GRAMMAR BOOK

Javier Polhemus

1. Presente ( -ar, -er, -ir)2. Stem Changers3. Irregulars( -go, -zco , -oy)4. Saber vs. Conocer5. Reflexives6. ‘Se’ Impersonal7. Dipthongs with accents8. Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir

TABLE OF CONTENTS

9. Hacer + Time + que + present

10 and 11. Ser vs. estar12. Imperfect13. Prederite14. Spock15. La cucaracha16. Snake17. Snakey

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Irregulars

TABLE OF CONTENTS

18. Comparatives19.Superlatives20.Future

Presente ( -ar, -er, -ir)-ar -ir -

er-o

-as

-a

-amos-aís

-an

-o

-o

-es -es

-e -e

-imos

-emos-eís-ís

-en-en

Hablan

Hablamos

Hablas

Hablo

HabaísHablan

vivo

vives

vive

vivimos

vivís

viven

como

comes

come

comemoscomeís

comen

Hablar-to speak

Vivir-to live

Comer- to eat

Stem changers are verbs the are different in the stem than the average word although are usually easily predictable. Stems may change in the ways below.

Stem Changers

e ie

e i

o ue

u ue

Also known as boot verbs for the boot shape the changed stems make in the chart. This is because the nosotros and vosotros never undergo a stem change.

Contiendes

Contiendo

Contiende

CondendemosContendéis

Contienden

EXAMPLE

Notice the e to ie change

Irregulars with the –go, -zco, and -oy are different in the way they are congugated, in the fact that the yo ending is much different then other verbs

IRREGULARS( -GO, -ZCO , -OY)

-car= -co-qué-gar= -go -gué

-zar= -zo-cé

EXAMPLE- Conducir

conduzco

conduces

conduce

conducimos

conducís

conducen

Saber vs. Conocer

Both saber and conocer mean “to know” but both a different way of when and where to be usedSaber Conoce

rUsually referring to when you know a fact or how to complete or do a certain action.

When you are familiar with a certain thing or know a person.

Reflexives

These words are generally placed after infinitive verbs to be more specific about who or what the verb is referring to.

MeTeSe

NosSeSe

‘Se’ Impersonal

The se impersonal is used when there is really no defined subject. Such examples in English would be like “they say” , “one” , or “you”

Example:English- “How does one play the game?”Spanish-”Como se juega el juego?”

When there are strong or weak vowels next to eachother in a word.

The strong vowels are a,e, and o Weak vowels are i, u, y EXAMPLE: Ciudad

Dipthongs with accents

Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir

Uir/guir – always in the present tense and contain a ‘y’EXAMPLE-

Construirconstruyo

construyes

construye

construimos

construís

construyen

Ger/gir- ‘Yo’ switches from ‘g’ to a ‘j’

EXAMPLE- Escogerescojo

escoges

escoge

escogemos

escogéis

escogen

Hacer + Time + que + present

Hacer + the time it took for the action to be completed + que + the action verb being done

EXAMPLE: Hace dos mesas que recibe el regalo

SER VS. ESTAR

SER

Origin

Characteristics

Time

Occupation

RelationshipPossesions

Events

Descriptions

DATES

SER VS. ESTAR

ESTAR

Health

Motion

Location

Present Condition

Ing-ar, ando

Er/ir , endo

Preterite This tense is used when talking about an

ongoing event that occurred in the past.AR congugations

ER congugationsé

aste

ó

amos

asteis

aron

í

iste

ió

imos

isteis

ieron

Imperfect Used for past actions that have no

specific beginning or end. AR congugations ER congugations

aba

abas

aba

ábamos

abais

aban

ía

ías

ía

íamos

íais

ían

Spock verbsA grouping of irregular verbs in the preterite.

DAR

VER

IRS

ER

HACER

HACER

Hice

Hiciste

Hizo

Hicimos

Hicieron

DAR/VAR

D/V

ieron

iste

io

imos

IR/SER

i

Fui

Fuiste

Fue

Fuimos

Fueron

La cucaracha verbs

Andar Anduv___

Estar Estuv___

Poder Pud__

Poner Pus___

querer Quis___

saber Sup___

tener Tuv___

venir Vin___

SNAKE Verbs

In the present tense you change the root of the word in the third person tenses.

Example: Dormir

DORMI DORMIMOS

DORMISTE

DURMIO DURMIERON

SNAKEY Verbs

Only change in the third person Add “y” to the beginning of the suffix

LEI LEIMOS

LEISTE XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

LEYO LEYERON

Comparatives

To make a comparative you usually add mas/menos before the adjective then the word que meaning “than”

This is used when comparing two things. EXAMPLE: The dog is less big than the

cat.El perro esta menos grande que el gato,

Superlatives

To make a superlative you use the mas/menos words but its against everything else.

Used when saying something is the best/worst , biggest/smallest,etc…

EXAMPLE: Joe is the fattest boy in the school

Joe esta mas gordo en la escuela.

Future tense

Future tense is used to tell what will happen or shall happen in the future.

Form Ending

Yo -é

Tu -ás

El/ella/usted -á

Nosotros -emos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -án