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Gravity Related Research Capability of Ground-Based Facilities

Life and Physical Sciences

DESC : Dutch Experiment Support CenterACTA - Dept. Cranial-Facial Surgery (MKA)

3D InnovationLabVU-Medical Center, Amsterdan, The Netherlands

&Cooperating Scientist

ESA-ESTEC-TEC-MMG Lab, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

Jack J.W.A. van Loonj.vanloon@vumc.nl : +31653700944

Materials in the Space EnvironmentRome, Italy, 17 May 2016

PS: Some images not present: they are not published yet

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Gravity

Milky Way: ~2.4•1020 m

Sun: 1.4•109 m

Earth: 1.3•107 m

Human: ~2•100 m

Cell: 1•10-5 m

Organs: ~2•10-1m

Molecule (H): 7.4•10-11 m

Solar system: 5.9•1012 m (incl. Pluto?!)

4 basic forces: weak nuclear force – strong nuclear force – electromagnetic force – gravity

~1012

~1012

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Large Diameter Centrifuge, LDCESA-ESTEC Noordwijk, NL

air (light) vs water (heavy) balloon

~15 cmregular balloons

Gravity and Mass

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Galileo: “Man can not build a house, nor nature can construct an animal beyond a certain size without altering the design or material”

First HG studies by Knight in 1806 using modified water wheel: Plants’ show positive and negative geotropism of roots and shoots

(Hyper) Gravity (Weight) and Living Systems

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

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MSG

KUBIK

BioLab

Samantha Cristoforetti

EMCS

André Kuipers

Some ESA ISS / Columbus facilities

EDR

EuTEF

MARES

Samantha Cristoforetti

Columbus module

Tim Peake

physiol. rack

MEDET

MSLFSL

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Convection Examples

µg1g

µg1g

1g

µg

crystal growth

thermocapillary convection

Courtesy: NASA

Courtesy: NASA

CaCl

1g µg

combustion

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Buoyancy Examples

1g

µgFluid / air bubbles

(NASA, Don Petit)

Fluid flow in ‘horizontal tube’

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lamella

120°

bordo di Plateau

drenaggio capilare

drenaggio gravitazionale

1 g

µg

Capillary Forces / Foams

Courtesy: L. Liggieri(Univ. Genoa)

10 cm

esaltazione degli effetti capillari

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Space Related Sciences

Karen Nyberg

Ocular Health (OH) Fundoscope Exam

Muscle / Bone loss

Frank de Winne

Akihiko Hoshide

Blood draw Plant (food) growth

Operational Science

RadiationMatroshka

ExplorationTechnology / two phase flow

Basic Science

Akihiko Hoshide

blood draw plant growth melts

Paulo Nespoli

LMM

Tim Peake

prep. colloid exp. Bose-Einstein Cond.

developmental complex plasma materials

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“GravityMachines”

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hyper hypo

simulatorsreal micro-weight

centrifuges(magnets)

MidiCAR(cell/

tissue)

AMC(animal/plant)

Human RPM FFM Magnet Clinostat

Magnet ISSSub-Orbital

ParabolicFlight

Facilities for Weight Research

• gel cultures

• tail suspension

• water immersion

• bed-rest

• head down tilt

• (weight) excersise

DESDEMONA

USE as MUCH as POSSIBLE ! !

Soyuz

DragenLab

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PrincipleThe RPM is a machine for microweightsimulation through a random change, in 3D, of the direction of the gravity vector.

Random Positioning Machine (RPM)

RPM at DESC, Amsterdam

Use for• Cells / tissues• Plants• Small animals (e.g. drosophila, fish,

rodents)• Technology (H/W tests)

Main Features• Temp. 4-40°C• Operational modes: random (0.1-6 rad/sec), centrifuge (0.1-60 rpm) and clinostat (0.1-60 rpm) andfreely programmable mode

• Experiment interfaces: 12/15 volt power line, RS-232 (422) data bus (optical), Fiber optic videoconnection and camera

• Maximum experiment mass to be accommodated ~10 kg.• Functional experiment accommodation volume 450 × 450 × 300 mm• Possibility for microscopy, life support Dik Mesland, ESA

NASA Mercury program

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Partional and Hyper-g Set-up / Groups

