Green Seal

Green Label

Eco-design

Issued by EU Germany US US Singapore EU Incandescent lamps

�

Compact fluorescent lamps

� [1] �

[2] �[3] � � �

Linear fluorescent lamps

� �[4]

HID lamps �[4]

LED lamps �[5] �

[6] � Luminaires �

[7] �[8]

Ballasts �[9] �

Controls �[10]

Decorative light strings

�[11]

Key legend: [1] except CFLs with magnetic ballast; [2] non-dimmable with integrated ballast only; [3] with integral electronic ballast only; [4] particular exclusions apply; [5] non colour-changeable only; [6] integral LEDs only (LED, driver, standardized base); [7] residential (directional and non-directional), commercial directional, all below 250W; [8] except emergency lighting; [9] electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps only; [10] occupancy sensors and switching devices; [11] residential.


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11.1 EU Ecolabel for light bulbs

The EU Ecolabel is a voluntary scheme, established in 1992 to encourage businesses to market products and services that are kinder to the environment, identified through the Ecolabel flower logo. The current EU Ecolabel labelling scheme for indoor lighting65 includes light bulbs only, in two categories: ‘single-ended light bulbs’: all light bulbs which provide general purpose lighting and have single-ended, bayonet, screw or pin fittings, and ‘double-ended light bulbs’: all light bulbs which provide general purpose lighting and have fittings at both ends; this includes, principally, all linear fluorescent tubes. The light bulbs shall be connectable to the public electricity supply. When a light bulb carries the EU Ecolabel logo, it is certified that:

• The product has a life span of between 5 and 9 years (10,000 hours), i.e. ten times longer than incandescent light bulbs

• It will consume five times less electricity than an incandescent light bulb • It will not flicker when switched on • It contains very little mercury • It uses at least 65% recycled packaging • It is guaranteed to light at 70% or 90% of its initial level after 10,000 hours depending

on type of bulb The current criteria for the award of the EU Ecolabel to light bulbs are established by Decision 2011/331/EU, which repealed Decision 2002/747/EC and the amending Decision 2009/888/EC. The current EU Ecolabel criteria are valid until 6 June 2013. Following the EuP Lots 8 and 19 studies, proposals have been made by AEA to replace the current EU Ecolabel for light bulbs with the EU Ecolabel for non-directional household lamps and the EU Ecolabel for fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast, for high intensity discharge lamps, and for ballasts and luminaires able to operate such lamps. These Ecolabel proposals are based on Regulation (EC) No 244/2009 and Regulation (EC) No 245/2009 respectively. A comprehensive survey, carried out for this GPP project in early 2011, of the main types of lamps used for indoor lighting has shown that very few lamps meet the new EU Ecolabel 2011 criteria. For example nearly all public authorities use T8 linear fluorescent lamps and non-integrated compact fluorescent lamps; but only one wattage of T8 lamp and one wattage of non-integrated compact fluorescent lamp meet the Ecolabel efficacy criteria, despite these lamps being generally viewed as energy efficient. For this reason, the EU Ecolabel criteria need to be viewed as aspirational, and currently cannot be used as a basis for the GPP criteria. Instead, the results of the lamp survey have been used to set the GPP criteria for lamps. The detailed results of the lamp survey can be found in Appendix 2 to this report.

65 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:242:0044:0049:EN:PDF


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11.2 German Blue Angel eco-label

Based on Regulation (EC) No 244/2009 with regard to eco-design requirements for non-directional household lamps, the aim of the Blue Angel eco-label for lamps66 is to support increased market penetration of products providing good photometric properties (good colour rendering, low deviation of colour temperature and colour, long service life time, high switching endurance, low premature failure rate and short warm-up time), high energy efficiency, low mercury content, low UV radiation and electromagnetic field radiation and transparent consumer information. Its basic criteria apply to lamps which are powered directly from the mains (230 V, 50 Hz) and therefore need no external ballast or power supply pack, and which are suitable for indoor use and have a luminous flux between 60 and 6500 lumens. Fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast are excluded from the scope. A Blue Angel eco-label for electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps67 was introduced in 2009 to encourage the replacement of conventional magnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts, which make fluorescent lamps more energy-efficient and allow for an improved light quality and the possibility to reduce power consumption by means of special controls (i.e. dimming).

11.3 US Energy Star labels for compact fluorescent lamps and for LED light bulbs

Energy Star is a joint program of the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy, introduced in 1992 as a voluntary labelling programme designed to identify and promote energy-efficient products to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. An Energy Star qualified compact fluorescent light bulb68 can save more than $40 in electricity costs over its lifetime, uses about 75% less energy than standard incandescent bulbs and lasts up to 10 times longer, and produces about 75% less heat, so it’s safer to operate and can cut energy costs associated with home cooling. An Energy Star qualified LED bulb69 uses at least 75 percent less energy and lasts at least 15 times longer than an incandescent bulb, has efficiency as good as or better than fluorescent lighting, turns on instantly – there is no warm-up time, allows for precise placement of light due to the directional nature of LEDs, produces far less heat than an incandescent, which can reduce air-conditioning needs, and is durable – performs well outdoors and in cold temperatures.

66 http://www.blauer-engel.de/en/products_brands/search_products/produkttyp.php?id=560 67 http://www.blauer-engel.de/en/products_brands/search_products/produkttyp.php?id=42 68 http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=LB 69 http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=ILB


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11.4 US Energy Star labels for light fixtures (luminaires)

Developed particularly for residential use luminaires, the Energy Star label for light fixtures70 introduced criteria of energy efficiency combined with quality and attractive design, such that luminaires carrying this label:

• use 1/4 the energy of traditional lighting • save money on energy bills and bulb replacements, with bulbs that must last at least

10,000 hours (about seven years of regular use) • distribute light more efficiently and evenly than standard fixtures • come in hundreds of decorative styles including portable fixtures – such as table, desk

and floor lamps – and hard-wired options such as front porch, dining room, kitchen ceiling and under-cabinet, hallway ceiling and wall, bathroom vanity fixtures

• deliver convenient features such as dimming on some indoor models and automatic daylight shut-off and motion sensors on outdoor models

• carry a two year warranty – double the industry standard An Energy Star label has been also introduced for decorative light strings71 which consume 70% less energy than conventional incandescent light strands. The criteria require that the products must meet stringent efficiency (under 0.2W per bulb) and quality (3-year warranty, protection against over-voltage, maintained light output) requirements. In addition, qualified light strings must meet product packaging requirements to ensure consumers have a clear understanding of products when they look to purchase light strings.

11.5 Energy Efficiency Index for Ballasts

CELMA, the European lighting trade body, have developed an Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) for ballast-lamp combinations72 in accordance with Directive 2000/55/EC on energy efficiency requirements for ballasts for fluorescent lighting. This Directive is related to the eco-design directive and demonstrates the kind of labelling available for lighting products. The Index indicates how efficient the output is from a ballast-lamp combination for fluorescent lighting normally used in office situations. It is defined as the corrected total input power of the ballast-lamp circuit. There are seven classes from A1 to D, of which classes C and D have already been phased out, as pictured below in Figure 11. The classification is independent from technology but classes A1, A2 and A3 relate to electronic ballasts which are more energy efficient than magnetic ballasts, which currently typically fall into classes B1 and B2 (classes D and C were phased out in 2002 and 2005 by the Directive 2000/55/EC). Category A1 is intended for dimmable ballasts and lamps to operate at lower powers.

70 http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=LF 71 http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=DS 72 CELMA Ballast Guide, www.celma.org/archives/temp/CELMA_Ballast_Guide.pdf


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Figure 11. CELMA Ballast-lamp energy efficiency classes

(source: CELMA)

11.6 European Standards

There are a number of standards, listed in Appendix 3, which are relevant to the procurement and installation of indoor lighting. These do not necessarily cover environmental issues, for example they include safety aspects and product specifications, however it is useful to be aware of their existence. Manufacturers and contractors will apply these where necessary in the design, production and installation of these products. Contracting authorities should check to ensure that when implementing the GPP criteria, all other requirements, including legislative or within European standards are met as required.

11.7 Studies and Other Sources of Information

• European Commission’s GPP Training Toolkit: http://www.ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp

• European Lamp Companies Federation:

www.elcfed.org • The Federation of National Manufacturers Associations for Luminaires and

Electrotechnical Components for Luminaires (CELMA): www.celma.org

• The International Commission on Illumination (CIE):

www.cie.co.at • UK Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) scheme for controls, high efficiency lighting

units and white light emitting diode lighting units: http://www.eca.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/80D2C784-D67A-4745-AC34-6513F1847E39/0/ENERGYTECHNOLOGYCRITERIALISTJuly2010FINAL.pdf

• AEA Carbon Disclosure Project Public Procurement Programme 2009:

http://www.aeat.co.uk/cms/assets/Uploads/Misc-uploads/CDP-PP-Report.pdf


52

• UK Market Transformation Programme, Briefing Notes on domestic lighting and commercial lighting: http://efficient-products.defra.gov.uk/cms/product-strategies/subsector/domestic-lighting http://efficient-products.defra.gov.uk/cms/product-strategies/subsector/commercial-lighting

• Institution of Lighting Professionals:

www.theilp.org.uk • Buy Bright Initiative:

http://buybright.elcfed.org/index.php?page=21 • UK Energy Research Centre:

www.ukerc.ac.uk • Information on renewable raw materials and bio-based products:

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/lead-market-initiative/biobased-products/index_en.htm

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Appendices

Appendix 1 – Setting targets for power density

Appendix 2 – Overview of lamp survey results

Appendix 3 – European Standards and Guidance

Appendix 1 – Setting target values for power density

This appendix describes how the lighting power density criteria were derived. The approach adopted has been first to set power densities to achieve a given illuminance, in W/m2/100 lux, for each typical space. These have then been combined with recommended illuminances, given in EN 12464-173, to give W/m2 values. The power density LPD of the lighting within a space is given by LPD = N · P / A W/m2 where P is the power consumed by each luminaire (including lamps and control gear) and N is the number of luminaires. A is the area of the working plane in the space (usually the same as the floor area). The maintained illuminance E within a space is given by the formula E = N · F · UF · LMF / A lux where F is the luminous flux (amount of light) from the lamps in each luminaire. UF is the utilisation factor; this is the luminous flux on the working plane divided by the luminous flux from the lamps. LMF is the maintenance factor, which is the ratio of the light emitted by the luminaires when they are dirty and the lamps are due to be replaced, to the light emitted when they are new. LMF depends on the type of luminaire and how often maintenance occurs74, but a typical value is 0.75. Thus the normalised power density NLPD in W/m2/100 lux is given by NLPD = 100 · LPD / E = 100 · P / (F · UF · LMF) W/m2/100 lux Taking LMF = 0.75 we obtain NLPD = 133 · P / (F · UF) W/m2/100 lux The factor F/P is the luminous efficacy of the lamp and ballast (the amount of light from the lamp divided by the power consumed). Requirements for lamp and ballast efficacy are given in the EuP Tertiary Lighting Directive for a range of lamp types. This leaves the Utilisation Factor UF of the luminaire as the main unknown. 73 EN12464-1: 2002. Light and lighting: lighting of work places. Part 1. Indoor work places. 74 CIE 97-2005: Guide on the Maintenance of Indoor Electric Lighting Systems, 2nd ed.

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There are various national recommendations and requirements for luminaire performance. These have tended to focus on luminaire efficacy. Luminaire efficacy is the ratio of the amount of light emitted by the luminaire divided by the power consumed by the lamp and ballast. It is equal to the luminous efficacy of the lamp and ballast (F/P in the equation above), multiplied by the light output ratio (LOR) of the luminaire. The UK Building Regulations75 recommend a luminaire efficacy (averaged over the whole installation) of at least 55 lm/W in office, classroom, storage and industrial spaces. In spaces with certain types of lighting control (for example daylit spaces with photoelectric control) they allow a 10% reduction in this level, to 49.5 lm/W. These values are not intended to be used in other non-domestic spaces, for which there is a recommendation based on lamp efficacy. Based on the UK Building Regulations, UK Government Buying Standards76 were set at a higher level (57 lm/W) to encourage and promote sustainable development in public authorities. The Swiss national standard SN 520 380/477 gives minimum and best practice recommendations for luminaire efficacy. These depend on the type of lamp and the light distribution of the luminaire. For linear fluorescent lamps the minimum values range from 55 lm/W for a ceiling mounted luminaire with a narrow or medium beam, or an uplighter, to 70 lm/W for a suspended luminaire with a wide beam. For compact fluorescent lamps the values are 30 or 35 lm/W for a ceiling mounted luminaire and 50 lm/W for a suspended or uplighting luminaire. For HID lamps there is a flat figure of 40 lm/W for all luminaires. Best practice values for linear fluorescent lamps in the Swiss standard range from 65 lm/W for a ceiling mounted luminaire with a narrow beam, to 80 lm/W for some suspended luminaires. For compact fluorescent lamps and HID lamps the values are 45 or 50 lm/W for a ceiling mounted luminaire and 60 lm/W for a suspended or uplighting luminaire. Some of these figures seem inconsistent. It is not clear why fluorescent uplighters have a significantly lower value than suspended luminaires, or why ceiling mounted compact fluorescent fittings with a wide beam have a lower minimum value than those with a narrow beam. The minimum HID values are low for high bay fittings; maybe the targets are aimed at display lighting HID fittings. The best practice values are very high and could only be achieved with the higher wattage lamps. NEMA in the United States78 have recommended Luminaire Efficiency Ratings (LERs), analogous to luminaire efficacy, for a range of fluorescent luminaires. The values depend on the type of lamp, the dimensions of the luminaire and whether there are louvres or a diffuser, or just a bare lamp. They range from 23 lm/W to 56 lm/W although the highest value is for a bare lamp luminaire. The values are low, partly because of the date (2001) of the report; most of the luminaires use the less efficient T12 lamps.

75 Department for Communities and Local Government. ‘Non domestic building services compliance guide’ NBS, London 2010. Available from: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/partl/bcassociateddocuments9/further 76 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Sustainable Development in Government – Government Buying Standards. Available from: http://sd.defra.gov.uk/advice/public/buying/products/buildings/ 77 SN 520 380/4 (2006) 'Electrical Energy in large Buildings' (Elektrische Energie im Hochbau) 78 NEMA Standards Publication LE5-2001. ‘Procedure for developing luminaire efficiency ratings for fluorescent luminaires’

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The UK Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECA) scheme79 and the Irish Accelerated Capital Allowances (ACA) scheme80 give tax concessions for energy efficient products. They are aimed at the most efficient products, no more than 25% of the market. Both have similar criteria for luminaires. For general lighting, the requirement is 60 lm/W for downlighting (direct lighting) rising to 75 lm/W for uplighting. Luminaires with a combination of upward and downward light must reach an intermediate target. For amenity, accent and display lighting, the target is 46 lm/W. LED luminaires have the same efficacy targets. A study of luminaire performance was carried out by Vito as part of Lot 8: Office Lighting for the EuP proposals. They reviewed 27 luminaires used for office lighting. LERs varied81 from 24 to 77 lm/W. The median value for direct lighting was 50 lm/W and for direct/indirect lighting was 65lm/W. Based on their study, Vito recommended Ecodesign requirements for light output ratios (LOR) for luminaires82. These varied with the type of lamp and fitting, ranging from 0.3 for low wattage compact fluorescent luminaires with louvres or diffusers, to 0.83 for T5 uplighters. Depending on the wattage of the lamp, these could give luminaire efficacies ranging from 18 to 75. These values were not adopted in the final tertiary lighting Regulation83. For the GPP criteria, it is better not to give a wide range of recommendations for different luminaire types, partly because public procurers may have difficulty classifying a particular luminaire, but mainly because the aim should be to use a more efficient luminaire type where this is possible. In office type spaces where linear fluorescent lamps can be used, efficacies of 55 lm/W for direct lighting, and 70 lm/W for direct/indirect lighting, would fit most of the above criteria. For the comprehensive criteria, efficacies of 60 lm/W for direct lighting, and 75 lm/W for direct/indirect lighting, would be challenging but achievable. In spaces where compact fluorescent (CFL) direct lighting is used, either for display lighting or in small areas like bathrooms, an efficacy of 35 lm/W would be appropriate for the core criteria. For the comprehensive criteria, an LED or low wattage HID could be used as the baseline with an efficacy of 45 lm/W. For domestic type spaces with less efficient direct/indirect CFL fittings, an efficacy of 30 lm/W would be appropriate for the core criteria. LED or more efficient CFL fittings with an efficacy of 40 lm/W could be used as the baseline for the comprehensive criteria. The luminaire efficacy K can be related to the power density in the following way. Luminaire efficacy K = F · LOR / P lm/W

79 www.eca.gov.uk 80 www.seai.ie 81 EuP Lot 8 Study: Office Lighting, Tables 66 and 68, VITO, April 2007, http://www.eup4light.net 82 EuP Lot 8 Study: Office Lighting, ‘Annex 2: Working document on possible ecodesign requirements for fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast, for ballasts and luminaires used with these lamps, and on the conditions for the indication of suitability of lighting products for office lighting’, p. 16, VITO, April 2007, http://www.eup4light.net 83 EU Regulation (EC) No 245/2009 with regard to eco-design requirements for fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast, for high intensity discharge lamps, and for ballasts and luminaires able to operate such lamps, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:076:0017:0044:EN:PDF

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Normalised power density NLPD = 133 · P / (F ·UF) = 133 · LOR / (K · UF) W/m2/100 lux The ratio UF/LOR is called the utilance. It is the amount of light falling on the reference surface (working plane) divided by the amount of light emitted by the luminaires. It depends on the distribution of light from the luminaires; a narrow downlight will direct nearly all its light onto the working plane, and therefore have a high utilance, but with an uplighter a smaller proportion of light will reach the working plane, after reflection from the ceiling. The utilance also depends on room surface reflectances and the size of the space. In a small room more light will hit the walls. Hansalaer et al84 have proposed target utilance values, ranging from almost 1.2 for large rooms, down to 0.6 for very small rooms, but these are based on an ideal luminance distribution. In their calculations of real fluorescent luminaires85 Vito tabulated LOR and UF values. For direct lighting in cellular offices, the utilances (UF divided by LOR) averaged 0.75. For direct lighting in open plan spaces they averaged 1.00. For direct/indirect lighting in cellular offices the average was 0.59, and in open plan spaces 0.75. Based on these values for the Vito study and the luminaire efficacies quoted above, the following normalised power densities have been derived for cellular and open plan spaces with different types of lighting. For linear fluorescent lighting the values are similar for direct and for direct/indirect lighting; direct/indirect lighting has a higher efficacy but lower utilance, and two effects tend to cancel out.

Normalised lighting power density

W/m2/100 lux

Type of lamp Type of lighting Luminaire efficacy lm/W

Cellular Open plan

CORE CRITERIA

Direct 55 3.2 2.4 Linear fluorescent Direct/indirect 70 3.2 2.5

CFL (downlight/display)

Direct 35 5.1 3.8

CFL (domestic) Direct/indirect 30 7.5 5.9

COMPREHENSIVE CRITERIA

Direct 60 3.0 2.2 Linear fluorescent Direct/indirect 75 3.0 2.4

LED/HID (downlight/display)

Direct 45 4.0 3.0

CFL/LED (domestic) Direct/indirect 40 5.6 4.4 Based on the above table, notional power densities have been derived for different spaces within a building. These are given in columns 4 and 5 of the table below. These are the values used in GPP criterion 3.

84 P Hanselaer et al ‘Power density targets for efficient lighting of interior task areas’ Lighting Res. Technol. 39 (2) pp. 171–184 (2007) 85 EuP Lot 8 Study: Office Lighting, p. 129-133, VITO, April 2007, http://www.eup4light.net

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The approach adopted has been to identify the size of space and the type of lighting used within it. Some spaces like libraries, storerooms and plant rooms have been labelled as ‘small’ because larger spaces of this type are normally subdivided by shelves or items of plant. Some space types have more than one type of lighting; for example a retail space would normally include both general lighting (using linear fluorescent) and display lighting (using CFL, LED or MH). The power density chosen is between the two.

Normalised lighting power density

W/m2/100 lux

Type of space Type of lighting

Size of space

Core Comprehensive Bedrooms CFL Small 7.5 6 Canteens CFL+LFL Medium 3.5 3.2 Car parks LFL Large 2.2 2 Circulation inc lifts, stairs LFL Small 3.2 3

Conference rooms LFL Medium 2.8 2.6 Gyms LFL Medium 2.8 2.6 Halls LFL+CFL Large 2.8 2.6 Hospital wards and examination rooms CFL+LFL Small 4 3.5

Kitchen (domestic) CFL Small 5 4 Kitchens (restaurants) LFL Medium 2.8 2.6

Laboratories LFL Medium 2.8 2.6 Libraries LFL Small 3.2 3 Lounges CFL Large 6 4.5 Lounges CFL Small 7.5 6 Offices (open plan) LFL Large 2.3 2 Offices (cellular) LFL Small 3 2.8 Plant rooms LFL Small 3.2 3 Post rooms/ switchboards LFL Small 3.2 3

Prison cells LFL Small 4 3.5 Reception CFL+LFL Small 4 3.5 Rest rooms, toilets, bathrooms CFL Small 5 4

Retail CFL+LFL Medium 3.5 3.2 School classrooms LFL Medium 2.3 2 Store rooms LFL Small 3.2 3 Waiting rooms LFL Small 3.2 3

The above limits can be compared with national recommendations. The French regulation RT2000 (Réglementation Thermique 2000)86 specifies normalized lighting power density limits of 4 W/m2 per 100 lx for spaces of less than 30 m2, and 3 W/m2 per 100 lx for spaces of more than 30 m2, slightly above most of those proposed here. Spanish recommendations87 are for 4 W/m2/100 lux in educational buildings, 4.5 W/m2/100 lux in hospitals, 5 W/m2/100 lux

86 www.rt2000.net 87 http://www.codigotecnico.org/web/recursos/documentos/dbhe/he3/

58

in car parks and sports centres, and 6 W/m2/100 lux in offices, halls and museums. The Spanish recommendations seem very high, particularly in car parks. To obtain power density limits in W/m2 for different buildings (criterion 1) the first stage was to take the above limits and link them with recommended illuminances in EN 12464-188 to obtain W/m2 values for the different spaces. Some space types have more than one recommendation. Figures in italics are for spaces where there is no recommendation in EN 12464-1, and UK recommendations have been used instead.

Normalised lighting power density W/m2/100 lux

Lighting power density W/m2

Type of space

Core Comprehensive

Recommended illuminance

lux

Core Comprehensive Bedrooms 7.5 6 100 7.5 6 Canteens 3.5 3.2 200 7 6.4 Car parks 2.2 2 75 1.65 1.5 Circulation inc lifts, stairs

3.2 3 100 3.2 3

Conference rooms

2.8 2.6 500 14 13

Gyms 2.8 2.6 300 8.4 7.8 Halls 2.8 2.6 300 8.4 7.8 Hospital wards and examination rooms

4 3.5 100/300/500 4/12/20 3.5/10.5/17.5

Kitchen (domestic)

5 4 200 10 8

Kitchens (restaurants)

2.8 2.6 500 14 13

Laboratories 2.8 2.6 500 14 13 Libraries 3.2 3 200/500 6.4/16 6/15 Lounges 6 4.5 200 12 9 Lounges 7.5 6 200 15 12 Offices (open plan)

2.3 2 300/500 6.9/11.5 6/10

Offices (cellular) 3 2.8 300/500 9/15 8.4/14 Plant rooms 3.2 3 200 6.4 6 Post rooms/ switchboards

3.2 3 500 16 15

Prison cells 4 3.5 200 8 7 Reception 4 3.5 300 12 10.5 Rest rooms, toilets, bathrooms

5 4 100/200 5/10 4/8

Retail 3.5 3.2 300/500 10.5/17.5 9.6/16 School classrooms

2.3 2 300/500 6.9/11.5 6/10

88 EN 12464-1: 2002. Light and lighting: lighting of work places. Part 1. Indoor work places.

59

Store rooms 3.2 3 100 3.2 3 Waiting rooms 3.2 3 200 6.4 6

Power densities for different buildings were obtained by identifying the dominant space types within the buildings and assigning appropriately weighted values. The second column gives the typical spaces within the buildings, but buildings typically contain a range of spaces, particularly circulation areas. These have been taken into account when setting the overall building power densities. The values given in the third and fourth column of the table are those used in criterion 1. They can be compared with the recommendations in ASHRAE standard 90/1, 201089. The W/ft2 values in the ASHRAE standard are listed in the fifth column, and have been converted into W/m2 in the sixth column. The GPP core criteria are mostly close to, or slightly less than, those in the ASHRAE standard. The exceptions are for offices and residential buildings for which the GPP criteria are higher. This is probably because in the USA some of the lighting in these buildings is by furniture mounted task lighting, which is exempt in ASHRAE 90/1. They may also be compared with Danish recommendations90 of 10W/m2 in offices and hospitals and 8W/m2 in schools. The Danish values are close to the GPP comprehensive criteria.

Lighting power density W/m2

ASHRAE lighting power density

Building type Typical space

Core Comprehensive W/ft2 W/m2 Car park Car park 2.5 2.2 none none Court Office 14 13 1.05 11.3 Exhibition space, museum

Hall 9 7.5 1.06 11.4

Fire station Office/engine hall

12 11 0.71 7.6

Further education

Classrooms 13 11 0.99 10.7

Hospital Ward 12 11 1.21 13.0 Library Library 12 11 1.3 14.0 Office (mainly cellular)

Office 13 11 0.9 9.7

Office (mainly open plan)

Office 11 10 0.9 9.7

Police station Office 14 13 0.96 10.3 Post office Retail/office 14 13 0.87 9.4 Prison Cell 9 8 0.97 10.4 Public hall Hall 9 7.5 1.08 11.6

89 American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers, ‘ASHRAE Standard 90.1 - Energy Standard for Buildings except Low-Rise Residential Buildings’ ASHRAE, Atlanta, 2007 90 Elsparefondens Indkøbsvejledning 2009 www.goenergi.dk

60

Residential Lounge/bedroom 11 9 0.6 6.5 Residential (communal areas only)

Circulation 6 4.5 none none

School Classrooms 8 7 0.99 10.7 Sports centre Gym 9 7.5 1 10.8 Town hall Office 13 12 0.92 9.9

Annex F of EN 1519391 gives benchmark values for W/m2 in offices, schools and hospitals. It gives three values for each for different ‘quality classes’ of lighting (basic, good or comprehensive fulfilment of requirements). For offices and schools these are 15 (basic), 20 (good) and 25 (comprehensive) W/m2. For hospitals the corresponding values are 15, 25 and 35 W/m2. They are generally too high for GPP purposes. Even 15 W/m2 is unusually high for a modern installation in a school, for example, with standard lighting equipment. Annex F recommends much higher values (in some cases two or three times higher) for high quality installations. This is unjustified, and it should be possible to achieve high quality lighting without a large additional energy use. The EN 15193 standard uses LENI values (Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator), expressed in kWh/m2/year, which show the whole energy consumption for lighting and is a more comprehensive approach because it allows the performance of lighting controls to be directly accounted for. However it does require a complex and detailed calculation including predicting daylight and occupancy patterns within the building. Normally such a calculation would be carried out by the lighting designer, and it would be difficult for public bodies to check it themselves. Also it would require a much more complex set of criteria because the kWh/m2 figure will depend on hours of use and daylight provision. Instead of a single column in the technical specification for design, a whole series of columns would be needed for different daylight levels and occupied hours. The whole building technical specification for design would probably have to be abandoned, because different parts of a building often have different daylight provision and hours of use, so setting an overall building criterion would be impossible. It would have to be applied on a space by space basis.

Appendix 2 – Overview of lamp survey results

This appendix presents the survey results of the main types of lamps used for indoor lighting. More than 300 lamps (linear and compact fluorescent lamps, and ceramic metal halide lamps) produced by 4 different manufacturers were surveyed. The results are divided by lamp category and shown in the following tables.

91 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Energy requirements for lighting’ EN 15193:2007

61

T8 linear fluorescent lamps – Lamp efficacy (lm/W) Total number 29 lamps Lamp Wattage Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C Manufacturer D

15W 63 67 67 63 18W 75 75 75 75 23W 83 89 n/a n/a 30W 80 80 82 80 36W 93 93 93 93 38W 87 88 n/a 84 58W 90 90 90 90 70W 89 89 90 86

T8 linear fluorescent lamps – Lifetime (hours) and mercury content (mg)

Lifetime below 25000 hours Total number 30 lamps Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C Manufacturer D

Lamp Wattage Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg

15W 20000 2.5 20000 2.0 15000 4.0 20000 3.3 18W 20000 2.5 20000 2.0 24000 4.0 20000 3.3 23W 20000 2.5 20000 2.0 n/a n/a n/a n/a 25W n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 20000 3.3 30W 20000 2.5 20000 2.0 15000 4.0 20000 3.3 36W 20000 2.5 20000 2.0 24000 4.0 20000 3.3 38W 20000 2.5 20000 2.0 n/a n/a 20000 3.3 58W 20000 2.5 20000 2.0 24000 4.0 20000 3.3 70W 20000 15.0 20000 5.0 24000 4.0 20000 4.5

Lifetime above 25000 hours Total number 18 lamps Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C Manufacturer D


18W 50000 4.6 55000 3.0 46000 4.0 n/a n/a 18W 80000 4.6 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 25W n/a n/a 46000 1.7 n/a n/a n/a n/a 28W n/a n/a 46000 1.7 n/a n/a n/a n/a 30W n/a n/a 55000 3.0 n/a n/a n/a n/a 32W n/a n/a 46000 1.7 n/a n/a n/a n/a 36W 50000 4.6 55000 3.0 46000 4.0 n/a n/a 36W 80000 4.6 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 58W 50000 4.6 55000 3.0 46000 4.0 n/a n/a 58W 80000 4.6 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 70W n/a n/a 55000 3.0 46000 4.0 n/a n/a

n/a = not applicable

T5 linear fluorescent lamps – Lamp efficacy (lm/W) Total number 36 lamps Lamp Wattage Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C Manufacturer D High Efficiency type

