Greek Culture - Revel

7/24/2019 Greek Culture - Revel

1/74


2/74

Babylonians 605 539 BCE

Persians 539 332 BCE

HasmoneanRule 142 6 B!"

Romans 63 BCE 395 CE

Hellenistic Rule#le$ander 2 B!"

%tolemies &1 2&& B!"'eleucids 2&& 142 B!"


3/74

(m)ortant *ates

+86 B!" *estruction of Bet ha,ikdash (

+- B!" !yrus destroys Babylonia. decreesthat /ews can return

+2&0+16 B!" Rebuilding of Bet ha,ikdash ((

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) +thcentury "ra and ehemiah

2 B!" #le$ander the 3reat conuers/udea and %ersian "m)ire


4/74

#le$ander the 3reat

htt)5www7youtube7comwatch9:,;fBin;w%3s


5/74

#le$ander the ,acedonian


6/74

/ose)hus. #ntiuities. 1172- #nd when he understood that he was not far from the city. he went out in

)rocession. with the )riests and the multitude of the citiens7 The )rocessionwas 9enerable. and the manner of it di=erent from that of other nations7 (t

reached to a )lace called 'a)ha. which name. translated into 3reek. signi>es a)ros)ect. for you ha9e thence a )ros)ect both of /erusalem and of the tem)le7#nd when the %hoenicians and the !haldeans that followed him thought theyshould ha9e liberty to )lunder the city. and torment the high )riest to death.which the king@s dis)leasure fairly )romised them. the 9ery re9erse of itha))enedA for #le$ander. when he saw the multitude at a distance. in whitegarments. while the )riests stood clothed with >ne linen. and the high )riest in

)ur)le and scarlet clothing. with his mitre on his head. ha9ing the golden )latewhereon the name of 3od was engra9ed. he a))roached by himself. and adoredthat name. and >rst saluted the high )riest7

The /ews also did all together. with one 9oice. salute #le$ander. and encom)asshim aboutA whereu)on the kings of 'yria and the rest were sur)rised at what#le$ander had done. and su))osed him disordered in his mind7 Howe9er.

%armenio alone went u) to him. and asked him how it came to )ass that. whenall others adored him. he should adore the high )riest of the /ews To whom here)lied. ( did not adore him. but that 3od who hath honored him with his high)riesthoodA for ( saw this 9ery )erson in a dream. in this 9ery habit. when ( wasat *ios in ,acedonia. who. when ( was considering with myself how ( mightobtain the dominion of #sia. e$horted me to make no delay. but boldly to )asso9er the sea thither. for that he would conduct my army. and would gi9e me the

dominion o9er the %ersiansA whence it is that. ha9ing seen no other in that habit.and now seeing this )erson in it. and remembering that 9ision. and the


7/74

/ose)hus. contC

#nd when he had said this to %armenio. and had gi9en the high )riesthis right hand. the )riests ran along by him. and he came into the city7#nd when he went u) into the tem)le. he o=ered sacri>ce to 3od.according to the high )riest@s direction. and magni>cently treated boththe high )riest and the )riests7 #nd when the Book of *aniel wasshowed him wherein *aniel declared that one of the 3reeks should

destroy the em)ire of the %ersians. he su))osed that himself was the)erson intended7 #nd as he was then glad. he dismissed the multitudefor the )resentA but the ne$t day he called them to him. and bid themask what fa9ors they )leased of himA whereu)on the high )riestdesired that they might enDoy the laws of their forefathers. and might)ay no tribute on the se9enth year7 He granted all they desired7 #nd

when they entreared him that he would )ermit the /ewsin Babylon and ,edia to enDoy their own laws also. he willingly)romised to do hereafter what they desired7 #nd when he said to themultitude. that if any of them would enlist themsel9es in his army. onthis condition. that they should continue under the laws of theirforefathers. and li9e according to them. he was willing to take them

