FORMULA 1 [ARTICLES]1. A is used before words that begin with consonants – (b, c, d,f,g, h, & etc)

Examples: a boy a tree a kite a bicycle a cat a container

2. An is used before words that begin with vowel sounds – (a,e,i,o,u)Examples: an apple an elephant an umbrella an egg an orange

3. An is also used with words that begin with silent hExamples: an hour an heir an honour an honest girl

4. The is used when we speak of only one such thing or person in the worldExamples: the king the moon the sun

FORMULA 2 [PERSONAL PRONOUNS]1. Personal Pronouns are used to replace the names of people, animals

or things.2. We use personal pronouns so we do not have to use the names many

times.Examples: My name is Ayu. I am a girl. Sue and Ina are resting. They are tired. Andy is happy. He won first prize in the spelling contest. This is Siew Fong. She is my sister. Comel is my cat. It likes to climb trees.

3. Personal pronouns can be subjects such as for I, you, he, she, we and they. These pronouns are always used at the beginning of the sentences.Examples: I am a Malaysian. He is an architect. She is a tall girl. It is a friendly dolphin. They are brave soldiers. They are my neighbours.

FORMULA 3 [DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS]1. Demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these and those.

2. This and that are used before a singular noun.Examples: This is a bungalow. This is a lorry. That is an aeroplane.

3. These and those are used before a plural noun.Examples: These are my books. These are Malaysian cars. Those are kites from Kelantan.

Singular PluralThis is my book. These are my books.

This is Pak Abu’s lorry. These are Pak Abu’s lorries.That is a large ship Those are large ships.

FORMULA 4 [POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS]