Adjectives and Adverbs 6 Grammar and Vocabulary Ⅰ June 28, 2011.
GRAMMAR I. ADVERBS
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Transcript of GRAMMAR I. ADVERBS
ADVERBS: PART OF SPEECH
Grammar studies:Part of speech: Adverbs, Adjectives, Nouns, Verbs, Pronouns, (her, him, herself) Conjunctions, (or, whereas) Prepositions and Determiners. (articles, demonstrative adjectives, quantifiers)
Grammar also studies: grammatical structures and word formation. (grammatical structures: passive voice, verb tenses, etc). W.Formation: Suffixes and Prefixes.
Part of Speech that describes verbs, adjectives,
other adverbs or sentences.--one word (e.g. “carefully”)
-- or a phrase (in the morning).
Definition of Adverb:
FORMATION OF ADVERBS:
Here we refer mainly to One-word adverbs. Adjectives + -ly. Adjectives ending in –l: we add –ly. (e.g.: carefully).Adjectives ending in –le: we drop the –e and
add -y: e.g.: gently.Adjectives ending in ic: they take –ally:
dramatically. With exceptions:Publicly.
ADVERBS VS. ADJECTIVES
Some words seem to be adverbs but they are adjectives: cowardly, elderly, friendly, lively, lonely, likely.
Some adverbs are used without –ly in everyday speech: Slow. Quick. Loud. Cheap.
Some adverbs are different whereas with or without –ly: Deep/Deeply. Hard/ Hardly. Pretty/ Prettily. High/highly. Near/nearly
ADVERBS VS. ADJECTIVES
Some words are both adverbs and adjectives:
Right- Wrong. Hourly- Dayly- Monthly- Weekly. Fast- Deep- Early- Late.
CLASSES OF ADVERBS:
MANNER TIME AND FREQUENCY. DEGREE PLACE AND DIRECTION FOCUS ADVERBS COMMENT AND VIEWPOINT ADVERBS
ADVERBS OF MANNER:
They express how the action is performed.Ex: Angrily, Emphatically. By bus, by train. Some are expressions or more-than-one-word
adverbials: Ex: In a quiet, threatening voice, … In amazement
ADVERBS OF TIME AND FREQUENCY
Adverbs of Time: Tomorrow – Yesterday-Adverbs of Frequency: They state how often
something happens. (once a day, regularly).They can be: Adverbs of Time – definite time-: Tomorrow- Yesterday.Adverbs of Time: indefinite time: some day. One
day.
Adverbs of Frequency: indefinite time:Regularly. Barely. Almost always.
Definite time: Once a day. Each day. Every morning.
ADVERBS OF DEGREE
They describe how the action is done: whether it is done totally or partially.
E.g.: Almost; fully; completely. Hardly; Rather; quite; nearly. Scarcely Expressions: “quite hardly”. “Almost
completely”.
ADVERBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION
They are mainly prepositional phrases and adverbials.
E.g.: Under the table. Next to the bookshelf. Towards the station. Or: “there”. “here”.
FOCUS ADVERBS
They draw attention to the most important part of what we are talking about.
E.g.: especially, mainly, particularly, specifically.
There will be snow today, particularly in the north.
COMMENT ADVERBS
Comment adverbs are used to make a comment on what we or others are saying.
Ex:--how likely we think s.t. is: Apparently, Certainly, Undoubtedly, Obviously, Presumably, Clearly.
--Indicate our attitude to what was said: Sadly, Frankly, Seriously, Luckily. --Indicate a judgement of s.o.´s action: bravely,
stupidly, wisely, correctly, wrongly, generously.
VIEWPOINT ADVERBS
V.P. make clear what viewpoint we are speaking from They identify what features of something are being talked
about. E.g.Financially, it was a disaster for his family.
And many expressions: Politically speaking. From a political point of view. As far as politics are concerned In terms of politics In political terms.
POSITION OF ADVERBS:
There are three main positions for adverbs which modify a verb:
END FRONT and MID Position.
END POSITION:
The adverb is placed after the verb, either immediately after the verb, or later in the clause:
They played quietly all day. He sat in the corner, quietly.
FRONT AND MID POSITION:
FRONT POSITION: The adverb is placed before the subject. Ex: Sometimes I feel like going home.
MID POSITION:Between the subject and verb. Ex: He is always playing football there. **Or immediately after verb “to be” or the
auxiliary verb. Ex: He usually plays better than me.
END POSITION:
The adverb goes after the VERB + THE OBJECT.
Ex: We considered the problem briefly.
If the object is a long expression, the adverb goes before the object:
Ex: We considered briefly the long-term solution to the problem.
If there is a verb followed by an ing-form, we avoid putting the adverb in the middle, so it goes after the ing form.
Ex: He began running quickly.
End position is usual for many adverbials of place, definite frequency and definite time:
Ex: They live upstairs. She goes there weekly. She will go there in May.
FRONT POSITION:
Most types of adverb commonly go in front position in a clause. In particular:
--Connecting adverbs: to make clear the logical relation to the previous sentence.
“As a result”. Similarly- The same happened with… Afterwards, …
… CONNECTING ADVERBS/ FRONT POSITION:
--Time and place adverbs: Add more information about a previous reference to a time or place or show a contrast:
Tomorrow,… Nearby.
--Comment and Viewpoint Adverbs. “Sincerely, we can say that …”
MID POSITION:
--Degree adverbs: We almost missed the train. I greatly admire your work.
--Adverbs which indicate the order of events: I first met her in 1997. But in order to list actions we put them in
front position.
MID POSITION ADVERBS:
Adverbs of frequency when it is only 1 word: I often get there late. I regularly take a bus to get there.
--But adverbial closes of indefinite frequency (As a rule, On many occasions, from time to time) are used in front or end position
MANY ADVERBS ALTOGETHER
Usually if there are adverbs of manner, place and time, the order is: Manner- place-time. Ex: We usually go the park once a week.
In case of verbs of movement or direction, the order is: Place- Manner- time.
We will arrive at the station by bus, tomorrow.
THANK YOU, TEACHER…