Great Men and Women

7/28/2019 Great Men and Women

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Teresa Magbanua y Ferraris (b. October13, 1868 - d. August 1947), a nativeofPototan, Iloilo, was known as the "Joan ofArc of the Visayas" for her display ofcourage, patriotism and military tactics. Shewas the brother of Gen. PascualMagbanua who died mysteriously.

Magbanua was born in Pototan,Iloilo on October 13, 1868 to AlejandraFerraris and Juan Magbanua, a judge. Whenshe was young, she became involved in

boys fights and even joined her brothers intheir brawls with other kids from othertowns. Teresa likewise enjoyed climbing

trees, swimming in the Jaluar river, and ridingcarabaos and horses. She liked being with boys than girls.

Because of her boyish nature, her parents became concerned and soin 1885, they sent her to the College of San Jose in Jaro, Iloilo to study.Then, later on, they sent her to Santa Rosa College in Manila and thento Colegio de Santa Catalina to be prepared as a teacher. They also will thatshe learn how to be a graceful lady through such kind of education.

Finally, in 1894, she received her certificate as a teacher from Colegiode Dona Cecilia. From that, she soon taught at different campuses inPanay.

Magbanua soon married a rich landowner hailing fromSara, Iloilo, Alejandro Baldero. Because of that, she stopped teaching andbegan working at their farm. Through that, she became acquainted withfarm life such as firing a pistol and riding a horse.

With her two brothers in the Revolution, Teresa decided to join therevolution at the age of 28. Even though her husband was against it, she

still pursued it.

She led men revolutionaries and even won the battlenearSara, Iloilo known as the Battle of Sap-ong. Due to this, MartinTeofilo Delgado, the commander-in-chief in Visayas, applauded herfierceness and abilities to deal with the military, then allowing her tocontinue leading the troops in Panay.

On February 11, 1899, she, together with her troops, fought with theAmericans. On March of that same year, they also battled in Balantang-Tacas-Jibao-an. That particular battle which occurred in March 10 became
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famous because the Visayan troops eventually killed 400 Americans andTeresa exuded her valor and might despite what others may perceive for awoman at that time.

Consequently, not long after the war with the Japanese, she waswidowed and remained childless. Nay Isa, as her comrades called her,

reached the point of selling her possessions in Iloilo to assist in financingthe guerillas. She then went off to Mindanao (in Pagadian,Zamboanga delSur) to live with her sister, Maria. There, in August 1947, she died at the ageof 78.

In this time, her husband died and left her with no children. She soldher property in Iloilo, during the Japanese invasion and helped finance theguerilla activities of the Filipinos. She migrated to Pagadian, Zamboangadel Surwhere she lived with her sister. On August 1947, she died at the ageof 78.

Trinidad Perez Tecson (b. November 18,

1848 d. January 28, 1928), known as

the Mother of Biak-na-Batoand Mother of

Mercy,was one of the few revolutionary

women who actually fought side by side withthe revolutionary men to acquire freedom from

the Spanish colonizers. She was given the title

"Mother of Biak-na-Bato" by Gen. Emilio

Aguinaldo. She was also cited as the "Mother

of the Philippine National Red Cross" for her

service to her fellow Katipuneros.

Tecson was born in San Miguel de

Mayumo, Bulacan, one of the sixteen children

of Rafael Tecson and Monica Perez. She learned to read and write from a

schoolmaster named Quinto who was known to be a good teacher in their

town. She was also known to practice fencing with Juan Zeto, one of the

local fencers, and was feared throughout the province,

called "Tangkad"(tall) by her peers. Orphaned at a very young age, she

stopped school and went with her siblings to live with relatives. She

married at the age of 19, had two children -- Sinforoso and Desiderio, who
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both died. Tecson and her husband were engaged in the purchase and sale

of cattle, fish, oysters, and lobsters to be sold in Manila.

At first she was a dedicated councilor ofLogia de Adopcion, a

masonic lodge founded in 1893 for Philippine women. In 1895 at the age of

47 she joined the Katipunan, signing her oath with her own blood, althoughwomen members were not required to do so. She helped the group by

pilfering firearms from a courthouse in Caloocan City and in San Isidro,

Nueva Ecija. She was working under General Mariano Llanera when the

Revolution broke out. In a battle in San Miguel, Bulacan, she was almost

captured while delivering food to the soldiers but she managed to escape

by playing dead. She also took part in a battle led by General Francisco

Makabulos ofNueva Ecija, General Mariano Llanera, Gen.Isidro Torres and

Gen. Gregorio del PilarofBulacan. On the battlefield, she tended to the

wounded Katipuneros. In the bloody battle ofSan Miguel and Zaragosa she

was hit on her right thigh. Tecson and the others were forced to retreat

to Biak-na-Bato, which became the revolutionary headquarters of

Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.