with him. many were ready to accom)any him in his wars7


8/74

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9/74

Ba9li Eoma 6-a!ome and hear5 #s to )riestly garments. it is forbidden to go out in them in the)ro9ince. but in the 'anctuary whether during or outside the time of the ser9ice. it is)ermitted to wear them. because )riestly garments are )ermitted for )ri9ate use7 This

is conclusi9e7 But in the )ro9ince Fit isG not F)ermittedG 'urely it was taught5 Thetwenty0>fth of Tebeth is the day of ,ount 3eriim. on which no mourning is )ermitted7(t is the day on which the !utheans demanded the House of our 3od from #le$anderthe ,acedonian so as to destroy it. and he had gi9en them the )ermission.whereu)on some )eo)le came and informed 'imeon the /ust7 hat did the latter doHe )ut on his )riestly garments. robed himself in )riestly garments. some of the

noblemen of (srael went with him carrying >ery torches in their hands. they walked allthe night. some walking on one side and others on the other side. until the dawn rose7hen the dawn rose he F#le$anderG said to them5 ho are these Fthe 'amaritansG

They answered5 The /ews who rebelled against you7 #s he reached #nti)atris.- thesun ha9ing shone forth. they met7

hen he saw 'imeon the /ust. he descended from his carriage and bowed downbefore him7 They said to him5 # great king like yourself should bow down before this

/ew He answered5 His image it is which wins for me in all my battles7 He said tothem5 hat ha9e you come for They said5 (s it )ossible that star0worshi))ers shouldmislead you to destroy the House wherein )rayers are said for you and your kingdomthat it be ne9er destroyedI He said to them5 ho are these They said to him5 Theseare !utheans who stand before you7 He said5 They are deli9ered into your hand7 #tonce they )erforated their heels. tied them to the tails of their horses and dragged

them o9er thorns and thistles. until they came to ,ount 3eriim. which they )loughedand )lanted with 9etch. e9en as they had )lanned to do with the House of 3od7 #nd


10/74

Knifying the "m)ire

#le$ander encouraged intermarriages. settingan e$am)le by marrying a %ersian )rincesshimself7 He )laced soldiers from all the

)ro9inces in his army7 He introduced auniform currency system throughout theem)ire and )romoted trade and commerce7He encouraged the s)read of 3reek ideas.customs. and laws into #sia7 hen he heardthat some of his )ro9incial oLcials ruledunDustly. he re)laced them7 To recei9erecognition as the su)reme ruler. hereuired the )ro9inces to worshi) him as a

god7


11/74

#rrian of icomediaoneddings at 'usa

Then he also celebrated weddings at 'usa. both his own and those ofhis !om)anions7 He himself married Barsine. the eldest of *arius@daughters. and. according to #ristobulus. another girl as well. %arysatis.the youngest of the daughters of Mchus7 He had already married)re9iously Ro$ane. the daughter of M$yartes of Bactria7

He ga9e *ry)etis to He)haestion. she too a daughter of *arius and asister of his own wifeA his intention was that the children of He)haestionshould be cousins to his own children7 To !raterushe ga9e #mastrisdaughter of M$yathres. brother of *arius. and to %erdiccasthe daughterof #tro)ates. satra) of ,edia7 To %tolemythe bodyguardand to"umenesthe royal secretary he ga9e the daughters of #rtabaus.#rtacama to one and #rtonis to the other7 To earchushe ga9e thedaughter of Barsineand ,entor. and to 'eleucusthe daughter of')itamenesof Bactria7 'imilarly he ga9e to the other !om)anions thenoblest daughters of the %ersians and ,edes. some eighty in all7

