Greece
Transcript of Greece
● Numerous mountains○ Mt. Olympus (9500 ft)○ separated cities○ divided cultures○ dependence on the sea
● Peninsular○ Peloponnesus
■ Sparta
Geographical Impact
Division ofContinents● Strait of Bosporus
○ Istanbul■ Darius’ Bridge■ Pontoons
● Hellespont○ Dardanelles
■ Xerxes’ Bridge■ Pontoons
● Heinrich Schliemann ○ German Archaeologist-1870s○ Found City of Troy
● King Agamemnon○ Brother of Menelaus
■ Spartan○ Trojan War
■ Helen of Troy
Mycenae
● Very few historical records● People began to migrate to islands
○ Drop in population and food production● Homer
○ The Iliad■ Achilles
○ The Odyssey■ Odysseus
The Dark Age of Greece
● polis (modern English - politics)○ Citizens with political rights (adult males)○ Citizens without political rights
(women/children)○ Non-citizens (slaves and resident aliens)
● Military○ hoplites
■ phalanx
Greek ‘City-States’
● Byzantium (at the Strait of Bosporus)○ A.K.A - Constantinople○ Modern day - Istanbul
Greek Colonies
● spartan - “highly self-disciplined”● A Military State
○ Males were trained from the age of 7○ Remained in the army until age 60
● Women were expected to maintain physical fitness and culture○ “Come back carrying your shield; or on it.”
Sparta
● helots● phalanx● Government
○ ephors● Spartans were generally prohibited from
travelling “where they might encounter ideas dangerous to the state”.
Sparta (cont.)
● Solon - cancelled all land debts and frees people who had fallen into slavery
● Pisistratus - gave land to peasants● Cleisthenes - council of 500
○ created the foundations of democracy
Athens (cont.)
● The Ionian city/states rebelled against the Persians. Athens gave them aid.○ Darius wants revenge against Athens
● The Persians attack the Greek mainland and face the Athenians at Marathon.○ 26 miles from Athens○ The Greeks win!
■ A messenger ran the distance to inform Athens
Here Comes Persia
● The Greek city-states united in order to create a defense against the Persians○ The Delian League
● Athens emerged as the dominant member○ The Age of Pericles
■ Pericles’ Address to Athens (p. 108)■ The height of Athenian power
● Direct Democracy was created
The Athenian Empire
● After the defeat of Persia (for now)...● Athens and Sparta began to compete
○ Two conflicting ideologies● Athens hid behind their walls
○ One-third of them died from plague○ Athens’ navy was also destroyed
● Greece was in ruins○ After 66 years-Athens, Sparta, and
Thebes rebuilt to compete again
The Peloponnesian Wars
● Phillip II of Macedon○ United the Northern tribes and challenged
Athens for control of the peninsula○ Crushed the Athenians at Chaeronea
● “In the conquered lands, Greeks and non-Greeks formed a new society in what is known as the Hellenistic Era (Imitate Greece).” (p.138)
Hellenistic Greece
● Phillip II assassinated● His son Alexander took over at 20 years
of age○ Highly trained in military science and
personally tutored by Aristotle
Alexander - The Great