Grades 9 to 12 Automotive Technology - edu.gov.mb.ca · PDF fileContentsiii co n t e n t s...

Grades 9 to 12 Automotive Technology

Manitoba Technical-Vocational Curriculum Framework

of Outcomes

G r a d e s 9 t o 1 2 a u t o m o t i v e t e c h n o l o G y

Manitoba Technical-Vocational Curriculum Framework of Outcomes

2015Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning

Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning Cataloguing in Publication Data

Grades 9 to 12 automotive technology [electronic resource] : Manitoba technical-vocational curriculum framework of outcomes

Includes bibliographical references.ISBN: 978-0-7711-6010-3

1. Automobile industry workers—Vocational guidance. 2. Automobile industry and trade—Study and teaching (Secondary) —Manitoba. 3. Automobiles—Design and construction—Study and teaching (Secondary)—Manitoba. 4. Automobiles—Maintenance and repair—Study and teaching (Secondary)—Manitoba. 5. Technical education—Manitoba—Curricula. 6. Vocational education—Manitoba—Curricula. I. Manitoba. Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning. 629.2870712

Copyright © 2015, the Government of Manitoba, represented by the Minister of Education and Advanced Learning.

Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning School Programs Division Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Every effort has been made to acknowledge original sources and to comply with copyright law. If cases are identified where this has not been done, please notify Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning. Errors or omissions will be corrected in a future edition. Sincere thanks to the authors, artists, and publishers who allowed their original material to be used.

Schools are encouraged to share this document with parents, guardians, and communities, as appropriate.

Any websites referenced in this document are subject to change. Educators are advised to preview and evaluate websites and online resources before recommending them for student use.

This resource is available on the Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning website at <www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/teched/sy_tech_program.html>.

Available in alternate formats upon request.

iii C o n t e n t s

c o n t e n t s

Acknowledgements v

Technical-Vocational Education Overview 1

Automotive Technology Overview 1

Introduction 1

Curriculum Description 1

Delivery of Automotive Technology Courses 2

Automotive Technology Goals and General Learning Outcomes (GLOs) 3

Specific Learning Outcomes (SLOs) 4

Course Descriptions 4

8695 Introduction to Automotive Technology 4

8696 Automotive Systems and Service 5

8697 Engine Fundamentals and Service 5

8698 Chassis Fundamentals and Service 5

8699 Drivetrain Fundamentals and Service 5

8700 Automotive Electrical Systems 5

8701 Vehicle Systems Part 1 5

8702 Vehicle Systems Part 2 6

8703 Applied Diagnostic Strategies 6

Level 1 Apprenticeship 6

Trade Safety Awareness Manual 6

Curriculum Implementation Dates 7

Guide to Reading Automotive Technology Goals and Learning Outcomes 8

Grades 9 to 11 Automotive Technology General and Specific Learning Outcomes by Goal 11

Goal 1: Describe and apply appropriate health and safety practices. 11

Goal 2: Select, use, and manage tools, equipment, materials, and consumables. 20

Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems. 28

Goal 4: Describe and apply the transferable cross-curricular knowledge and skills. 39

Goal 5: Demonstrate an understanding of sustainability. 42

Goal 6: Follow ethical and legal standards. 42

Goal 7: Demonstrate employability skills. 43

Goal 8: Understand educational and career opportunities. 44

Goal 9: Explore evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends. 45

Grade 12 Automotive Technology General and Specific Learning Outcomes by Goal 49

Goal 1: Describe and apply appropriate health and safety practices. 49

Goal 2: Select, operate, and maintain tools, equipment, materials, and consumables. 53

G r a d e s 9 t o 1 2 A u t o m o t i v e T e c h n o l o g yiv

Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems. 56

Goal 4: Describe and apply the transferable cross-curricular knowledge and skills. 63

Goal 5: Demonstrate awareness of sustainability as it pertains to automotive technology. 65

Goal 6: Demonstrate ethical and legal standards. 66

Goal 7: Demonstrate employability skills. 66

Goal 8: Understand educational and career opportunities. 68

Goal 9: Explore evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends. 69

Bibliography 73

v A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

a c k n o w l e d G e m e n t s

Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following individuals in the development of Grades 9 to 12 Automotive Technology: Manitoba Technical-Vocational Curriculum Framework of Outcomes.

Members of the 2011 Development Team

Paul Del Grosso Tec Voc High School Winnipeg School Division

Robert Gray Virden Collegiate Fort La Bosse School Division

Chance Henderson Dauphin Regional Comprehensive Secondary School Mountain View School Division

Jeff Kasprick Crocus Plains Regional Secondary School Brandon School Division

Murray Malcolmson Kildonan East Collegiate River East Transcona School Division

Bill McEwen Murdoch Mackay Collegiate River East Transcona School Division

Eran Plotnik Sturgeon Heights Collegiate St. James-Assiniboia School Division

Andreas Schramm Louis Riel Arts and Technology Centre Louis Riel School Division

Members of the 2014 Development Team

Paul Del Grosso Tec Voc High School Winnipeg School Division

Jeff Kasprick Crocus Plains Regional Secondary School Brandon School Division

G r a d e s 9 t o 1 2 A u t o m o t i v e T e c h n o l o g yvi

Gordon Stevens Kildonan East Collegiate River East Transcona School Division

Andrew Gugin Minnedosa Collegiate Rolling River School Division

Peter Fleming Swan Valley Regional Secondary School Swan Valley School Division

Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning

School Programs Division Staff

Carole Bilyk Coordinator

Development Unit Instruction, Curriculum and Assessment Branch

Louise BoissonneaultCoordinator

Document Production Services Unit Educational Resources Branch

Dino DiFabrizio Consultant (until June 2010)


John Finch Coordinator (since September 2013)

Learning Support and Technology Unit Instruction, Curriculum and Assessment Branch

Kristin Grapentine Desktop Publisher


Gilles Landry Consultant (since February 2010)


Daniel Lemieux Consultant

Technical Vocational Education Unit Instruction, Curriculum and Assessment Branch

Grant Moore Publications Editor


Peter Narth Coordinator (until September 2013)

Technical Vocational Education Unit Instruction, Curriculum and Assessment Branch

Ken Nimchuk Consultant

Learning Support and Technology Unit Instruction, Curriculum and Assessment Branch

1 O v e r v i e w

T e c h n i c a l- V o c a T i o n a l e d u c a T i o n o V e r V i e w

In 2013, Manitoba Education released the document Technical-Vocational Education Overview to provide the philosophical and pedagogical underpinnings for curriculum development and the teaching of courses in the Senior Years Technology Education Program.

This overview presents educators with the vision and goals of technical-vocational education (TVE) in Manitoba. Topics include the following:QQ curriculum revitalization and renewalQQ curriculum framework and implementationQQ articulationQQ assessment and reportingQQ safetyQQ employability/essential skills and career developmentQQ sustainable development

The TVE curriculum includes Grades 9 to 12 courses in a variety of areas, including automotive technology.

a u T o m o T i V e T e c h n o l o g y o V e r V i e w

Introduction

Grades 9 to 12 Automotive Technology: Manitoba Technical-Vocational Curriculum Framework of Outcomes identifies the goals, general learning outcomes (GLOs), and specific learning outcomes (SLOs) for nine automotive technology courses. This framework is intended for use in all Manitoba schools teaching automotive technology courses as part of the Senior Years Technology Education Program. This curriculum is replacing the former one titled Power Mechanics 10S–40S (1985).

Curriculum Description

Students who complete the automotive technology courses can seek entry-level employment as an apprentice automotive service technician, service consultant, parts advisor, parts rebuilder, maintenance technician, specialty/after-market technician, sales consultant, tools and equipment representative, or a military vehicle technician. In order to be qualified and continue as an automotive service technician, students must seek apprenticeship and continue post-secondary training. Automotive technology graduates are typically employed by dealerships and independent service centres, automotive specialty repair shops, parts suppliers, automotive sales and leasing companies, parts recyclers and manufacturers, large organizations with fleets of automobiles, the military, and automotive body repair companies.

http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/teched/sy_tech_program.html

G r a d e s 9 t o 1 2 A u t o m o t i v e T e c h n o l o g y2

The education requirements for entry to the automotive industry vary from high school graduation and/or completion of a technical vocational program at the secondary level for entry-level employment, to college, apprenticeship, and university for related employment in the automotive technology industry.

Automotive technology provides a foundation for students to go directly to work, continue into post-secondary education to become an automotive service technician or to study automotive engineering, design manufacturing, management in the automotive industry, or automotive education.

Students who have completed the automotive technology courses will be able to do the following:QQ perform basic maintenance and service to vehiclesQQ perform a vehicle inspectionQQ complete repairs and service to vehicle systemsQQ complete preventative maintenance proceduresQQ perform repairs related to drivability concernsQQ understand and use computerized systemsQQ communicate and work with peers, employers, and

customersQQ demonstrate logical thinking and decision makingQQ work independently or as part of a teamQQ demonstrate the ability for lifelong learning to enhance

their skillsQQ demonstrate time management skillsQQ show mechanical aptitude and manual dexterity

QQ demonstrate problem-solving skillsQQ demonstrate employability skills

Delivery of Automotive Technology Courses

To receive a technical-vocational diploma from Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning, a student must complete eight departmentally developed courses from an approved technical-vocational cluster, together with 16 compulsory credits and six optional credits. The grade level in which the courses are offered are a local, school-based decision, but it is highly recommended that the sequencing of credits follow the schedule set out below.

Most courses include learning outcomes related to the description, diagnosis, and repair of automotive components and systems.

Cross-curricular learning outcomes include essential skills from subject areas including, but not limited to, information and communication technologies, science, English language arts, and mathematics. These essential skills are to be integrated into the authentic activities of the course.

Learning outcomes dealing with the following topics are also integrated into most courses:QQ health and safetyQQ sustainabilityQQ ethical and legal standardsQQ employability skills

O v e r v i e w 3

QQ working conditions and career opportunitiesQQ evolution, technological progression, and emerging

trends

In most courses, the emphasis is on applied activities. For instructional purposes, the sequence of learning outcomes can vary based on the activities within the course. Teachers are advised to select the activities best suited to teach the learning outcomes, based on a variety of factors, including access to resources or regional needs.

The curriculum is not sequential. In other words, learning outcomes might be taught in an order different from how they appear in the document.

In light of rapid changes in technology, teachers are encouraged to update their activities in order to meet the needs of students.

Automotive Technology Goals and General Learning Outcomes (GLOs)

Grades 9 to 12 Automotive Technology: Manitoba Technical-Vocational Curriculum Framework of Outcomes identifies specific learning outcomes (SLOs) for use in all Manitoba schools teaching the Grades 9 to 12 automotive technology courses as part of the Senior Years Technology Education Program. SLO statements define what students are expected to achieve by the end of a course.

It is essential for students to learn and to demonstrate safety practices and employability skills; therefore, some SLOs related to safety and to employability skills are repeated in all courses.

Please note that SLOs are not identified for the goals and GLOs that are not addressed in a given course.

Goal 1: Describe and apply appropriate health and safety practices.

GLO 1.1: Describe and apply appropriate health and safety practices.

GLO 1.2: Demonstrate awareness of safety as it pertains to the Trade Safety Awareness Manual.

Goal 2: Select, operate, and maintain tools, equipment, materials, and consumables.

GLO 2.1: Select, use, and manage tools and equipment.

GLO 2.2: Select, use, and manage materials and consumables.

GLO 2.3: Demonstrate welding and cutting.

Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems.

GLO 3.1: Describe automotive components and systems.

GLO 3.2: Inspect and diagnose automotive components and systems.

GLO 3.3: Service and repair automotive components and systems.

Goal 4: Describe and apply the transferable cross-curricular knowledge and skills.

GLO 4.1: Demonstrate the application of information and communication technologies.

GLO 4.2: Read, interpret, and communicate information.

GLO 4.3: Demonstrate mathematical skills.

GLO 4.4: Demonstrate skills in the sciences.


Goal 5: Demonstrate awareness of sustainability as it pertains to automotive technology.

GLO 5.1: Demonstrate an understanding of sustainability.

Goal 6: Demonstrate ethical and legal standards.

GLO 6.1: Demonstrate ethical and legal standards.

Goal 7: Demonstrate employability skills.

GLO 7.1: Demonstrate employability skills.

GLO 7.2: Demonstrate an understanding of the business operation of a repair/service facility.

Goal 8: Understand educational and career opportunities.

GLO 8.1: Understand educational and career opportunities.

Goal 9: Explore evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends.

GLO 9.1: Explore evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends.

Specific Learning Outcomes (SLOs)

Grades 9 to 12 Automotive Technology: Manitoba Technical- Vocational Curriculum Framework of Outcomes identifies specific learning outcomes (SLOs) for use in all Manitoba schools teaching the Grades 9 to 12 automotive technology courses as part of the Senior Years Technology Education Program. SLO statements define what students are expected to achieve by the end of a course.

It is essential for students to learn and to demonstrate safety practices and employability skills; therefore, some SLOs related to safety and to employability skills are repeated in the various automotive technology courses.

Course Descriptions

8695 Introduction to Automotive Technology 15S/15E/15M 10S/10E/10M

This is an optional course intended for students wishing to sample automotive technology. It may be delivered as a half-credit or full-credit course. The emphasis is on hands-on activities. Students are introduced to safety, tools and equipment, automotive systems, and service procedures.

O v e r v i e w 5

8696 Automotive Systems and Service 20S/20E/20M

A student wanting to develop skills in the automotive service and repair industry must have knowledge of the basic principles related to automotive systems and service. Students learn safety, tools, and equipment including oxy-acetylene (OAW) welding and cutting, automotive systems, and service procedures, and are introduced to diagnostic strategies.

8697 Engine Fundamentals and Service 30S/30E/30M

A student wanting to develop skills in the automotive service and repair industry must have knowledge of the basic principles of the internal combustion engine, the inner workings and relations of the engine components, and how those relate to vehicle operation. The student will learn the procedures to service, repair, and replace engines and their components.

8698 Chassis Fundamentals and Service 30S/30E/30M

A student wanting to develop skills in the automotive industry must have knowledge of the basic principles of the vehicle chassis and its brake system. The student will be able to describe, diagnose, and repair braking, steering, and suspension systems. The student will develop an understanding of the principles of wheel and steering alignment and be able to apply the principles to diagnose and align steering systems.

8699 Drivetrain Fundamentals and Service 30S/30E/30M

A student wanting to develop skills in the automotive industry must have knowledge of the basic principles of the vehicle drivetrain. The student will develop an understanding of the different drivetrain configurations and their components. The student will be able to diagnose and repair a variety of drivetrain components.

