Greek and Roman Civilization Overview

8/6/2019 Greek and Roman Civilization Overview

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GREEK CIVILIZATION

Cradle of Western Civilization: Aegeanislands and the Greek mainland
http://www.map-of-greece.org/images/map-of-greece.gif


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GREEK CIVILIZATION BEGINS INTHE AEGEAN

Minoan civilization develops on Crete

Named after king Minos

Worked with bronze and gold anddeveloped a system of writing

Built magnificent palaces that housed

royal families, priests, and governmentofficials


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Palace of Knossos like a small city withmore than 800 rooms

Walls are brightly painted with scenes showingathletes, fanciful animals, and scenes of daily life
http://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH209images/minoan/thera_spring.jpghttp://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH209images/minoan/thera_navy.jpghttp://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH209images/minoan/knossos_queen_meg.jpghttp://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH209images/minoan/knossos_king_throne.jpg


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DECLINE OF THE MINOANCIVILIZATION

Cause of Decline:

Disastrous earthquake or volcanic eruption


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MYCENAEANS RULE CRETEAND MAINLAND GREECE

Invaders of Crete: Greek speaking Info-European tribes

Warrior-kings ruled walled cities built

around their palaces at Mycenae, Thebesand other palaces in Greece.

Palace of Mycenae: 1st palace investigated

by archaeologists who believed that it wasthe richest and most important town


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MYCENAEANS RULE CRETEAND MAINLAND GREECE

Mycenaeans borrowed much from the MinoanCivilization: designs in pottery and jewelry

They took over Minoans sea trade sendingships to Egypt, Phoenicia, Sicily and southernItaly.


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GREECE ENTERS A DARK AGE

Frequent warfare among the kingdomscaused the decline of the Mycenaeancivilization.

Mycenaean palaces destroyed. Mycenaeans moved to other areas.

With the collapse of this civilization,

Greece entered the dark age. Dorians tribe of Greek

Spoke Greek but were illiterate and their art ofwriting was forgotten


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HELLENIC CIVILIZATIONDEVELOPS

Hellenic from Hellas Greeks name for their country

Hellenic Greeks inherited from their Mycenaeanancestors the skills in pottery making and metalworking

Farmers grew wheat, barley, olive trees, and

grapevines Raised sheep and goats

Shipped wool, wine, olive oil, marble and pottery

Imported grain (Egypt and Italy), fruit (Phoenicia and

Sicily), copper (Cyprus), tin (England), glass (Egypt),and dyes (Phoenicia)

adopted Phoenicians way of writing

Practiced the Lydian practice of using coins

Gained knowledge in geometry from the Egyptians


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GREEK MYTHS TELL STORIES

OF MANY GODS

Greeks consult oracles (oracle of Delphi),special temples whose priestess and priestsgave vaguely worded hints about the future.

Believed in many gods lived in Mount Olympusin northern Greece

Zeus most important Greek god

King of the gods and ruler of mankind

Hera goddess of marriage


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LIST OF OTHER GODS

Poseidon god of the sea

Ares god of war

Apollo god of music, prophecy, medicine, and

rational thinking Athena goddess of wisdom and handicrafts

Aphrodite goddess of love and beauty

Demeter goddess of farmland and grain

Hades god of the underworld

Artemis god of the hunt


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THE GREEKS HOLD FESTIVALSTO HONOR THE GODS

Greeks built temple to the gods andhonored them through festivals.

The most famous athletic games were

held every four years at Olympia to honorZeus.

Athletes compete in foot racing, jumping,

throwing of discus and javelin, wrestling andboxing.


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HOMERS EPICS TELL THESTORY OF LEGENDARY

HEROES

Homer Greek poet

Iliad and Odyssey 2 great epics that helpedshape the Greek outlook and character

Iliad Homer spoke of deeds of noble warriorswho were not only brave, skillful in battle and

concerned with their honor and pride


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Hector, she said, you are possessed. This

bravery of yours will be your end. You do not think

of your little boy or your unhappy wife, whom you

will make a widow soonAnd when I lose you I

might as well be dead. There will be no comfort left,when you have met your doom nothing but grief

-Andromache

All that my dear, said Hector, is surely my

concern. But if I hid myself like a coward andrefused to fight, I could never face my

peopleBesides, it would go against [my nature],

for I have trained myself always, like a good

soldier, to take my place in front line and win glory.