She joined the revolutionary forces led by Gen. Gregorio del Pilarand

participated in the assault on the province ofBulacan and Calumpit. She

also served in the Malolos Republic and was designated as the Commisary

of War. During the American drive northward, she was inCabanatuan and

saw Gen. Antonio Luna's body. Bringing with her the sick and woundedrevolutionaries, Tecson crossed the Zambalesmountains to Sta. Cruz, then

to Iba.

After the war, her second husband died and she carried on her usual

business activities in Nueva Ecija, concentrating on selling meats in the

towns ofSan Antonio and Talavera. She married her third husband,

Doroteo Santiago, after whose death she got married to Francisco

Empainado. She had a total of four husbands in her lifetime.

On January 28, 1928, she died in the Philippine General Hospital at

the age of 80. Her remains lies in the Plot of the Veterans of the Revolution

in Cementer io del Norte.
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Gregoria de Jesus (b. May 15, 1875 - d. March 15, 1943), dubbedas Lakambini, de Jesus is the Mother of the Philippine Revolution,and the wife ofAndres Bonifacio, the founder of the Katipunan. She,together with several other brave Filipina women, risked their livesfighting for independence from the Spaniards during the Revolution.

Gregoria, also known as Aling Oriang, was born and raised in13 Baltazar Street (currently Zamora), Kalookan, a town in RizalProvince on May 9, 1875. Her father, Nicolas deJesus, also born and raised in that town,worked as a carpenter and master mason,and later as a government official duringthe Spanish era (as second lieutenant,chief lieutenant and gobernadorcillo). Hermother is Baltazara Alvarez Francisco,

from Noveleta, Cavite. She is GeneralMariano Alvarezs niece, fromtheMagdiwang party, who raised the revoltstandard in that province.

De Jesus studied in public schoolsand was able to finish the equivalent ofintermediate levels of education today.She won several awards during thosetimes: some of which include an examgiven by the curate and the Governor-General. She also received a silver medal with blue ribbon for being agood student.

Meanwhile, she had to stop studying afterwards to give way toher two brothers as they study in Manila. She helped her sister lookafter their family ventures. She oftentimes goes out into the fields tosupervise work in their farm. She supervised their workers as theyplant and harvest, as well as their laborers and tenants, then pay theirwages on Sunday mornings. She also sewed and weaved as much asshe assisted her mother in household chores.

At 18, Gregoria began receiving calls from different men; one ofthem was Andres Bonifacio, accompanying Ladislao Diwa and hercousinTeodoro Plata. Unknown to her, Bonifacio already began lettingher parents know of his love for her a year ago, but her fatherobjected.

Since Bonifacio was a freemason, Nicolas de Jesus clearlyopposed him. At that time, the elders considered masons as badbecause of they counter the friars teachings. However, after six
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months, her father soon gave his consent since she admitted her lovefor Bonifacio.

Then, to adhere to her parents wish, Gregoria and Andres weremarried in Binondo Church on March 1893, with Benita de Javier andRestituto Javier as sponsors. After a week, though, they remarried on

the request of the Katipuneros (since they do not consider theCatholic wedding as valid). This was held at the then-called OroquietaStreet. A small gathering followed, attended by Ramon Basa, PioValenzuela, Marina Dizon,Santiago Turano, Trinidad and Josefa Rizal.Almost all ofKatipunans dignitaries were there too. From then on,Gregoria joined the Katipunan and was dubbed as Lakambini.

Because of the burning desire to attain freedom, Gregoria, alongwith her husband and other katipuneros gathered every night to planfor their revolt. They usually stayed up until dawn, proclaiming

the Katipunan oath. Leaders of the propaganda also meet once ortwice each month.

Meanwhile, whenever they would hear that the Veterana policewould search the place where katipuneros gather, Gregoria wouldassemble all their documents, the seal, arms then ordered a quilesand would even leave her meals (as this usually occurred at noon orat eight in the evening). She would then drive to Tondos bay frontand along Binondos streets to save her countrymen from being

caught. There would even be times when her friends would notaccommodate her at their homes for fear that they might be involvedin the perilous challenges of being in the Katipunan. However, toremain safe, she would still rely on word-of-mouth to determine if itsalready safe to go back home.

