GRAMMATICAL DEVIATION ON THESES ABSTRACTS...

GRAMMATICAL DEVIATION ON THESES ABSTRACTS

WRITING

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Bachelor Degree (S1)

SYANTI SORAYA PULUNGAN

1113026000055

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2017

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ABSTRACT

Syanti Soraya Pulungan, Grammatical Deviation on Theses Abstracts Writing.

Thesis: English Letters Department. Adab and Humanities Faculty. UIN Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2017.

This research is aimed to analyze the grammatical deviation on English

Letters Department students on their theses abstracts. The essential purpose of this

research is to investigate the deviation of noun and verb and the most frequent

mistakes on English Letters Department students‟ theses abstracts. The theories

used by the researcher are the grammatical deviation, error and mistakes, abstract,

and grammar theory. In this research, the researcher collected 12 theses abstracts

and found 17 sentences that contain of the mistaken use of noun and verb.

According to the 17 data, Subject-verb agreement is the most frequent mistakes

made by English Letters Department students as many as seven sentences.

Keywords: Grammatical Deviation, Mistake, Error, Grammar, Thesis, Abstract.

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APPROVEMENT

GRAMMATICAL DEVIATION ON THESES ABSTRACTS WRITING

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty Adab and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for Bachelor Degree (S1)

Syanti Soraya Pulungan

1113026000055

Approved by:

Abdurrosyid, S.S., M.EIL.

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2017

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LEGALIZATION

Name : Syanti Soraya Pulungan

NIM : 1113026000055

Title : Grammatical Deviation on Theses Abstracts Writing

The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and

Humanities Faculty's Examination Committee on October 30th

, 2017. It has

already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

strata one.

Jakarta, October 30th

, 2017

Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd.

NIP. 19640710 199303 1 006 (Chair Person)

2. ElveOktafiyani, M.Hum.

NIP. 19781003 200112 2 002 (Secretary)

3. Abdurrosyid, S.S., M.EIL. (Advisor)

4. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd

NIP. 19650919 200003 1 002 (Examiner I)

5. SholikatusSa‟diyahM.Hum

NIP. 19750417 200501 2007 (Examiner II)

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, September 18th

2017

Syanti Soraya Pulungan

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirrohim

All praises be to Allah, the king of the king, the Lord of the world, the

creator of everything in this universe, who has given knowledge, healthiness, and

ease to the researcher in accomplishing this thesis. Peace and salutation be upon to

our beloved prophet Muhammad Sallallahu „AlaihiWasallam who has changed

the world from ignorance to cleverness.

The researcher would like to express the deepest thanks to her parents

Chalifah Riastuti Rahayu and Sofyan Pulungan who always give their love until

now and always pray for their daughter‟s success. They are the biggest motivator

in her life, so she can finish her final task of this study. Thanks to her brother

Agung Prasojo and all her family Lucy Yulianti, Hendro Sasongko, and Retno

Wati who always support and give her some advice in order to be good, strong

and smart girl until she can complete this thesis.

The researcher also wants to give her greatest gratitude to Mr. Abdurrosyid,

S.S., M.EIL as her thesis advisor who has given support, guidance, instructions,

time, and beautiful scratches on the thesis sheets that make her able to finish this

thesis.

The appreciation is also dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dede Rosyada, MA as the

Rector of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M. Hum, the

Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Drs, Saefudin M.Pd, the Head of English

Letters Department, Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum, the Secretary of English Letters

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Department, and all the lecturer of English Letters Department who had taught the

researcher during her study at UIN Jakarta.

Furthermore, the writer would like to deliver her gratitude to the following

persons:

1. Alfadly Muhammad, who always reminds, supports, prays and even

accompanies the researcher until finish this research.

2. UNO squads: Ana, Nay, Ranny, Yoyi, Febi, Tahier the researcher‟s closest

friend since the first semester, Hap-Hap: Isma, Zhafira, Ranie, Desi, Dwi,

Jeanni, Ika, Aphril, Sekar and Lili, B Brave and Linguistics class: Ratu

Ana, Alizza and others.. There are too many memories have been created.

3. Tri Wulan Damayanti and HOYEK (Suci, Ate, Imam, Milah, Macrun,

Icha, Dyah, Botles, Ncek, Jawir, Syifa, Andre, Athfan, Bang Agus, Irvan,

Nia, Ifaz, Lia, Zaky, Farih) the researcher struggle mate in English Letters

Department, HMJ, DEMA-F, DEMA-U and KOFAH.

4. Ka Twon, Ka Labib, Ka Bong-bong, ka Joe, Ka Naufan, ka Hatem, ka

Danty, who entertain and teach many life lesson to the researcher.

May Allah bless and give the greatest award for them. Moreover, this research

is expected to be useful for the researcher herself and all people who read it.

Suggestion and criticism will be accepted for the improvement of this thesis.

