History of Architecture(Year 1) By Anjith Augustine

Greek Civilization

• Greece is a small country in Europe.• Greece is near the Mediterranean

Sea.• The main part of Greece in on a

peninsula.• A peninsula is a body of land

surrounded by water on three sides. • The rest of Greece is made up of

islands.

Ancient Greece•2.1 Archaic Greece•2.2 Classical Greece•2.3 Hellenistic Greece•2.4 Roman Greece

Geography of Greece

• Greece is a small country in Europe.• Greece is near the Mediterranean

Sea.• The main part of Greece in on a

peninsula.• A peninsula is a body of land

surrounded by water on three sides. • The rest of Greece is made up of

islands.

Located in southeastern Europe, Greece is defined by a series of mountains and surrounded on all sides except the north by water.

• GREECE WAS SURROUNDED ON 3 SIDES BY SEA, WITH INNUMERABLE ISLANDS OF ARCHIPELAGO. GREEKS WERE GREAT SAILORS, AS THEY WERE SAILING TOWARDS MEDITERRANEAN IN SEARCH OF FOOD, TRADE AND ADVENTURE, THEY WERE LOOKING FOR NEW PLACES TO BUILD GREEKS CITIES AND OUTPOSTS.

• WHILE SAILING THEY CAME ACROSS A TRIBE OF PEOPLE LIVING ON AN ISLAND IN CRETE. THESE PEOPLE WERE THE MINOANS, THEY WERE VERY ADVANCED CIVILIZATION FOR THEIR TIMES.

• GREEKS HAD ABUNDANCE OF STONE ESPECIALLY MARBLE FOUND NEAR ATHENS

• THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS THERE WERE MODERATE NEITHER TOO HOT NOR TOO COLD.

• OUTDOOR LIFE SUITED THEM .

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Minoans, Mycenaeans, and PhoeniciansThe three cultures that influenced thedevelopment of Greek civilization

8PLAN OF THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS, CRETE 1700 – 1380 BCE

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RECONSTRUCTED LIGHT WELLPALACE OF KNOSSOS, CRETE

LOCATED ON THE UPPER STOREY, THIS LIGHT-WELL IS LOCATED DIRECTLY ABOVE THE THRONE ROOM. THE FRESCO SHOWN HERE IS A RESTORATION

AS FAR AS WE KNOW KNOSSOS WAS UNFORTIFFIED.

AS MAJOR CEREMONIAL ROOMS WERE LOCATED PARTIALLY UNNDER GROUND, STAIRS TO REACH THEM WERE CONSTRUCTED AROUND OPEN SHAFTS TO BRING LIGHT AND FRESH AIR TO LOWER LEVELS. THE ORIGINAL WOODEN COLUMNS AND SUPPORTING BEAMS WERE DESTROYED IN THE FIRE THAT CONSUMED THE PALACE AROUND 1380 BCE

THIS FABLED CITY WAS STRATEGICALLY SITUATED TO CONTROL MAJOR TRANSPORTATION ROUTES IN THE VICINITY. THE ENCLOSING WALLS IS COMPOSED OF ROUGHLY SHAPED BOULDERS.

PLAN OF THE CITADEL MYCANAE1600 – 1250 BCE 10

AT MYCENAE, THE PALACE MEGARON IS THE LARGEST ROOM, ROUGHLY 40’ SQUARE. BASES FOR THE FOUR COLUMNS THAT SUPPORTED THE ROOF ARE STILL VISIBLE, AS IS THE CENTRAL HEARTH. THIS PART OF THE PALACE WAS BUILT IN PART ON FILL, SUPPORTED BY RETAINING WALL, AND THERE IS STILL A SPLINDID VIEW OUT OVER THE VALLEY FROM THE COURT IN FRONT OF THE MEGARON. TO THE NORTH, A SMALLER ROOM WITH A STUCCOED POOL HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A BATHING ROOM.

THE CITADEL OF MYCENAI WAS SURROUNDED BY SMALLER SETTLEMENTS, PERHAPS COMPRISING OF EXTENDED FAMILY GROUPS WHO LIVED IN HOUSES CLOSELYL ASSOCIATED WITH THE TOMBS OF THEIR ANCESTORS. NINE OF THESE TOMBS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD.