The marriages were celebrated according to %ersian custom7 !hairswere )laced for the bridegrooms in order. and after the drinks thebrides came in and sat down. each by the side of her groom7 They tookthem by the hand and kissed themA the king began the ceremony. forall the weddings took )lace together7 ,ore than any action of #le$anderthis seemed to show a )o)ular and comradely s)irit7 The bridegroomsafter recei9ing their brides led them away. each to his own home. and

to all #le$ander ga9e a dowry7 #nd as for all the ,acedonianswho hadalready married #sian women. #le$ander ordered a list of their names
http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/arrian.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/su-sz/susa/susa.htmhttp://www.livius.org/so-st/statira/statira.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/ap-ark/aristobulus/aristobulus.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/ro-rz/roxane/roxane.htmhttp://www.livius.org/ba-bd/bactria/bactria.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/he-hg/hephaestion/hephaestion.htmhttp://www.livius.org/cn-cs/craterus/craterus.htmhttp://www.livius.org/on-oz/oxyathres/oxyathres.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/pen-pg/perdiccas/perdiccas.htmhttp://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htmhttp://www.livius.org/mea-mem/media/media.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/ps-pz/ptolemies/ptolemy_i_soter.htmhttp://www.livius.org/so-st/somatophylax/somatophylax.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/es-ez/eumenes/eumenes.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/arl-arz/artabazus/artabazus.htmhttp://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nearchus/nearchus.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/ba-bd/barsine/barsine.htmhttp://www.livius.org/men-mh/mentor/mentor.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/se-sg/seleucids/seleucus_i_nicator.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/so-st/spitamenes/spitamenes.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/maa-mam/macedonia/macedonia.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/maa-mam/macedonia/macedonia.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/so-st/spitamenes/spitamenes.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/se-sg/seleucids/seleucus_i_nicator.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/men-mh/mentor/mentor.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/ba-bd/barsine/barsine.htmhttp://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nearchus/nearchus.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/arl-arz/artabazus/artabazus.htmhttp://www.livius.org/es-ez/eumenes/eumenes.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/so-st/somatophylax/somatophylax.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/ps-pz/ptolemies/ptolemy_i_soter.htmhttp://www.livius.org/mea-mem/media/media.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/as-at/atropates/atropates.htmhttp://www.livius.org/pen-pg/perdiccas/perdiccas.htmhttp://www.livius.org/on-oz/oxyathres/oxyathres.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/cn-cs/craterus/craterus.htmhttp://www.livius.org/he-hg/hephaestion/hephaestion.htmhttp://www.livius.org/ba-bd/bactria/bactria.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/ro-rz/roxane/roxane.htmhttp://www.livius.org/ap-ark/aristobulus/aristobulus.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/so-st/statira/statira.htmlhttp://www.livius.org/su-sz/susa/susa.htmhttp://www.livius.org/arl-arz/arrian/arrian.html


12/74


13/74

Nrom Hellenism to the

Hasmoneans


14/74

The ew Eork Times1211&- *a9id Brooks

Tonight /ewish kids will light themenorah. s)in their dreidels and get

their )resents. but Hanukkah is themost adult of holidays7 (tcommemorates an e9ent in which thegood guys did horrible things. the bad

guys did good things and in whiche9erybody is Oummo$ed by insolubleconOicts that remain with us today7


15/74

High %riests

'himon ha0'adi

Mnias ((( /ason PEehoshuaQ P1+011Q

,eneleus P110161Q

'adok

/onathan the Hasmonean


16/74

Hellenistic %eriod 2B!" #le$ander the 3reat conuers %alestine 2B!" #le$ander dies

*iadochi. %tolemy in "gy)t. 'eleucus in 'yria

&102&1B!" %tolemaic Rule #llowed to continue as semiautonomous

2&1B!" 'eleucid conuest of %alestine 1+011B!" /ason High %riest

bribes #ntiochus (S for high )riesthood builds gymnasium in /erusalem which becomes a )olis

