when the city

turns brutally

hotby Veronika koVacsoVa

urban design

amsterdam academy of architecture

2012/2013

Graduation plan proposal

2

"who wants to escape the heat and temperatures below 30 degrees, must go to altitudes well over 1,200 and 1,300 meters. escape from the heat into the hills - something that in the course of human-induced climate change you will probably have to ad-just more often in future."

(rainer schultheis, orF-weatherreditorial, 17.08.2012; http://orf.at/stories/2135932/2135927/)

3

introductionquote

In the summer of 2012, while trying to find location and define a theme for my graduation project, I have came across the most recent publication of dérive – Zeitschrift für Stadtforschung, a quarterly mono-thematic magazine with 'Stadt KLIMA Wandel' (Urban CLIMATE Change) as the theme of the July – September 2012 edition. This publication includes articles with an acade-mic and practical perspective dealing with the changing climate and it's social and ecological effect on cities.

The fact is that we cannot play with natural resources. The con-stant clash between urbanized areas and nature is visible in cit-ies such as Sao Paulo, where every year between December - February there are vast floods around the several highways, (for instence the Marginal Tiete, which has been built in the 1957, runs right on top of or parallel to the river Tiete). To a lesser ex-tend there is still floods for instance in Budapest, where every summer Danube covers the quays, showing that there is dishar-mony between the nature and the city.

On August 8, 2012, scientists from the The City College of New York announced1 that the Greenland ice sheet has reached its record of melting ("the greatest melt since satellite recording began in 1979"), which is signifying a warming climate. Should we - inhabitants of cities - be concerned and take action?

The heat in the city and its effects is something one can rarely ex-perience in the Netherlands and the city I have been studying in – Amsterdam. However, during my exchange study period from March to June 2012 in Vienna, the phenomenon of the 'urban island heat' (which simply refers to the contrast in temperature between cities and the country) became something I encoun-tered almost on a everyday basis. Temperatures of 30+ degrees Celsius starting in the month of May and with smaller deviations throughout the whole summer (till mid August 2012, the time of writing this proposal) spent in uncooled indoor spaces, and closed, wind-free and shadeless outdoor spaces felt uneasy. People spend their evenings at city's terrases and weekends at aircondtioned shopping malls or naturally cooled spaces such as parks, the Danube waterfront or the hilly area of the Wiener-wald. The situation in the surrounding region (Image 1) hasn't been different.

1 http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-08/ccon-gmb081412.php

4

Sunshine duration in Europe (in hours per year)

Vienna-Bratislava1600 - 2000 hrs a year

Climate zones EuropeVienna/Bratislava at the crossing of mild maritime and humid continental (north & south) zone

location & conteXt / europe & reGion

5

20 - 250C

15 - 200C

25 - 300C

Average temperature in the area of Vienna - Bratislava was between 25 - 300C in July 2012 Image 1: Average temperature July 2012

Vienna BratislaVa

6

2 Heat in the city has also been a frequently discussed topic in the public media, such as the article 'Wenn die Stadt brutal heiß ist' (die Presse, 24,06,2012, p. 22.

More recent articles include 'Die Hitze der Städte' from 13.08.2012 and ' Temperatur-rekorde könnten fallen' from 17.08.2012 on orf.at (website of the Austrian national public service broadcaster).

3 According to Mrs. Hudakova (personal contact), the city of Bratislava is involved in the project EU Cities Adapt, http://eucities-adapt.eu/cms/ , and was chosen among 21 europe-an cities to develop an adapt-ing strategy. The city already started with this project and will run till June 2013.

Austria has been dealing with the issue of urban climate change since 2008. (StartClim reserach program initiated by the Austri-an Ministry of Environment has been dealing with the topic of adaptation to climate change since 2008.) and there has been a number of measures and adaptations taken on a national and local level. Vienna has been for instance leading the charts of 'Green' or 'Smart' cities for the last couple of years. The issue of 'urban climate heat' has been largely discussed on an academic as well as popular2 level in Austria and Vienna.