Jakarta, September 18th

2017

The Researcher

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. i

APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................... ii

LEGALIZATION .................................................................................................. iii

DECLARATION ................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... vi

LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1

A. Research Background ................................................................................. 1

B. Research Focus ............................................................................................ 3

C. Research Questions ..................................................................................... 3

D. Research Objective...................................................................................... 3

E. Research Significance.................................................................................. 4

F. Research Methodology ................................................................................ 4

1. Research Method. ................................................................................. 4

2. The Technique of Collecting and Analysis Data .................................... 5

3. Research Instrument ..................................................................................... 5

4. The Unit of Analysis .................................................................................... 5

5. Research Place and Time ............................................................................. 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................. 6

A. Previous Research ....................................................................................... 6

B. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................... 7

1. Abstracts ........................................................................................................ 7

2. Grammatical Deviation .............................................................................. 10

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3. Error and Mistakes. .................................................................................... 11

4. Grammar ........................................................................................................ 12

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ............... 19

A. Data Description ....................................................................................... 19

B. Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 20

C. The Most Frequent Mistakes ..................................................................... 41

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................... 40

A. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 41

B. Suggestion ................................................................................................. 41

WORK CITED .................................................................................................... 43

APPENDIXES ..................................................................................................... 45

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: The Total of Students‟ Mistakes ............................................................. 21

Table 2 :The Table of the Most Frequent Mistakes .............................................. 41

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

A language is a tool for communication used by the human being for

interacting and exchanging ideas. There are two ways in making an interaction,

namely speaking and writing. In writing a language, there are some rules that

must be concerned by the writer, it is called grammar. All languages employ

grammar. English as an International language also has a grammar. According to

Homer and Harman (11), grammar is defined as the study of words and its

functions. In general, grammar means how sentence were structured properly so

that it can convey clearly what you want to deliver. (AlHamdan 182).

Writing an academic work cannot be separated from grammatical rules.

However, it cannot be denied by an Indonesian who is not a native speaker of

English could make grammatical mistake in writing the foreign language for

example English.

English Letters Department of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah

Jakarta requires their students to use English in their theses writing. The thesis is

one of academic writing that should be written with a proper grammar. However,

writing a thesis using full English with a correct grammar is not an easy thing. In

fact, the English letters students who are commonly master the English language

cannot avoid grammatical mistake in writing a thesis, including structure mistakes

in abstract thesis introduction.

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The abstract of the thesis is a brief summary of the overall content within

the thesis which is the original work of the authors without citing other works.

Abstract is one of the most important part because of its position on the front page

and that will have been seen by the readers. It is a key point whether the reader

wants to know the content. That is why the abstract should be written using the

words in a good structure according to the grammatical rules.

For example, there are some mistakes made by Suci Apriani (the student of

English Letters Department) State Islamic Syarif Hidayatullah University Jakarta

on her thesis:

“There is 2 inaccurately translation of idiomatic expressions and 15

accurately.”

Because of t he plural subjects “2 inaccurately” in sentence above, should

use the plural auxiliary are and end by –s or –es. To be auxiliary shall “are” and

the clause “inaccurately translation” shall use “s”.

Then, the correct writing is supposed to be:

“There are 2 inaccurately translations of idiomatic expressions and 15

accurately”.

After examining the grammatical deviation on abstract above, the researcher

would like to do her thesis research on students‟ mistakes of thesis abstracts

writing with the title: Grammatical Deviation on Theses Abstracts Writing.

The researcher wishes this research may bring advantages to the English Letters

Department students who have interest in this topic and any readers that want to

write thesis abstract correctly.

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B. Research Focus

The research focused on the grammatical deviation made by English Letters

Department Students of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta on

their theses abstract writing. The researcher identified the mistake according to

grammatical deviation, error and mistake, abstract and grammar theory. The

researcher analyzed particularly the mistaken use of noun and verb in any

sentences and clauses taken from the abstracts of the 12 theses which are selected

from the year of 2010-2017.

C. Research Questions

1. What are the deviations of noun and verb on English letters students‟

theses abstracts?

2. What is the most frequent mistake on English letters students‟ theses

abstracts?

D. Research Objectives

1. This research is aimed to analyze the deviation of noun and verb on

English letters students‟ theses abstract

2. This research is aimed to identify the most frequent mistakes on

English letters students‟ theses abstracts

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E. Research Significance

1. Theoretical

From this research, the researcher wishes her research gives some

benefits to the English Letters Department students who want to write

theses abstract correctly according to grammar.

2. Practical

The English Letters Department students have a more concern in

grammatical rules on their theses abstracts. Hopefully, this research

will give some advantages for the readers who interested in learning

English grammar.

F. Research Methodology

1. Research Method

This research was qualitative. Qualitative research is defined as a

research result which depicted in the form of descriptive data consisting of

written or spoken of the object under study. Bryman explained qualitative

research using inductive approach in the form of words or images intended

to give birth to the theory of (Muhammad 30-31). The researcher examined

the selected theses and then analyzed the abstracts. Next step is defined the

mistaken use of the noun and verb errors and then correct them according to

the correct grammar. Lastly, the researcher explained the frequent mistakes

on students‟ theses abstracts.