µg 1g 2g

EarthMoon Mars ~ Kepler-10b*

* surface acceleration 15 m/s²Dumusque et al. 2014

µ

simulated ‘real’

regularRPM

S/W partialg RPM

H/W partialg RPM

Hyper – gLDC

~

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Our RPM ‘Play Ground’

Regular RPM

DESC RPM’s @ ESA-ESTEC Noodwijk, NL

Hardware Partial-gRPM

Software Partial-gRPM

A. den Toom, R. Herranz, J. Medina et al.

(CIB-CSIC, Madrid, ES(unpublished)

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Levitation Magnet

PrincipleMagnetic levitation is possible for biological materials based their, quantum phenomenon, diamagnetic properties.Gravity is cancelled out on the level of individual atoms and molecules.

Main Features

• Sample area for homogeneous levitation : cylinder volume with diameter of ~ 20 mm and height of ~ 10 mm

• Experiment area: cylinder diameter of 32 mm, height ~ 1000 mm

• Operations at room temperature but adjustable• Possibility for dedicated gas atmosphere• Maximum levitation times 5-6 hours• Homogeneity of levitation ~ 10%

M.V. Berry, Andre K. Geim. Eur.J. Phys. 18, 307, 1997.

Bitter Magnet at the HMFL, Univ. Nijmegen, NL.

HMFL, Nijmegen, NL

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Levitation Magnet -2

AnimalPlantInorganic

M.V. Berry & A.K. GeimEur. J. Phys. 1997

Levitation: gBBFFF zzgravitymagneticz 00

'

magnetic susceptibilitymagnetic field gradient

magnetic field magnetic permeability of vacuum

Andre GeimNobel Physics 2011

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Schematic presentation of potential experiment opportunities compared to 'classic' experiment setups. Novel space station facilities as well as ground simulations and centrifuges may be applied to study the role of weight (accelerations) on various living and non-living samples.

‘classic (flight) experiment results‘potential’ experiment results

ground basedresearch

(e.g. centrifuges)

future ISSfacilities and

ground simulation

acceleration (×g)

resp

on

se

‘flight’ ground

Current vs. ‘Future’ Spaceflight ResearchThe Gravity Continuum

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Cologne, DLR

ESA-ESTEC, NL

geology tcm6-493, UK

Mat. Sci Lab @ AIST, JP

8 ft NASA-Ames, US Human Star City, RU

JAXA-JP

GSBMS, France Potsdam, US

New Delhi, India

Antwerp, BE

MIT, US

Eindhoven, NL Bratislava, SK

DESC@ESTEC, NL Bremen, DE

Vicksburg, USA

Urenco, NL

Le Barp, France

HKUST, Hong Kong

Vicksburg, USAVicksburg, USA

Geology Delft, NL

Pretoria, ZATNO-Soesterberg, NL

NASA-Ames, USZurich, CH

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Effect of Gravity on Nucleation (on Si substrate)

1×g 75×g detail 75×gCourtesy: Dr. Yoshiyuki Abe

Hayhurst et al. Cleveland State Univ., USA

50 g1 gZeolite Crystals

1 g

Centrifuge & Material / Fluid Sciences

Shlichta & Knox

121 g 41300 g

Lead Nitrate Crystals

Geology : Sand grains @ high-g

Data: Sebastiaan de VetUniv. Amsterdam

Angle of repose

extrapolate

SYT-2014: Glacier: Darko Radakovic, Rachael Chambers, Univ. of Amsterdam

LDC for Glacier / Geological Research

High Gravity Plasma

Centrifuge & Material / Fluid Sciences

Courtesy:Dr. Gerrit Kroesen / TU/e, NL & PhilipsPapers: Stoffels / Kroesen

The maximum extension of glide arc in argon before extinguishing (argon gas flow 0.4 slm; discharge voltage 4 kV; 1g, 4g, 10g, 18g

Sperka et al. LDC-SYT: Univ. Brno, CZ

Astroid 253: Mathilde (NASA, 1997)

Impact cratering exploration

.. Support the generation of a reliable scaling theory detailing the cratering response of largescale, low velocity cratering events for highly

porous bodies within the solar system.

SYT 2010: Team ImpactGlasgow Univ.