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GREEK HISTORY: AN OVERVIEW

Greek CIVILIZATION started around 2000 B.C. By 1600 B.C., the Greek people had built fortified cities in the major valleys and many people were educated. Greece then had several wars, including the Trojan War around 1200 B.C., which threw them into what is known as the Dark Age.

During the DARK AGE, knowledge of writing was lost and most people lived in isolated villages. The Dark Age ended in about 800 B.C when the Greeks started to write again with an alphabet based on that of the Phoenicians.

During that time, many city-states emerged and struggled with each other for power for hundreds of years after that. In 480 B.C., the Greeks UNITED to defeat the invading Persians, but the alliance didn’t last long.

Around 477 B.C., two city-states, ATHENS AND SPARTA, became the dominant powers in that region and constantly fought each other for power. Greece had its GOLDEN AGE in Athens around 477 - 431 B.C.

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Greek CITIES

GREEK CITY PLANNING WAS NOT ALWAYS AS ASYMMETRICAL & EVOLUTIONARY IN FORM AS THE AGORA IN ATHENS. THE GREEKS WERE PERFECTLY CAPABLE OF PRODUCING REGULAR, ORTHONONAL TOWN PLANS AND FREQUENTLY EMPLOYED THEM FOR COLONIAL CITIES, AS MAY BE SEEN AT PAESTUM (POSEIDONIA), WHICH A STREET PATTERN FROM THE MID- SEVENTH CENTURY BCE THAT PRODUCED HUGE, ELONGATED, RECTANGULAR BLOCKS.

WHILE MANY CITIES GREW ORGANICALLY OVER TIME, OTHERS WERE REBILT, OFTEN AFTER SUFFERING WAR DAMAGE, ACORDING TO THE NEW, MORE REGULAR TOWN PLANNNING PRINCIPLES. SUCH WAS THE FACE IN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURIES BCE, WHEN A NUMBER OF TOWNS WERE PROVIDED WITH GRID BLOCKS & CAREFULLY CONSIDERED OPEN SPACES AND ORTHOGAL AGORA.

Greek City-States

• Because Greece is made up of many islands, and has many tall mountains, the Greeks began to build city-states instead of one country.• A city-state is a city with its own laws, rulers, and money.• City-states were cities that acted like countries.

Greek City-States

• Shared a language & letters• Remained independent of each other• Each region had a Polis• Each region was built around an acropolis

Structure of the

City-States

Polis Acropolis

Agora

Polis

A city-state in ancient Greece

Polis • Each polis was a nation of its own• developed because land

was isolated by mountains or water• common language• depend on one another to

survive. • met every year at a great

athletic contest known as the Olympics.

Parthenon

ErechtheumErechtheion

Pinakotheke Theater of Dionysius

King’s Shrine

Sanctuary of Asclepius

Odeum of Herodes Atticus (Roman)

Stoa of Eumenes

The Acropolis of Athens

ACROPOLISa large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs

Agora

• A central area in Greek cities used both as a marketplace and as a meeting place.

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Athens

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PLAN OF THE PARTHENON COMPLEX

THE ACROPOLIS IS A PLATEAU RISING ABRUPTLY ABOVE THE PLAIN OF THE CITY. FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES, THE ROUTE TO THE PANATHENAIC WAY FROM THE CIVIC COMMERCCIAL CENTER ( THE AGORA) TO THE ACROPOLIS TRAVERSED A WINDING STEPPED PATH UP THE WESTERN ESCARPMENT. AS MOST GREEK TEMPLES FACE EAST, THIS MEANS THAT THE INITIAL VIEW THAT ONE HAS IS OF THE BACK SIDES OF THE BUILDINGS. IT HAS A DIGNIFIED SYMETRICAL ENTRANCE WAY AMID ASYMMETRIES ACCOMMODATING A FRAGMENT OF THE ORIGINAL MYCENAEYAN FORTIFICATION WALL AND A GRADIENT CHANGE THRU THE DEPTH OF THE BUILDING.

The POLIS (city-state) consisted of a city and its surrounding plains and valleys. The nucleus of the polis was the elevated, fortified site called the ACROPOLIS where people could take refuge from attack. With the revival of commerce, a TRADING CENTER developed below the acropolis-Agora

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THE ACROPOLIS, ATHENS 479BCE (FROM THE ENTRANCE SIDE)

THE REMAINS OF THE PROPYLAEA TO THE LEFT AND THE TINY TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE IN THE CENTER STAND OUT IN THE FOREGROUND WITH THE GABLE END OF THE PARTHENON VISIBLE ON THE RIGHT.

VIEW FROM BELOW OF THE ACROPOLIS, ATHENS

THE PARTHENON TEMPLE SITS ON THE HIGHTST GOUND AND STILL DONINATES THE MODERN CITY. PART OF THE ERECHTHEION IS VISIBLE AT THE EXTREME LEFT, WHILE THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE STANDS AT THE FAR RIGHT SIDE. IN THE RIGHT FOREGROUND REMAIN THE RUINS OF THE RAMS AND STAIRS THAT LED TO THE PROPYLAEA. THE PARTHENON IS FIRST SEEN AT AN ANGLE & THRU A SCREEN OF COLUMNS

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THE PERSIANS CONTROLLED MESOPOTAMIA & THE IONIAN GREEK AREAS AROUND THE AGEAN SEA IN ASIA MINOR FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE 6TH BCE. IN 480 BCE THE PERSIANS ATTACKED THE GREEK PENINSULA AND DESTROYED ATHENS BUT WERE FINALLY DEFEATED BY THE GREEK NAVY. ATHENS THEN DEVELOPED AS THE LEADING CITY ON THE MAINLAND . IT UNITED WITH IONIAN CITIES TO BETTER ITS MIGHT. A CONSIDERABLE PORTION OF MONEY WAS SPENT ON REBUILDING THE RAVAGED ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS, WHICH HAD BEEN A MILITARY, POLITICAL, AND RELIGIOUS SANCTUARY SINCE MYCENAEN TIMES. THE 4 BUILDINGS ERECTED THERE AFTER 479 BCE USHERED IN THE MATURE PHASE OF GREEK ARCHITECURE KNOWN AS THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (479 – 323 BCE)

THE PARTHENON ATHENS, 448 – 432 BCETHIS IS HOW THE PARTHENON APPEARS TO SOMEONE LEAVING THE PROPYLAEA AND LOOKING SOUTHEAST. AS IS THE CASE WITH MANY GREEK TEMPLES, THE BUILDING IS SET SO THAT THE VIEWER LOOKS UP TO IT AND SEES TWO SIDES AT ONCE.

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EXTERIOR OF THE CELLA WALL, AND ACTUAL USE OF THE IONIC ORDER IN THE WESTERN OPISTHODOMOS (BACK ROOM) THAT HOUSED THE TREASURY, WHERE 4 IONIC COLUMNS SUPPORT THE ROOF. THE USE OF 8 COLUMNS ACROSS THE GABLE END, UNUSUAL IN DORIC, HAS CONNECTIONS TO THE EARLIER IONIC TEMPLES. BEHIND THEM AT EACH END STAND SIX PROSTYLE COLUMNS, OR COLUMNS IN FROM OF THE EAST AND WEST WALLS. ENTASIS , WHICH WAS RATHER HEAVY HANDED IN THE TEMPLE OF HERA AT PAESTUM , WAS USED SUBTLY HERE TO CREAT A SENSE OF REPOSE. MINUTE ADJUSTMENTS IN THE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LINES OF THE STRUCTURE ENHANCE THE PERCEPTION OF ORTHOGONAL GEOMETRY: THE STYLOBATE ( THE PLATFORM FROM WHICH THE COLUMNS RISE) IS ACTUALLY CONVEX UPWARD; THE COLUMNS INCLINE IMPERCEPTIBLE AWAY FROM THE VIEWER; AND THE CENTRAL AXES OF THE COLMNS ARE NOT VERTICAL BUT LIE ALOND RADII EMANATING FROM A POINT OVER 6800’ ABOVE THE GROUND.

THE COLUMNS ARE NOT THE SAME DIAMETER – THE END ONES ARE LARGER – NOR ARE THEY EQUIDISTANTLY SPACED; THE CORNER ONES ARE CLOSER TOGETHER.

THE PARTHENON, ATHENSIT WAS THE LARGEST AND MOST FAMOUS OF THE GREEK TEMPLES, DEDICATED TO ATHENA POLIAS, PATRON GODESS OF THE CITY. AFTER THE PERSIANS DESTROYED THE 0LD TEMPLE OF ATHENA, A NEW PERIPTERAL TEMPLE, DESIGGNED BY THE ARCHITECTS IKTINOS AND KALLIKRATES WAS BUILT OF THE FINEST MARBLE FROM MOUNT PENTELIKOS (PENTELIC MARBLE). IT WAS BUILT ON THE SAME SITE AS THE PREVIOUS TEMPLE, WITH ENLARGEMENTS AND PROBABLY MADE USE OF COLUMN DRUMS AND METOPES CARVED FOR THE OLDER TEMPLE. IT IS A DORIC TEMPLE, 8 COLUMNS WIDE X 17 COLUMNS DEEP, BUT IT INCORPORATES IONIC ATTRIBUTES, INCLUDING SLENDER COLUMN PROPORTIONS, A CONTINUOUS FRIEZE AROUND THE

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SCULPTED FIGURES ADORNED BOTH THE OUTSIDE AND THE INSIDE OF THE PANTHENON. THE 2 END PEDIMENTS WERE FILLED WITH OVER – LIFESISE FIGURES REPRESENTING, ON THE EAST, THE BIRTH OF ATHENA WHINESSED BY THE DOGS, AND ON THE WEST , THE CONTEST BETWEEN ATHENA AND POSEIDON FOR CONTROL OF ATHENS. THE METOPES CONTAINED RELIEF SCUPLTURES DEPICTING STRUGGLES BETWEEN GREEKS AND AMOZONS. GREEKS AND TROJANS, GODS AND GIANTS, AND LAPITHS (PEOPLE OF THESSALONIA) AND CENTAURS (CREATURES COMBINING THE UPPER TORSOS OF MEN WITH THE B ODIES OF HORSES), ALL COMMEMORATING THE TRIUMPH OF GREEKS CIVILIZATION OVER BARBARIANISM.

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THEATER EPIDAUROS,350-200BCE

THE THEATRE AT EPIDAUROS IS EXCEPTIONALLY WELL PRESERVED AND BEAUTIFULLY SITED IN THE LANDSCAPE, LOOKING OUT TO DISTANT HILLS. TRADITION ASSIGNS ITS DESIGN TO POLYKLEITOS, ARCHITECT OF THE THOLOS, BUT NOT ALL SCHOLARS AGREE WITH THIS ATTRIBUTION. THE THEATER WAS BUILT IN 2STAGES, THE LOWER 5000 SEATS IN 34 TIERS DATING FROM 350 BCE, WHITH THE UPPER 23 TIERS BEING ADDED IN THE SECOND STAGE.

5TH CENTURY ATHENIANS CONSTRUCTED THE THEATER OF DIONYSOS ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE ACROPOLIS HILL, USING THE RISING EMBANKMENT TO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR A CONCENTRIC SEATING FOCUSED ON THE CIRCULAR ORCHESTRA, A FLAT AREA FOR DANCING. BEHING THE ORCHESTRA WAS A BACKDROP STRUCTURE, THE SKENE, & THE ARE DIRECTLY IN FRONT, THE PROSKENION, WAS A RAISED PLATFORM FROM WHICH ACTORS DECLAIMED THEIR LINES. (NOTE H OW THIS TERMINOLOGY CONTINUES TO BE USED TODAY; THE FRAMING ARCH OVER THE STAGE OF TODAY’S THEATERS IS KNOWN AS THE PROSCENIUM, WHILE THE ORCHESTRA SEATS ARE THOSE PLACED DIRECTLY IN FRONT OF THE STAGE). SEVERAL DOORS SET IN THE SKENE SERVED AS ENTRANCES & EXISTS AS NEEDED IN THE DRAMA, AND ACTORS SPOKE LINES FROM THE GODS FROM THE ROOF O FTHE BUILDINGS.