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2. The Technique of Data Analysis

The researcher examined the selected theses, the next step is analyzed,

and revised the selected theses and lastly, classified the mistake. The data

collected will be analyzed by qualitative analysis and then combined with

grammatical deviation, abstract and grammar theory. The researcher listed

the data in the table form. After analyzed the deviation of noun and verb, the

researcher explained the frequent mistakes.

3. Research Instrument

This research used the researcher herself as the instrument of the

research. This research is done by selecting 12 theses from 506 theses of

English Letters students State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah

Jakarta from the year 2010-2017

4. The Unit of Analysis

The unit analysis of this research is 12 theses abstracts of English

Letters Department State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

students from the year 2010-2017.

5. The Place and Time of the Research

This research is done in the library of the State Islamic University

Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta during the year of 2017.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

There are some studies that have been observed by the previous researcher

which contained a related data, theory analysis with this research.

The first research is a journal article entitled Grammatical Deviation in

O‟Nelll‟s Hairy Ape by Majid Muhammad Sadoon at the University of Kufa

College of Arts. This study investigated O‟Neill‟s way of handling dramatic

language, in Hairy Ape, (the use of grammar from the settled norms in play

writing). The study aims to analyze the types of grammatical deviation in

O‟Neill‟s „Hairy Ape‟. Moreover, it attempts to justify the reason behind these

deviations (and to support some critical points of view concerning O‟Neill‟s and

style in using grammatical deviations).

The second research is a dissertation entitled Linguistic Deviation in

Dickens‟ “Hard Times” by Mustapha Daddi Ouameur in 2013. Linguistic

deviation is the main concern of this study. This research discussed about the

types of linguistic deviation in literature and attempt to stress the importance of

the two main elements as far as Leech‟s classification is concerned.

A research can give some advantages only if it can be a new study that has

not been discussed before in order to complete the previous research, terra

incognita (Sayogie 8). The things that distinguish this research to the previous

research are, this research discussed on the deviation of nouns and verbs on

English Letters Department students‟ theses abstracts using the theory of

grammatical deviation, abstract, error and mistake lastly, grammar.

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B. Theoretical Framework

1. Abstracts

According to Bullock, abstract is defined as summaries written to give

readers the idea of a presentation or report. (Bullock, 107). Sometimes they

are issued in databases or conference proceedings. In some academic fields,

people may contain an abstract in a report or as a preview of a performance

you plan to contribute at professional conference or academic. Abstract is a

short report, typically 100-200 words, sometimes it can even be shorter.

There are common kind of abstracts those are informative abstracts,

descriptive abstracts, and proposal abstracts.

a. Informative Abstracts

Informative abstracts are written in one paragraph that contains

the substance of a whole paper of a research project or a study.

Informative abstract must include all the main points or parts of

the paper such as the description of the study or project, its

methods, the results lastly, the conclusions. (Bullock, 107)

Figures from the National Information Standards Organization

(3) informative abstracts are usually used for documents

concerning to experimental investigations, inquiries, or surveys.

The example of the abstract accompanying a seven-page essay

that appeared in 2002 in The Journal of Clinical Psychology:

The relationship between boredom proneness and health-

symptom reporting was examined. Undergraduate students

(N = 200) completed the Boredom Proneness Scale and the

Hopkins Symptom Checklist. A multiple analysis of

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covariance indicated that individuals with hightboredom

proness total scores reported significantly higher ratings

on all five subscales of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist

(Obsessive-Compulsive, Somatization, Anxiety,

Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Depression). The results

suggest that boredom proness may be an important element

to consider when assessing symptom reporting.

Implications for determining the effects of boredom proness

on psychological- and physical -health symptoms, as well

as the application in clinical settings are discussed.

b. Descriptive Abstracts

Descriptive abstracts are generally much shorter than

informative abstracts and deliver much less information. The

descriptive abstracts function as a brain teaser rather than

summarizing the whole paper, describe a quick overview that

invites the reader to read the entire paper and do not discuss the

conclusion of the paper. (Bullock 106) A descriptive abstract do

not put any judgment of the work. Principally, the descriptive

abstract explain the paper being abstracted. Some reader

considers it as the outline of the paper, rather than a summary.

This kind of abstract generally contain of very short words -100

words or less. (Writing Center-UNC-CH).

The example of the first and last sentence of the descriptive

abstract:

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The relationship between boredom proneness and health-

symptom reporting was examined. The findings and their

application in clinical setting are discussed.

c. Proposal Abstracts

Proposal abstracts typically contain the same basic information

as informative abstracts, but it has a different purpose. The

purpose of the proposal abstract is to encourage someone to let

you write on a topic, conduct an experiment, present a paper

scholarly conference or do a project. The Proposal abstract is

not written to introduce or explain a longer piece but rather to

stand alone and often that the abstract was written before the

paper itself. The titles and other aspects of the proposal

purposely replicate the theme of the proposed work and usually

use the future tense rather than the past tense to express the

work not yet completed.