#ntiochU

110162B!" ,enelaus High %riest !on9erts tem)le into )agan shrine. EHSH:Veus:Baal

'hamin

168B!" Bet ha,ikdash is looted. /ews are

massacred 160166 #ntiochus (S decrees )ersecution


17/74

Hellenistic Civilization and the

JewsThe )rinci)les introduced by /ose)h the Tobiad into/udaea are now clear7 They were the )rinci)les ofthe Hellenistic e)och as a whole. dominated by thestri9ing of the strong )ersonality to make its way

in life7 /ose)hWs character manifests those basictraits so ty)ical of a number of 3reeks of the)eriod5 immense will)ower. ra)idity of action. self0con>dence and. resulting from them. undisguised

contem)t for ancestral tradition7 Through uietunchanging /erusalem. new winds were suddenlyblowing. as if a window had been suddenly throwno)en to re9eal all the wealth and s)lendor of the

wide world. a world where )ower and money


18/74

hy did #ntiochus %ersecutethe /ews

17 He was cray. ner9ous. eccentric7

,ay ha9e hastened the )ersecution but notcaused it7

27 He was a 3reat Hellenier and uni>erBut only for )olitical ends by makingpoleis.

not cultural7

7 The /ewish Helleniers asked for thedecrees7

47 *ecrees result from a ci9il war7


19/74

1 Maccabees ch 2

2 There came a certain /ew in the sight ofall to sacri>ce to the idols u)on the altar inthe city of ,odin. according to the king@scommandment7 24 #nd ,athathias saw and

was grie9ed. and his reins trembled. and hiswrath was kindled according to the

Dudgment of the law. and running u)on himhe slew him u)on the altar7 2+ ,oreo9er the

man whom king #ntiochus had sent. whocom)elled them to sacri>ce. he slew at thesame time. and )ulled down the altar7 26

#nd showed eal for the law. as %hinees didb Vamri the son of 'alomi7


20/74

( ,accabees 1511

(n those days there a))eared in (sraelmen who were breakers of the law.and

they seduced many )eo)le. saying5Jet us go and make an alliance withthe 3entiles all around usA since we

se)arated from them. many e9ils ha9ecome u)on us7

!f7 /er 44518


21/74

hat is Hellenism

hy did #ntiochus )ersecute the /ews

hy do we celebrate for 8 dayshy do we celebrate on Xisle9 2+th

hat can Hanukka mean for us today


22/74

hy is Hanukah on

Xisle9 2+


23/74

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24/74

Ha!!ai 2"1#

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!onsider. ( )ray you. from this day andforward. from the four and twentiethday of the ninth month. e9en from the

day that the foundation of HashemWstem)le was laid. consider it7


25/74

( ,accabees 1

+4 ow on the >fteenth day of !hisle9. in the onehundred forty0>fth year. they erected a desolatingsacrilege on the altar of burnt o=ering7 They alsobuilt altars in the surrounding towns of

/udah. ++and o=ered incense at the doors of thehouses and in the streets7 +6The books of the lawthat they found they tore to )ieces and burned with>re7 +#nyone found )ossessing the book of theco9enant. or anyone who adhered to the law. wascondemned to death by decree of the king7 +8They

ke)t using 9iolence against (srael. against thosewho were found month after month in thetowns7 +-Mn the twenty0>fth day of the month theyo=ered sacri>ce on the altar that was on to) of thealtar of burnt o=ering7


26/74

inter 'olstice Holiday

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27/74

inter 'olstice

Babylonian Talmud. #9odah Vara 8a Mur Rabbis taught5 hen #dam saw the daygetting gradually shorter. he said. Yoe is me.)erha)s because ( ha9e sinned. the worldaround me is being darkened and returning to

its state of chaos and confusionA this then isthe kind of death to which ( ha9e beensentenced from Hea9enIW 'o he begankee)ing an eight daysW fast7 But as heobser9ed the winter solstice and noted the

day getting increasingly longer. he said. YThisis the world@s courseW. and he set forth tokee) an eight daysW festi9ity7 (n the followingyear he a))ointed both as festi9als7 ow. he>$ed them for the sake of Hea9en. but the

FheathensG a))ointed them for the sake ofidolatry7


28/74

hy is Hanukah 8

*ays


29/74

/ose)hus is in the *arkU

/ose)hus. #ntiuities of the /ews 125 ow /udas celebrated the festi9al of the restoration ofthe sacri>ces of the tem)le for eight days. andomitted no sort of )leasures thereonA but he feastedthem u)on 9ery rich and s)lendid sacri>cesA and hehonored 3od. and delighted them by hymns and

)salms7 ay. they were so 9ery glad at the re9i9al oftheir customs. when. after a long time of intermission.they une$)ectedly had regained the freedom of theirworshi). that they made it a law for their )osterity.that they should kee) a festi9al. on account of therestoration of their tem)le worshi). for eight days7 #nd

from that time to this we celebrate this festi9al. andcall it Jights7 ( su))ose the reason was. because thisliberty beyond our ho)es a))eared to usA and thatthence was the name gi9en to that festi9al7 /udas alsorebuilt the walls round about the city. and rearedtowers of great height against the incursions of

enemies. and set guards therein7 He also forti>ed thecity Bethsura. that it might ser9e as a citadel against


30/74

Jit for "ight *ays

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31/74

hat is Fthe reason ofG Hanukkah Nor our Rabbistaught5 Mn the twenty0>fth of Xisle9 FcommenceGthe days of Hanukkah. which are eight on which alamentation for the dead and fasting are forbidden7Nor when the 3reeks entered the Tem)le. they

de>led all the oils therein. and when theHasmonean dynasty )re9ailed against and defeatedthem. they made search and found only one cruseof oil which lay with the seal of the High %riest. butwhich contained suLcient for one day@s lighting

onlyA yet a miracle was wrought therein and they litFthe lam)G therewith for eight days7 The followingyear these FdaysG were a))ointed a Nesti9al withFthe recital ofG Hallel and thanksgi9ing7


32/74

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33/74

(( ,accabees 2512 0 'olomon alsocelebrated the feast in the same wayfor eight days7


34/74

Jike 'ukkoth

(( ,accabees 1&ow ,accabeus and his followers. the Jord leading them on.reco9ered the tem)le and the cityA 27 they tore down the altars thathad been built in the )ublic suare by the foreigners. and alsodestroyed the sacred )recincts7 7 They )uri>ed the sanctuary. andmade another altar of sacri>ceA then. striking >re out of Oint. theyo=ered sacri>ces. after a la)se of two years. and they o=eredincense and lighted lam)s and set out the bread of the %resence747 hen they had done this. they fell )rostrate and im)lored the Jordthat they might ne9er again fall into such misfortunes. but that. ifthey should e9er sin. they might be disci)lined by him withforbearance and not be handed o9er to blas)hemous and barbarousnations7 +7 (t ha))ened that on the same day on which the sanctuaryhad been )rofaned by the foreigners. the )uri>cation of thesanctuary took )lace. that is. on the twenty0>fth day of the samemonth. which was !hisle9767 They celebrated it for eight days with reDoicing. in the manner ofthe festi9al of booths. remembering how not long before. during thefesti9al of booths. they had been wandering in the mountains andca9es like wild animals7 7 Therefore. carrying i9y0wreathed wandsand beautiful branches and also fronds of )alm. they o=ered hymnsof thanksgi9ing to him who had gi9en success to the )urifying of hisown holy )lace7 87 They decreed by )ublic edict. rati>ed by 9ote. thatthe whole nation of the ews should obser9e these da s e9er


35/74

"

Mur Rabbis taught5 The )rece)t of HanukkahFdemandsG one light for a man and his householdAthe ealous FkindleG a light for each member Fof thehouseholdGA and the e$tremely ealous. Z Beth

'hammai maintain5 Mn the >rst day eight lights arelit and thereafter they are gradually reduced. butBeth Hillel say5 Mn the >rst day one is lit andthereafter they are )rogressi9ely increased7 YKllasaid5 (n the est F%alestineG two amoraim. R7 /ose b7

#bin and R7 /ose b7 Vebida. di=er therein5 onemaintains. The reason of Beth 'hammai is that itshall corres)ond to the days still to come. and thatof Beth Hillel is that it shall corres)ond to the daysthat are goneA but another maintains5 Beth

'hammai@s reason is that it shall corres)ond to the@


36/74

2 ,accabees 65

Mn the monthly celebration of thekingWs birthday. the /ews were taken.under bitter constraint. to )artake of

the sacri>cesA and when a festi9al of*ionysus was celebrated. they werecom)elled to wear wreaths of i9y and

to walk in the )rocession in honor*ionysus7


37/74

Teetotum


38/74

The original medie9al dice used in 3ermany bygamblers was inscribed with the four letters5 N, G,H,and S, which are the initials5

Nichts PnothingUQ. Ganz PallUQ. Halb PhalfUQ. and Stellein P)ut inUQ7

"ncyclo)edia /udaica NolkloreU


39/74

Xedushefy

inter 'olstice becomes religious dayof ho)e and trust in Hashem7

!elebration of lights becomes symbolof HashemWs )ro9idence e9en in timesof darkness7

(9y bands for *ionysis become )art of

rededication celebration7"uro)ean gambling game becomes

symbol of )erse9erance7


40/74

#ntiochus (S ")i)hanes


41/74

Nrom the

Hasmoneans toRoman Re9olt

1 Mattathias Hasmonean


42/74

ben $ohananF 0 16+ B!"G

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43/74

/udah the ,accabee

16016& B!"

Jed the re9oltagainst the

'eleucids %uri>ed the Tem)le

in 164 B!"


44/74

/onathan

Ruler 161014 B!"

Brother of /udah

>rst Hasmonean to

be High %riest in1+ B!"


45/74

'imon

"thnarch and High%riest

14201+ B!"

(s granted ta$e$em)tion from*emetrius ((

Remo9es 'eleucidgarrison in /erusalem

3ains total )oliticalinde)endence

,urdered by his son0in0law together with two

older sons


46/74

/ohn Hyrcanus

"thnarch and High%riest

'on of 'imon

1401&4 B!" Norced the

(dumeans tocon9ert Pincluding

#nti)aterWs father.grandfather ofHerodQ

*estroys 'amaritan

Tem)le in 128B!"
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/mattathias.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/mattathias.html


47/74

!oin of /ohn Hyrcanus P1+01&4 B!"Q

#1
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%aleo0Hebrew


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*ouble %erutah coin of /ohn Hyrcanus7%air of cornuco)iae and a crested helmet7

Reads5 Eehochanan the High %riest andJeader of the !ommunity of the /ews7U

Bar Xokhba !oin


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Bar Xokhba !oin

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Bar Xokhba !oin


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Bar Xokhba !oin

Nront5 Trum)ets7 ##10

Back5 Jyre7 #01;#;0


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/udah #ristobulus (

Xing and High %riest 1&401&B!" 'on of /ohn

Hyrcanus Nirst to call himselfking

(m)risons mother

and three brothers7Xills anotherbrother7

,arried to 'alome

#le$andra


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!oin of /udah #ristobulus

#

#le$ander Eannai


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#le$ander Eannai Xing and High %riest

1&06 B!" 'on of /ohn Hyrcanus ,arried 'alome

#le$andra. his brotherWs

widow %racticed 'adduecean

law and was )elted by"trogim7 Xills 6.&&& /ews

in retaliations7 Xilled +&.&&& in ci9il war7 !ruci>ed 8&& %harisees #d9ises his wife before

dying to yield to the


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#le$ander Eannai

1#+ +


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'un wheel. 81Q

#nchor. Xing #le$anderU in 3reek


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Nlower and #nchorwith Xing EannaiU

Restam)ed with

Eonatan the High%riest and the!ommunity of the

/ewsU

ent back tooriginal ty)e


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'alome #le$andra < 'ons

'alome is ueen of /udea 606 B!"Her two sons Hyrcanus (( and

#ristobulus (( >ght o9er the crown7

Both a))eal for hel) from theRomans7

%om)ey im)risons #ristobulus (( and

makes Hyrcanus (( high )riest in6B!"7Hyrcanus ser9es 604&B!"#ntignos ser9es 4&0B!"Herod marries ,ariamne


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ns

& & & attathias $u(ah 5 $ohananHyrcanus


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attathiasF 014 B!"G $u(ahF 0 14 B!"G 5$ohananHyrcanusFruled 1401&4 B!"G

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6 -ristobulus

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Matityahu

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-ristobulus F 0 + B!"G & MariamneF 0 2- B!"G

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-ristobulus 7F ca 1 0 B!"G -lean(erF ca & 0 B!"G


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(nOuences of 3reco0

Roman Thought onthe Rabbis 1 # ##:

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;uotes from Roman riters

ho then is sane He whoWs no fool7 PHorace F+608B!"G. Satires. ((7iii71+8Q

ho then is free The 'age who masters himself7PHorace. Satires((79ii78Q

To be content with oneWs things are riches7 P!icero.Paradoxa Stiocorum, +1Q

# noble thing is Doyful )o9erty7 P'eneca. Epistle ((7+Q Honoring the 'age is a great bonus to the honorers7

PGnomologiumaticanum. 2Q Mnly the 'age is sane7 Mnly the 'age is free7 Mnly

the 'age is rich7 P!icero.pro !urena 6&066Q
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Xohelet Rabbah +514

#' H" !#," NMRTH MN H(' ,MTH"RW ' M,BFnaked shall he go back as he came. and shalltake nothing for his laborG P+514Q7 3enibah said5 (tis like a fo$ who found a9ineyardwhichwasfenced in on all sides7 There was one hole through

which he wanted to enter. but he was unable todo so7 hat did he do He fasted for three daysuntil he became lean and frail. and so got throughthe hole7 Then he ate Fof the gra)esG and becamefat again. so that when he wished to go out hecould not )ass through at all7 He again fastedanother three days until he became lean and frail.returning to his former condition. and went out7hen he was outside. he turned his face andgaing at the 9ineyard. said. @ M 9ineyard. M9ineyard. how good are you and the fruits insideI

#ll that is inside is beautiful and commendable.
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#eso)Ws Nables

# hungry fo$ s)ied some bread and meat leftin a hollow tree by some she)herds7 Hecrawled in and ate it. but his belly swelledso that he could not get out again7 #s he

moaned and groaned. another fo$ )assingby came u) and asked what was the matter7hen he heard what had ha))ened. he saidto the >rst fo$5 ( guess youWll Dust ha9e to

wait until you get back to the sie you werewhen you went in. and then you wonWt ha9eany trouble getting out7U The story showsthat time o9ercomes diLculties7

,ore Nables


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,ore Nables Baba 8ama 60bhen R7 #mmi and R7 #ssi were sitting before R7 (saac the 'mith. one of

them said to him5 Yill the ,aster )lease tell us some legal )ointsW

while the other said5 Yill the ,aster )lease gi9e us some homileticalinstructionWhen he commenced a homiletical discourse he was )re9ented by the one.

and when he commenced a legal discourse he was )re9ented by theother7 He therefore said to them5 ( will tell you a )arable5

To what is this like To a man who has had two wi9es. one young and oneold7 The young one used to )luck out his white hair. whereas the old one

used to )luck out his black hair7 He thus >nally remained bald on bothsides7 He further said to them5 ( will accordingly tell you somethingwhich will be eually interesting to both of youC