8700 Automotive Electrical Systems 40S/40E/40M

A student wanting to develop skills in the automotive industry must have knowledge of the basic principles of automotive electrical systems. The student will understand the principles of electricity and electronics as they relate to automotive systems. The student will be able to diagnose, service, and repair automotive electrical circuits and components.

8701 Vehicle Systems Part 1 40S/40E/40M

A student wanting to develop skills in the automotive industry must have knowledge of the operation of the automotive electronic and control systems. Students’ knowledge in electrical systems will be further enhanced by learning about the principles of ignition, control, and communications systems. The student will be able to diagnose, service, and repair ignition, control, and communications systems.


8702 Vehicle Systems Part 2 40S/40E/40M

A student wanting to develop skills in the automotive industry must have knowledge of engine management and emission systems, hybrid vehicle systems, as well as gas metal arc (MIG) welding. The student will understand the principles of fuel supply, metering, and vehicle emissions. The student will be able to use electronic diagnostic interface to diagnose, service, and repair engine management and emission systems.

8703 Applied Diagnostic Strategies 40S/40E/40M

A student wanting to expand skills in the automotive industry must be able to apply diagnostic strategies to a variety of vehicle systems and components. The students will demonstrate the ability to diagnose and correct customer concerns and to complete vehicle repairs to accepted industry standards.

Level 1 Apprenticeship

In order to teach the courses listed above, teachers must refer to the automotive service technician curriculum documents produced by Apprenticeship Manitoba, which can be found at <www.gov.mb.ca/wdis/apprenticeship/discover/mbtrades/autoservicetech.html>.

The specific learning outcomes in the eight mandatory high school courses include all of the Manitoba apprenticeship training for automotive service technician objectives. Some of the specific learning outcomes in this framework of outcomes include an alphanumeric reference in brackets such as (A2.1) at the end. This refers to

Unit A2, Automotive Service Technician Objective 2 from Apprenticeship Manitoba. The apprenticeship level (1 to 4) is listed after the alphanumeric reference in brackets (i.e., Level 1).

In some cases, the Apprenticeship objectives have been reworded to make them more consistent with this framework of outcomes, or more appropriate for high school students.

The Apprenticeship documents provide necessary, detailed information and clarification of the high school framework outcomes. Teachers must teach all of the objectives and content found in the Apprenticeship documents that are referenced in the framework of outcomes. This will ensure that students will have learned all of the objectives for Level 1 certification from Apprenticeship Manitoba.

Automotive technology courses delivering the entire curriculum (which does not include the Grade 9 course) may be eligible for accreditation with Apprenticeship Manitoba. For more information on accreditation, go to <www.gov.mb.ca/tce/apprent/forms/pdf/accreditation_guidelines.pdf>.

Trade Safety Awareness Manual

Apprenticeship Manitoba has developed a Trade Safety Awareness Unit that is intended to increase student awareness of trade safety in the workplace. All students, including those in high school, who are studying a designated trade must complete this seven-hour unit. The learning outcomes from the Trade Safety Awareness Unit have been incorporated into Goal 1 of this curriculum.

http://www.gov.mb.ca/wdis/apprenticeship/discover/mbtrades/autoservicetech.html

http://www.gov.mb.ca/wdis/apprenticeship/discover/mbtrades/autoservicetech.html

http://www.gov.mb.ca/tce/apprent/forms/pdf/accreditation_guidelines.pdf

http://www.gov.mb.ca/tce/apprent/forms/pdf/accreditation_guidelines.pdf

O v e r v i e w 7

For more information and to access the Trade Safety Awareness Unit and its tests and other resources, go to <www.gov.mb.ca/tce/apprent/apprentice/trade_safety/>.

The Trade Safety Awareness Unit’s alphanumeric designations are located at the end of the framework of outcomes. For example, the following SLO is found in Automotive Systems & Service: QQ Explain the S.A.F.E. acronym. (TSA 6)

The (TSA 6) indicates that this learning outcome is taken from the Trade Safety Awareness Unit from Apprenticeship Manitoba.

Curriculum Implementation Dates

During voluntary implementation, teachers have the option of teaching the entire new draft curriculum as soon as Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning releases it on the Technology Education website at <www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/teched/sy_tech_program.html>.

Teachers also have the option of teaching the courses from the previous curriculum. Teachers who implement courses before system-wide implementation need to ensure that students who are already taking courses from the previous curriculum achieve all SLOs with a minimum of redundancy.

Voluntary implementation of all automotive technology courses began in the fall of 2012 and will continue until their respective system-wide implementation dates.

Date System-Wide Implementation

Fall 2013 Grade 9

Fall 2014 Grade 10

Fall 2015 Grade 11

Fall 2016 Grade 12

Under system-wide implementation, all teachers in Manitoba teach the new curriculum and use the new course codes. Teachers will no longer be able to use the previous course codes. Course codes are found in the Subject Table Handbook: Technology Education at <www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/docs/policy/sthte/index.html>.

http://www.gov.mb.ca/tce/apprent/apprentice/trade_safety/



http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/docs/policy/sthte/index.html


Guide to Reading Automotive Technology Goals and Learning Outcomes

G r a d e s 9 t o 1 2 A u t o m o t i v e Te c h n o l o g y14

8695Introduction

to Automotive Technology (9)15S / 15E / 15M10S / 10E / 10M

8696Automotive Systems &

Service (10)20S / 20E / 20M

8697Engine

Fundamentals & Service (11A)30S / 30E / 30M

8698Chassis

Fundamentals & Service (11B)

30S / 30E / 30M

8699Drivetrain

Fundamentals & Service (11C)

30S / 30E / 30M

Goal 1: Describe and apply appropriate health and safety practices. (continued)GLO 1.1: Describe and apply appropriate health and safety practices. (continued)

9.1.1.14 Identify fire safety and outline workplace fire safety principles. (A2.4) (TSA 19)

10.1.1.14 11A.1.1.14 11B.1.1.14 11C.1.1.14

9.1.1.15 Identify the hazards in confined spaces and the preparation needed to work in them. (A2.7) (TSA 20)

10.1.1.15 11A.1.1.15 11B.1.1.15 11C.1.1.15

9.1.1.16 Identify safety and health requirements. (A2.1) (Level 1)

10.1.1.16 11A.1.1.16 11B.1.1.16 11C.1.1.16

9.1.1.17 Identify first aid/CPR. (A2.8) (Level 1)

10.1.1.17 11A.1.1.17 11B.1.1.17 11C.1.1.17

9.1.1.18 Identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to the use of tools and equipment. (A3.1) (Level 1)

10.1.1.18 11A.1.1.18 11B.1.1.18 11C.1.1.18

Course name

Goal statement

Course code

Course level and designation

GLO: First digit indicates goal number; second digit

indicates individual

general learning outcome

Specific Learning Outcome (SLO)

statements define what students

are expected to achieve by the end

of the course.

Indicates SLOs from previous

course are repeated

in this course

Indicates Trade Safety Awareness

Unit outcome

Indicates Apprenticeship

Manitoba’s alphanumeric designation

Course.Goal.GLO.SLO

G r a d e s 9 t o 1 1 a u t o m o t i v e t e c h n o l o G y

General and Specific Learning Outcomes by Goal

G r a d e s 9 t o 1 1 A u t o m o t i v e Te c h n o l o g y 11

G r a d e s 9 t o 1 1 a u t o m o t i v e t e c h n o l o G y G e n e r a l a n d s p e c i f i c l e a r n i n G o u t c o m e s b y G o a l

8695Introduction



Service (10)20S / 20E / 20M

8697Engine


8698Chassis


30S / 30E / 30M

8699Drivetrain


30S / 30E / 30M

Goal 1: Describe and apply appropriate health and safety practices.GLO 1.1: Describe and apply appropriate health and safety practices.

9.1.1.1 Demonstrate awareness of the principles of Workplace Hazardous Materials Information Systems (WHMIS).

10.1.1.1 11A.1.1.1 11B.1.1.1 11C.1.1.1

9.1.1.2 Identify the safety requirements as they apply to WHMIS. (A2.9) (Level 1)

10.1.1.2 11A.1.1.2 11B.1.1.2 11C.1.1.2

9.1.1.3 Describe the purpose of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

10.1.1.3 11A.1.1.3 11B.1.1.3 11C.1.1.3

9.1.1.4 Demonstrate the ability to follow safety information on supplier labels.

10.1.1.4 11A.1.1.4 11B.1.1.4 11C.1.1.4


8695Introduction



Service (10)20S / 20E / 20M

8697Engine


8698Chassis


30S / 30E / 30M

8699Drivetrain


30S / 30E / 30M


9.1.1.5 Follow safe practices and procedures for facilities, processes, materials, tools, and equipment used in an automotive shop.

10.1.1.5 11A.1.1.5 11B.1.1.5 11C.1.1.5

9.1.1.6 Locate first aid and eyewash station.

10.1.1.6 11A.1.1.6 11B.1.1.6 11C.1.1.6

9.1.1.7 Recognize, report, and control hazards (e.g., electrical, ergonomic, material handling, chemicals, and spills). (A2.6) (Level 1)

10.1.1.7 11A.1.1.7 11B.1.1.7 11C.1.1.7

9.1.1.8 Identify and control hazards. (A2.10) (Level 1)

10.1.1.8 11A.1.1.8 11B.1.1.8 11C.1.1.8

9.1.1.9 Identify the process for reporting injuries.

10.1.1.9 11A.1.1.9 11B.1.1.9 11C.1.1.9


8695Introduction



Service (10)20S / 20E / 20M

8697Engine


8698Chassis


30S / 30E / 30M

8699Drivetrain


30S / 30E / 30M


9.1.1.10 Identify ergonomically correct procedures to avoid injury (e.g., stress, strain). (A2.5) (Level 1)

10.1.1.10 11A.1.1.10 11B.1.1.10 11C.1.1.10

9.1.1.11 Describe hybrid vehicle safety hazards. (G1.2) (Level 1)

10.1.1.11 11A.1.1.11 11B.1.1.11 11C.1.1.11

9.1.1.12 Describe the importance of using personal protective equipment (PPE), and identify PPE and procedures related to PPE. (A2.2) (TSA 16)

10.1.1.12 11A.1.1.12 11B.1.1.12 11C.1.1.12

9.1.1.13 Outline the safety principles for working on and around electrical or energized equipment. (A2.3) (TSA 18)

10.1.1.13 11A.1.1.13 11B.1.1.13 11C.1.1.13


8695Introduction



Service (10)20S / 20E / 20M

8697Engine


8698Chassis


30S / 30E / 30M

8699Drivetrain


30S / 30E / 30M


9.1.1.14 Identify fire safety and outline workplace fire safety principles. (A2.4) (TSA 19)

10.1.1.14 11A.1.1.14 11B.1.1.14 11C.1.1.14

9.1.1.15 Identify the hazards in confined spaces and the preparation needed to work in them. (A2.7) (TSA 20)

10.1.1.15 11A.1.1.15 11B.1.1.15 11C.1.1.15

9.1.1.16 Identify safety and health requirements. (A2.1) (Level 1)

10.1.1.16 11A.1.1.16 11B.1.1.16 11C.1.1.16

9.1.1.17 Identify first aid/CPR. (A2.8) (Level 1)

10.1.1.17 11A.1.1.17 11B.1.1.17 11C.1.1.17

9.1.1.18 Identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to the use of tools and equipment. (A3.1) (Level 1)

10.1.1.18 11A.1.1.18 11B.1.1.18 11C.1.1.18


8695Introduction



Service (10)20S / 20E / 20M

8697Engine


8698Chassis


30S / 30E / 30M

8699Drivetrain


30S / 30E / 30M


9.1.1.19 Identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to hoisting and lifting. (A4.2) (Level 1)

10.1.1.19 11A.1.1.19 11B.1.1.19 11C.1.1.19

9.1.1.20 Create and maintain a safe and organized working environment.

10.1.1.20 11A.1.1.20 11B.1.1.20 11C.1.1.20

10.1.1.21 Identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to oxy-acetylene welding and cutting. (A8.2) (Level 1)

11B.1.1.21 Identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to braking systems. (E2.2) (Level 1)

10.1.1.22 Identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to accessory drive systems. (B1.2) (Level 1)

11B.1.1.22 Identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to suspension systems. (E3.2) (Level 1)


8695Introduction



Service (10)20S / 20E / 20M

8697Engine


8698Chassis


30S / 30E / 30M

8699Drivetrain


30S / 30E / 30M


10.1.1.23 Identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to tires and wheels. (E1.2) (Level 1)

11B.1.1.23 Identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to steering systems. (E4.2) (Level 2)

10.1.1.24 Identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to vehicle maintenance inspections. (A10.2) (Level 1)


— — 11A.1.2.1 Explain the importance of trade safety and health in reducing injuries and fatalities to young employees in Manitoba. (TSA 1)

— —


8695Introduction



Service (10)20S / 20E / 20M

8697Engine


8698Chassis


30S / 30E / 30M

8699Drivetrain


30S / 30E / 30M

Goal 1: Describe and apply appropriate health and safety practices. (continued)GLO 1.2: Demonstrate awareness of safety as it pertains to the Trade Safety Awareness Manual. (continued)

11A.1.2.2 Describe the rights and responsibilities of employees, employers, and supervisors under the Workplace Safety and Health Act. (TSA 2)

11A.1.2.3 Describe the steps to use in the Right to Refuse process. (TSA 3)

11A.1.2.4 Explain how and where to find information on workplace safety and health. (TSA 4)

11A.1.2.5 Demonstrate how to handle a potentially dangerous work situation. (TSA 5)


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11A.1.2.6 Explain the S.A.F.E. acronym. (TSA 6)

11A.1.2.7 Define workplace safety and health hazards. (TSA 7)

11A.1.2.8 Give examples of trade-specific workplace safety and health hazards. (TSA 8)

11A.1.2.9 Give examples of five types of safety and health hazards. (TSA 9)

11A.1.2.10 Define workplace safety and health risk. (TSA 10)

11A.1.2.11 Give examples of trade-specific workplace safety and health risks. (TSA 11)


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11A.1.2.12 Explain the principles of hazard recognition and control as they apply to the specific trade. (TSA 12)

11A.1.2.13 Match the WHMIS hazardous materials symbols and their meanings. (TSA 14)

11A.1.2.14 Describe the importance of the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). (TSA 15)

11A.1.2.15 Demonstrate proper selection and use of a variety of personal protective equipment and fall protection systems. (TSA 17)


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Goal 2: Select, use, and manage tools, equipment, materials, and consumables.GLO 2.1: Select, use, and manage tools and equipment.

9.2.1.1 Select, use, and manage tools and equipment used in automotive systems and service.

10.2.1.1 Select, use, and manage tools and equipment used in automotive systems and service.

11A.2.1.1 Select, use, and manage tools and equipment used in engine fundamentals and service.