The example of the proposal abstracts:

Undergraduate students will complete the Boredom

Proneness Scale and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. A

multiple analysis of covariance will be performed to

determine the relationship between boredom-proneness

total scores and ratings on the five subscales of the

Hopkins Symptom Checklist (Obsessive-Compulsive,

Somatization, Anxiety, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and

Depression). (Bullockl 107-109).

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1.1 Ways of Organizing an Abstract

a. (An Informative abstract)

b. (A Descriptive Abstract)

c. (A Proposal Abstract)

2. Grammatical Deviation

In syntax there is a different illustration between the types of

deviation („our heart‟s charity‟s hearth‟s fire‟) – an utilization of potential

difficulty of repetitive structure to unusual degree – a simple „yes‟/‟no‟ case

ungrammatically, as with „I doesn‟t like him‟.

The surface structure violations are „superficial‟ not only in the

technical sense, but also in the sense they have no fundamental influence on

the way in which a sentence is understood. Into this classification fall

State nature

of study

Summarize

method of study

State implications

of study

Announce

subject of study

Summarize

discussion of results

or findings.

State

conclusions

of study

Summarize results or

findings of study

Give brief overview

of full paper

Announce subject

of study

Summarize method

to be used

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violations which could be described as „bad‟ or incorrect grammar, and also

the illustrations of syntactic rearrangement (hyperbaton) discussed in „I

doesn‟t like him‟ strikes us a poor attempt at „I don‟t like him‟: „He me

saw‟ as a strange variant of „He saw me‟. (Leech 45)

3. Error and Mistakes

3.1 Error

Making a mistake is one common thing that happens along the human

learning process. Misjudgments, mistakes, and erroneous assumptions are

kind of central aspect of learning virtually getting information or any skills.

In learning the second language it is totally unlike the learners‟ native

language. Errors are naturally produced by student who do not yet

completely command some institutionalized language system (Corder, 29).

According to Corder, errors are the indicator of the learners‟ competence.

Errors are caused by deficiency in competence and a limitation in the

knowledge of language learners. Errors happened when they have not learn

something properly.

3.2 Mistakes

Mistake is not similar with error. A mistake denotes to a performance

error that is either unsystematic or a slip of the tongue, in that it is failure to

apply a known system correctly (Brown, 165). A mistake refers to

performance errors that are a random guess or a slip in that failure. The

causes of mistakes are hesitation, slip of tongue. The student who makes

mistakes will sometime use inconsistency form. For instance:

a) If the Indonesian learners pronounce the word error

“intuction” not “inatruction”

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b) If students reduce “he must go” and “he must to go”.

4. Grammar

Grammar is the language knowledge. Grammar serves to make person

know and understand the words red and written by someone (Veit 1).

Grammar can be defined as a person‟s subconsicous language knowledge.

Grammar can serve to make people understand the words which are being

talked or written by someone. (Veit 1) Grammar has a number of distinct

meanings. Based on Analyzing English Grammar book, it can refer to the

linguistic system that presumably exists in the mind of the speaker of a

language, the knowledge to which refers when we say that someone

“knows” a language. Grammar can also mean a description of the language

system. (Klammer, Thomas. P, Muriel R. Schulz, Angela Della Volpe, 3).

An academic paper should be written in a good grammatical arrangement

and no exception for the thesis. Thus, the thesis writer must know how to

write a good thesis in accordance with grammatical. According to

Chomsky, the most important reason of the importance of learning language

is a mirror rather than a thought (Radford 1).

4.1 Noun

Noun is derived from the Latin name means Nomen. It is interpreted

as the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Position of “noun” in a

sentence matches before the verb, after the verb and after conjunctions.

(Farmer, Marjorie. Steven Zemelman, Seymour Yesner, and Elizabeth M.

Richmond 313). In English a word may define so many meaning. The

learners need clues rather than meaning to categorize what part of speech

that is used. One way to help the learner identifies a word is by considering

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the word‟s form. In identifying nouns, for example, the students may notice

that the words has the additional of an affix helped by adding an affix in

noun-making derivational morpheme (consistency, communism); the reader

will understand that are nouns by looking at that they are nouns. Some noun

also inflect, they may become plural for instance (girl/girls) or possessive

(girl‟s). This skill to inflect is very helpful to differentiate between adjective

and nouns that have similar base form. (Klammer, Schultz and Volpe 69).

Noun has subclasses. Proper nouns, common nouns, singular plural nouns,

regular and irregular nouns and possessive nouns are the subclasses of

nouns. They are as follows:

a) Proper Nouns

Proper noun is described as the name of entities or specific

individuals. (Lester, Mark and Larry Beason 4). Proper noun is a

noun that is written in capital letters though not in the beginning of

the sentence. Usually, the proper nouns are the name of person,

city, state, school, book, company name and others. For example:

Mrs. Smith took the 10th grade class of Lincoln High School to

France for a trip. (Altenberg and Vago 12-19)

b) Common Noun

Common nouns are the name of the general categories. Common

nouns are usually and routinely modified by adjective.

Consequently, if a word can be readily modified by an adjective

then the word categorized as a common noun. The examples of

common nouns are: president, caveman, cat, country, and river.