14W 86 89 88 88 21W 90 91 91 91 28W 93 94 94 94 35W 95 95 95 95

High Output type 24W 73 73 73 71

62

39W 79 79 82 83 49W 88 95 91 91 54W 82 88 83 77 80W 77 83 81 77

T5 linear fluorescent lamps – Lifetime (hours) and mercury content (mg) Lifetime below 25000 hours Total number 36 lamps

Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C Manufacturer D Lamp Wattage

Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg High Efficiency type

14W 20000 1.9 24000 1.4 25000 2.5 24000 3.2 21W 20000 1.9 24000 1.4 25000 2.5 24000 3.2 28W 20000 1.4 24000 1.4 25000 2.5 24000 3.2 35W 20000 1.4 24000 1.4 25000 2.5 24000 3.2

High Output type 24W 20000 1.9 24000 1.4 25000 2.5 24000 3.2 39W 20000 1.9 24000 1.4 25000 2.5 24000 3.2 49W 20000 1.4 24000 1.4 25000 2.5 24000 3.2 54W 20000 1.9 24000 1.4 25000 2.5 24000 3.2 80W 20000 1.4 24000 1.4 25000 2.5 24000 3.2

Lifetime above 25000 hours Total number 9 lamps Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C Manufacturer D


49W 45000 1.4 45000 3.0 30000 4.0 n/a n/a 54W 45000 2.5 45000 3.0 30000 4.0 n/a n/a 80W 45000 2.5 45000 3.0 30000 4.0 n/a n/a


T5 circular fluorescent lamps – Lifetime (hours) and mercury content (mg) Total number 10 lamps


Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg 22W 12000 4.4 12000 7.0 12000 4.0 n/a n/a 40W 12000 4.4 12000 7.0 12000 4.0 n/a n/a 55W 12000 4.4 12000 7.0 12000 4.0 n/a n/a 60W n/a n/a 12000 7.0 n/a n/a n/a n/a


T9 circular fluorescent lamps – Lifetime (hours) and mercury content (mg) Total number 12 lamps


Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg 22W 7500 30.0 9000 30.0 12000 n/c n/c n/c 32W 7500 30.0 9000 30.0 12000 n/c n/c n/c 40W 7500 30.0 9000 30.0 12000 n/c n/c n/c

n/c = not communicated by the manufacturer

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Compact fluorescent non-integrated lamps – Lamp efficacy (lm/W) Total number 102 lamps

Lamp Wattage Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C Manufacturer D Cap: G23 or 2G7

5W 50 50 53 50 7W 57 57 61 60 9W 67 67 67 67

11W 82 82 82 82 Cap: G24d or G24q

10W 60 60 60 60 13W 69 71 69 69 18W 67 67 67 67 26W 69 69 69 69

Cap: GX24d or GX24q 13W 69 71 69 n/a 18W 67 67 67 67 26W 69 69 69 69 32W 75 75 75 75 42W 76 76 76 76 57W n/a 75 75 n/a 70W n/a n/a 74 n/a

Cap: 2G11 18W 67 67 69 67 24W 75 75 75 75 34W n/a n/a 82 n/a 36W 81 81 81 81 40W 88 88 88 88 55W 87 87 87 87 80W 81 75 75 n/a

Cap: 2G10 18W 61 n/a n/a 61 24W 71 n/a n/a 71 36W 78 n/a n/a 78

Cap: GR8, GR10q or GRY10q3 10W n/a n/a 65 n/a 16W 66 66 69 66 21W n/a n/a 65 n/a 28W 73 73 77 73 38W 71 75 79 75 55W n/a n/a 71 n/a

Cap: 2G8 60W n/a 67 n/a n/a 82W n/a n/a n/a n/a 85W n/a 71 n/a n/a 120W n/a 75 n/a n/a

Compact fluorescent non-integrated lamps – Lifetime (hours) and Hg content (mg) Total number 39 lamps

Lamp Cap Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C Manufacturer D

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Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg G23 or 2G7 10000 1.4 10000 1.4 10000 3.0 10000 4.6

10000 4.3 G24d 10000 2.6

16000 3.0 12000 3.0 10000 3.0

20000 2.6 13000 4.3 G24q

36000 2.6 33000 3.0 20000 3.0 12000 3.0

GX24d 10000 2.6 10000 1.4 12000 3.0 15000 4.1 20000 2.6 13000 1.4

GX24q 36000 2.6 33000 3.0

20000 3.0 15000 4.1

20000 2.6 20000 2.0 2G11

36000 2.6 36000 3.0 10000 3.0 10000 4.5

2GX11 20000 2.6 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2G10 20000 1.8 n/a n/a n/a n/a 10000 1.8

GR8, GR10q or GRY10q3

8000 5.0 12000 4.0 10000 3.0 10000 n/c

2G8 n/a n/a 20000 4.0 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a = not applicable; n/c = not communicated by the manufacturer

Compact fluorescent integrated lamps – Lamp efficacy (lm/W) Total number 64 lamps

Lamp Wattage Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C Manufacturer D 3W 33 42 n/a n/a 5W 50 46 40 50 7W 54 44 44 47 8W n/a 50 59 56 9W n/a 44 53 54

10W 58 n/a n/a n/a 11W 58 55 60 56 12W n/a 56 60 53 13W 55 54 n/a n/a 14W 57 59 n/a n/a 15W 57 60 63 60 16W n/a 58 n/a n/a 17W 56 n/a n/a n/a 18W 67 64 n/a n/a 19W n/a 63 n/a n/a 20W 58 65 62 65 21W 59 n/a n/a n/a 22W 64 62 n/a n/a 23W 70 67 65 63 24W 60 n/a n/a n/a 25W n/a 72 n/a n/a 27W n/a 67 n/a n/a 28W n/a 66 n/a n/a 30W 65 n/a n/a n/a 32W n/a 70 n/a n/a 33W n/a 68 n/a n/a 35W n/a 67 n/a n/a

65

42W n/a 74 n/a n/a 45W n/a 69 n/a n/a 50W n/a 66 n/a n/a 60W n/a 72 n/a n/a 65W n/a 66 n/a n/a 70W n/a 65 n/a n/a 75W n/a 74 n/a n/a 80W n/a 70 n/a n/a