11B.2.1.1 Select, use, and manage tools and equipment used in chassis fundamentals and service.

11C.2.1.1 Select, use, and manage tools and equipment used in drivetrain fundamentals and service.

9.2.1.2 Identify, select, and operate tools and equipment.

10.2.1.2 Identify types of hand tools, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (A3.2) (Level 1)

11A.2.1.2 Identify types of hoisting and lifting equipment and accessories, and describe their applications. (A4.4) (Level 1)

11B.2.1.2 Identify tools and equipment relating to suspension systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (E3.3) (Level 1)

10.2.1.3 Identify types of hoisting and lifting equipment and accessories, and describe their applications. (A4.4) (Level 1)

11A.2.1.3 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used when hoisting and lifting. (A4.5) (Level 1)

11B.2.1.3 Identify types of tools and equipment relating to tires, wheels, and hubs, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (E1.4) (Level 1)

10.2.1.4 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used when hoisting and lifting. (A4.5) (Level 1)

11A.2.1.4 Describe the procedures used to inspect, maintain, and store hoisting and lifting equipment. (A4.6) (Level 1)

11B.2.1.4 Identify types of tools and equipment relating to braking systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (E2.4) (Level 1)


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Goal 2: Select, use, and manage tools, equipment, materials, and consumables. (continued)GLO 2.1: Select, use, and manage tools and equipment. (continued)

10.2.1.5 Describe the procedures used to inspect, maintain, and store hoisting and lifting equipment. (A4.6) (Level 1)

11A.2.1.5 Select and operate dial indicators and attachments.

11B.2.1.5 Identify tools and equipment used to perform vehicle maintenance inspections, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (A10.3) (Level 1)

10.2.1.6 Identify types of tools and equipment relating to accessory drive systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (B1.3) (Level 1)

11A.2.1.6 Explain the purpose and functions of a scan tool in the automotive service and repair industry.

11B.2.1.6 Identify tools and equipment relating to steering systems, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (E4.2) (Level 2)

10.2.1.7 Identify types of lubricants and fluids requiring service checks. (A10.5) (Level 1)

11A.2.1.7 Demonstrate the ability to locate the Assembly Line Diagnostic Link (ALDL) connector and operate the scan tool.


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10.2.1.8 Describe the procedure used to inspect, maintain, and store hand tools. (A3.3) (Level 1)

11A.2.1.8 Demonstrate scan tool information retrieval.

10.2.1.9 Identify types of power tools, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (A3.4) (Level 1)

10.2.1.10 Describe the procedures used to inspect, maintain, and store power tools. (A3.5) (Level 1)

10.2.1.11 Identify types of measuring tools, and describe/demonstrate their applications and procedures for use. (A3.6) (Level 1)


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10.2.1.12 Describe the procedures used to inspect, maintain, and store measuring tools. (A3.8) (Level 1)

10.2.1.13 Identify types of shop equipment, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (A3.9) (Level 1)

10.2.1.14 Describe the procedures used to inspect, maintain, and store shop equipment. (A3.10) (Level 1)

10.2.1.15 Identify types of welding, cutting, and heating equipment, and describe their applications. (A3.11) (Level 1)


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10.2.1.16 Define terminology associated with hoisting and lifting. (A4.1) (Level 1)

10.2.1.17 Interpret information pertaining to hoisting and lifting found on drawings and specifications. (A4.3) (Level 1)


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Goal 2: Select, use, and manage tools, equipment, materials, and consumables. (continued)GLO 2.2: Select, use, and manage materials and consumables.

— 10.2.2.1 Identify types of fittings, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (A3.14) (Level 1)

11A.2.2.1 Describe the use of gaskets, seals, and sealants in automotive applications.

11B.2.2.1 Identify types of fittings, flaring, tubing, and hoses, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (E2.8) (Level 1)

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10.2.2.2 Identify types of fluids, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (E2.7) (Level 1)

11B.2.2.2 Identify types of tubing and hoses, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (A3.13) (Level 1)

10.2.2.3 Identify types of fasteners, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (A3.12) (Level 1)

11B.2.2.3 Identify types of lubricants, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (E1.10) (Level 1)

11B.2.2.4 Discuss the importance of only using fluids specified by manufacturers.


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Goal 2: Select, use, and manage tools, equipment, materials, and consumables. (continued)GLO 2.3: Demonstrate welding and cutting.

— 10.2.3.1 Define terminology associated with oxy-acetylene welding and cutting. (A8.1) (Level 1)

— — —

10.2.3.2 Identify oxy-acetylene welding and cutting equipment and accessories, and describe their applications. (A8.3) (Level 1)

10.2.3.3 Identify types of oxy-acetylene processes, and describe their characteristics and applications. (A8.4) (Level 1)

10.2.3.4 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to set up, adjust, and shut down oxy-acetylene welding and cutting equipment. (A8.5) (Level 1)


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Goal 2: Select, use, and manage tools, equipment, materials, and consumables. (continued)GLO 2.3: Demonstrate welding and cutting. (continued)

10.2.3.5 Describe the procedures used to inspect, maintain and store oxy-acetylene welding and cutting equipment. (A8.6) (Level 1)

10.2.3.6 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to operate oxy-acetylene equipment. (A8.7) (Level 1)

10.2.3.7 Identify types of weld defects and describe their causes. (A8.8) (Level 1)

10.2.3.8 Describe the procedures used to prevent and correct weld defects. (A8.9) (Level 1)


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Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems.GLO 3.1: Describe automotive components and systems.

9.3.1.1 Identify various systems related to automotive technology.

10.3.1.1 Identify vehicles equipped with current tire technology and procedures required to complete service.

11A.3.1.1 Describe the construction and principles and operation of various types of internal combustion engines.

11B.3.1.1 Explain steering geometry principles and their applications. (E6.1) (Level 4)

11C.3.1.1 Describe the location and function of clutch-assembly components.

10.3.1.2 Identify tire pressure monitoring systems and their service procedures.

11A.3.1.2 Describe engine designs and operation of related components.

11B.3.1.2 Describe methods of adjusting steering angles.

11C.3.1.2 Describe clutch action, and identify common clutch problems.

10.3.1.3 Describe the functions of external engine parts and related components.

11A.3.1.3 Describe the construction and function of major engine subassemblies and related components (i.e., cooling, lubrication).

11B.3.1.3 Interpret tire codes and sidewall markings. (E1.3) (Level 1)

11C.3.1.3 Describe shift linkages and their adjustments.

10.3.1.4 Describe brake system components.

11A.3.1.4 Describe the procedures for the removal, disassembly, assessment, repair, and reinstallation of engines.

11B.3.1.4 Identify types of tires and describe their construction. (E1.5) (Level 1)

11C.3.1.4 Describe types of driveshafts and drive axles.


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Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems. (continued)GLO 3.1: Describe automotive components and systems. (continued)

10.3.1.5 Define terminology associated with accessory drive systems. (B1.1) (Level 1)

11A.3.1.5 Identify specific procedures required for engine break-in.

11B.3.1.5 Identify types of wheels and describe their components and operation. (E1.7) (Level 1)

11C.3.1.5 Describe types of transmissions and transaxles.

10.3.1.6 Define terminology associated with tires, wheels, and hubs. (E1.1) (Level 1)

11B.3.1.6 Identify types of hubs and bearing assemblies, and describe their components and operation. (E1.8) (Level 1)

11C.3.1.6 Describe the operating principles and function of manual transmissions and transaxles.