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PLAN OF THE THEATER EPIDAUROS, 350 – 200 BCE

VIRTUALLY EVERY GREEK CITY HAD ITS OWN THEATER THAT COULD ACCOMMODATE A GOOD PORTION OF THE POPULATION, AS ATTENDING FRAMATIC PERFORMANCES WERE ENCOURAGED TO PROMOTE CIVIC VALUES

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STOA OF ATTALOS, ATHENS 159 – 132 BCETHIS BUILDING WAS CONTRIBUTED TO THE CITY BY ATTALOS OF PERGAMON. IT IS RECONSTUCTED FORM, IT AND THE HEPHASTEION ARE THE ONLY STRUCTURES FORM ANTIQUITY REMAINING IN THE ATHENIAN AGORA. THE COLUMN FILE ORGAIZATION OF THE STOA CAN BE TRACED BACK TO EGYPTIAN COMPLEXES SUCH AS THE TEMPLES OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT & MENTUHOTEP.

TOWN PLANNING WENT BEYOND SPECIFYING THE LOCATION OF THE CIVIC BUILDINGS, THE LAYOUT OF STREETS, AND THE POSITIONING OF OPEN SPACES, TO ENCOMPASS DESIGN OF TYPICAL SINGLE – FAMILY HOUSES FOR AN ESTIMATED POPULATION OF 15,000 TO 20,000. HOUSES WERE CONSISTENTLY ORIENTED WITH THEIR MAJOR ROOMS OPENING TO THE SOUTH, AND THE MEGARON FORM ALREADY FAMILIAR FROM MYCENAEAN TIMES WAS USED AGAIN AS THE BASIC LIVING UNIT OF THE HOUSE. DURING HELLENISTIC PERIOD BOTH ARCHITECTURE & T.P. BECAME MORE ELLABORATE AND THEATRICAL.

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PLAN OF PAESTUM (POSEIDONIA) 7TH CENTURY BCE

THIS GREEK COLONIAL CITY WAS LAID OUT WITH ELONGATED BLOCKS ON THE ORTHOGONAL PATTERN. ACROSS THE CENTER WAS THE PULIC SECTOR, WITH COMMERCIAL STRUCTURES, GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, & TEMPLES, INCLUDING THE TEMPLE OF HERA.

THIS SITE WAS SUBMERGED BY THE SEA DURING THE MIDDLE AGES BUT IS LOCATED AGAIN ON DRY LAND TODAY

Four major TYPES OF GOVERNMENT evolved in ancient Greece:• Monarchy (rule of a king) limited by an aristocratic council and a

popular assembly.

• Oligarchy (rule of the few) arising when the aristocratic council ousted the king and abolished the assembly.

• Tyranny (rule by one who ruled without legal authority) riding to power on the discontent of the lower classes.

• Democracy (rule of the people), the outstanding political achievement of the Greeks.

Monarchy Some city-states had a single ruler

Oligarchy

In some city-states, a small group of the richest and most powerful citizens controlled decision-making

DemocracyRule by the citizens

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THE

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THE LANGUAGE OF ARCHITECTURE: THE THREE ORDERS OF COLUMNS USED IN GREEK ARCHITECTURE

VITRUVIUS, THE ROMAN ARCHITECT WHOSE FIRST – CENTURY BCE TREATISE WAS BASED IN PART ON EARLIER, NOW LOST, GREEK TEXTS, NAMES THREE SUCH ORDERS :1 ) THE DORIC2) THE IONIC &3) THE CORINTHIAN.

THE DORIC , THE STURDIEST, WAS BASED ON THE PROPORTIONS OF A MAN.

