Grammar for PETGrammar for PET

Conditionals: Zero, First, SecondConditionals: Zero, First, Second

Katie Dirksmeier

If you study conditionals…If you study conditionals…

What is a conditional sentence?What is a conditional sentence? What do we use them for?What do we use them for? What word is often included in What word is often included in

conditional sentences?conditional sentences?

““Condition” means Condition” means situationsituation or or circumstancecircumstance

IfIf a particular condition is true, a particular condition is true, thenthen a specific result happens. a specific result happens.

Types of ConditionalsTypes of Conditionals

Zero conditional:Zero conditional: Certainty (present) Certainty (present)

First conditional:First conditional: Real Possibility (future) Real Possibility (future)

Second Conditional:Second Conditional: Unreal Possibility or Unreal Possibility or Dream Dream

(future)(future) Third Conditional:Third Conditional: No possibility (past) No possibility (past)

Zero Conditional: Meaning & UseZero Conditional: Meaning & Use If Alan takes his vitamins every dayIf Alan takes his vitamins every day,,

he doesn’t get sick.he doesn’t get sick. Are we talking about one specific day?Are we talking about one specific day? In general, is it true that Alan doesn’t get In general, is it true that Alan doesn’t get

sick if he takes his vitamins?sick if he takes his vitamins?

Use this conditional to show an outcome Use this conditional to show an outcome that happens if a that happens if a specific specific repeatedrepeated condition is met. condition is met.

Time:Time: any / in general any / in general Will the condition or situation happen?:Will the condition or situation happen?:

YES! It’s certain.YES! It’s certain.

What happens when Alan doesn’t take What happens when Alan doesn’t take his vitamins?his vitamins?

Can you make a zero conditional Can you make a zero conditional sentence that tells us this?sentence that tells us this?

Zero Conditional: FormZero Conditional: Form If Alan takes his vitamins every day, he If Alan takes his vitamins every day, he

doesn’t get sick.doesn’t get sick. What are the parts of this zero conditional What are the parts of this zero conditional

sentence?sentence? What is the condition? What is the result?What is the condition? What is the result?

Form:Form:((IfIf) verb in present) verb in present,, ( (thenthen) verb in present. ) verb in present. (with comma!)(with comma!)

OR…OR…Verb in present + (Verb in present + (ifif) verb in present. ) verb in present. (no comma!)(no comma!)

Must we always use “if” in the sentence? Must we always use “if” in the sentence? Other words that may be used before the condition: Other words that may be used before the condition:

When; UnlessWhen; Unless Can we change the order of the two parts of the sentence?Can we change the order of the two parts of the sentence? Rewrite the sentence above with the “if” clause at the end. Rewrite the sentence above with the “if” clause at the end.

Zero ConditionalZero Conditional We can also use… We can also use…

(If / When / Unless) + verb in present , imperative!(If / When / Unless) + verb in present , imperative!

For example:For example: If you want to get a good grade, study! If you want to get a good grade, study!

(If you want to get a good grade, (If you want to get a good grade, you mustyou must study. = always study. = always true)true)

Unless you want to get sick, take your vitamins! (= Unless you want to get sick, take your vitamins! (= Take your vitamins unless you want to get sick!)Take your vitamins unless you want to get sick!)

What does What does unlessunless mean in the sentence above? mean in the sentence above?

How can you rephrase these sentences using How can you rephrase these sentences using unlessunless? ? If I don’t phone you tomorrow, you’ll start at 9 o’clock.If I don’t phone you tomorrow, you’ll start at 9 o’clock.

The shop loses customers if the assistants aren’t friendly.The shop loses customers if the assistants aren’t friendly.

What is the condition in each of these sentences? The What is the condition in each of these sentences? The result?result?

First Conditional: Meaning & UseFirst Conditional: Meaning & Use If If Emma saves $2000, she’Emma saves $2000, she’ll goll go to South America. = to South America. =

Emma Emma willwill gogo to South America to South America ifif she saves $2000. she saves $2000. Does Emma have $2000?Does Emma have $2000? Does she know if she will have $2000 in the future?Does she know if she will have $2000 in the future? If Emma saves $2000, might she use it for something If Emma saves $2000, might she use it for something

else? How likely is it that she will go to South America if else? How likely is it that she will go to South America if she saves up enough money? she saves up enough money?

Can you rephrase this sentence using Can you rephrase this sentence using unlessunless??

Based on the sentence above, what do you think the Based on the sentence above, what do you think the First Conditional is used for?First Conditional is used for? We use this conditional to show a We use this conditional to show a

likelylikely or or possiblepossible outcome that will probably happen if outcome that will probably happen if a specific condition is met. a specific condition is met.

Time: FutureTime: Future Will the condition or situation happen?:Will the condition or situation happen?: There is a There is a real real

possibilitypossibility that this condition will happen. that this condition will happen.

First Conditional: FormFirst Conditional: Form If Emma saves $2000, she’ll go to South America. = If Emma saves $2000, she’ll go to South America. =

Emma will go to South America if she saves $2000.Emma will go to South America if she saves $2000.

What are the parts of this first conditional What are the parts of this first conditional sentence?sentence?

What is the condition? What will be the What is the condition? What will be the result?result?

Form:Form:((IfIf) verb in present, () verb in present, (thenthen) verb in future.) verb in future.

OR…OR…

Verb in future + (Verb in future + (ifif) verb in present.) verb in present.

Sometimes we use Sometimes we use shallshall, , cancan, or , or maymay instead of instead of willwill, , for example: for example: IfIf you are good today, you you are good today, you cancan watch watch TV tonight.TV tonight.