-eso/s :ables(n the old days. when men were allowed to ha9e many wi9es. a middle0

aged man had one wife that was old and one that was youngA eachlo9ed him 9ery much. and desired to see him like herself7

ow the ,an@s hair was turning grey. which the young ife did not like. asit made him look too old for her husband7 'o e9ery night she used tocomb his hair and )ick out the white ones7

But the elder ife saw her husband growing grey with great )leasure. forshe did not like to be mistaken for his mother7 'o e9ery morning sheused to arrange his hair and )ick out as many of the black ones as shecould7 The conseuence was the man soon found himself entirely bald7

Eield to all and you will soon ha9e nothing to yield7


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'tudying 3reek

Rabban 3amaliel was gi9en )ermissionto teach the students 3reek due to therelationshi) with the Romans7

PTosefta 'ot 1+58Q

R7 3amaliel@s son. Rabbi 'imeon e9ensaid. There were a 1&&& )u)ils in my

father@s houseA +&& studied the Torahand +&& studied 3reek wisdom7 PBa9li'ota 4-bQ

,ay a /ew study 3reek


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,ay a /ew study 3reek

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They asked R7 Eehoshua. ,ay one teach his son 3reek He re)lied. hemay teach it at a time which is neither day nor night for it is written."ou shall stud# it da# and night$

(f so. then one may not teach his son a trade since it is written. "oushall stud# it da# and night$

But didnWt R7 (shmael say. !hoose life this is a trade7 R7 #bbaCbecause of the slanderers7 R #bhu said in the name of R7 Eohanan. Mne may teach his daughter

3reek for it ser9es her as an ornament7 'himon bar #bba heard this7 He said. because he wanted to teach his

daughters he ascribed it to R7 Eohanan7 ,ay Fa curseG come u)on me if( heard this from R7 Eohanan7


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%andoraWs /ar

Beresheet Rabbah; 149


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/ose)hus on %om)ey o small enormities were committed about the tem)le

itself. which. in former ages. had been inaccessible.and seen by noneA for %om)ey went into it. and not afew of those that were with him also. and saw all thatwhich it was unlawful for any other men to see butonly for the high )riests7

There were in that tem)le the golden table. the holycandlestick. and the )ouring 9essels. and a greatuantity of s)icesA and besides these there wereamong the treasures two thousand talents of sacredmoney5 yet did %om)ey touch nothing of all this. onaccount of his regard to religionA and in this )oint alsohe acted in a manner that was worthy of his 9irtue7

The ne$t day he ga9e order to those that had thecharge of the tem)le to cleanse it. and to bring whato=erings the law reuired to 3odA and restored thehigh )riesthood to Hyrcanus. both because he hadbeen useful to him in other res)ects. and because he

hindered the /ews in the country from gi9ing#ristobulus an assistance in his war a ainst him

b d i


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Rambam and His *etractors

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#da)ted from Rabbi Berel


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#da)ted from Rabbi Berelein hat ha))ened to the Hellenists Their

inOuence all but colla)sed in the wake of thedefeat7 They would ne9er return again as

Hellenists. because the war brought outtheir true colors as traitors and they lostwhate9er a))eal they could ha9e had to the

/ewish )eo)le7

,ost of them retreated to the city of!aesarea. which remained a 3reek city Pandlater would become a Roman cityQ7 Theywere Dust not )art of the /ewish )eo)le any

longer7U

"lias Bickerman


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"lias Bickerman%rom Ezra to the &ast o' the !accabees

/udaism was able to enrich itself withnew and foreign ideas and to be sa9edfrom the mummi>cation that o9ertook

the religion of the "gy)tians. fore$am)le. which shut itself o= fromHellenism com)letely7

The ,accabees )reser9ed the /udaism

of the 3reek )eriod from bothdissolution and ossi>cation7 (t isthrough their deeds that the 3od of#braham (saac and /acob could and

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