However, 75km down (southeast) the Danube in the capital of Slovakia, things are a bit different, but hopeful3. That was the reason I - first of all chose the region of Vienna and Bratislava and its 'Donauraum' (Danube area) as the brorader location of my graduation project. Both are sharing a very similar morphol-ogy and climate; and learning, translating and alternating the Viennese measurements concerning the problematics of urban heat would be an important step towards a common utili

7

Wenn die Stadt brutal heiß ist

Die Zahl der Hitzetage wird sich laut Prognosen in den nächsten Jahrzehnten verdoppeln.

Nicht nur während Hitzewellen wie der eben zu Ende gegangenen sind Städte Wärmeinseln: Im Durchschnitt ist es in Städten um zwei bis drei Grad wärmer als im Umland. Das hängt damit zusam-men, dass es in der Stadt weniger Grünflächen gibt, wo Wasser verdunsten könnte (und dabei Ver-dunstungskälte erzeugt), sich Beton und Asphalt aufheizen, die Durchlüftung schlechter ist und viel Abwärme von Häusern oder Autos kommt. Gefühlsmäßig ist der Unterschied sogar noch viel größer. „Die gefühlte Temperatur in der Stadt ist oft um fünf Grad höher als im Umland“, erläutert Michael Staudinger, Direktor der Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG). Die gefühlte Temperatur (PET) berücksichtigt auch Feuchtigkeit, Wind und Strahlung. Laut einer Studie des ZAMG nahm die Zahl der Tage, in denen die gefühlte Temperatur höher als 29 Grad beträgt, in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich zu. Der Trend wird weitergehen: Aktuell gibt es in Wien jährlich im Schnitt zwölf „Hitzetage“, an denen die Quecksilbersäule die 30-Grad-Marke übersteigt. „Diese Zahl wird sich durch den Klimawandel bis Mitte des Jahrhunderts mehr als verdoppeln“, so Staudinger. Und: Auch der urbane Wärmeinsel-Effekt wird sich verstärken: In dem Projekt „Muklimo-3“ haben ZAMG-Forscher herausgefunden, dass die Temperaturen im Zentrum und im Osten Wiens stärker steigen werden als im Wienerwald.

(…)

Alle Anzeichen deuten darauf hin, dass das Problem in Zukunft größer wird. Man ist dem aber nicht schutzlos ausgeliefert: Das ist die Kernaussage des Forschungsprojekts „Hot town, summer in the city“, das im Rahmen des Programms „StartClim“ – gefördert u.a. vom Wissenschafts- und Wirtschaftsministerium – durchgeführt wurde. Kurzfristig am wichtigsten ist demnach das Vorhan-densein von kühlen Räumen – sei es in Gebäuden, in Verkehrsmitteln oder in kühleren Grätzeln, die in Stadtplänen als „kühle Oasen“ eingezeichnet werden könnten. Eine Rolle spielen dabei Kühlaggre-gate und Klimaanlagen, aber auch planerische Maßnahmen. In London beispielsweise werden manche U-Bahn-Schächte mit Grundwasser gekühlt, in Kalifornien müssen seit 2005 alle flachen Gewerbege-bäude weiße Dächer aufweisen („White City“).

Bewegtes Wasser. Abhilfe bei großer Hitze schaffen auch begrünte Fassaden – laut Untersuchungen von Boku-For-schern ist die Oberflächentemperatur um zehn bis 15 Grad geringer. Das Schlagwort „Green City“ steht auch hinter anderen Maßnahmen: Eine „Entsieglung“ des Bodens, die Vergrößerung der Grün-flächen, Baumpflanzungen oder die Begrünung von Straßenbahngleisen tragen zu einer Abkühlung bei. Bei dem Konzept von „Blue Cities“ soll der direkte Kühleffekt durch Wasser wirken – wobei bewegtes Wasser einen größeren Effekt hat als stehendes Wasser. Ausnutzen kann man das beispiels-weise durch Sprühaufsätze auf Trinkbrunnen oder Hydranten (wie aus New York bekannt). Auch die Einrichtung von „Wasserwänden“ auf Plätzen wirkt wahre Wunder, ebenso Sprühnebel auf Schan-igärten oder die Berieselung von Dächern. (Letzteres ist um 90 Prozent billiger als das Kühlen von Gebäuden mit Klimaanlagen).

Langfristig sehr große Effekte haben stadtplanerische Maßnahmen wie die Ausrichtung von Gebäu-den in Ost-West-Richtung – sie beschatten dann die Straßen und bieten zudem auf der Südseite große Flächen für Solarenergiegewinnung. Und: Sehr wirksam ist eine intelligente Raumplanung. Das Freihalten von Grünzügen in der Stadt und von Frischluftschneisen kann den Wärmeinsel-Effekt von Städten langfristig deutlich verringern.

http://diepresse.com/home/science/768368/Wenn-die-Stadt-brutal-heiss-ist

8

heatwaVes in Vienna Pr

ater

ster

n

340C

15.08.2012

15:46

9

Donaukanal

Karlsplatz

10

location & conteXt / reGion & city

Bratislava is one of the youngest European capitals (since 1993 as the capital of the newly established Slovakia) with about 465.000 inhabitants (2012). It's a city located on the river Danube (splitting the city in two parts) and from north-west surround-ed by the mountain ranges of the Carpathians. Its geographic and geologic location make living in this city pleasant, however further urbanisation and growth of built space (densificaton of existing and scarce green spaces and sprawl towards the outer boarders of the city) increases the island heat effect in the city.

Bratislava is not exactly the city that develops hand-in-hand with nature. The surrounding green hills and wineyards are be-ing bough off by private investors. The city does not have a cen-tral park, and only very few urban parks which are threatened to turn into asphalt squares and air-conditioned office and shop-ping buildings. An example of such development is the 32,000 m² waterfront mixed-use area 'River Park' (2010-now).

East of 'River Park' is the city neighbourhood called 'Podhradie' ('Schlossgrund' in German, 'Extramural settlement' in English). Historically, it is one of the oldest parts of Bratislava (first refer-ence stems from the 13th century), located south of the Bratis-lava Castle, along the bank of the river Danube. It used to be a neighbourhood of the poor (subordinates, workers of the no-ble, upper class from the Castle) and in the 19th and first half of the 20th century it used to be the Jewish neighbourhood of Bratislava.

Today there's almost no original building from this period. In 1913 there was a fire which demolished a number of house, during WWII Jews were expelled from the city and after the war this area became the victim of the ideals and preference of the Communist authorities. The neighbourhood was totally demol-ished in the 1960s (because the houses did not meet with the hygienic standards of those times) and between 1969-73 a new motirway and bridge ('New Bridge'.

scurrent

situationPodhradie

75km

lproximity of Bratislava to Vienna

mBratislava split in two parts by Danube

River Park Podhradieformer jewish neighbourhood

Bratislava Castle New Bridge (Novy Most)

Parliament

12

releVance oF this topic in current /socio-spacial, -political, -cultural, -econoMic/ conteXt

The magistrate (Bratislava's urban planning department) seems to be busy making plans and renderings of potential empty (un-built) spaces in the city and present them to investors, not tak-ing into account the effect of such reckless urbanisation. One of such highly discussed plans is the eastern part of the river bank, right under the Bratislava Castle (Image 'S current situation').

The city of Bratislava has lauched architecture and urban de-sign competitions in this area several times (latest in 20074 and 2012), and a number of design proposals has been handed in, selected. However, the project hasn't proceeded because of two reasons: the Regional Building Authority did not approve build-ing on the site and there has been a number of protests and critique from Bratislava's inhabitants. The last plan from 20125

has been criticized as 'generic' (could be built anywhere) and 'not site specific' by the inhabitants.

4 http://www.vydrica.com/in-dex.php?id=architektonicka_sutaz&L=1

Podhradie in 1919 - 1921

5 http://www.jtre.sk/sk/45759-47245.html

13

'ZUCKERMANDEL', most re-cent plan by Almássy – Bouda – Čečetka – Masár Architects. Owner of the site is a invest-ment company called J&T Real Estate.

The project description of the plan does however pinpoint the preservation and respecting the natural conditions of the site.4

"More than half of the territory will create public spaces such as squares, small parks and public green areas. "The volume will dou-ble over the green requirements of the zoning plan. Green roofs, which are standard for our projects, to share the green counting. As concerns the actual construction volume that is much lower than permitted spatial plan of the zone (only 77%). The aim of the investor is to preserve the architectural vistas on the castle hill and airiness of the whole project, "says the spokeswoman for J & T Real Estate Katarina Krajňáková.

The project respects the natural conditions site. Preserves and en-hances the rock formation in the back part of the territory, which adds Zuckermandel an uncommon charm. City revives the color green pedestrian footbridge over extended tramway track, which will result themed cafe above the Danube River, and directly con-nects the city with the river."

14

Looking at the last urban design proposal from 2012 for Podhradie, I cannot stop asking myself if closed mixed-use blocks with green roofs are a satisfactory sustainable solu-tion for this site?

Instead, alternative strategies for utilising natural resources (water, hills, ...) will be a crucial part of a new design proposal. Hence, connection with site specific conditions of Podhradie in Bratislava (hills, river, infrastructure) will be very important. The introduced theme of urban climate change, would be applied and implemented in the new design proposal for Podhradie, Bratislava. The central question is not whether climate change, environmental protection or sustainability have priority in ur-ban development and revitalisation, but whether the aims of these strategies can be compatible to secure a sustainable urban living environment in the (near) future.

More and more people will live in cities in the future - so con-necting nature with built environment will become one of the challenges of urban design.

Therefore the main question is:

"What strategies (spatial in combination with economic and social) can be developed to adapt to climate change, to cre-ate/offer climate-comfortable public spaces for the people and enhance / not disturb the site specific eco-system?"

It is also important to think in 'temporarities', how spaces are de-signed in stages (also because of the lack of financial resources to apply design solutions in once).

Parallel to the development of new strategies for sustainable neighbourhoods, bottom-up strategies will play an important role. Here local initiatives are forerunners of the adapted life-style form to climate change.

SUBQ1: How/can bottom-up, small, local initiatives have a positive effect towards urban climate?

desiGn task / research question

The assignment is not only to adapt to climate change through infrastructural, build-ing and organisational struc-tures. Aim is to connect the spatial layer with the ecologi-cal, economical and social.

Focus on the Danube area ('Donauraum'), both Bratis-lava and Vienna, where nature merges with the man-built area.

15

MethodoloGy

The methods of working on a strategy are as follows:

1) analysis of the area thought different scales: LARGE: regional scale; Danube, hill ranges, etc; MEDIUM - city; SMALL - Podhradie), make for instance a calculation of the co-efficient of vegetation areas, which is the required minimum share of growing areas in the total urbanized area

2) analyse the current urban planning regulations in rela-tionship to urban climate,

An 3) analysis of meteorological parameters of the area: wind, temperature, humidity, solar radiation have to be studied and researched. On the basis of a climate analysis, an 4) urban climate risk analysis of new built spaces can be carried out. This ecological analysis would provide us with a basis of area's development.

Another parameter is to make a 5) timeline of climate-related changes in the region and city (changes in temperature, ...) and find out whether there are any new developments connected to this phenomenon (any new fauna or flora, changes in living, working and recreatrional lifestyles of people?) Has there new living typologies been developed, a new image of the city?

"Global temperatures have been rising continuously for close to 60 years. At the same time carbon dioxide in the athmosphere contin-ues to grow. Higher levels of carbon dioxide are thought to create higher temperatures through the greenhouse effect, whereby gas-es in the atmosphere absorb radioation and warm the land below. The basic intuition of the mainstream hypothesis of climate change is that more greenhouse gases mean more infrared absorption and higher surface temperatures." (Glaeser, 20112, p. 205 – 206)

Climatological characteristics of a place are a precondition for social interaction in public spaces in a city, and hence for a good-practice urban design. If climate comfort of spaces is en-joyable for people, then public spaces are used and people are meeting there. Places avoided by people mean bad urban de-sign. A method to study this is the 6) human (thermal) com-fort (connected to the meteorological parameters such as wind, temperature, humidity, solar radiation). There has been many studies done on this topic, and a reference project which is be-ing executed and carried out at the moment in accordance to the criteria of human comfort is the redevelopment of Place de la Republique in Paris5.

desiGn task / research question

Climate change has an effect on human comfort.