THE IONIC, WAS LIGHTER IN CHARACTER TO REFLECT THE PROPORTIONS OF A WOMAN

THE CORINTHIAN, SLENDEREST OF ALL, HAD A HIGHLY DECORATED CAPITAL TO SUGGEST THE FORM AND PROPORTIONS OF A YOUNG MAIDEN.

THE DORIC ORIGINATED ON THE MAINLAND OF GREECE, WHILE THE IONIC DEELOPED ON THE ISLANDS OF THE AEGEAN AND THE COAST OF ASIA MINOR. THE CORINTHIAN ORDER ONLY APPEARED LATER.

EACH ORDER HAS ITS OWN PARTICULAR COMBINATION OF ELEMENTS. THE DORIC COLUMN HAS NO BASE AND HAS THE SIMPLEST CAPITAL ATOP THE FLUTED SHAFT; ITS ENTABULATURE CONSISTS OF A PLAIN ARCHITRAVE AND ALTERNATING METOPES AND TRIGLYPHS IN THE FRIEZE, WHICH IS CROWNED WITH A CORNICE.

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BUILDERS OF THE EARLY DORIC TEMPLES MADE USE OF LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIAL, MOST OFTEN LIMESTONE. THIS IMPOSED STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS ON THE LENGTH OF SPANS FOR LINTELS AND THE DIAMETER OF COLUMNS NEEDED TO SUPPORT THE HEAVY TILE ROOF. IONIC TEMPLES USED MARBLE, A SUPERIOR STONE, AND THUS HAD A MORE SLENDER PROFILE.

AT PAESTUM IN SOUTHERN ITALY, THE TEMPLE OF HERA IN THE FORMER COLONIAL CITY OF POSEIDONIA IS ONE OF THE MOST SUBSTANTIAL OF SURVIVING ARCHAIC TEMPLES. BUILT IN ABOUT 550 BCE, IT HAS STURDY DORIC COLLUMNS. THE COLUMN SHATS SWELL, THEN DIMINISH, AS THEY RISE TO THE BULBOUS ECHINUS MOULDING THAT FORMS THE CAPITAL. THIS CHANGE IN SOLUMN DIAMETER IS CALLED ENTASIS, AND IT WAS THOUGHT TO BE COMPARABLE TO THE MASCULAR STRENGTH OF AN ARM OR LEG, EXPRESSING VISUALLY THE PHYSICAL LOAD SUSTAINED BY THE SHAFT. EACH FLUTE IS THE COLUMN HAS A PRECISE EDGE, AN ARRIS, WHERE THE CURVED SECTIONS OF ADJACENT FLUTES INTERSECT, AND THESE ARRISES RUN ABSOLUTELY STRAIGHT UP THE SHAFT ON EVERY COLUMN. ABOVE THE ECHINUS IS A FLAT SQUARE BLOCK, THE ABACUS, WHICH PROVEDES THE TRANSITION FROM THE CYLINDRICAL FORM OF THE COLUMN TO THE RECTANGULAR AND LINEAR ARCHITRAVE ABOVE. JOINTS BETWEEN LIMESTONE BLOCKS ARE EASILY SEEN AT PAESTUM, AND THE LLIMITED SPANNING CAPABILITY OF THE STONE IS REFLECTED IN THE CLOSE COLUMN SPACING .

TEMPLE OF HERA AT PAESTUM 550 BCE

THE END ELEVATION OF NINE STURDY COLU,NS, WITH ENTASIS, CAPITAL WITH FLATTENED ECHINUS PROFILES, AND SUBSTANTIAL ABACUS BLOCKS, ALL SUPPORTING AN ENTABLATURE. NOTICE HOW SHADOWS CAST BY FLUTING ON THE COLUMN SHAFTS ENHANCE THE SENSE OF VOLUME

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THE IONIC HAS A BASE SUPPORTING ITS FLUTED COLUMN SHAFT AND A CAPITAL WITH VOLUTES (SCROLLS). ITS ENTABULATURE IS ALSO COMPOSED OF AN ARCHITRAE AND FRIEZE. THERE IS REGIONAL VARIATION IN THE IONIC : ALONG THE COAST OF ASIA MINOR, THE FRIEZE IS USUALLY TREATED AS THREE STEPPED BANDS OF MASONRY. WHILE ON THE MAINLAND OF GREECE THE FRIEZE OFTEN FEATURES CONTINUOUS SCULPTED RELIEF. A CORNICE OFTEN WITH DENTILS CONCLUDES THE ORDER.