(Lester, Mark and Larry Beason 4)

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c) Singular and Plural Noun

In noun, if the noun is singular, it remained in the original form,

for example, one pen, one apple, one cup, one elephant. While

plural nouns end in -s and -es. Examples: Two pens, three apples,

babies, keys, wives, dishes, boxes, tomatoes.

d) Irregular and Regular of Nouns

Regular noun does not change the original word, but rather only

the addition -s and -es. For example, songs, classes, pens. While

irregular change the original word. Here is an example of irregular

plural nouns: Child into children, foot becomes feet, man became

men, mouse into mice, tooth into teeth, and woman became

women.

There are also irregular plural noun that does not change the shape

entirely example: fixed sheep, fish remain a fish. (Azar and Hagen

168-173)

e) Possessive Nouns

In writing the possessive noun there is the addition ('s) for singular

nouns, while for plural noun, do not end in -s. The examples of

plurals noun are: The boys' football boots; the companies'

Difficulties. The examples of singular nouns are: Philip's car, the

college's administrators. These words should be in quotes (') when

including regular plurals. Possessive noun can also be used for a

group, company, live objects, places, and times. (Hwings106)

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4.2 Verb

The traditional description of verb is “a word used to explain an

action or describe a state of being”. Defining characteristic of all verbs is

that only verbs have tenses, such as past, future and present. The examples

of the verb are: sleeping, ate, gone, try, hold, closed. (Lester, Mark and

Larry Beason 6).

a. Verb Tense

The first is simple present tense. Simple present tense explains

about the event of condition that happen always, usually, habitually;

they exist now, have existed in the past time, and possible to be exist

in the future time. The example of the simple present tense: “It snows

in Alaska” and “Tom watches TV every day”.

The second is simple past tense. Simple past tense expresses the

thing in the past time. It began and finished in the past. The verb form

that used by this tense is the past verb form. The example of the

simple past tense: “It snowed yesterday” and “Tom watched TV last

night”

The third is simple future tense. It tells about the things that

happen in future time. The verb which used by this tense is the verb

one. The example of this tense: “It will snow tomorrow” and “It is

going to snow tomorrow”

The fourth is present progressive tense. Present progressive tense

tells about the thing that happen in progress at the present time, and it

is possible to be continued. The example of present progressive: “Tom

is sleeping right now” and “It is snowing now”

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The fifth is past progressive tense. It explains about the things that

happened in the past time and was in progress at a particular time in

the past. The example of the past progressive: “Tom was sleeping

when I arrived” and “It was snowing when I arrived”

The sixth is future progressive. It expresses the thing that began

before another thing happen, and it will be in progress t particular

time in the future. The example of future progressive: “Tom will be

sleeping when we arrive” and “It will be snowing when I arrive”

The seventh, Present Perfect. Present Perfect tells an action that

finished sometime before now. The exact time is not important in this

case. The example of the present perfect: “Tom has already eaten”

and “It has already snowed”

The eighth is past perfect. Past perfect expresses an action that

ended and a later time the other thing happen. In conclusion, the thing

that was completed before another time in the past.The example of

Past Perfect: “Tom had already eaten when his friend arrived” and

“It had already snowed when I arrived”

The ninth is future perfect. Future perfect tells about the things that

will be completely finished before another time in the future.

The example of the Future Perfect: “Tom will already have eaten

when his friend arrives” and “It will already have snowed when i

arrived”.

The tenth is present perfect progressive. Present perfect

progressive used to tell the event in progress before now, up to now,

and how long. The example of the present perfect progressive: “Tom

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had been studying for two hours” and “it had been snowing for an

hour”

The eleventh is past perfect progressive. Past Perfect Progressive

expresses the event that in progress before another event in the past. It

also explains how long the event was. The example of the Past Perfect

Progressive: “Tom had been studying for two hours before his friend

came” and “It had been snowing for an hour before i came”

The twelfth is future perfect progressive. Future Perfect

Progressive tells about the event that being happen before another

event in the future. It also explains how long the event was. The verb

form that used by this tense is the past verb form. The example of

future perfect progressive: “Tom will have been studying for two

hours by the time his friend arrives” and “It will have been studying

for an hour by the time I arrive”(Azar, Betty S. And Stacy A. Hagen

2-5)

b. Subject-Verb Agreement

In order a sentence become a sentence, and a clause become a

clause, the first verb and clause in the sentence must agree in number

with the subject. Agree means the number of the verb must be match

with the amount of the subject. For example, a singular subject must

be matched with the corresponding singular form of the verb, and a

plural subject must be paired with the corresponding plural form of

the verb, as in the following (subject in bold, verbs in italics): (Lester,

Mark and Larry Bason, 123).

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For example:

Every pupil has to take a rest

Some people were waiting at the door (Eastwood 193)

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Data Description

The research data are taken from the theses abstracts of the English Letters

Department Students State Islamic University Jakarta start from the year 2005-

2017. The tables below show clearly the grammatical deviation made by the

English Letters Department students in writing their theses abstracts. The columns

show the total of students‟ theses (12 theses) while the rows display the mistakes

made by the students according to the theory on the chapter II, there are: Proper

Nouns, Plural and Singular Nouns, Regular and Irregular Nouns, Possessive

Nouns, Verb Tense, Subject-Verb Agreement. The most frequent mistakes will be

explained in the last part of the chapter III after analyzing the students‟ theses

abstracts.

