Grammar BookKatia Jepson

Table of Contents1. Nationalities2. Steam Changers3. Para4. Object Pronoun Placements5. IOP6. Gustar7. Affirmative & Negative Words8. Superlatives9. Reflexives10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun

placement11. Negative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement12. Sequencing events

Pronoun Placement

1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

Para• Generally means ‘for’ • The following include all uses of ‘para’:

Use Spanish English

In order to Llamaré para confirmarlo.

I will call in order to confirm

Intended for Un regalo para su novia.

A present for her boyfriend. (intended for)

Destination Salen para Londres. They are leaving for London.

For length of time Necesito una habitacióon para 6 noches.

I need a room for 6 nights.

In time phrases to specify a future moment in time

Lo necesito para mañana.

I need it for tomorrow.

Comparison Es alto para su edad. He is tall for his age.

To be about to Está para llover. It is about to rain.

Stem Changing Verbs

e i e ie

u ue o ue

PedirpidopidesPido Piden

PensarpiensopiensasPiensa piensan

ContarCuentoCuentasCuenta Cuentan

JugarJuegoJuegasJuega Juegan

*The stem doesn’t

change in the nosotros

(we) or vosotros

(you) form.

Indirect Object Pronouns• Indirect object pronouns are nouns that tell to

whom/what or for whom/what. They replace or accompany indirect objects.

Singular Plural

Me -meTe -you (familiar)Le-you (formal),him, her

Nos-usOs-you (familiar)Les-you, then

Gustar• Use gustar to express what activities people like to do:

me gusta… nos gusta…te gusta… os gusta…le gusta… les gusta…

• When you talk about things that people like, change the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those things. Singular

me gusta la idea nos gusta la idea

te gusta la idea os gusta la ideale gusta la idea les gusta la idea

Plural

me gustan las personas nos gustan las personaste gustan las personas os gustan las personasle gustan las personas les gustan las personas

Affirmative Words Negative Words

Algo – somethingAlguien – someoneAlgún/alguno(a) – sameSiempre – alwaysTambién – also

Nada – nothingNadie – no oneNingún/ninguno(a) – none, not anyNunca – neverTampoco – neither, either

• Alguno and ninguno have different forms when used before masculine singular nouns.

alguno algún ninguno ningún• If a verb is proceeded by no, words that follow must be negative.

A double negative is required is required in Spanish when no precedes the verb.

No quiero nada. Carlos no quiere ninguno. • However, if a negative word, such as nunca or nadie, comes

before the verb, a second negative is not needed. Nadie quiere postre. Las chicas nunca comen en casa.

Superlatives-ísimo-ísimos-ísima-ísimas

These are the suffixes added to adjectives and averbs. It is equivalent to extremely or very before an adjective or adverb.

malo malísimomuchas muchísimomuchas muchísimo

Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z, change the spelling to qu, gu, and c respectively.

rico riquísimolarga larguísimofeliz felicísimo

Adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding –císimo/a

joven jovencísimotrabajador

trabajadorcísimo

ReflexivesHow do you form these verbs?1. Conjugate the verb2. Add the reflexive

pronoun

• To describe people doing things for themselves, use reflexive verbs. Reflexive pronouns are used with the reflexive verbs to indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb.

• In the reflexive construction, the subject is also the object.

• The subject, the pronoun, and the verb are all in the same form.

me noste osse se

Position1. In front of a conjugated

verb2. Attached to a gerund3. Attached to an infinitve4. Attached to an affirmative

commandPor ejemplo:1. Yo me levanto a las

ocho de la mañana.2. Ella se despierta muy

temprano.

Affirmative tú

commands

Simply drop the

‘s’

Can attach to direct object

pronoun ending

Caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!Comer ¡Come! ¡Come todo la hamburguesa!

*Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd house form.

Affirmative tú command

DiHazVePonSalSé TenVen

Infinitve

DecirHacerIrPonerSalirSerTenerVenir

Affirmative Tú CommandsGive instructions or commands to someone by using the Affirmative tú commands of regular verbs.

Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands Pronoun Placement

Remember that when you use a pronoun with an affirmative command, the pronoun attaches to the command.

ex: ¡Ponte otro camisa! When usingan object pronoun, attach the

pronoun to the end of the affirmative command.

ex: Cruza el parque ¡Cruzalo!

Negative Tú Commands

When you tell someone what not to do, use a negative command.

Negative tú commands

Put in ‘yo’ form

Change to opposite vowel ar e

er/ir a

Add an ‘s’

Infinitive yo form negative tú commandHablar hablo ¡No hables!Volver vuelvo ¡No vuelvas!

Tú negativeNo des/digas

No hagasNo nayas

No pongosNo salgasNo seas

No tengasNo vengas

Irregular Negative Tú Commands A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands. Notice that none of the yo forms of these verbs end in –o.

Dar (doy) No le des mi dirección a nadie.Estar (estoy) No estés triste.Ir (voy) No voyas a la tiende.Ser (soy) No seas mala.Pronoun Placement

Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with other conjugated verbs.

ex: ¡No lo uses! Don’t use it

Sequencing EventsPrimero

entonces

Luego/ después

Por fin

Antes de before

The mondays, tuesdays,

etc.

Por la mañana

then

after

Después de after

In/during the

morning

Los lunes, martes,

etc.

first

finally

Por la tarde

In/during the

afternoon

Por la noche

In/during the

evening

No specific time given