THERE WAS ALSO GENERAL CONVENTIONS REGULATING THE PROPORTIONS OF THE PARTS, THE OVERALL HEIGHT, AND THE COLUMN SPACING, WHICH THE ANCIENT GREEKS ADJUSTED ACCORDING TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES. ITALIAN ARCHITECTS OF THE RENAISSANCE 2000 YEARS LATER CODIFIED THE PRACTICE INTO A SET OF MATHEMATICAL RATIONS BASED ON THE COLUMN’S DIAMETER AT THE BASE, BUT MEASUREMENTS OF SURVIVING TEMPLES PROVIDE NO EVIDENCE THAT THE GREEKS EVER REDUCED TEMPLE DESIGN TO A SINGLE FORMULA. THE ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE WERE THUS AT ONCE SPECIFIC AND FLEXIBLE, NOT A RESTRICTION FOR DESIGNERS BUT AN EXPRESSIE MEDIUM THAT COULD BE ADAPTER TO PECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES.

THE ORIGINS OF THE ORDERS REMAIN OBSECURE. VITRUVIUS MAINTAINS THAT THE ORDERS WERE DERIVED FROM EARLIER ARCHITECTURE IN WOOD, A MATERIAL THAT WE KNOW WAS ONCE USED FOR TEMPLES. EVEN AFTER WALLS AND COLUMNS WERE BUILT IN STONE, WOODEN BEAMS CONTINUED TO BE USED FOR FRAMING THE ROOF, SO THESE HAVE NOT SURVIVED.

THE IONIC ORDER AS FOUND ON THE NORTH PORCH OF THE ERECHTHEION, ATHENS.THE IONIC’S DECORATIVE FLOURISHES MAY RELFECT INFLUENCE FROM ORIENTTAL SOURCES. ALTHOUGH THE ENTABLATURE IS SIMPLER THAN THE DORIC’S ITS CAPITALS AND BASES ARE SUBJECT TO CONSIDERABE ARTISTIC INTERVENTION

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CORINTHIAN CAPITAL, THOLOS, EPIDAUROS 360 – 330 BCE

LAVISH CORINTHAIN CAPITALS LIKE THIS COMBINED IONIC VOLUTES WITH THE LEAVES OF THE ACANTUS PLANT, WHICH IS STILL COMMONLY FOUND IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA. ONLY PENTELIC MARBLE OR OTHER STONE WITH SO FINE A GRAIN ALLOWS FOR THE CARVING OF SUCH FINE DETAIL.

Socrates• Socrates was a philosopher

of Ancient Greece.• A philosopher is someone

who tries to explain the nature of life.• Socrates taught by by

asking questions. This method of questioning is still called the Socratic method.

Plato

• Plato was a student of Socrates.• He started a school called The

Academy.• Plato’s writing took the form of a

dialogue between teacher and student.

Aristotle

• Aristotle was another Greek philosopher and student of Plato.• He wrote about science, art,

law, poetry, and government.

Alexander the Great

• Alexander the Great was the son of King Phillip II of Macedonia. • Alexander conquered Persia, Egypt,

the Middle East and Northern India. • He died at age 33 from malaria.

Alexander’s Empire

Greek religion was polytheistic.

Assignment1. Minoans2. Mycenaeans3. Phoenicians4. Time period of ancient Greece5. Geographic peculiarities and different cities6.Greek city states-overview7. Parthenon8. Acropolis9. Agora10. THEATER EPIDAUROS,350-200BCE11. STOA OF ATTALOS, ATHENS 12. Different governing systems13. Doric order14. Ionic order15. Corinthian order16. Philosophers17. Alexander and his empire18. Optical correction-Parthenon19. City planning-Athens20- polis-Sparta21- Iron grid planning22- beginning of olympics