After more than a year of being married to Andres Bonifacio,Gregorio was about to be a mother soon. Because of that, she movedto her parents house and bore her son there. He was named AndresBonifacio too, just like his father, and had Pio Valenzuela as his

grandfather. Two months after, she went back to Manila and justbefore the year ended, on Maundy Thursday, 1896, at three in theafternoon, they became fire victims in Dulongbayan. They movedfrom one house to another to escape, but when they reached PioValenzuelas house, on Calle Lavezares, in Binondo, their child died.They lived for some time at that house but then decided to move toCalle Magdalena, Trozo. From then on, the government became morewatchful ofKatipunans movements.
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Since the activities ofKatipunan were already discovered by theSpanish government, the revolutionaries went back to Kalookan.Likewise, because of this, several of the men members,including Andres Bonifacio, left their town. That stirred the revolt andthey soon cried for liberty on August 26, 1896. With this, Gregoria fled

to La Loma to escape from the oppressors since she learned that shewas targeted for being involved in the Katipunan. However, uponarrival there, she also learned that the inhabitants of the house wereterrorized severely and one was even pushed to exile (her uncle). Hertwo brothers and father were likewise arrested that time.

She then fled to Lico/street, now known as Soler, to escape. Shewent to the house of her Simplicio de Jesus, her uncle. However,since it was near the police station, she soon left and went to CalleClavel and stayed with Espiridiona Bonifacio, her sister-in-law. She

stayed there for one month and assumed the name Manuela Gonzaga.Still, being a katipunera, she left for the mountains on November 1,1896 and met Andres at San Francisco del Monte. They then wentto Balara, Katipunans headquarters, which was between Kalookanand Marikina.
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Elpidio Quirino was born onNovember 16, 1890, in the small city ofVigan, on Luzon Island in the Philippines.

His father, Don Mariano Quirino, was awarden at a provincial jail. His mother wasDona Gregoria Mendoza Rivera Quirino.

Young Elpidio graduated from elementaryschool in nearby Caoayan. Advancedbeyond his years, Elpidio became a barrio(rural village) teacher while studying atVigan High School.

Elpidio Quirino moved to Manila andgraduated from Manila High School in 1911 and then passed the civilservice exam. He entered law school at the University of the Philippines,graduating in 1915, and served as secretary to Senate President ManuelQuezon, where he began his rise through the Philippine government. In1919, he was elected to the Philippine House of Representatives. In 1925,he was elected to the Philippine Senate and was quickly given Senatecommittee appointments.

In 1931 Elpidio Quirino was reelected to the Senate, and in 1934 heserved as a member of the Philippine Independence mission toWashington, D.C., helping secure the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which set the

timetable for Philippine independence from the United States. Quirino wasalso one of the drafters of the Philippine constitution, which was approvedin May 1935.

In April 1942, the Philippines were captured by Japanese imperialforces. Elpidio Quirino refused to join the Japanese-sponsored puppetgovernment of Jose Laurel and instead went underground. He wascaptured by Japanese military police and imprisoned. His wife, son and twodaughters were killed by Japanese forces as they fled their home duringthe Battle of Manila in early 1945.

After the war, Elpidio Quirino became the leader of the majorityLiberal Party and president pro tempore of the Senate. Anticipating thecountrys impending independence, elections were held in April 1946,and Manuel Roxas was elected president, with Quirino as vice president.When President Roxas unexpectedly died in April 1948, Quirino becamepresident. When he took office, Quirino had two goals: reconstructing thenation and restoring the faith and confidence of the people. However,Quirino soon faced impeachment, instituted by members of the rivalNationalist Party. Charges ranged from nepotism to misappropriation offunds, but after several months, he was exonerated of all charges.
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surrounded the camp where Enrile and his men were holding out,

thus averting a bloody confrontation between the rebels and Marcos

loyalist group in the military.

Mrs. Corazon Aquino, who was proclaimed the New President,

reappointed Enrile as Secretary of National Defense. He left the post

after six months, however, as differences over policy with the new

administration grew.

In 1987, he ran and won as opposition Senator. Subsequently,

was the lone opposition Senator in the Senate. As Minority Floor

Leader, he was a member of all the standing committees of the

Senate. He was also a member of the Senate Electoral Tribunal and

the Commission on Appointments.

In the May 11, 1992 elections, he won a seat in the House of

Representatives by a landslide representing the First District ofCagayan, his home province. He joined the Liberal Party, to which his

father belonged, shortly after.

In the May 1995 elections he ran and won a seat once again in

the Senate under the Lakas Coalition. Again he was a member of the

Commission on Appointments and Chairman of the Senate Ways and

Means Committee and the Committee on Government Corporations

and Public Enterprises.