5 http://placedelarepublique.paris.fr/articles/le-confort-thermique-0084

16

current situationPodhradie in 2012

Dead parking space

Hilly landscape, once a urban neighbourhood

17

Danube as a thread, no a chance

Hard scapes with separating flows of traffic

18

probleM deFinition

Bratislava is not exactly the city that lives and grows hand-in-hand with nature. The surrounding green hills and wineyards are being bough off by private investors. The city does not have a central park, and only very few urban parks which are threat-ened to turn into asphalt squares and air-conditioned office and shopping buildings (for instance one of the few parks of Brati-slava, Sad Janka Krala, is in danger of being tranformed into a multi-use built mass). And at the same time, one of the possible causes for the increasing urban temperature is the drastic re-duction in the greenery area of the cities. Also, Bratislava cur-rently does not have any legislative regulation on the protec-tion of green areas in urban areas, as well as a methodology to create green infrastructure in the settlements.

"As a result of the mechanisms of climate change and especially be-cause of the heat island effect, the quality of life in urban areas will change in the future. The way in which we react to these changing climate conditions will directly influence the urban quality of life. More and more cities are therefore asking themselves if they are equipped to face climate change. Open and green spaces play a central role in this context, influencing temperature and hydrology management in the cities. Because of their cooling effect they can attenuate temperature increases, and they delay rainwater drain-age, preventing local flooding in the event of heavy precipitation. The design of open and green spaces is therefore a crucial part of urban adaptation strategies." (StartClim2010, p.12 )

The average annual temperature is expected to rise from the current 11.2°C to about 11.8°C in 2030, and from 12.6°C to 13.5 ° C in 2075. The number of days with temperatures above 20°C should increase from the current 62 - 63 to 73 - 75 by 2030, and 95 - 97 around the 2075.

At the same time, the number of extremely hot days will in-crease from the current 6 to 45 days in 2100. This applies to the whole of southern Slovakia, including Bratislava.

Environment in the urban environment is already very different from the surrounding landscape in a number of characteristics - such as temperature, humidity and air pollution. It is therefore reasonable to expect that, because of climate change, these negative trends and their impact call for a greater urgency in cit-ies. In urban settlements, a high concentration of surface heats up and creates a high heat capacity. This causes heat accumu-lation in places. The rise in temperature also affects the heat released from industrial processes, engines for transportation

19

and heating of residential buildings. Influences of these factors leads to the creation of so-called "heat islands".

Rising levels of greenhouse gases are likely to accelerate climate change. Scientists expect the average global surface tempera-ture would be in the year 2100 to increase by 1.8 to 4.5 ° C (but with significant regional differences in the growth temperature), which corresponds to the expected growth of 1.1 to 6.4 ° C (Min-istry of Environment of Slovak Republic, 2005).

The aim of this project is to investigate and identify measure-ments that can be taken to protect and improve the microcli-mate in cities. With this, the living conditions of city-dwellers will improve, in relation to the climate comfort (fresh air supply through local air ventilation system in the city, etc).

The aim of this urban design project is to contribute to prepara-tion of urban and built spaces in line with climate conditions for the climate change.

It is also to provide advise for urban design, that cities could develop, and grow in harmony with given climatological condi-tions.

aiM

scenariosAs already the term 'urban heat island' suggests, is a seasonal effect, appearing yearsly between the months april - septem-ber. However, as already mentioned above, the amount of days above 20 degrees is increasing, so are hot days in the city.The design proposal will aim primarily on the warmest period of the year, taking into account both night and day. Nevertheless, win-ter period will be studied as well (for instance, is is possible to store heat gained in the summer for the cold winter months?)

I think it is important to think in scenarios, and work out several sub-scenarios to create space for flexibility in change and give a platform to develop sub-scenarios in the process.