10.3.1.7 Describe the importance of tire rotation and maintenance. (E1.6) (Level 1)

11B.3.1.7 Identify types of tire pressure-monitoring systems, and describe their applications. (E1.9) (Level 1)

11C.3.1.7 Describe types of gears, power flows, and calculate gear ratios on drivetrains.

10.3.1.8 Define terminology associated with vehicle maintenance inspections. (A10.1) (Level 1)

11B.3.1.8 Describe the relationship between the suspension system and wheel assemblies. (E1.11) (Level 1)

11C.3.1.8 Describe the basic operating principles and functions of automatic transmissions and transaxles.


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10.3.1.9 Describe the importance of regular vehicle maintenance inspections. (A10.7) (Level 1)

11B.3.1.9 Describe the procedures used to adjust, repair, and/or replace hubs and bearings. (E1.14) (Level 1)

11C.3.1.9 Describe the operation principles of drivetrain components (e.g., 4WD, AWD, CVTs).

11B.3.1.10 Define terminology associated with braking systems. (E2.1) (Level 1)

11B.3.1.11 Explain hydraulic principles related to braking systems. (E2.3) (Level 1)

11B.3.1.12 Identify types of braking systems, and describe their components and operation. (E2.5) (Level 1)


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11B.3.1.13 Identify types of power assists, and describe their components and operation. (E2.6) (Level 1)

11B.3.1.14 Define terminology associated with suspension systems. (E3.1) (Level 1)

11B.3.1.15 Identify types of suspension systems, and describe their components and operation. (E3.4) (Level 1)


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11B.3.1.16 Identify types of frames and body construction. (E3.5) (Level 1)

11B.3.1.17 Identify types of springs, and describe their purpose and operation. (E3.6) (Level 1)

11B.3.1.18 Identify types of dampers, and describe their components and operation. (E3.7) (Level 1)

11B.3.1.19 Define terminology associated with steering systems. (E4.1) (Level 2)


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11B.3.1.20 Identify types of steering systems, and describe their components and operation. (E4.5) (Level 2)

11B.3.1.21 Identify types of steering systems, and describe their components and operation. (E4.5) (Level 2)

11B.3.1.22 Identify types of steering gears, and describe their components and operation. (E4.6) (Level 2)

11B.3.1.23 Identify types of assist systems, and describe their components and operation. (E4.6) (Level 2)


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Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems. (continued)GLO 3.2: Inspect and diagnose automotive components and systems.

9.3.2.1 Identify service procedures.

10.3.2.1 Describe the procedures used to diagnose accessory drive systems. (B1.5) (Level 1)

11A.3.2.1 Perform oil-pressure test.

11B.3.2.1 Perform procedures to diagnose basic faults in ABS.

11C.3.2.1 Perform visual fluid analyses on drivetrain components.

11A.3.2.2 Perform engine compression test.

11B.3.2.2 Perform basic diagnostic procedures of steering and suspension systems and components.

11C.3.2.2 Diagnose causes of fluid leaks and recommend repair options.

11A.3.2.3 Perform cylinder leak-down test.

11B.3.2.3 Perform pre-alignment inspection.

11C.3.2.3 Demonstrate familiarity with proper clutch operation.

11A.3.2.4 Analyze engine test results to determine suitable repair procedures.

11B.3.2.4 Diagnose and interpret wheel alignment readings.


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Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems. (continued)GLO 3.2: Inspect and diagnose automotive components and systems. (continued)

11A.3.2.5 Diagnose engine components and isolate sub-system malfunctions.

11B.3.2.5 Describe the procedures used to diagnose braking systems. (E2.9) (Level 1)

11B.3.2.6 Describe the procedures used to diagnose suspension systems. (E3.8) (Level 1)

11B.3.2.7 Describe types of ball joints, and demonstrate their operation and inspection. (E3.10) (Level 1)

11B.3.2.8 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to diagnose tires, wheels, and hubs. (E1.12) (Level 1)


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Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems. (continued)GLO 3.3: Service and repair automotive components and systems.

9.3.3.1 Service and repair automotive components and systems.

10.3.3.1 Check vehicle fluid levels.

11A.3.3.1 Create an estimate and parts list for engine repair.

11B.3.3.1 Describe and demonstrate the procedures to perform wheel alignment. (E6.6) (Level 4)

11C.3.3.1 Demonstrate familiarity with the diagnosis, adjustment, and replacement of clutch assemblies and related components.

9.3.3.2 Check vehicle fluid levels.

10.3.3.2 Demonstrate the appropriate use of fasteners used in automotive applications.

11A.3.3.2 Disassemble and assess engine components for allowable tolerances, wear, and damage.

11B.3.3.2 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to repair and/or replace tires and wheel assemblies. (E1.13) (Level 1)

11C.3.3.2 Demonstrate familiarity of the inspection, service, and adjustment of shift mechanisms.

9.3.3.3 Demonstrate an awareness of the application of torque and the units used to measure torque in automotive fasteners.

10.3.3.3 11A.3.3.3 Clean engine block and cylinder head components.

11B.3.3.3 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to flush and bleed hydraulic brakes. (E2.10) (Level 1)

11C.3.3.3 Demonstrate familiarity with the diagnosis, adjustment, and replacement of transmissions and transaxles.


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Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems. (continued)GLO 3.3: Service and repair automotive components and systems. (continued)

10.3.3.4 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to adjust, repair, and/or replace accessory drive system components. (B1.6) (Level 1)

11A.3.3.4 Inspect and measure engine block, cylinder head, and related components.

11B.3.3.4 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to measure and machine components. (E2.11) (Level 1)

11C.3.3.4 Demonstrate familiarity with the diagnosis, adjustment, and replacement of differential assemblies.

10.3.3.5 Participate in the service and repair of components and systems (i.e., scheduled maintenance and inspection).

11A.3.3.5 Assemble and/or repair and/or replace components.

11B.3.3.5 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to adjust, repair, and/or replace braking system components. (E2.12) (Level 1)

11C.3.3.5 Demonstrate familiarity with differential maintenance procedures.

10.3.3.6 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to perform vehicle maintenance inspections. (A10.6) (Level 1)

11A.3.3.6 Identify procedures required for final testing and inspection.

11B.3.3.6 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to adjust, repair, and/or replace suspension system components. (E3.9) (Level 1)

11C.3.3.6 Demonstrate the service procedures for driveshaft components.


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10.3.3.7 Perform basic scan-tool fundamentals (i.e., DTC retrieval).

11B.3.3.7 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to adjust, repair, and/or replace steering system components. (E4.11) (Level 2)

11C.3.3.7 Demonstrate the service procedures for drive axle components.

10.3.3.8 Demonstrate the use of fastener repair methods.

10.3.3.9 Perform engine oil and filter change.

10.3.3.10 Remove, balance, rotate, and reinstall wheel and tire assemblies.


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Goal 4: Describe and apply the transferable cross-curricular knowledge and skills.GLO 4.1: Demonstrate the application of information and communication technologies.

— 10.4.1.1 Demonstrate the use of service information retrieval systems unique to the automotive service and repair industry (e.g., Mitchell On Demand, All Data, IATN).

11A.4.1.1 Demonstrate awareness of shop management software (e.g., electronic work order software).

11B.4.1.1 Research topics related to automotive service, repair, and technical bulletins using online resources (e.g., Internet, CDX).

11C.4.1.1 Demonstrate use of computer-based/print-based service manuals to locate, interpret, and apply service procedures.