Ultrasonic Drilling @ Various g

Comparison between the measured non-ultrasonic force profiles (shown as a solid line), and the predicted force profiles (shown as a dotted line).

University of Glasgow

Maximum encountered penetration force normalised to the non-ultrasonic maximum force, for a particular level of acceleration.

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15g 10g

6g 4g 2g 1,5g 1

Béla M. Somosvári, Miskolc, Hungary 2012

High - g & Foam Formation

PVC-water-ethanol foams

27Santo & Quadrini, Univ. Rome, Italy

High - g & Foam Formation - 2

Heating Cell

Heating Cell in RPM (Sim. µg)

Heating Cell in LDC (Hyper-g)

GRADECET an ESA-MAP project: Industrially oriented research in microgravity and hypergravity conditions focused on measurements of thermophysical properties of liquid TiAl-based alloys and directional freezing behaviour of TiAl(Nb) alloys.

(GRAvity Dependence of Columnar to Equiaxed Transition, CET, in peritectic Ti-Al alloys)

MAXUS LDC

LDC : GRADECET payload

5g

15g

18g/1g

18g

Mouse Drawer System (MDS) on Large Diameter Centrifuge (LDC)

MSD, 91 days in flight (2009)

- Extend data from MDS from µg to hyper-g- Tissue sharing approach- PI: Ranieri Cancedda- ASI – ESA activity

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Noordung (Potočnik) station 1929

von Braun station ~ 1960

Rotating Space Stations

Von Braun for the US Army in 1946 Kubrick, 1968

Tsiolkovskiy station 1903

Space Island Group

Delta-Utech(Leiden, NL)

Skylab 1973

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H3: Gravity and Angular Velocity

H3 in preparation for large in-flight rotating systems

Ø ~12 m

Ø ~56 m

NASA/TM-2014-217394 Intern Workshop on Artificial Gravity, July 2014

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circumference 942 meter37 cabins : ~ 320 meter

H3: The Human Hypergravity HabitatInitial Dimensions

when ‘centrifuge’ g = 1.5 2.991 rpm rim speed : 169 km/h

scale : 1:2000 row of 37 cabins

???? 300 meter Ø track

van Loon; Micrograv. Sci. Technol, 2009

(initial approach)

5gWunder et al. 1966

N Pace et al.Physiologist, 1985

%fat @ 2g

Body mass Rel. Fat mass [Leptin]

- First hypothesis on obesity and gravity: E.C. Dodds (Proc. Royal Soc. Med. 1950)

- “rats remain of below control weight after 1.5 years @ 3g. BHC Matthews, Cambridge, UK (J. Physiol. 1953)

Moran, Stain & Wade, Exp. Biol. Med. 2001

H3: Weight / Obesity

Need a Hyper-g Treatment ?!

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Sports / Training

“The Centrifugal Track”

By: Giuseppe Scuderi , Italy

highaltitudetraining

g - training

Min. speed of 4.5 m·s-1 -- 1.2g.Max. speed, 8 m·s-1 -- 1.8 G.

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H3 as Coriolis PlatformExample: zonal jets on Jupiter

JUPITER

JUPITER’S AND SATURN’S CONVECTIVELY DRIVEN BANDED JETS IN THE LABORATORY

P.L. Read, Y.H. Yamazaki, S.R. Lewis, P.D.

Williams, K. Miki-Yamazaki. Geophys. Research Letters

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The Human Hypergravity Habitat, H3

Possible Future ESFRI Facility ??

~ 175 mBERTE bvbaBETAQUAQinetiQIFB GmbH

ESA – ELGRA education activities

Hyper-g in LDC ESA-ESTEC

“Drop Your Thesis”

“Spin Your Thesis”

- Students (BSc, MSc, PhD)- 2.5 days use of LDC @ ESTEC- ELGRA mentor- ESA support (~ 5k€)- Announcement once/year

“Fly Your Thesis”

European Low Gravity Research Association

European Space Agency

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Various Ground Based Facilities available for both Life and Physical Sciences

Space Research needs complement GroundBased Studies (sim-µg, hypo-g and hyper-g)

Microgravity Simulations need to be tested using In-Flight Studies

Some Take Away Massages

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to all who have provided information and data for this presentation . . .

Acknowledgements

Grazie Mille !!