GRAMMAR: PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS Person: hero, teacher, audience, Mai Ling

Place: museums, countries, rain forest, San Diego

Thing: stereo, songs, fences, Pacific Ocean

Idea: sympathy, fairness, generosity, Impressionism

TYPES OF NOUNS Common noun: names any one of a groups of

persons, places, things or ideas.

Generally not capitalized Mountain, novelist, ship, movie

Proper noun: names a particular Peron, place thing or idea.

Generally capitalized Mount McKinley, Edith Hamilton, Queen Elizabeth

TYPES OF NOUN Concrete noun

Can be perceived by one or more of the senses (sight, touch, hearing, taste, smell) Dog, sunset, thunder, silk, Nile River

Abstract nouns Names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic.

Liberty, beauty, kindness, success, Marxism Collective nouns

A group of people, animals, or things Audience, batch, bouquet, bunch, litter, jury, pride, staff

Compound Nouns 2 or more words that together name a person, place,

thing, idea Baseball, Civil Rights, sister-in-law

IDENTIFY THE TYPES OF NOUNS Gumbos often contain, okra and sausage,

chicken, or seafood. Gumbos: common, concrete Okra, sausage, chicken, seafood: common,

concrete

The popularity of these dishes and other Cajun dishes has spread throughout the United States. Popularity dishes: common, concrete United States: proper, concrete, compound

PRONOUNS Takes the place of one or more nouns or

pronouns She, her, his, him, they, their

Antecedent: the word or word group that a pronoun stands for. Example: Ms. Hamfeldt is a tough teacher. She

gives way too much work. Which is the pronoun? Which is the antecedent?

PERSONAL PRONOUNS Refers to

The one speaking (first person) The one spoken to (second person) The one spoken about (third person)

Singular PluralFirst Person I, me, my, mine We, us, our,

oursSecond Person You, your, yours You, your, yoursThird Person He, him, his,

she, her, hers, it, its

They, them, their, theirs

REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNSFirst Person Myself, ourselves

Second Person Yourself, yourselves

Third Person Himself, herself, itself, themselves,

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN Refers to the subject of a sentences and

functions as a complement or as an object of a preposition

I am not quit myself today Myself is a predicate nominative identifying I

Cecilia let herself take a study break Herself is the direct object of let

They chose costumes for themselves Themselves is the object of the preposition for

INTENSIVE PRONOUN Has no grammatical function in the sentence.

Ray painted the mural himself

The children dyed the eggs themselves.

DEMONSTRATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS Demonstrative: Points out a person, place,

thing, or idea. This is our favorite camp site. These books are going to Goodwill

Interrogative Pronouns: Introduces a question What is the address of the house? Whose red truck is parked outside the house?

This That These Those

Who whom which what whose

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS Refers to a person, place, thing or idea that

may or may not be specifically named. Has anyone asked Ms. Stallsworth? Everything we need is packed in the car.

All Each other Most One another

Another Either Much OtherAny Everybody Neither SeveralAnybody Everyone Nobody SomeAnyone Everything None SomebodyAnything Few No one SomeoneBoth Many Nothing SomethingEach more one such

IDENTIFY THE PRONOUN(S) IN THE SENTENCE All of the other members of my family like to

go camping, but few of them enjoy the outdoors more than I do.

All of us enjoy anything cooked over a campfire.

Often we tell each other eerrie stories.

Who want to go to sleep afterwards?

ADJECTIVES Modifies a noun or pronoun.

Modify means “to describe” or “to make the meaning of a word more specific”

What Kind? Which One? How Many? How Much?

spilled ink this park twenty miles no salt

English tea these papers two men enough water

howling winds

that house several apples

some food

An adjective may be separated from the word it modifies:

She is clever.

The sky had become cloudy suddenly. Note: An adjective that is in the predicate

and that modifies the subject of a clause or sentence is called a predicate adjective.

ARTICLES Most frequently used adjectives are a,

an, and the Indefinite articles: a, an

Refer to any member of a general group; come before words that start with vowels

Definite article: the Refers to someone or something in particular

Examples: A representative is going to help us.The representative is going to help us.

PRONOUN OR ADJECTIVE? Demonstrative, interrogative, and indefinite

terms pronouns when they stand for other nouns or pronouns.

When they modify nouns or pronouns, they are adjectives.

Examples: Pronoun: Which did you choose, Roberto? Adjective: Which book did you choose to read, Alex? Pronoun: Those are excited fans. Adjective: Those fans are excited.

NOUN OR ADJECTIVE? When a word that can be used as a

noun modifies a noun or pronoun, it is called an adjective.

Examples:Salad bowlChicken dinnerGold metalNew England states

Proper nouns remain capitalized when used as an adjective; it is called a proper adjective

VERBSA verb expresses action or a state of being. There are three kinds:Main or helping (auxiliary)

verbsAction or linking verbsTransitive or intransitive verbs

MAIN VERBS AND HELPING VERBS A verb phrase consists of a main verb and

one or more helping (auxiliary) verbs. Commonly Used Helping VerbsForms of Be am

arebe been

beingis

was were

Forms of Have

had has have having

Forms of Do did do doesModals can

couldmay

mightmust ought

shallshouldwill

would

NOTES ON VERBS Modals are auxiliary verbs that are used to

express an attitude toward the action or state of being of the main verb. Example: I may go to the concert after all.

May expresses an attitude of possibility in relation to the main verb go

Helping verbs may be separated from the main verb Did she paint the house?

The word not and its contraction n’t are never part of a verb phrase; they are considered adverbs telling to what extent.

ACTION VERBS An action verb expresses either physical or

mental activity.

Examples Please return this book. (physical action) Do you know James? (mental action)

Physical: bring say shout jump

Mental: ponder trust evaluate guess

LINKING VERBS Connects the subject to a word or word group

that identifies or describes the subject. This word group is called a subject complement.

Example: Kelp is the scientific name for seaweed.

Subject complement is name; it identifies Kelp Kelp tastes good in salads.

Subject complement is good; it describes Kelp

Commonly Used Linking VerbsForms of Be

be were shall have been

should be

being shall be will have been would beam will be can be could beis has been may be should have

beenare have been might be would have beenwas had been must be could have been

Othersappear grow seem staybecome look smell tastefeel remain sound turnSome of the verbs listed as Others can be used as action verbs as well as linking verbs.

FORMS OF BE Not always used as linking verbs An adverb that tells where or when

may follow the form of be This makes it a state-of-being verb Example:

My friends and I were there yesterday. There tells where Yesterday tells when

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS Transitive verbs have an object: a word

that tells who or what receives the action of the verb

Examples: She trusts her friend.

friend receives the action of the verb trusts Zora Neale Hurston wrote novels.

novels receives the action of the verb wrote Intransitive verbs does not have an object. Examples:

The audience applauded. The trains stops here.

A verb could transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another.

NOTES INTRANSITIVE AND TRANSITIVE VERBS Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive.

I studied my geometry notes for an hour. Luis also studied for an hour.

All linking verbs are intransitive We are ready for the quiz. We were told to study a lot.

A verb phrase may be classified as transitive or intransitive and as action or linking We are planting some cactus dahlias.

(transitive action) They should bloom in about six weeks.

(intransitive action) The flowers will be deep red. (intransitive

linking)

ADVERBS Modifies a verb, an adjective, or another

adverb

Tells where, when, how, to what extent

Example The bird was chirping outside. (where) The bird chirped today. (when) The bird chirped loudly. (how) The bird never chirped. (to what extent)

EXAMPLES Identify each adverb and the verb it

modifies.

Birds, bats, and bugs fly effortlessly. Adverb: effortlessly Verb: fly

In their experiments, they initially produced hot smoke by burning straw and wood. Adverb: initially Verb: produced

Humans successfully flew for the first time in November of 1783. Adverb: successfully Verb: flew

EXAMPLES Identify each adverb and the adjective or adverb it

modifies

The immensely long wagon train started out from Denver, Colorado. Adverb: immensely Adjective: long

A moderately hard rain could turn the trail into a swamp. Adverb: moderately adjective: hard

The large ones we saw were too expensive for us. Adverb: too adjective: expensive

Suddenly, Juana had a brainstorm. Adverb: Suddenly Verb: had

PREPOSITIONS A word that shows the relationship of a noun

or pronoun (object of preposition) to another word.

I rode past the (village)

I rode through the (village).

I rode around the (village).

A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase.

COMMONLY USED PREPOSITIONSAboard Aound But

(except)Into Past Up

About At By Like Since UponAbove Before Concerni

ngNear Such as With

Across Behind Down Of Though WithinAfter Below During Off Through

outWithout

Against Beneath Except On ToAlong Beside For Onto TowardAmid Besides From Out UnderAmong Between In Outside Underne

athAs Beyond Insdie Over Until

COMPOUND PREPOSITION A preposition that consists of two or more

prepositions

According to In addition to Instead ofBecause of in front of On account of By means of in spite of Prior to

FIND THE PREPOSITIONS According to the coaches of the opposing

team, the soccer game was delayed because of rain.

Near the edge of the stream, the ducks swam were entering the water to swim across the lake to the other side.

CONJUNCTIONS A conjunction joins words or word groups

Correlative conjunctions Pairs of conjunctions that join words or words

groups that are used in the same way

Coordinating conjunctions Join words or word groups that are used in the

same way

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:FANBOYS

For And Nor ButOr Yet So

Examples:

The orchestra played waltzes and polkas.

We can walk to the neighborhood pool or the park.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Both… and Not only… but alsoEither… or Whether… orNeither…nor

Examples:

Neither the baseball team nor the soccer team has practice today.

Both the track team and the volleyball team enjoyed a winning season.

Their victories sparked the enthusiasm not only of students but also of teachers and townspeople.

IDENTIFY THE CONJUNCTIONS Both the captains and their crew members

looked forward to such visits.

The sailors enjoyed the opportunity not only to chat but also to exchange news.

I looked for Will, but he had already left.

DETERMINING PARTS OF SPEECH Identify the part of speech of the underlined

words in each example:

Rich heard the light patter of raindrops.

Please help your sister with her homework.

All but two of the students voted in the class elections.

DETERMINING PARTS OF SPEECH The same word can be a different part of speech

depending on how it is used in a sentence. So, identify the parts of speech of the word in each example:

They decided that the hedge needed a trim. Their hedges always look trim and nest. We usually trim the tree with homemade

ornaments.

I wasn’t thirsty, but I did down one glass of water.

Dale ran down the stairs.