At that time, he authored the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program,which eventually became Republic Act 8424. Among the inclusions

that would greatly benefit the Overseas Filipino Worker in this law is

the exemption of their income earned abroad from taxation, thus

enabling them to save a more substantial amount from their salaries

for their families. In addition to this, is the exemption from capital

gains tax, proceeds realized from the sale of one's family home

provided that such gains would be utilized to acquire another

residential home.During the 10th and 11th Congress, Senator Juan Ponce Enrile

filed several legislative landmarks namely: the; SB No. 2068 which

seeks to increase by at least 100% the personal and additional tax

exemptions granted to individual income tax payers; SB. No. 2089

which seeks to reduce the income tax rates on taxable income; SB

1887 which would allow the deductibility from taxable income of

interest payments on housing loans, and in addition, SB No. 2082

which seeks to exempt all the allowances and benefits granted to


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public school teachers, including those in state colleges and

universities from income tax.

He has gone on to serve as one of the most productive and

outstanding senators in the present Congress. He has continued to

serve as he has lived- with excellence, determination and desire to

serve the Filipino people.


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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ;

(2 October 1869 30 January 1948),commonly known as MahatmaGandhi, was the preeminent leaderofIndian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhiled India to independence andinspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom

across the world.The son of a senior

government official, Gandhi wasborn and raised in a HinduBaniacommunity in coastal Gujarat, andtrained in law in London. Gandhi

became famous by fighting for thecivil rights of Muslim and Hindu Indians in South Africa, using newtechniques of non-violent civil disobedience that he developed.

Returning to India in 1915, he set about organizing peasants toprotest excessive land-taxes. A lifelong opponent of "communalism"(i.e. basing politics on religion) he reached out widely to all religiousgroups. He became a leader of Muslims protesting the decliningstatus of the Caliphate. Assuming leadership of the Indian NationalCongress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easingpoverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnicamity, ending untouchability, increasing economic self-reliance, andabove all for achievingSwarajthe independence of India fromBritish domination.

Gandhi led Indians in protesting the national salt tax with the400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in demanding theBritish to immediatelyQuit Indiain 1942, duringWorld War II. He wasimprisoned for that and for numerous other political offenses over theyears. Gandhi sought to practice non-violence and truth in allsituations, and advocated that others do the same. He saw thevillages as the core of the true India and promoted self-sufficiency; hedid not support the industrialization programs of hisdisciple Jawaharlal Nehru. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient
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didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing newclothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives." However, as wasprevailing tradition, the adolescent bride was to spend much time ather parents' house, and away from her husband. In 1885, whenGandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, but survived only a

few days. Gandhi's father, Karamchand Gandhi, had also died earlierthat year.

Mohandas and Kasturba had four more children, allsons: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in1897; and Devdas, born in 1900. At his middle school in Porbandarand high school in Rajkot, Gandhi remained a mediocre student. Heshone neither in the classroom nor on the playing field. One of theterminal reports rated him as "good at English, fair in Arithmetic andweak in Geography; conduct very good, bad handwriting." He passed

the matriculation exam at Samaldas College in Bhavnagar, Gujarat,with some difficulty. Gandhi's family wanted him to be a barrister, asit would increase the prospects of succeeding to his father's post.[
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Thomas Isidore Nol Sankara (December 21, 1949 October 15,

1987) was aBurkinab military captain, Marxist revolutionary, Pan-Africanist theorist, and President of Burkina Faso from 1983 to1987. Viewed as a charismatic and iconic figure of revolution, he iscommonly referred to as "Africa's Che Guevara".

Sankara seized power in a 1983 popularly supported coup at theage of 33, with the goal of eliminating

corruption and the dominance of theformerFrench colonial power. Heimmediately launched the most

ambitious program for social andeconomic change ever attempted onthe African continent. To symbolize thisnew autonomy and rebirth, he evenrenamed the country from the Frenchcolonial Upper Volta to BurkinaFaso ("Land of Upright Men"). Hisforeign policies were centeredaround anti-imperialism, with his

government eschewing all foreign aid,pushing forodious debt reduction,nationalizing all land and mineralwealth, and averting the power and

influence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.His domestic policies were focused on preventing famine withagrarian self-sufficiency and land reform, prioritizing education with anation-wide literacy campaign, and promoting public health byvaccinating 2.5 million children againstmeningitis, yellowfeverand measles. Other components of his national agenda included

planting over ten million trees to halt the growing desertification ofthe Sahel, doubling wheat production by redistributing landfrom feudal landlords to peasants, suspending ruralpoll taxes anddomestic rents, and establishing an ambitious road and railconstruction program to "tie the nation together". On the localizedlevel Sankara also called on every village to build a medicaldispensary and had over 350 communities construct schools withtheir own labour. Moreover, his commitment to women's rights ledhim to outlaw female genital mutilation, forced
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marriages and polygamy, while appointing females to highgovernmental positions and encouraging them to work outside thehome and stay in school even if pregnant.

