Grand Rounds Presentation August 25, 2011 - downstate.edu Occlusions-8-2011.pdf · History of...
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Transcript of Grand Rounds Presentation August 25, 2011 - downstate.edu Occlusions-8-2011.pdf · History of...
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Grand Rounds Presentation
August 25, 2011
David Mostafavi MD PL2
SUNY Downstate Ophthalmology
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History of Present Illness70 y/o black male with HTN c/o sudden painless vision loss right eye 9 hours prior to presentation while watching TV
Described as “darkness” with some areas of light
Denies ocular pain, headache, numbness, tingling, weakness, jaw claudication, trauma
Stated he had not taken BP medication for several weeks
PMHx: HTN (dx 2/11)
POHx: presbyopia FHx: none
Eye gtts: none Meds: HCTZ
Social: Denies past drug/alcohol use. 25 year pack history, quit 5 years prior. Works as painter/welder
Patient Care, Medical Knowledge, Professionalism, Communication
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Physical Exam
BP: 150/100
nVAcc: 20/70 od (eccentric viewing); 20/30 os
P: 4 to 2 ou, no apd
EOM: full ou
CF: superior nasal, inferior nasal and temporal defect OD
Tap: 14/14
Neuro: CN 2-12 intact. No ext weakness or sensation loss
SLE: +1 cortical cataract
Patient Care, Medical Knowledge, Professionalism, Communication
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Differential
Multiple Branch Retinal Arteriolar Occlusion
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion with patent
cilioretinal artery
Giant Cell Arteritis
Medical Knowledge
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Workup
CT head: wnl
Bloodwork:
Hg: 14, Platelets: 200, WBC 9; FS 120
ESR 15, CRP 16 (15)
Toxo, homocysteine, RF, ANA, Lyme, RPR wnl
Protein C, S; Antithrombin III wnl
LDL: 115, Chol: 173, HDL: 41
EKG: NSR
Carotid: 1.6mm x 4.1 plaque in right carotid bulb; 2 x 2 plaque in left carotid bulb. No stenosis
Echo
Transthoracic: 55-65% EF. Limited exam
Transesophageal: Moderate to severe 5.0mm atherosclerotic plaque at aortic arch(non-mobile)
Fluorescein Angiography
Patient Care, Medical Knowledge, Professionalism, Communication
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Medical Knowledge
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Medical Knowledge
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Medical Knowledge
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Sohan HayrehAlbrecht Von Graefe
Medical Knowledge
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Retinal Tolerance Time to
Ischemia
38 rhesus monkeys with HTN, atherosclerosis with clamping of CRA at entry into nerve
Occlusion < 97 min: no retinal damage
Occlusion 105 min - 240 min: variable degree of damage
Occlusion > 240 min: totaloptic nerve atrophy and nerve fiber damage
(Hayreh et al. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion. Retinal Survival Time. Exp Eye Research. 2004.78:723-36)
Medical Knowledge
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Risk Factors
Higher incidence of DM, HTN, CAD, CVAcompared to population
Higher smoking prevalence
30% patients had ICA stenosis (> 50%)
70% patients had ICA plaques
50% patients had abnormal echo with a
source of embolus(Hayreh et al. Retinal artery occlusion: associated systemic and
ophthalmic abnormalities. Ophthalmology. 2009. 116:1928-36)
Medical Knowledge
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Cause
Atherosclerosis thrombosis
at lamina cribosa
Emboli
at CRA penetration site
into optic nerve
Medical Knowledge
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Emboli
Cholesterol
(shiny iridescent)
75%
Platelet-Fibrin
(grey-white)
15%
Calcific
(bright white)
10%
Medical Knowledge
Arruga J, Sanders MD. Ophthalmologic findings in 70 patients with
evidence of retinal embolism. Ophthalmology. 1982. 89. 1336-47
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Other Causes CRAO/BRAO
Serotonin induced arterial spasm
Released by platelet plaques in carotid artery
Giant Cell Arteritis
123 eyes with biopsy proven Temporal Arteritis: CRAO present in 18%, cilioretinal artery occlusion 25%
Hayreh et al. Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am. J. Ophthalmology. 1999. 125. 509-20
Polyarteritis nodosa, churg-straus syndrome, behcets, sarcoidosis, sickle cell, carotid dissection, Wegeners, lupus, lymphoma, cat scratch, blow out fracture, peribulbar injection, viper snake bites, lyme, Susac’s syndrome, migraines
Medical Knowledge
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Evaluation
Find the source of emboli
Carotid Doppler/Angiography
Plaques! Not Stenosis
Echocardiography
Transesophageal superior to transthoracic
Aortic 40%, Mitral Valve 30%
Calcific valvesHayreh et al. Retinal artery occlusion: associated systemic and
0phthalmic abnormalities. Ophthalmology. 2009. 116:1928-36)
Systemic
ESR/CRP in patients > 50 y/o without a visible plaque
Fluorescein Angiography
Assess posterior ciliary artery circulation
Medical Knowledge
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Types of CRAO/BRAO
Non-arteritic
(non-GCA)
Cilioretinal
sparingArteritic Transient
67% 14% 5% 15%
a. Hypotension
b. Vasospasm
c. Emboli
Medical Knowledge
Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Central retinal artery occlusion.
Visual outcome. Am.J Ophthalmology. 2005. 140.376-91
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Visual Acuity
• CRAO - On presentation; – CF 40%; HM 25%; LP
15%
• CRAO with cilioretinal artery sparing– 20/30 30%; CF 20%
• BRAO– 20/40 75%
• Improvement?– 37% improvement if
initial VA CF or less in the first 7 days
Medical Knowledge
Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Central retinal
artery occlusion. Visual outcome. Am.J
Ophthalmology. 2005. 140.376-91
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Neovascular Glaucoma?
chronic ischemia (CRVO)– thought to liberate
vasoproliferative factors like VEGF
Acute Ischemia
(CRAO)
Medical Knowledge
Hayreh SS. Prevalent misconceptions about
acute retinal vascular occlusive disorders.
Prog Retina Eye Res. 2005. 24: 493-519
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Management
• Conventional Advocated Treatments
– Ocular massage
– Reduction of IOP by medical or surgical
– Vasodilatation of CRA
• Rebreathing CO2, retrobulbar vasodilators, sublingual nitroglycerin
– Antiplatelet
– Heparin
• Miscellaneous Treatments
– Thrombolysis, hemodilution, hyperbaric oxygen, pentoxyfylline, supraorbital artery antispasmodic, yag laser, surgical embolectomy
• No treatment has proven to be effective
– Atebara et al.1995 (90 eyes); Mueller et al. 2003 (102 eyes)
– EAGLE trial 2006 and Frame et al. 2001: increased rate of stroke
Medical Knowledge
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Back to our patient…
Ocular Massage with gonio lens
Patient deferred AC paracentesis
BP medication, ASA, Statin, and Combigan
DVAsc: 20/100 (hosp day#1)
DVAsc: 20/100 Week 1, 2
MRA carotids ordered (not done)
Cardiology: continue with statin
Patient Care, Medical Knowledge, Professionalism, Communication
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Reflective Practice
• Patient was treated in a timely manner with appropriate means. We let the patient decide treatment plan delineated by evidence based medicine.
• Medicine team preferred to work him up as an outpatient. Understanding the risk of future strokes, we urged medicine to admit patient and have a thorough investigation as to cause of emboli, including TEE.
• Patient’s vision improved “slightly”. He was concerned about his ability to work as a welder. We stressed the importance of preventing a large cerebral stroke in the future. His medical doctor was notified as to the aforementioned events.
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Core Competencies
• Patient Care: Was treated in a caring manner, with the priority of making him feel at ease being admitted to the hospital and making sure all that needed to be done was accomplished
• Medical Knowledge: First recognition of condition and possible treatment modalities were important in developing a treatment plan
• Practice Based Learning and Improvement: Scientific and clinical studies were reviewed on CRAO/BRAO. Understanding our patient population made it imperative to admit the patient rather than working him as an outpatient
• Interpersonal Communication Skills: Used language patient understood like “stoke in the eye”. Explained the prognosis and follow-up management with sincerity and compassion
• Professionalism: Was maintained at all times
• System Based Practice: close partnership was maintained with internal medicine. Cost of admission to hospital was factored; however benefit of early diagnosis of emboli was more effective in long term
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Work Cited
• Hayreh S. Acute Retinal Arterial Occlusive Disorders. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2011.30:359-394
• Hayreh et al. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion. Retinal Survival Time. Exp Eye Research. 2004.78:723-36
• Arruga J, Sanders MD. Ophthalmologic findings in 70 patients with evidence of retinal embolism. Ophthalmology. 1982. 89. 1336-47
• Hayreh et al. Retinal artery occlusion: associated systemic and ophthalmic abnormalities. Ophthalmology. 2009. 116:1928-36)
• Hayreh et al. Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am. J. Ophthalmology. 1999. 125. 509-20
• Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB. Central retinal artery occlusion. Visual outcome. Am.J Ophthalmology. 2005. 140.376-91
• Atebara, N.H., Brown, G.C., Cater, J., Efficacy of anterior chamber paracentesis and carbogen in treating acute nonarteritic central retinal artery occlusion.Ophthalmology. 1995. 102, 2029-2035
• Mueller, A.J et al. Evaluation of minimally invasive therapies and rationale for a prospective randomized trial to evaluate selective intra-arterial lysis for clinically complete central retinal artery occlusion. Arch. Ophthalmology.2003 121, 1377-1381.
• Feltgen et al. Multicenter study of the European Assessment Group for Lysis in the Eye (EAGLE) for the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion: design issues and implications. Study Report no. 1. Grafefes Arach. Clini. Exp. Ophthamology. 2006. 244:950-56
• Framme et al. Central retinal artery occlusion. Importance of selective intra-arterial fibrinolysis. Ophthalmologe. 2001. 98: 725-30
• Hayreh SS. Prevalent misconceptions about acute retinal vascular occlusive disorders. Prog Retina Eye Res. 2005. 24: 493-519
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Thank you
• Our patient
• Dr. EC Lazzaro
• Dr. Glatman