20

(possible) strateGies

There will be two major strategies apllied in this graduation pro-ject. One will be focused on soft urbanism, where a design pro-posal for improving the quality of the living environment and its making by city-dwellers will be analysed and presented. This strategy has a strong bottom-up approach, including education (informing) and participation (involving) of citizens.

"Adaptation to climate change – from the development of strate-gies and the adoption of required solutions to implementation and monitoring the effectiveness of measures – also necessitates co-operation between the public sector, particular the parks depart-ment, and the private sector." (StartClim2010, p.7 )

The second strategy umbrella will encompass a number of tech-nical and spatial measurements to the changing climate in cities and urbanized area. The below mentioned strategies have a rather top-down, government-driven approach which could be developed to a bottom-up strategy.

1. An overall spatial design of the urban structure to allow for better air circulation in the city during day and night; ex-change and flow of cooler air from the surroundings (good air circulation and exchange between the urban areas of the city and its natural hinterland)

2. minimize the proportion and creation of (new ) impervious surfaces.

3. Provide links between green areas to create a (greater) net-work of urban greenery.The actual cooling effect of vegeta-tion on its surroundings will occur in areas with vegetation over a greater area (within a distance of 500 meters, depending on the nature of the surrounding buildings). Simply speaking, the larger the green area, the cooler its surroundings. "The cooling effect of vegetation has been confirmed by several studies, but the extent of this effect depends not only on the size of the public space, service and quality of vegetation, but also the location of greenery in the city, nature surroundings, mountainous terrain and so forth." (Hudekova, Z., 2012)

Increase in the proportion of 10% green can reduce the tem-perature in the urban environment by 3%. Another option is to reduce temperature is water. Water cools effectively and creates a pleasant environment and microclimate. This strategy has to

21

do with merging of nature and the human built envirnment. Historically, the wealthy managed to combine city and country by having two homes. Yet this two-home model has remained relatively rare. (because of its costs) A more affordable alterna-tive is bringing the countryside into the city, which city plan-ners have long strived to do. (eg. Garden city model by Eben-ezer Howards

During the 20th century, greenbelts became a regular feature of English town planning. However, for instance London's green-belt is hardly within walking distance. (easily an hour with pub-lic transport), certainly don't bring greenery into the city, or the daily life of city residents.

To make up for this shortfall, 19th century urban planners built parks. But neither greenbelts nor parks became the dominant way of merging city and country. Instead, many people adopted a far more extreme alternative – following Thoreau's ideal and creating suburban develoment, a quasi country estates made more affordable to ordinary people.

4. individual mobility has to change due to climate protec-tion reasons. 'If they (people) end up living in a low-density area, they'll drive a lot, and they'll want big houses that are comfortably cooled and heated. In cities, however, people end up sharing com-mon public spaces like restaurants, bars and museums. The urban model is green when used by real people. The data shows that, and we know why: High costs of land restrict private space and density makes car usage far less attractive. Urban living is sustainable sus-tainability. Rural ecotowns are not.' (Glaeser, 2011, p. 217)

“If the future is going to ge greener, then it must be more urban. Dense cities offer a means of living that involves less driving and smaller homes to heat and cool. Maybe someday we'll be able to drive and cool our homes with almost no carbon emissions, but until then, there is nothng greener than blacktop.” (Glaeser, 2011, p. 220)

Blacktop = asphalt, contrete built area.

Henry David Thoreau – Wal-den (1854) book of author's personal notes immersing himself in nature, considered as one of the first publications on environmentalism

22

6 inspiration: http://www.stadtklima-stuttgart.de

endproducts

Analysis of the location (historical development, vegetation and ecology, infrastructure, etc.)Analysis of meteorological parametersTimeline of climate-related changes, analysis of the areaAnalysis of current urban planning regulations in relationship to urban climateStudy of the perspective of climate in the 'Donauraum' (Dan-ube area)'Urban Climate Atlas'6 (focus on Vienna-Bratislava area)Documenting graduation project online (blog-website)Analysis and inventarisation of international good practices / study of references: Europe (Stuttgart, Bristol, ...) and world (Singapore, etc) - what is there to learn from?Analysis of urban open spaces, hydrology management

Scenario's developed on a regional, city, neighbourhood level, local (natural) resources included and with an important roleConcept - strongest parts of scenario's combined

Strategic design for a larger urban structure (city) (an evolving masterplan, in different phases)Urban design for a neighbourhood / Podhradie in Bratislava/, adapting to urban climate change and lowering down its ef-fects

Detailing (materialisation, etc)Profiles and elevationsVisualisationsA0 posters digital presentation (pdf )

23

academie van Bouwkunst / academy of architecturehttp://www.ahk.nl/bouwkunst

donald van dansik, msc. /confirmed/E vandansik@gmx.comW http://www.spacegroup.noIndependant consultant for masterplanning and project management, Associate Space Group, tutor Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam.

dr. dipl. ing. ma(aa) s. lenzholzer /confirmed/E sanda.lenzholzer@wur.nlW http://www.lar.wur.nl/UK/Assistant Professor, Landscape Architecture group, Wageningen University land-scape architect and urban designerSanda’s academic and professional work lies on urban climate and perception of urban climate, climate- responsive urban and landscape design, advising munici-palities, design consultants on climate- responsive urban and landscape design and methodological relation of design and research.

dr. ir. lisette klok /confirmed/E lisette.klok@tno.nlW http://www.tno.nlResearch Scientist Urban Environment, TNOLisette works a number of years on the issue of urban climate change. Her expertise is meteorology / climatology, and she is involved in projects concerning the urban climate (temperature, thermal comfort), measuring, modeling and determining the health effects of heat and investigating how changes in the spatial influence the climate.

dl. erik meinharter /confirmed/meinharter@plansinn.atLandscape designer, partner of PlanSinn a Viennese based office, expert in urban climate change

Graduation

student

Mentor

Commission

Commission

External advisor

Veronika Kovácsová+31 6 1844 5961veroni.kovacs@gmail.comhttp://stadachtig.nl1984Slovak

nametelephone

e-mailwebsite

year of birthnationality

schoolwebsite

inForMation

proJect coMMittee

24

"cities and urban regions are highly sensitive areas because of the high housing density, the concentration of assets and the critical infrastruc-ture. More and more cities are there-fore asking themselves if they are equipped to face climate change. the city climate is characterised by the in-teraction between urban open spaces and buildings and is affected by an-thropogenic influences such as lost heat and pollutant emissions .the ex-act impact of these effects is strongly influenced by the type and degree of the structural environment, the struc-ture of the city itself and its integra-tion in the surrounding region."

(startclim2010, p.12 )

25

conclusion

They say that luck favors the prepared - the sooner we start to prepare for the changing climate, the more we are ready for adaptation or alteration. "Because of the absence of a strategic approach, adaptation is mostly reactive. The continuous repair of damage entails enormous additional work and expense." (Start-Clim2010, p.7 ) 7

Cities need to provide a healthly, inclusive, innovative and livea-ble environments to its citizens. In order to do so, a flexible strat-egy is needed for development. Not a finalized, deterministic document, but rather a smart, critical hands-on approach evolv-ing with time and given situation - influenced by the economy, social ties or even political interests.

I don't believe the first quote in this document will be the case - escape of the city-dweller to the nature during hot days. At least I hope people will feel comfortable in cities during sum-mer days, and that with creating better circumstances, heat is-land effect can be decreased.

And then more urban places will become 'hot'. But then from another perspective.

7 This statement is in my opinion very applicable to the situation in CEE coun-tries.

26

planninGauGust 2012 - July 2013

32 problem defnition for graduation project

august 33 setting up a committee (mentor, commission, external advisors and experst)

34 fact finding locally in Bratislava

35 familiarising with used building techniques and the customs of the residents and workers

36 hand in graduation plan 7/9/2012

september 37

38 graduation plan presentation 21/9/2012

39 Kick-off blogging, an online platform of my graduation project

40

41

october 42 analyse the current urban planning regulations in relationship to urban climate

43 study of the perspective of climate in the 'Donauraum' (Danube area)