Second Conditional: Meaning & UseSecond Conditional: Meaning & Use http://youtu.be/q5TPA0bWcP0?t=1mhttp://youtu.be/q5TPA0bWcP0?t=1m If I If I hadhad a million dollars, I’ a million dollars, I’d buildd build a tree fort in our yard. = I’ a tree fort in our yard. = I’dd

buildbuild a tree fort in our yard if I a tree fort in our yard if I hadhad a million dollars. a million dollars. Do I have a million dollars now?Do I have a million dollars now? Does this situation take place in the past, present, or Does this situation take place in the past, present, or

future?future? Is there a possibility that I’ll have a million dollars? Is there a possibility that I’ll have a million dollars?

Based on the sentence above, what do you think the Second Based on the sentence above, what do you think the Second Conditional is used for?Conditional is used for? We use this conditional to show an We use this conditional to show an

unlikelyunlikely or or impossibleimpossible outcome that probably wouldn’t outcome that probably wouldn’t happen (because a specific, unlikely condition must be happen (because a specific, unlikely condition must be met). met).

Time: FutureTime: Future Will the condition or situation happen?:Will the condition or situation happen?: It is It is impossible or impossible or

nearly impossiblenearly impossible that this condition will happen. that this condition will happen.

Second Conditional: FormSecond Conditional: Form If I If I hadhad a million dollars, I’ a million dollars, I’d buildd build a tree fort a tree fort

in our yard. = I’in our yard. = I’dd buildbuild a tree fort in our a tree fort in our yard if I yard if I hadhad a million dollars. a million dollars. What are the parts of this first What are the parts of this first

conditional sentence?conditional sentence? What is the condition? What will be the What is the condition? What will be the

result?result?

Form:Form:((IfIf) verb in past*, () verb in past*, (thenthen) ) wouldwould + base form. + base form.

OR…OR…

Would Would + base form + (+ base form + (ifif) verb in past*.) verb in past*.

Second ConditionalSecond Conditional((IfIf) verb in past*, () verb in past*, (thenthen) ) wouldwould + base form. + base form.

OR…OR…Would Would + base form + (+ base form + (ifif) verb in past*.) verb in past*.

But…But… If I were you, I would write to him.If I were you, I would write to him. If he weren’t a writer, he’d be an actor. If he weren’t a writer, he’d be an actor.

Do these sentences follow the same Do these sentences follow the same formula as above?formula as above? Yes, but we use Yes, but we use werewere instead of instead of waswas after “If after “If

I/he/she/it…”I/he/she/it…” If I If I waswas you, I would write to him. you, I would write to him. If he If he wasn’twasn’t a writer, he’d be an actor. a writer, he’d be an actor.

Sometimes, we use Sometimes, we use could could instead instead of of wouldwould, for example: , for example: If I had more time, I If I had more time, I couldcould catch up on my catch up on my

reading. reading.

I wish!I wish!

Examples?Examples?

Based on your examples, what is the Based on your examples, what is the formula for “I wish” statements? formula for “I wish” statements?

I wish + verb in pastI wish + verb in past

Are these statements talking about Are these statements talking about the past?the past?

Quiz: Question #1Quiz: Question #1 Situation: You do Situation: You do notnot have a lottery ticket. Is have a lottery ticket. Is

it possible to win the lottery? No! No lottery it possible to win the lottery? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery ticket in the future. So you can think lottery ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future (and buying things about winning in the future (and buying things with the money you win) like a dream. It's not with the money you win) like a dream. It's not

very real, but it's still possible.very real, but it's still possible. Express this idea with a conditional sentence.Express this idea with a conditional sentence. Which conditional do you use?Which conditional do you use?

IFIF conditioncondition resultresult

past simplepast simple WOULD + base verbWOULD + base verb

IfIf I won the lotteryI won the lottery I would buy a car.I would buy a car.

(second conditional)(second conditional)

Quiz: Question #2Quiz: Question #2 Situation: You take some ice and put it in a Situation: You take some ice and put it in a

saucepan. You heat the saucepan. What saucepan. You heat the saucepan. What happens? The ice melts (it becomes happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be surprised if it did not.water). You would be surprised if it did not.

Express what happens during this process Express what happens during this process with a conditional sentence.with a conditional sentence.

Which conditional do you use?Which conditional do you use?

IFIF conditioncondition resultresult present simplepresent simple present simplepresent simple

IfIf you heat iceyou heat ice it melts.it melts.

(zero conditional)(zero conditional)

Quiz: Question #3Quiz: Question #3 Situation: It is morning. You are at home. Situation: It is morning. You are at home.

You plan to play tennis this afternoon, but You plan to play tennis this afternoon, but there are some clouds in the sky. Imagine there are some clouds in the sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do? that it rains. What will you do?

Express this idea with a conditional Express this idea with a conditional sentence.sentence.

Which conditional is it?Which conditional is it? Can you put this in the form of a question to Can you put this in the form of a question to

ask what you’ll do if it rains?ask what you’ll do if it rains?

IFIF conditioncondition resultresult present simplepresent simple WILL + base verbWILL + base verb

If If it rainsit rains I will stay at home.I will stay at home.

IfIf it rains, it rains, what will you do?what will you do?

(first conditional)(first conditional)

SourcesSources

http://www.esl-http://www.esl-library.com/blog/2013/03/14/an-library.com/blog/2013/03/14/an-easy-way-to-teach-conditionals/easy-way-to-teach-conditionals/

http://busyteacher.org/6506-http://busyteacher.org/6506-conditional-sentences.htmlconditional-sentences.html

http://eyv-http://eyv-bahar.blogspot.com.es/2013/03/condbahar.blogspot.com.es/2013/03/conditional-sentencesconditional.htmlitional-sentencesconditional.html

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.chttp://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/type0/menu.phpom/type0/menu.php

http://www.englishclub.com/http://www.englishclub.com/