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HOMERS EPICS TELL THE STORYOF LEGENDARY HEROES

To Homer a hero was more than just abrave warrior

Hero speaker of words and a doer of deeds

He combines courage and intelligence.

This became the ideal goal of Greek education.


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COLONIES SPREAD HELLENICCULTURE

Colonies settlements in other lands independent of Greece

Maintained close ties with the Greek

homeland through trade and culture Greeks set up colonies in Asia Minor and

North Africa, on the islands of the Aegeansea, in Sicily and southern Europe and along

the coast of the Black Sea. This spread the Hellenic culture to many areas of

the Mediterranean world.


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GREEK CITY-STATES DEVELOP

Athens and Sparta

Also known as polis

ideal size of a polis population of 5,000male citizens

Sparta largest city-state, 3,200 sq. miles(smaller than the state of Connecticut)

Polis center of Greek community life


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SPARTA TRAINS ITS MEN TO BEFEARLESS WARRIORS

Every stage of a Spartans life wasplanned.

Sickly babies were left to die.

At the age of 7, Spartan boy moved intomilitary barracks until he reaches the age30.

Spartan women trained in gymnasticsand physical endurance Had the responsibility of managing their farms

and households


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THE ATHENIANS VALUE THEDEVELOPMENT OF MANY ABILITIES

Athens commercial and cultural center of Greece

Athenians look upon themselves as the teachersof all Greece

Proud of their political freedom Boasted their artists, playwrights, poets and

thinkers

Believed that a mans life was empty if he failed

to use his mind and develop all his talents

Athenian womens training were only limited to

skills needed to run a household.


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ATHENIANS DEVELOP NEWIDEAS OF GOVERNMENT

Greeks 1st to establish a government inwhich free citizens rule themselves

Athenians took the lead in the creation of

democracy rule by the people

Archons ruled the city-state

Nobles who tended to favor the upper class


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ATHENIAN LAWS ARE WRITTEN

Draco drew up the first written code oflaws for Athens


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SOLON MAKES POLITICALREFORMS

Solon regarded as very wise and just

Canceled the debts of the poor, freed thosewho had been enslaved for debt, made

slavery for debt illegal To improve the farmers prosperity Solon

encouraged them to grow new crops olives

for oil and grapes for wine Ordered all citizens to teach their sons a skill

or trade


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PISISTRATUS PROMOTESCULTURAL LIFE

Tyrant sole ruler of a polis

Means a person who rules harshly

Pisistratus politician who encouraged sculptors

and painters and sponsored drama festivals Improved the water supply and built temples and

fountains

Collected Homers epics and gave prizes for public

reading His promotion of the arts laid the foundation for

Athens to become the cultural center of Greece.


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CLEISTHENES ESTABLISHESMORE DEMOCRATIC PRATICES

Cleisthenes head of a political partycomposed of tyrants

Reformed the political system

Divided Athens into 10 areas called demes

50 men from each deme served on anadvisory council

All male citizens could vote in the assembly,whether they owned land or not.


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CLEISTHENES ESTABLISHESMORE DEMOCRATIC PRATICES

New practice:

Once a year the Athenians were given theopportunity to point anyone who they

believe was a threat to Athens. If 6,000votes were cast against a particularperson, he was forced to leave Athens for10 years.

This is known as ostracism because voteswere written on a piece of broken potteryknown as ostrakon.


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THE PERSIAN WARS

499 B.C. some of the Greek colonists inAsia Minor rebelled against the rule of thePersian king, Darius

- Athens sent 20 ships to help rebels butthey were defeated.

- To punish Athens, Darius invadedGreece.

- The Persians were defeated.

- Phidippides swiftest runner announcedthe victory of Athens


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THE PERSIANS INVADEGREECE AGAIN

Xerxes son of Darius who sent a largearmy to conquer all Greece

The invading Persians crossed the waters

of the Hellespont and made their waythrough mountainous Greece.

Persians and Greeks clashed at the

Thermopylae pass.

Greeks were defeated by the Persians.