In order to achieve this radical transformation of society, heincreasingly exerted authoritarian control over the nation, eventually

banning unions and a free press, which he believed could stand in theway of his plans.[ To counter his opposition in towns and workplacesaround the country, he also tried corrupt officials, counter-revolutionaries and "lazy workers" in peoples revolutionarytribunals.[6]Additionally, as an admirer ofFidel Castro's CubanRevolution, Sankara set up Cuban-style Committees for the Defenseof the Revolution (CDRs).

His revolutionary programs for African self-reliance as a defiantalternative to the neo-liberal development strategies imposed by the

West, made him an icon to many of Africa's poor.[6]

Sankara remainedpopular with most of his country's impoverished citizens. Howeverhis policies alienated and antagonised the vested interests of an arrayof groups, which included the small but powerful Burkinab middleclass, the tribal leaders whom he stripped of the long-held traditionalright to forced labourand tribute payments, and the foreign financialinterests in France and their ally the Ivory Coast.[1][8]As a result, hewas overthrown and assassinated in acoup d 'tatled by the French-backed Blaise Compaor on October 15, 1987. A week before hismurder, he declared: "While revolutionaries as individuals can bemurdered, you cannot kill ideas."

Thomas Sankara was the son of Marguerite Sankara (died March6, 2000) and Sambo Joseph Sankara (1919 August 4, 2006),a gendarme. Born into a Roman Catholic family, "Thom'Sank" was aSilmi-Mossi, an ethnic group that originated with marriagebetween Mossimen and women of the pastoralist Fulani people. TheSilmi-Mossi are among the least advantaged in the Mossi castesystem. He attended primary school in Gaoua and high schoolin Bobo-Dioulasso, the country's second city.

His father fought in the French army during World War II andwas detained by the Nazis. Sankara's family wanted him to becomea Catholic priest. Fittingly for a country with alargeMuslim population, he was also familiar with the Qur'an. He wasborn in Yako.

After basic military training in secondary school in 1966,Sankara began his military career at the age of 19, and a year laterwas sent to Madagascarfor officer training at Antsirabe where he
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witnessed popular uprisings in 1971 and 1972 against the governmentofPhilibert Tsiranana and first read the works ofKarlMarx and Vladimir Lenin, profoundly influencing his political views forthe rest of his life.[10]Returning to Upper Volta in 1972, by 1974 hefought in a border war between Upper Volta and Mali. He earned fame

for his heroic performance in the border war with Mali, but years laterwould renounce the war as "useless and unjust", a reflection of hisgrowing political consciousness.[11]He also became a popular figurein the capital ofOuagadougou. The fact that he was a decent guitarist(he played in a band named "Tout--Coup Jazz") and rode amotorcycle may have contributed to his charismatic public images.

In 1976 he became commander of the Commando TrainingCentre in P. In the same year he met Blaise Compaor in Morocco.During the presidency of Colonel Saye Zerbo a group of young

officers formed a secret organisation "Communist Officers' Group"(Regroup ement des of f ic iers communistes, or ROC) the best-knownmembers being Henri Zongo, Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani,Compaor and Sankara.
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Mary Jane Seacole (1805 14 May 1881), neGrant, was a Jamaican-born woman of Scottish and Creole descent who set up a 'British

Hotel' behind the lines during theCrimean War, which she describedas "a mess-table and comfortable quarters for sick and convalescentofficers," and provided succour for wounded servicemen on thebattlefield. She was posthumously awarded the Jamaican Order ofMerit in 1991. In 2004 she was voted the greatest BlackBriton although she was only one quarter black.

She acquired knowledge of herbal medicine in the Caribbean. Whenthe Crimean War broke out she applied to the War Office to assist but

was refused. She travelled

independently and set up her "Hotel"and assisted battlefield wounded. Shebecame extremely popular amongservice personnel who raised moneyfor her when she faced destitution afterthe war.

After her death she was forgotten foralmost a century, but today she iscelebrated as a woman who

successfully combatted racialprejudice. Herautobiography, Wonderfu l Adventuresof Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands(1857),

is one of the earliest autobiographies ofa mixed-race woman, although its accuracy has been questioned. Ithas been claimed that Seacole's achievements have beenexaggerated for political reasonsand a plan to erect a statue of her atSt Thomas' Hospital, London, describing her as a "pioneer nurse",hasgenerated controversy. Further controversy broke out late in 2012

over reports of a proposal to remove her from the NationalCurriculum.