Table1. The total of students‟ mistakes

Mistakes Area

(1-6)

The Students‟ Theses Abstracts (Abstract 1-12)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total

1. Proper Nouns - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - 2

2. Plural and

Singular Nouns

- - - 1 1 - - - - - - - 2

3. Regular and

Irregular Nouns

- - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1

4. Possessive

Nouns

- - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1

5. Verb Tense - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 2

6. Verb Form - - 2 - - - - - - - - - 2

7. Subject

Verb

1 1 - - - 1 1 2 - - 1 - 7

20

Agreement

Total 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 17

B. Data Analysis

1. Deviation Explanation and Correction

Text 1

Thesis Title : An Analysis of Accuracy in Translating Idiomatic

Expression in Up In the Air Film.

The Deviation Explanation and Correction for text 1

Sentences Grammatical Deviation

From 7 types that is

explained by Mc Carthy and

O‟dell (page i)

Subject-Verb Agreement

Text 2

Thesis Title : An Analysis of Stylistics in the Advertisement Column of

the Jakarta Post



As the result of analysis this

study show that: first, there

are seven kinds of figure of

speech (page. i)


Text 3

Thesis Title : An Analysis of Turn-Taking in Oprah Winfrey‟s Talk

Show Interviews J. K Rowling



The writer collects the data

from the transcript of the

conversation and then

classification them into turn

constructional component

Verb Form

Oprah Winfrey gives an

interest topic that involves

J.K Rowling‟s experience

Verb Form

21

Text 4

Thesis Title : A Psychopath Analysis on Michael‟s Character in

Halloween Film by Rob Zombie.



He experiences a psychopath

influenced by the traumatic

experiences in his life since

he was children (page. i)

Plural and Singular Noun

Since he was children that he

gets from his family and

friends.

Verb Tense

Text 5

Thesis Title : Sudanese Refugees‟ Identity in the Good Lie Film



Using the Descriptive

analysis and qualitative

method to reveal the

findings, thus, this research

describes the identity

dynamics of three main

characters and their identity

constructions. (page. i)

Plural and Singular Noun

Text 6

Thesis Title : Conversational Implicature on ABC Interview Between

Barbara Walters and Syrian President Bahsar Al- Assad



Because speaker does not

want to make misleading to

other people considering he

have interview to seek some

support for it . (page. i)


22

Text 7

Thesis Title : An Analyis of Donald Trump‟s Commissive Speech Act

In USS Yorktown on December 7, 2015



This research focuses on the

analysis of the commissive

speech act uttered in

YouTube by Donald trump

campaign speech in the state

of USS, Yorktown. (page. i)

Proper Noun

This research focuses on the

analysis of the commissive

speech act uttered in

YouTube by Donald trump

campaign speech ini the state

of USS, Yorktown. (page. i)

Possessive Noun

Not the meaning that the

researchers bring to the

research or that writer

express in the literature


Text 8

Thesis Title : The Main Character‟s Resistance to Patriarchal Ideology

In A Golden Web Novel



This study concern to the

main character‟s resistance

to patriarchal ideology using

feminist approach. (page. i)


The method that the

researcher use in this paper

is qualitative method.


23

Text 9

Thesis Title : An Analysis of Grammatical Cohesion of References in

J.K Rowling‟s Speech



The datas are collected from

the script of the J.K

Rowling‟s speech in Harvard

University with little the

fringe benefits of failure and

the importance of

imagination . (page. i)

Regular and Irregular Nouns

Text 10

Thesis Title : A DeconstructiomCritism of Starling‟s Characteristics in

“Silence of the Lamb” Film



The research is aimed to

deconstruct the

characteristics of Clarice

Starling as a main character

in “silence of the lamb”

film.

Proper Noun

Text 11

Thesis Title : An analysis of FTA Strategy with Off Reord in the Script

of 17 Again Movie



That is the writer chooses,

selects and classify the data


24

Text 12

Thesis Title : Self Actualization the Main Character on the Into The

Wild Film


NO Sentences Grammatical Deviation

1. He trapped by the flow of

the river until he dies in his

dream land

Verb Tense

Text 1

Based on the text above, it is found one grammatical deviation on

paragraph three line one “From 7 types that is explained by McCarthy and

O‟dell”

25

This sentence is categorized as a subject-verb agreement mistake. It

can be seen from the sentence above, the student used the singular verb is

for the plural subject McCarthy and O‟dell. As the theory of subject-verb

agreement in Oxford Guide to English Grammar book, the number of the

verb must be match with the amount of the subject. A plural subject or

object must be paired with corresponding plural form of verb. The student

should write plural verb are after the plural subject 7 types. The correct

sentence supposed to be: From 7 types that are explained by McCarthy

and O’dell.