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THE GREEKS DEFEAT THEPERSIANS AT SEA

When Thermopylae fell, the Persians hadan open route to Athens.

Themistocles lead the new navy at the

island of Silamis

Defeated the Persians


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THE GOLDEN AGE OFATHENIAN DEMOCRACY

Alliances were formed to protect Sparta andAthens from invaders or conquerors.

Delian League composed of Athens and its

150 city-state allies Pericles rebuilt the city of Athens,

strengthened its defenses and promoteddemocracy

Firm believer in peoples participation in government

Believes that the government is in the hands of the

many and not the few


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Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia and conqueror of thePersian empire

crossed the Hellespont and freed the Greekcolonies in Asia Minor, Phoenicia was next tofall, then Egypt, where he founded the city ofAlexandria.

Together with his army, they conquered Egyptto India without losing a single battle.

died in Babylon of a fever


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Alexander the Greats empire was

divided into 3 parts when he died:

1. Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt

2. Seleucid Empire of Asia

3. Antigonic Empire of Macedonia


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GREEK CULTURE

Thucydides emphasizes factual reporting.

Greeks are outstanding artists andarchitects.

Greeks set lasting standards of beauty.


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SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT ANDPHILOSOPHY DEVELOP

Greek thinkers are curious about thenatural world.

Greek scientific thinkers explore many

fields.

Greeks influence modern scientific study.


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SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT ANDPHILOSOPHY DEVELOP

Socrates stresses use of reason.

Socrates emphasizes careful thinking andquestioning.

Plato questions ideas about governmentand democracy.

Aristotle studies all fields of knowledge.


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HELLENISTIC AGE

Euclid organized earlier knowledge of geometryinto a logical system

Worked out hundreds of geometrical proofs,

writing a textbook that became the basic work ingeometry

Eratosthenes knew that the earth was round

Declared that the oceans of the earth are

connected Made maps of the world he knew

Estimated the earths circumference


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HELLENISTIC AGE

Aristarchus mathematician andastronomer from the island of Samos

Argued that the sun is the center of the

universe

Archimedes discovered the principles ofthe lever and pulley, the natural laws for

calculating the weight of an object in water Invented the catapult


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HELLENISTIC AGE

HELLENIC AGE

Philosophers wereconcerned with theindividual as acitizen of the polis

HELLENISTIC AGE

Philosophers gavemore thought to theindividual as anindividual rather thanas part of acommunity.


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HELLENISTIC AGE

2 Schools of Philosophy

1. Epicureanism named after Epicurus- Epicurus tried to define ways on how to live

untroubled lives.- Advised against trying to gain wealth,

political power, or fame because theseincrease anxiety

- wise people should not give in strongemotions

- Recommended enjoyment of simplepleasures


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HELLENISTIC AGE

2 Schools of Philosophy

2. Stoicism founded by Zeno

- emphasized dignity, self-control and reason

- emphasized the need for religion as a guide tohuman happiness

- Zeno stated that the essential part of a person

is reason.- The individual should accept what life bringsand remain indifferent to pain, pleasure andunhappiness.


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All human beings are by nature equalbecause they all have the power to usereason.

Our [lives] should not be based on cities

or peoples, each with its own view of rightand wrong; but we should regard all men

as our fellow countrymen and fellowcitizens.


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GREEKS CONTRIBUTIONS TO

HISTORY

Democracy

Literary classics Homers epic (Iliad and

Odyssey), Greek lyrical poetry, fables, dramatic

works and comedies Philosophy of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Historical works by Herodotus and Thucydides

Ionian, Doric and Corinthian Architecture The Olympic Games

Plebiscites and referendums


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ROMAN CIVILIZATION


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Rome originally a little city on the bank

of the river of Tiber in Italy Italy came from the Latin word italus

which means boot


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THE GREEKS AND THE


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THE GREEKS AND THEETRUSCANS INFLUENCE ROMAN

CULTURE Latin early settler of Rome

Greeks established citystates at Sicilyand southern Italy.