Mary Seacole was born Mary Jane Grant in Kingston, Jamaica, thedaughter of a Scottish soldier in the British Army and a freeJamaican Creole woman. Seacole's mother was a "doctress", a healerwho used traditional Caribbean and African herbal remedies. She ranBlundell Hall, a boarding house at 7 East Street in Kingston and oneof the best hotels in the whole of Kingston. Here Seacole acquired hernursing skills. Her autobiography said her early experiments in
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medicine were based on what she learned from her mother whileministering to a doll, then progressing to pets before helping hermother to treat humans.[14]

Seacole was proud of her Scottish ancestry and called herself aCreole, a term that was commonly used in a racially neutral sense or

to refer to the children of white settlers. In her autobiography TheWonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole, she records her bloodlinethus: "I am a Creole, and have good Scots blood coursing through myveins. My father was a soldier of an old Scottish family." Legally, shewas classified as a mulatto, a multiracial person with limited politicalrights. Robinson speculates that she may technically have beena quadroon. Seacole emphasises her personal vigour in herautobiography, distancing herself from the contemporary stereotypeof the "lazy Creole", yet she was proud of her black ancestry, writing:

"I have a few shades of deeper brown upon my skin which shows merelatedand I am proud of the relationshipto those poor mortalswhom you once held enslaved, and whose bodies America stillowns."

The West Indies was an outpost of the British Empire in the late 18thcentury and in the 1790s one third of Britain's foreign trade was withthe British West Indies. Britain's economic interests were protectedby a massive military presence, with 69 line infantry regimentsserving there from 1793 to 1801, and another 24 from 1803 to 1815.

Seacole spent some years in the household of an elderly woman,whom she called her "kind patroness", before returning to hermother. She was treated as a member of her patroness's family andreceived a good education. As the educated daughter of a Scottishofficer and a free black woman with a respectable business, Seacolewould have held a high position in Jamaican society.

In about 1821 Seacole visited London, staying for a year, and visitedrelatives, the merchant Henriques family. Although London had anumber of black people, she records that a companion, a West Indian

with skin darker than her own "dusky" shades, was taunted bychildren. Seacole herself was "only a little brown", nearly whiteaccording to Ramdin She returned to London approximately a yearlater, bringing a "large stock of West Indian pickles and preserves forsale".Her later travels would be as an "unprotected" woman, withouta chaperone or sponsor, an unusual practice. Seacole returned toJamaica in 1825.
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Believed to be born in the late

16th century, English explorer Henry

Hudson made two unsuccessful sailing

voyages in search of an ice-free

passage to Asia. In 1609, he embarked

on a third voyage funded by the Dutch

East India Company that took him to

the New World and the river that would

be given his name. On his fourth

voyage, he came upon the body of

water that would be called the Hudson

Bay.

Considered one of the world's

most famous explorers, Henry Hudson actually never found what he was

looking for. He spent his career searching for different routes to Asia, but

he ended up opening the door to further exploration and settlement of

North America.

While many places bear his name, Henry Hudson remains an elusive

figure. There is little information available about the famous explorer prior

his first journey as a ship's commander in 1607. It is believed that helearned about the seafaring life firsthand, perhaps from fishermen or

sailors. He must have had a talent for navigation early on, enough to merit

becoming a commander in his late twenties. Prior to 1607, Hudson

probably worked aboard other ships before being appointed to lead one on

his own. Reports also indicate that he was married to a woman named

Katherine, and they had three sons together.

Hudson made four journeys in his careera time when countries and

companies competed with each other to find the best ways to reachimportant trade destinations, especially Asia and India. In 1607, the

Muscovy Company, an English firm, entrusted Hudson to find a northern

route to Asia. Hudson brought his son John with him on this trip, as well as

Robert Juet. Juet went on several of Hudson's voyages and recorded these

trips in his journals.

Despite a spring departure, Hudson found himself and his crew

battling icy conditions. They had a chance to explore some of the islands

near Greenland before turning back. But the trip was not a total loss, as
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Hudson reported numerous whales in the region, which opened up a new

hunting territory.

The following year, Hudson once again set sail in search of the fabled

Northeast Passage. The route he sought proved elusive, however. Hudson

made it to Novaya Zemlya, an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean to the north

of Russia. But he could not travel further, blocked by thick ice. Hudson

returned to England without achieving his goal.

In 1609, Hudson joined the Dutch East India Company as a

commander. He took charge of the Half Moonwith the objective of

discovering a northern route to Asia by heading north of Russia. Again ice

put an end to his travels, but this time he did not head for home. Hudson

decided to sail west to seek western passage to the Orient. According to

some historians, he had heard of a way to the Pacific Ocean from North

America from English explorerJohn Smith.