44

45 Commission1

november 46 Making of scenario's based on the analysis and first conclusiong made in the first period, different scenario's

47 will be developed and worked out on a regional, city, neighbourhood level

48 Mentorengesprek 30/11/2012

49

december 50

51 location visit (Bratislava)

52 critical evaluation of pros and cons before discussion with commission

1

january 2 Commission 2

3 Concept after the discussion with the commission, making of the concept, based on the scenario's

4 from previous period

5

6

february 7

8

9 Commission 3

10 From concept to design The concept idea will be translated into a spatial design proposal, which willbe presented

march 11 during a mid-term presentation

12 Afstudeersalon 22/3/2012

13

14 Mid-term presentation

april 15 after the mid-term presentation the spatial design will be sharpened to be prepared for

16 Commission 4

17

18

may 19 Commission 4

20 Sharpening of urban working on the presentation techniques (model, posters, something else?)

21 design praposal /

22 intervetion

june 23

24

25 Commission 5

26 Pre-exams deadline for the urban design finalisation, working on the presentation, visuals, etc.

27

july 28

29 Deadline T3 18/7/2012

30 Post-exams preparation for the public graduation project presentation

Preparation of data set

and conluding first ideas analysis of meteorological parameters

timeline of climate-related changes, analysis of the area

End-product: 'Urban Climate Atlas' (focus on Vienna-Bratislava area)

27

literature

E. Glaeser: Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier, PAN Macmillan, UK, 2011

articles / urban cliMate chanGeHudeková, Z.; Dôsledky zmien klímy v urbanizovanom prostredí a územné plánovanie, 2012; http://www.urbion.sk/dosledky-zmien-klimy-v-urbanizovanom-prostredi-a-uzemne-planovani/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/07/science/earth/extreme-heat-is-covering-more-of-the-earth-a-study-says.html?_r=1&smid=li-share&goback=%2Egmp_104424%2Egde_104424_member_143386713http://diepresse.com/home/science/768368/Wenn-die-Stadt-brutal-heiss-ist http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Woodsdérive – Zeitschrift für Stadtforschung, 'Stadt KLIMA Wandel', Juli -Sept 2012 orhttp://www.derive.at/index.php?p_case=2&id_cont=1098&issue_No=48 http://science.orf.at/stories/1703049http://orf.at/stories/2135932/2135927/ http://mediamatters.org/blog/2012/08/17/media-turn-a-blind-eye-to-record-greenland-ice/189421StartClim2010; http://www.austroclim.at/fileadmin/user_upload/StartClim2010_re-ports/StCl10_finalreport_20111219_mitDB.pdfMinistry of Environment of Slovak Republic, 2005 http://www.minzp.sk/files/oblasti/ovz-dusie/zmena-klimy/dokumenty/1-4NS_DPR_SR_sprava.pdf

websites / cliMate, GeoloGy, ...

http://gw.eduhi.at/schulen/oenatur/klima/..%5Cwiener%5Cwklima.htm http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/regional_monitoring/1cavg1.gifhttp://www.stadtklimalotse.net/http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows/2012-08-07/environmental-outlook-growing-demand-air-conditioning?goback=%2Egde_1965469_member_143641821http://www.linkedin.com/groupAnswers?viewQuestionAndAnswers=&discussionID=118303029&gid=104424&trk=eml-anet_dig-b_nd-pst_ttle-cn&ut=2N4X6jbkwXV5k1http://www.lebensministerium.at/umwelt/klimaschutz/klimapolitik_national/anpas-sungsstrategie/strategie-aussendung.htmlhttp://www.boell.de/index.html

websites / bratislaVa - podhradie

http://bratislava.sme.sk/c/6250413/vydrica-hrad-nezakryje-tvrdi-investor.htmlhttp://bratislava.sme.sk/c/6299219/zuckermandel-nema-byt-skanzen.htmlhttp://www.snm.sk/?muzeum-kultury-karpatskych-nemcov-aktualne-vystavy&clanok=premeny-zuckermandlahttp://reality.etrend.sk/byvanie/jt-zmeni-zuckermandel-za-sest-miliard-na-nepoznanie.html

sources