Romans adopted their alphabet, militarytechniques and styles of literature, art and

architecture. Etruscans lived in prosperous trading

cities to the north and west of Rome

ETRUSCAN INFLUENCE


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ETRUSCAN INFLUENCE

skills in sanitation

road building

architecture

pottery making


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FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO A


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FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO AREPUBLIC

Twelve Tables of Laws Romes first

written code

Written in bronze tablets


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THE PUNIC WARS

Comes from the Latin word puniPhoenician because Carthage wasfounded by the Phoenicians

1st Punic War Romans won andmade Sicily as the first province

Province means territory outsidethe Italian peninsula

Hannibal Carthaginian generalwho led the army during the 2nd

Punic War


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THE PUNIC WARS

3rd Punic Wars Rome defeated Carthage

Carthage became the province of Rome

TRANSITION FROM REPUBLIC


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TRANSITION FROM REPUBLICTO EMPIRE

2 CLASHING SOCIAL CLASSES:

1. Aristocratic party composed on landowners,merchants and politicians

2. Peoples party group of the masses

* To gain popularity, the generals and clever

politicians gave free bread and entertainmentto the masses. With the support of the masses,they were able to dominate the Senate andrealize their political ambition.


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1st TRIUMVIRATE

1ST Triumvirate coalition of Pompey,Crassus, and Julius Caesar

Each tried to win military in different parts

of the Roman realm. Pompey Middle East

Crassus Parthia

Caesar Gaul After his victories in Egypt and Asia Minor, he

sent his message, Veni, vidi, vici (I came, Isaw and I conquered) to Rome


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PARTHIAN EMPIRE


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EMPIRE OF GAULS

encompasses present day France, Luxembourg and Belgium, mostof Switzerland, the western part of Northern Italy, as well as theparts of the Netherlands and Germany


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END OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

Battle of Actium marked the end of theRoman Republic and the Roman Empire

EMERGENCE OF THE ROMAN


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EMERGENCE OF THE ROMANEMPIRE

Octavian Augustus Caesar 1stemperor of the Roman Empire

Appointed honest and efficient officials

Removed the corrupt and unworthy politicians

Improved system of taxation

Built roads and aqueducts


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PAX ROMANA

The Roman Peace

No civil wars

Prosperous economy

Good government directed by able andhonest officials

Social life was in bloom


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ROMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO


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ROMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TOCIVILIZATION

1. Roman law

2. Latin language, the language of theWestern world during the Middle

Ages, which influenced French,Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Englishand other modern languages

3. Latin Literature, which includes the

writings of Julius Caesar, Livy, Virgil(Bucolics, The Georgics, and theAeneid), Cicero


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CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION


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OF OTHER NATIONS OF ASIA

Hittites

Iron greatest contribution for it enabledmankind to progress from the Bronze Age

to the Iron Age.

use of horse-drawn chariots in warfare

Phoenicians


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Phoenicians

established colonies in various parts of theMediterranean world, out of whichemerged Carthage (North Africa), Cadiz

(Spain), Cagliari (Sardinia), Palermo(Sicily), and Monaco (French Riviera)

introduced cultural influences of

Mesopotamia, Egypt, Palestine, Persiaand India to the Mediterranean world

Invented the alphabet

Jews


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Jews

Monotheism belief in one God

Judaism and Christianity

The Bible

Modern banking and finance

Persians


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Persians

Zoroastrianism a religion based on thebelief that the life is a constant strugglebetween good and evil

founded by Zoroaster

system of provincial administrationincludes provincial administration, local

system of taxation, and postal service elaborate system of court etiquette still

followed by royal courts up to the present

Indians


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Indians

Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism

Yoga the discipline of the minds andbody by spiritual training

the first fable (Panchatantra)

first dramatic epics (The Clay Cart by

Sudakra and Sakuntala by Kalidasa) great epic poems (Mahabharata and

Ramayana)


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worlds greatest philosophical poem (the

Bhagavad Gita)

invented the zero and the numerals in

mathematics

Chinese


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Chinese

invented the first paper, brush-pen, andink, compass, printing press usingmovable blocks, gunpowder for warfare

and festivals, and the first water mill introduced sericulture (silk industry) and

the use of silk clothes

Confucian philosophy

introduced rocketry in warfare

printed the first paper money


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introduced the civil service examination

introduced the use of chopsticks foreating, calligraphy as the art of writing, kite

for outdoor sports, pagoda architecture

the Great Wall

Greek and Roman Civilization Overview

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