Crossing the Atlantic Ocean, Hudson and his crew reached land that

July, coming ashore at what is now Nova Scotia. They encountered some

of the local Native Americans there and were able to make some trades

with them.

Traveling down the North American coast, Hudson went as far south

as the Chesapeake Bay. He then turned around and decided to explore New

York Harbor, an area first thought to have been discovered by Giovanni da

Verrazzano in 1524. Around this time, Hudson and his crew clashed withsome local Native Americans. A crew member named John Colman died

after being shot in the neck with an arrow, and two others on board were

injured.

After burying Colman, Hudson and his crew traveled up the river that

would later carry his name. He explored the Hudson River up as far as what

later became Albany. Along the way, Hudson noticed that the lush lands

that lined the river contained abundant wildlife. He and his crew also met

with some of the Native Americans living on the river's banks.

On the way back to the Netherlands, Hudson was stopped in the

English port of Dartmouth. The English authorities seized the ship and the

Englishmen among the crew. Upset that he had been exploring for another

country, the English authorities forbade Hudson from working with the

Dutch again. He was, however, undeterred from trying to find the Northwest

Passage. This time, Hudson found English investors to fund his next

journey, which would prove to be fatal.
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Aboard the ship Discovery, Hudson left England in April 1610. He and

his crew, which again included his son John and Robert Juet, made their

way across the Atlantic Ocean. After skirting the southern tip of Greenland,

they entered what became known as the Hudson Strait. The exploration

then reached another of his namesakes, the Hudson Bay. Traveling south,

Hudson ventured into James Bay and discovered that he had come to adead end.

By this time, Hudson was at odds with many in his crew. They found

themselves trapped in the ice and low on supplies. When they were forced

to spend the winter there, tensions only grew more intense. By June 1611,

conditions had improved enough for the ship to set sail once again.

Hudson, however, didn't make the trip back home. Shortly after their

departure, several members of the crew, including Juet, took over the ship

and decided to cast out Hudson, his son and a few other crew members.

Mutineers put Hudson and the others in a small boat and set them adrift. It

is believed that Hudson and the others died of exposure sometime later.

Some of the mutineers were later put on trial, but they were acquitted.

More European explorers and settlers followed Hudson's lead,

making their way to North America. The Dutch started a new colony, called

New Amsterdam, at the mouth of the Hudson River in 1625. They also

developed trade posts along the nearby coasts.

While he never found his way to Asia, Hudson is still widely

remembered as a determined early explorer. His efforts helped drive

European interest in North America. Today his name can be found all

around us on waterways, schools, bridges and even towns.


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Felicia's father was George Browne, a Liverpool merchant. Hermother, Felicity Wagner, was the daughter of the Austrian and Tuscan

consul to Liverpool. Felicia Browne was born on September 25, 1793, inLiverpool. She was the fifth of seven children. When her father's businessfailed about 1800, the family moved first to Gwrych, an isolated Welshseaside house; then, in 1809, to St. Asaph, Wales.

Felicia was a clever child who began to read at an early age and didso voraciously from the well-stocked family library. She read novels andpoetry, learned several languages, and studied music, primarily under thedirection of her mother. According to her sister, Felicia "could repeat pagesof poetry from her favourite authors, after having

read them but once over." When she was elevenor twelve she spent two successive winters inLondon, where she was awed by the paintingsand sculptures. Her first book ofPoemswaspublished in 1808. It was remarkable work tocome from a fourteen-year-old, but it receivedsome harsh reviews. A postumous commentatorstated: "... our little heroine was exposed to thelash of a public critic - a useful animal enough,but one whom the superstitious infallibility of

print exalts to a divinity."

Two of Felicia's brothers had entered thearmy, and one was serving under Sir John Moorein Spain. Her poemEngland and Spain; or Valourand Patr iot ism(1808) was written in an impassioned adolescent imitation ofCampbell, probably inspired by her brother's service. Also serving in Spainwas Captain Alfred Hemans, whom she had briefly encountered when hevisited in the neighborhood. Her adolescent infatuation did not fade withhis absence. On Captain Hemans' return in 1811, the relationship continuedto develop.