9.4.2.1 Read, interpret, and communicate information.

10.4.2.1 Identify sources of related information. (A6.1)

11A.4.2.1 Identify and interpret identification codes found on the vehicle and vehicle components (i.e., VIN). (A6.2) (Level 1)

11B.4.2.1 Identify types of trade related documents, and describe their applications. (A6.3) (Level 1)

11C.4.2.1 Read, interpret, and communicate automotive product information.

11A.4.2.2 Identify audiences and describe techniques for effective verbal and non-verbal communication. (A5.1) (Level 1)

11B.4.2.2 Identify types of communication devices, and describe their purpose and operation. (A5.2) (Level 1)

11C.4.2.2 Describe the importance of communicating job requirements. (A5.3) (Level 1)


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Goal 4: Describe and apply the transferable cross-curricular knowledge and skills. (continued)GLO 4.3: Demonstrate mathematical skills.

— 10.4.3.1 Review general math concepts and use of electronic calculators. (A7.3) (Level 1)

11A.4.3.1 Demonstrate familiarity with imperial and metric units (e.g., volume, torque).

11B.4.3.1 Describe the practical importance of math disciplines to the Automotive Service Technician trade. (A7.1) (Level 1)

—

10.4.3.2 Identify units of measure on a ruler.

11A.4.3.2 Demonstrate trade-related calculations as specified by instructor. (A7.4) (Level 1)

10.4.3.3 Measure various articles in length and width using a ruler.


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Goal 4: Describe and apply the transferable cross-curricular knowledge and skills. (continued)GLO 4.4: Demonstrate skills in the sciences.

9.4.4.1 Identify knowledge of related science skills.

10.4.4.1 Describe an awareness of how science principles (e.g., ideal gas laws, viscosity, coefficient of friction, atomic model of matter, etc.) as they apply to automotive systems and service.

11A.4.4.1 Demonstrate knowledge of science as it relates to engine fundamentals and service.

11B.4.4.1 Demonstrate knowledge of science as it relates to chassis fundamentals and service.

11C.4.4.1 Demonstrate knowledge of science as it relates to drivetrains.

11B.4.4.2 Describe uses and applications of Pascal’s Law as it relates to the functioning of brakes.

11B.4.4.3 Describe uses and applications of the conservation of energy as it relates to chassis fundamentals and service.

11B.4.4.4 Demonstrate an awareness of Newton’s Laws of Motion as they apply to chassis fundamentals and service.


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Goal 5: Demonstrate an understanding of sustainability.GLO 5.1: Demonstrate an understanding of sustainability.

9.5.1.1 Identify the automotive service and repair industry’s sustainability practices and impact on the environment.

10.5.1.1 Describe and apply efficient materials usage and disposal practices.

11A.5.1.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how and why lightweight and recyclable materials are used in vehicle production.

11B.5.1.1 Discuss the impact of chemical hazards on the environment.

11C.5.1.1 Demonstrate knowledge of efficient material usage to reduce waste and its impact on the environment.

11B.5.1.2 Identify recycling processes for materials.

Goal 6: Follow ethical and legal standards.GLO 6.1: Follow ethical and legal standards.

9.6.1.1 Identify the ethical and legal expectations of automotive technicians.

10.6.1.1 Demonstrate an awareness of liability concerns related to automotive systems and service.

11A.6.1.1 Demonstrate an awareness of legislation related to automotive systems and service.

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Goal 7: Demonstrate employability skills.GLO 7.1: Demonstrate employability skills.

9.7.1.1 Demonstrate problem-solving skills.

10.7.1.1 11A.7.1.1 11B.7.1.1 11C.7.1.1

9.7.1.2 Demonstrate critical-thinking skills.

10.7.1.2 11A.7.1.2 11B.7.1.2 11C.7.1.2

9.7.1.3 Demonstrate regular attendance and punctuality.

10.7.1.3 11A.7.1.3 11B.7.1.3 11C.7.1.3

9.7.1.4 Demonstrate accountability by taking responsibility for their actions.

10.7.1.4 11A.7.1.4 11B.7.1.4 11C.7.1.4

9.7.1.5 Demonstrate adaptability, initiative, and effort.

10.7.1.5 11A.7.1.5 11B.7.1.5 11C.7.1.5

9.7.1.6 Accept and follow direction and feedback.

10.7.1.6 11A.7.1.6 11B.7.1.6 11C.7.1.6

9.7.1.7 Demonstrate teamwork skills.

10.7.1.7 11A.7.1.7 11B.7.1.7 11C.7.1.7


8695Introduction



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9.7.1.8 Stay on task and use time effectively.

10.7.1.8 11A.7.1.8 11B.7.1.8 11C.7.1.8

9.7.1.9 Communicate respectively and effectively.

10.7.1.9 11A.7.1.9 11B.7.1.9 11C.7.1.9


No applicable specific learning outcomes.

Goal 8: Understand educational and career opportunities.GLO 8.1: Understand educational and career opportunities.

9.8.1.1 Identify employment and educational opportunities related to automotive technology.

10.8.1.1 Describe career and employment opportunities related to automotive technology.

11A.8.1.1 Demonstrate an awareness of specialized occupations in the automotive service and repair industry.

11B.8.1.1 Demonstrate an understanding of the working conditions and dynamics of the automotive service and repair industry.

11C.8.1.1 Describe career and employment opportunities related to automotive technology.

10.8.1.2 Describe the structure and scope of the trade. (A1.1) (Level 1)

11A.8.1.2 Demonstrate an awareness of apprenticeship.

11C.8.1.2 Demonstrate an awareness of career paths related to the automotive service and repair industry.


8695Introduction



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Goal 9: Explore evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends.GLO 9.1: Explore evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends.

9.9.1.1 Demonstrate an awareness of the evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends in automotive technology.

10.9.1.1 Identify changes to vehicle design and their effect on safety, fuel economy, emissions, and vehicle performance.

11A.9.1.1 Demonstrate an understanding of the evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends in engine fundamentals and service.

11B.9.1.1 Demonstrate an understanding of the evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends in chassis fundamentals and service.

11C.9.1.1 Demonstrate an understanding of the evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends in drivetrain fundamentals and service.

G r a d e 1 2 a u t o m o t i v e t e c h n o l o G y

General and Specific Learning Outcomes by Goal

G r a d e 1 2 A u t o m o t i v e Te c h n o l o g y 49

G r a d e 1 2 a u t o m o t i v e t e c h n o l o G y G e n e r a l a n d s p e c i f i c l e a r n i n G o u t c o m e s b y G o a l

8700Automotive Electrical

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8703Applied Diagnostic Strategies (12D)40S / 40E / 40M

Goal 1: Describe and apply appropriate health and safety practices.GLO 1.1: Describe and apply appropriate health and safety practices.

12A.1.1.1 Safely perform battery service.

12B.1.1.1 12C.1.1.1 12D.1.1.1

12A.1.1.2 Demonstrate awareness of the principles of Workplace Hazardous Materials Information Systems (WHMIS).

12B.1.1.2 12C.1.1.2 12D.1.1.2

12A.1.1.3 Identify the safety requirements as they apply to WHMIS. (A2.9) (Level 1)

12B.1.1.3 12C.1.1.3 12D.1.1.3

12A.1.1.4 Describe the purpose of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

12B.1.1.4 12C.1.1.4 12D.1.1.4

12A.1.1.5 Demonstrate the ability to follow safety information on supplier labels.