Text 2

26

Based on the text above, it is found grammatical deviation on

paragraph three line one “As the result of analysis this study show that:

first, there are seven kinds of figure of speech.”

This sentence is classified as the subject-verb agreement mistake

because the student uses the plural verb show after the singular object

study in this sentence. Based on English Grammar and Usage book, the

number of the verb must be match with the amount of the subject. A

singular subject must be paired with corresponding singular form of verb.

Then, the singular object study must take the singular verb shows. The

correct sentence is supposed to be: As the result of analysis this study

shows that: first, there are seven kinds of figure of speech

Text 3

27

Based on the text above, it is found two grammatical deviations on

paragraph two line four“The writer collects the data from the transcript of

the conversation and then classification them into turn constructional

component” and paragraph three line three “Oprah Winfrey gives an

interest topic that involves J.K Rowling‟s experience”

a. The writer collects the data from the transcript of the conversation and

then classification them into turn constructional component

The sentence above is categorized as a verb form mistake. This

sentence uses a noun to express an action while, based on English Grammar

and Usage book, verb means a word used to explain an action or describe a

state of being. The correct sentence should be: The writer collects the data

from the transcript of the conversation and then classifies them into

turn constructional component.

b. Oprah Winfrey gives an interest topic that involves J.K Rowling‟s

experience

The sentence above is classified as a verb form mistake. Based on

Oxford Guide to English Grammar book, when the adjective express

something is like, the effect it has on us, the adjective form must end in –

ing. The verb interest above has the effect on us then the adjective interest

it must be written in the participle form. Then the verb interest should be

written as interesting. The correct sentence supposed to be: Oprah

Winfrey gives an interesting topic that involves J.K Rowling’s

experience.

28

Text 4


paragraph three line six “He experiences a Psychopath influenced by the

traumatic experiences in his life since he was children”and “Since he was

children that he gets from his family and friends.”

a. He experiences a Psychopath influenced by the traumatic experiences in

his life since he was children

The sentence above is classified as the plural and singular noun

mistake. He is the third-person singular. Singular subject must be followed

by singular noun. Children are plural form of child. Then, the singular

29

subject he must be followed by the singular noun child. The correct

sentence is supposed to be: He experiences a psychopath influenced by

the traumatic experiences in his life since he was child.

b. Since he was children that he gets from his family and friends.

The sentence above is classified as a verb tense mistake. The

sentence above used the present tense to express the past action. According

to Understanding and Using English Grammar book, the simple present

tense explains about the event of condition that happen always while to

express the thing in the past time it should use the past tense. The correct

sentence should be: Since he was child that he got from his family and

friends.

Text 5


paragraph one line five “Using the Descriptive analysis and qualitative

30

method to reveal the findings, thus, this research describes the identity

dynamics of three main characters and their identity construction.”

The sample below is classified as the plural-singular noun mistake.

The word their used to figure the possessive form of the plural subject they.

They is a plural subject, and then it must followed by the plural object. The

writer used singular noun identity for plural possessive pronoun their. The

correct sentence is: Using the Descriptive analysis and qualitative

method to reveal the findings, thus, this research describes the identity

dynamics of three main characters and their identities construction

Text 6

31


paragraph three line six “Because speaker does not want to make

misleading to other people considering he have interview to seek some

support for it”

This sentence is considered as the subject-verb agreement mistake.

Based on English Grammar and Usage book, the number of the verb must

be match with the amount of the subject. A singular subject must be paired

with corresponding singular form of verb. The third-person singular he must

be followed by singular verb has. The true sentence should be: Because

speaker does not want to make misleading to other people considering

he has interview to seek some support for it

32

Text 7

Based on the text above, it is found three grammatical deviations on

paragraph one line one “This research focuses on the analysis of the

commissive speech act uttered in YouTube by Donald trump campaign

speech in the state of USS, Yorktown” and paragraph one line eight “Not the

meaning that the researchers bring to the research or that writer express in

the literature”

a. “This research focuses on the analysis of the commissive speech act

uttered in YouTube by Donald trump campaign speech in the state of

USS, Yorktown”

33

The grammatical deviation of the sentence above is located in

proper noun. According to Altenberg and Vago on English Grammar:

Understanding the Basics book, the name of people should be written in a

capital. The correct sentence should be: This research focuses on the

analysis of the commissive speech act uttered in YouTube by Donald

Trump campaign speech in the state of USS, Yorktown

b. This research focuses on the analysis of the commissive speech act

uttered in YouTube by Donald trump campaign speech in the state of

USS, Yorktown.

The sentence above express the words campaign speech which is

belongs to Donald Trump. It is classified as a possessive. According to

Hewings on Advanced Grammar in Use there should be („s) addition to

the sentence for the singular noun. The correct sentence is: This research

focuses on the analysis of the commissive speech act uttered in

YouTube by Donald Trump’s campaign speech in the state of USS,

Yorktown.

c. Not the meaning that the researchers bring to the research or that

writer express in the literature.

This sentence is considered as the subject-verb agreement mistake

because in this sample, the student wrote the third-person singular writer

followed by the plural verb express. According to English Grammar and

Usage book, the number of the verb must be match with the amount of the

subject. A singular subject must be paired with corresponding singular

form of verb. The true sentence supposed to be: Not the meaning that the

34

researchers bring to the research or that writer expresses in the

literature.

Text 8


paragraph one line three “This study concern to the main character‟s

resistance to patriarchal ideology using feminist approach” and paragraph

one line four “The method that the researcher use in this paper is

qualitative method”

a. This study concern to the main character‟s resistance to patriarchal

ideology using feminist approach

The sentence above is classified as the subject-verb agreement

mistake because the student put plural verb concern for the singular

subject study. Based on English Grammar and Usage book, the number of

35

the verb must suitable with the subject. A singular subject must pair with

corresponding singular form of verb the singular subject study must be

followed by the singular verb concerns. The correct sentence supposed to

be: This study concerns to the main character’s resistance to

patriarchal ideology using feminist approach.

b. The method that the researcher use in this paper is qualitative

method.

The sample below is categorized as the subject-verb agreement

mistake. Based on English Grammar and Usage book, the number of the

verb must be match with the amount of the subject. A singular subject

must pair with corresponding singular form of verb. The sentence can be

correct if the third singular person followed by the singular. The third-

person singular researcher must follow singular verb uses. The true

sentence should to be: The method that the researcher uses in this

paper is qualitative method.

36

Text 9


paragraph one line two “The datas are collected from the script of the J.K

Rowling‟s speech in Harvard University with little the fringe benefits of

failure and the importance of imagination.”

This sentence is categorized as a regular and irregular noun

mistake. Based on Understanding and Using English Grammar book, the

37

irregular verb may change the shape of word while regular verb get

additional –s or –es. Data is the plural for datum. While, The student

wrote datas to express the plural form of datum. The plural form of datum

is data not datas. The correct sentence supposed to be: The data are

collected from the script of the J.K Rowling’s speech in Harvard

University with little the fringe benefits of failure and the importance

of imagination.

Text 10


paragraph one line two “The research is aimed to deconstruct the

characteristics of Clarice Starling as a main character in “silent of the

lamb” film.”

38

The example above is considered as the proper noun mistake. The

“silent of the lamb” is a title of a movie. According to Altenberg and

Vagoon on English Grammar: Understanding the basic book, the title of

the movie should be written in capital. The true sentence is: The research

is aimed to deconstruct the characteristics of Clarice Starling as a

main character in “Silent of the Lamb” film.

Text 11

Based on the text above, it is found ne grammatical deviation on

paragraph one line two “That is the writer chooses, selects and classify the

data”

This sentence is categorized as the subject-verb agreement

mistake. The sentence is not correct since the student uses plural verb

classify for the singular subject writer. Based on English Grammar and

39

Usage book, the number of the verb must match with the subject. A

singular subject must be paired with corresponding singular form of verb.

Classify for the singular subject writer should end by –es. The correct

sentence supposed to be: That is the writer chooses, selects and

classifies the data.

Text 12


paragraph two line seven “He trapped by the flow of the river until he dies

in his dream land.”

The text above, it is classified as a verb tense mistake. According

to Basic English Grammar book, the past action must be expressed by the

past tense. While, the sentence above used the base form dies to express

40

the past action. The correct sentence should be: He was trapped by the

flow of the river until he died in his dream land.

C. The Most Frequent Mistakes

After classifying and analyzing the mistakes, the researcher shows the

amount of the mistaken use of noun and verb on the table below according to the

mistakes frequency.

Table 2 The Most Frequent Mistakes

No Deviation Area Frequency

1 Subject-Verb Agreement 7

2 Plural and Singular Noun 2

3 Proper Noun 2

4 Verb Tense 2

5 Verb Form 2

6 Regular and Irregular Noun 1

7 Possessive Noun 1

Total 17

Based on the data above, subject-verb agreement on seven sentences is the

most frequent mistakes made by English Letters Department Student on their

theses abstracts.

41

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the errors made by the English letters department students on

their theses abstracts writing, the researcher would like to give some conclusions

about her research, as follows:

The first conclusion is related to the first research question. It is about the

deviation of noun and verb made by the students of English Letters Department.

The result is there are 17 mistakes found in 12 theses.

The second conclusion of this research is related to the second research

question is about the most frequent mistake made the English Letters Department

students on their theses abstracts. Based on chapter III analysis, it can be

concluded that according to the 17 data, subject-verb agreement is the most

mistake made by English Letters Department Student on their theses abstracts

B. Suggestion

1. To Linguistics Students

The researcher hopes that this research would be a reference for

English Letters Department students. Hopefully, this thesis will be useful

for the English Letters Department student who interest in learning error

analysis and grammar.

2. To Other Researchers

The researcher suggests that the next researcher uses the other corpus

to analyze for the next grammatical deviation thesis. Therefore, the

42

researcher expects that the other researchers will conduct a further study

focusing on the grammatical deviation.

43

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APPENDIXES

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