The Domest ic Af fect ions and other Poemswas published in 1812,just before her marriage to Captain Hemans. After a brief time in Daventry,Northamptonshire, where Captain Hemans was adjutant to the local militia,the Hemans returned to St. Asaph. There, all but the first of their five sonswere born. Hemans continued to write prolifically. Her style from this era iscoloured by her reading of Byron. He was not displeased by her adoptionof his style, and wrote to his publisher thatThe Restorat ion of the Work s ofArt to Italy(1816) was "a good poem - very" and that he planned to take itwith him in his travels.
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In 1818 Captain Hemans went to Rome. He left behind his wife andfive small sons, all under 6 years of age. There seems to have been aprivate agreement to separate, because they never saw each other afterthat. No reasons for the separation were ever stated. Captain Hemansspent the rest of his life abroad, and Felicia Hemans never visited him.Letters were exchanged, particularly to consult about the children, but

Felicia was left to support herself as best she could. She and the childrencontinued to live with her mother in Wales. Her love of Wales was reflectedmost strongly in a collection ofWelsh Melodieswhich included a tributeto "The Rock of Cader Idris", seat of poets.

Hemans was deeply distressed by her mother's death in January1827. (See "Hymn by the Sick-bed of a Mother"). From then until her owndeath she was an invalid. Her two eldest sons were sent to Rome to be withtheir father, and she moved to Liverpool. It was not a successful move: shethought the people of Liverpool were stupid and provincial; they thought

she was uncommunicative and eccentric. She visited Scotland in 1828,staying with Scott for a while. (See "The Funeral Day of Sir Walter Scott").She returned to Liverpool, but the following summer was in the LakeCountry with Wordsworth (See "A Farewell to Abbotsford" and "ToWordsworth").

Hemans moved to Dublin in 1831, where she could be near one of herbrothers. She died there on the 16th of May, 1835, at the age of 41. Herdeath was attributed to a weak heart, which may have been the commonaffliction of rheumatic fever.

During her life, Hemans made several attempts at writing drama,none of which were successful. The only play to be performed, Th eVespers of Palerm o(1823), failed dismally in its Covent Garden debut,despite having the Kembles' managing and acting. A few months later itwas produced in Edinburgh and well-received. Sir Walter Scott wrote aprologue for the Edinburgh performance. Her second effort, De Chati l lon,or The Crusaders, was also unsuccessful.

In contrast, her poetry was popular and sold well: on the basis of herwork, Hemans was able to support herself and her children. Frederic

Rowton gives acontemporary's assessment of her work in The FemalePoets of Great Britain(1853). A Prefatory Notice by W. M. Rossetti, fromone of many collections of Hemans' work, is interesting for the view it givesof Mrs. Hemans' life, and the attitudes towards women and writing that itindicates.

George Eliot commended "The Forest Sanctuary" as 'exquisite'.Scott, however, criticised her poetry for being 'too poetical' and for having'too many flowers' and 'too little fruit'. While Hemans confidently used avariety of metrical effects and narrative structures, much of her popular
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appeal lay in her ability to write emotional verses expressing thesentiments of her time. Her memorials to George III and to PrincessCharlotte treat George III's madness, and emotional responses to the royalfamily, with considerable sensitivity.

In many poems, Hemans responded to the concerns of women of her

time by idealizing and romanticizing woman's role and relationships. Herportrayal of cultural ideals offered comfort and support to those who foundthem meaningful. She wrote "To the New-Born" for the child of her eldestbrother. Her poem "The Better Land" was copied by Florence Nightingalefor a cousin. It touched on concerns which were particularly significant in aculture with high child and maternal mortality rates, where survivorssought comfort in religious belief.

Hemans' strong support of familial ideals was one reason whycontemporaries accepted her in the roles of loving daughter and parent,

and treated her separation from her husband sympathetically, as anunfortunate circumstance which reflected poorly on the Captain rather thanon her. While a number of Heman's poems indicate the attractions andrewards of creative work, and the desirability of intellectual powers, thesame poems are often framed to suggest that love, strong familialrelationships, and faith are ultimately more important and lasting than fame(See "Properzia Rossi" and "Joan of Arc in Rheims"). This does not imply,however, that creativity and faith are necessarily opposed. Both her

juvenile poem "Lines Written in the Memoirs of ElizabethSmith" and "Thoughts During Sickness: Intellectual Powers", written late in

her life, describe genius and imagination as divine gifts, which will beregained and fulfilled in heavenly life.

Hemans spent her life with her family in Wales, rarely travelling. Sheread extensively, and sought inspiration and detail for her descriptions ofGreece, Spain, and the new world, in the writings of other authors. Herwork suffered from her restricted experience, as she relied too much on theimpressions of others and often used stereotypic images. Still, shecaptured much of the ethos of her day in her poetry. Today her best-knownpoems are probably "The Homes of England" and"Casabianca" (betterknown as "The Boy Stood on the Burning Deck").
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