Compact fluorescent integrated lamps – Lifetime (hours) and Hg content (mg) Total number 64 lamps


Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg Life Hg 3W 12000 3.0 10000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 5W 20000 1.3 15000 1.4 6000 2.0 10000 3.5 7W 20000 1.3 10000 1.4 6000 2.0 10000 3.5 8W n/a n/a 15000 1.4 15000 0.85 10000 3.5 9W n/a n/a 8000 n/c 10000 2.0 10000 3.5

10W 20000 1.9 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 11W 20000 1.9 15000 1.4 10000 2.0 10000 4.0 12W n/a n/a 12000 1.4 15000 0.85 10000 3.5 13W 8000 2.9 6000 5.0 n/a n/a n/a n/a 14W 20000 1.9 15000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 15W 20000 1.9 20000 1.4 15000 0.85 10000 3.5 16W n/a n/a 12000 1.2 n/a n/a n/a n/a 17W 10000 2.9 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 18W 20000 1.9 10000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 19W n/a n/a 10000 3.0 n/a n/a n/a n/a 20W 10000 2.0 20000 1.4 15000 0.85 10000 4.0 21W 10000 2.9 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 22W 20000 1.9 6000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 23W 15000 3.0 20000 1.4 15000 0.85 10000 4.6 24W 16000 4.4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 25W n/a n/a 6000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 27W n/a n/a 20000 1.4 n/a n/a n/a n/a 28W n/a n/a 6000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 30W 2000 2.5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 32W n/a n/a 8000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 33W n/a n/a 20000 1.4 n/a n/a n/a n/a 35W n/a n/a 8000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 42W n/a n/a 10000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 45W n/a n/a 10000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 50W n/a n/a 8000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 60W n/a n/a 10000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 65W n/a n/a 10000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 70W n/a n/a 8000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 75W n/a n/a 10000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a 80W n/a n/a 8000 n/c n/a n/a n/a n/a

n/a = not applicable n/c = not communicated by the manufacturer

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Ceramic metal halide lamps – Lamp efficacy (lm/W) Total number 28 lamps

Lamp Wattage Manufacturer A Manufacturer B Manufacturer C Manufacturer D 20W 85 90 83 n/a 35W 103 94 100 97 50W 100 108 n/a n/a 70W 104 94 100 89 100W 100 110 92 n/a 150W 100 93 97 90 210W n/a 110 n/a n/a 250W 104 92 100 n/a 315W n/a 103 n/a n/a 400W 103 89 103 n/a

n/a = not applicable Lamp parameters were then compared to the EU eco-design requirements for Stage 2, 2012, Class A requirements (as per Directive 98/11/EC) and EU Ecolabel requirements (as per Decision 2011/331/EU). The following tables show the number of lamps meeting the different requirements for each lamp category, where results were divided into meeting lamp efficacy requirements, lamp lifetime requirements, and mercury contents requirements, where applicable. There are no mercury content requirements for ceramic metal halide lamps.

No. of lamps meeting lamp efficacy requirements Manufacturer A B C D Total

T8 linear fluorescent lamps Eco-design requirements Stage2, 2012

7 7 6 5 25

Class A 6 6 5 6 23 EU Ecolabel 1 1 1 1 4 Unknown, insufficient data 1 1 - 1 3 Total lamps surveyed 8 8 6 7 29


9 9 9 7 34

Class A 5 6 6 6 23 EU Ecolabel 4 5 4 4 17 Unknown, insufficient data - - - - - Total lamps surveyed 9 9 9 9 36

Compact fluorescent non-integrated lamps Eco-design requirements Stage2, 2012

25 26 28 23 102

Class A 7 7 12 7 33 EU Ecolabel 1 1 1 1 4 Unknown, insufficient data - - - - - Total lamps surveyed 25 26 28 23 102

Compact fluorescent integrated lamps Eco-design requirements 16 25 9 9 59

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Stage2, 2012 Class A 16 25 9 9 59 EU Ecolabel 8 13 6 8 35 Unknown, insufficient data - - - - - Total lamps surveyed 16 30 9 9 64

Ceramic metal halide lamps Eco-design requirements Stage2, 2012

8 10 7 3 28

Class A 8 10 7 3 28 Unknown, insufficient data - - - - - Total lamps surveyed 8 10 7 3 28

No. of lamps meeting lamp lifetime requirements Manufacturer A B C D Total

T8 linear fluorescent lamps EU Ecolabel 14 16 8 8 46 Total lamps surveyed 14 16 10 8 48

T5 linear fluorescent lamps EU Ecolabel 12 12 12 9 45 Total lamps surveyed 12 12 12 9 45 T5 circular fluorescent lamps EU Ecolabel - - - - - Total lamps surveyed 3 4 3 - 10 T9 circular fluorescent lamps EU Ecolabel - - - - - Unknown, insufficient data - - - 3 3 Total lamps surveyed 3 3 3 - 12

Compact fluorescent non-integrated lamps EU Ecolabel 8 6 2 2 18 Total lamps surveyed 12 12 7 8 39

Compact fluorescent integrated lamps EU Ecolabel 10 9 5 - 24 Total lamps surveyed 16 30 9 9 64

No. of lamps meeting Hg contents requirements Manufacturer A B C D Total


13 15 4 7 40

EU Ecolabel 7 15 - - 22 Total lamps surveyed 14 16 10 8 48


12 12 12 - 36

EU Ecolabel 12 12 9 - 33 Total lamps surveyed 12 12 12 9 45 T5 circular fluorescent lamps

68

Eco-design requirements Stage2, 2012

- - - - -

EU Ecolabel - - - - - Total lamps surveyed 3 4 3 - 10 T9 circular fluorescent lamps Eco-design requirements Stage2, 2012

- - - - -

EU Ecolabel - - - - - Unknown, insufficient data - - 3 3 6 Total lamps surveyed 3 3 3 3 12

Compact fluorescent non-integrated lamps Eco-design requirements Stage2, 2012

12 10 7 3 32

EU Ecolabel 1 3 - - 4 Unknown, insufficient data - - - 1 1 Total lamps surveyed 12 12 7 8 39

Compact fluorescent integrated lamps Eco-design requirements Stage2, 2012

15 12 9 6 42

EU Ecolabel 2 11 5 - 18 Unknown, insufficient data - 17 - - 17 Total lamps surveyed 16 30 9 9 64

The results show that only a small proportion of lamps meet the EU Ecolabel standards for efficacy. For example, only one wattage of T8 lamp and one wattage of non-integrated compact fluorescent lamp meet the Ecolabel efficacy criteria, despite these lamps being generally viewed as energy efficient. Most, though not all, lamps currently on the market meet the 2012 Eco-design requirements.

Appendix 3 – European Standards and Guidance

• EN 12193: Light and lighting - Sports lighting • EN 12464-1: Light and lighting - Lighting of work places - Part 1: Indoor work places • EN 12665: Light and lighting - Basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting

requirements • EN 15193: Energy performance of buildings - Energy requirements for lighting • EN 15251: Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy

performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics

• EN 50102: Degrees of Protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against external mechanical impacts (IK code)

• EN 50294: Measurement method of total input power of ballast-lamp circuits • EN 60064: Tungsten filament lamps for domestic and similar general lighting purposes -

Performance requirements • EN 60081: Double-capped fluorescent lamps - Performance specifications • EN 60155: Glow-starters for fluorescent lamps • EN 60188:2001:High-pressure mercury vapour lamps. Performance specifications • EN 60357: Tungsten halogen lamps (non-vehicle) - Performance specifications

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• EN 60364-7-715: Low-voltage electrical installations. Part 7-715. Requirements for special installations or locations. Extra-low-voltage lighting installations

• EN 60400:Lampholders for tubular fluorescent lamps and starterholders • EN 60432: Incandescent lamps - Safety specifications • EN 60529: Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code) • EN 60570: Electrical supply track systems for luminaires • EN 60598-1: Luminaires - Part 1: General requirements and tests • EN 60598-2: Luminaires - Part 2: Particular requirements • EN 60901: Single-capped fluorescent lamps - Performance specifications • EN 60921: Ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps - Performance requirements • EN 60923: Auxiliaries for lamps. Ballasts for discharge lamps (excluding tubular

fluorescent lamps). Performance requirements • EN 60925: D.C. supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps - Performance

requirements • EN 60927: Auxiliaries for lamps - Starting devices (other than glow starters) -

Performance requirements • EN 60929: AC-supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps - Performance

requirements • EN 60968: Specification for self-ballasted lamps for general lighting services. Safety

requirements • EN 60969:Self-ballasted lamps for general lighting services. Performance requirements • EN 61000-6-3: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Emission

standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments • EN 61048: Auxiliaries for lamps - Capacitors for use in tubular fluorescent and other

discharge lamp circuits - General and safety requirements • EN 61049: Capacitors for use in tubular fluorescent and other discharge lamp circuits -

Performance requirements • EN 61050: Transformers for tubular discharge lamps having a no-load output voltage

exceeding 1 kV (generally called neon-transformers) - General and safety requirements • EN 61167: Metal halide lamps • EN 61195: Double-capped fluorescent lamps - Safety specifications • EN 61199: Single-capped fluorescent lamps - Safety specifications • EN 61231: International lamp coding system • EN 61347: Lamp control gear • EN 61547: Equipment for general lighting purposes - EMC immunity requirements • EN 61549: Miscellaneous lamps • EN 62031: LED modules for general lighting - Safety specifications • EN 62035: Discharge lamps (excluding fluorescent lamps) - Safety specifications • EN 62386: Digital addressable lighting interface • EN 62493: Assessment of lighting equipment related to human exposure to

electromagnetic fields • EN 62532: Fluorescent induction lamps. Safety requirements • EN 62554: Measurement of mercury level in fluorescent lamps • EN 62560: Self-ballasted LED-lamps for general lighting services by voltage > 50 V.

Safety specifications • EN 62639: Fluorescent induction lamps. Performance specification • CIE 17.4-1987: International Lighting Vocabulary, 4th ed. (Joint Publication IEC/CIE) • CIE 40-1978: Calculations for Interior Lighting: Basic Method • CIE 41-1978: Light as a True Visual Quantity: Principles of Measurement

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• CIE 42-1978: Lighting for Tennis • CIE 45-1979: Lighting for Ice Sports • CIE 52-1982: Calculations for Interior Lighting: Applied Method • CIE 55-1983: Discomfort Glare in the Interior Working Environment • CIE 58-1983: Lighting for Sports Halls • CIE 60-1984: Vision and the Visual Display Unit Work Station • CIE 62-1984: Lighting for Swimming Pools • CIE 84-1989: Measurement of Luminous Flux • CIE 95-1992: Contrast and Visibility • CIE 97-2005: Guide on the Maintenance of Indoor Electric Lighting Systems, 2nd ed. • CIE 103/1-1993: Colour Appearance Analysis • CIE 103/2-1993: Industrial Lighting and Safety at Work • CIE 103/5-1993: The Economics of Interior Lighting Maintenance • CIE 103/6-1993: Clarification of Maintained Illuminance and Associated Terms • CIE 104-1993: Daytime Running Lights • CIE 108-1994: Guide to Recommended Practice of Daylight Measurement • CIE 117-1995: Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting • CIE 127:2007: Measurement of LEDs • CIE 130-1998: Practical Methods for the Measurement of Reflectance and Transmittance • CIE 135/1-1999: Disability Glare • CIE 135/2-1999: Colour Rendering, TC 1-33 Closing Remarks • CIE 145:2002: The Correlation of Models for Vision and Visual Performance • CIE 157:2004: Control of Damage to Museum Objects by Optical Radiation • CIE 158:2009: Ocular Lighting Effects on Human Physiology and Behaviour • CIE 161:2004: Lighting Design Methods for Obstructed Interiors • CIE 164:2005: Hollow Light Guide Technology and Applications • CIE 173:2006: Tubular Daylight Guidance Systems • CIE 177:2007: Colour Rendering of White LED Light Sources • CIE 184:2009: Indoor Daylight Illuminants • CIE 190:2010: Calculation and Presentation of Unified Glare Rating Tables for Indoor

Lighting Luminaires

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