12B.1.1.5 12C.1.1.5 12D.1.1.5

12A.1.1.6 Follow safe practices and procedures for facilities, processes, materials, tools, and equipment used in an automotive facility.

12B.1.1.6 12C.1.1.6 12D.1.1.6



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12A.1.1.7 Locate first aid and eyewash station.

12B.1.1.7 12C.1.1.7 12D.1.1.7

12A.1.1.8 Recognize, report, and control hazards (e.g., electrical, ergonomic, material handling, chemicals, and spills). (A2.6) (Level 1)

12B.1.1.8 12C.1.1.8 12D.1.1.8

12A.1.1.9 Identify and control hazards. (A2.10) (Level 1)

12B.1.1.9 12C.1.1.9 12D.1.1.9

12A.1.1.10 Identify the process for reporting injuries.

12B.1.1.10 12C.1.1.10 12D.1.1.10

12A.1.1.11 Identify ergonomically correct procedures to avoid injury (e.g., stress, strain). (A2.5) (Level 1)

12B.1.1.11 12C.1.1.11 12D.1.1.11

12A.1.1.12 Describe hybrid vehicle safety hazards. (G1.2) (Level 1)

12B.1.1.12 12C.1.1.12 12D.1.1.12



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12A.1.1.13 Describe the importance of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and identify PPE and procedures related to PPE. (A2.2) (TSA 16)

12B.1.1.13 12C.1.1.13 12D.1.1.13

12A.1.1.14 Outline the safety principles for working on and around electrical or energized equipment. (A2.3) (TSA 18)

12B.1.1.14 12C.1.1.14 12D.1.1.14

12A.1.1.15 Identify fire safety, and outline workplace fire safety principles. (A4.4) (TSA 19)

12B.1.1.15 12C.1.1.15 12D.1.1.15

12A.1.1.16 Identify the hazards in confined spaces and the preparation needed to work in them. (A2.7) (TSA 20)

12B.1.1.16 12C.1.1.16 12D.1.1.16

12A.1.1.17 Identify safety and health requirements. (A2.1) (Level 1)

12B.1.1.17 12C.1.1.17 12D.1.1.17

12A.1.1.18 Identify First Aid/CPR. (A2.8) (Level 1)

12B.1.1.18 12C.1.1.18 12D.1.1.18



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12A.1.1.19 Identify hazards, and describe safe work practices pertaining to the use of tools and equipment. (A3.1) (Level 1)

12B.1.1.19 12C.1.1.19 12D.1.1.19

12A.1.1.20 Identify hazards and describe safe work practices pertaining to hoisting and lifting. (A4.2) (Level 1)

12B.1.1.20 12C.1.1.20 12D.1.1.20

12A.1.1.21 Create and maintain a safe and organized working environment.

12B.1.1.21 12C.1.1.21 12D.1.1.21

12A.1.1.22 Identify hazards, and describe safe work practices pertaining to electrical and electronic components. (D1.2) (Level 1)

12C.1.1.22 Identify hazards, and describe safe work practices pertaining to GMAW (MIG). (A9.2) (Level 1)

12D.1.1.22 Identify hazards, and describe safe work practices pertaining to body components and trim. (F1.2) (Level 1)

12C.1.1.23 Describe tools for hybrid vehicle safety. (G1.3) (Level 1)


No applicable specific learning outcomes.



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Goal 2: Select, operate, and maintain tools, equipment, materials, and consumables.GLO 2.1: Select, use, and manage tools and equipment.

12A.2.1.1 Perform circuit testing using basic electrical testing equipment.

12B.2.1.1 Select, use, and maintain tools and equipment used in ignition systems, electronic control systems, and vehicle communication systems.

12C.2.1.1 Select, use, and maintain tools and equipment used in fuel, engine management, emission, and exhaust systems.

12D.2.1.1 Select, operate, and maintain shop tools and equipment used in applied diagnostic strategies.

12A.2.1.2 Demonstrate the use of tools used to complete electrical repairs.

12C.2.1.2 Explain advanced functions of scan tools.

12D.2.1.2 Identify tools and equipment related to body components and trim, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (F1.3) (Level 1)

12A.2.1.3 Demonstrate the safe use of charging, starting, and battery testing equipment.

12C.2.1.3 Identify GMAW (MIG) equipment and accessories, and describe their applications. (A9.3) (Level 1)

12A.2.1.4 Identify types of scan tools and digital voltage ohmmeters (DVOM), and describe their applications. (A3.7) (Level 1)

12C.2.1.4 Describe the procedures used to inspect, maintain, and store GMAW (MIG) equipment. (A9.7) (Level 1)

12A.2.1.5 Identify types of tools and equipment used to test and charge batteries, and describe/demonstrate their applications and procedures for use. (D1.6) (Level 1)



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Goal 2: Select, operate, and maintain tools, equipment, materials, and consumables. (continued)GLO 2.1: Select, use, and manage tools and equipment. (continued)

12A.2.1.6 Identify tools and equipment used to test circuits and components, and describe/demonstrate their applications and procedures for use. (D1.11) (Level 1)

GLO 2.2: Select, use, and manage materials and consumables.

— — — 12D.2.2.1 Identify materials used to dampen or interrupt vibration. (F1.8) (Level 1)

12D.2.2.2 Identify types of seals, adhesives, cleaners, and sealing materials, and describe their applications and procedures for use. (F1.10) (Level 1)



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Goal 2: Select, operate, and maintain tools, equipment, materials, and consumables. (continued)GLO 2.3: Demonstrate welding and cutting.

— — 12C.2.3.1 Define terminology associated with gas metal arc welding (GMAW [MIG]). (A9.1) (Level 1)

—

12C.2.3.2 Identify types of GMAW (MIG) processes, and describe their characteristics and applications. (A9.4) (Level 1)

12C.2.3.3 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to set up, adjust, and shut down GMAW (MIG) equipment. (A9.5) (Level 1)

12C.2.3.4 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to operate GMAW (MIG) equipment. (A9.6) (Level 1)

12C.2.3.5 Identify types of weld defects and describe their causes. (A9.8) (Level 1)

12C.2.3.6 Describe the procedures used to prevent and correct weld defects. (A9.9) (Level 1)



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Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems.GLO 3.1: Describe automotive components and systems.

12A.3.1.1 Describe the characteristics of different circuit types.

12B.3.1.1 Describe the purpose of ignition systems.

12C.3.1.1 Describe the fuel-combustion process.

12D.3.1.1 Identify types of accessory drive systems, and describe their components and operation. (B1.4) (Level 1)

12A.3.1.2 Describe the purpose and operation of the starter motor.

12B.3.1.2 Describe the components of ignition systems.

12C.3.1.2 Describe vehicle emissions.

12D.3.1.2 Define terminology associated with body components and trim. (F1.1) (Level 1)

12A.3.1.3 Describe the starting system components.

12B.3.1.3 Describe the operation of ignition systems.

12C.3.1.3 Describe emission control systems and components.

12D.3.1.3 Explain the principles of basic aerodynamics related to body design. (F1.4) (Level 1)

12A.3.1.4 Describe the components of the starter motor.

12B.3.1.4 Describe the purpose of vehicle control systems (e.g., supplemental restraint systems, ABS, traction control).

12C.3.1.4 Describe fuel types, grades, additives, and applications.

12D.3.1.4 Identify body components and accessories, and describe their purpose and operation. (F1.5) (Level 1)

12A.3.1.5 Describe the purpose and operation of automotive charging systems.

12B.3.1.5 Describe the components of vehicle control systems.

12C.3.1.5 Describe fuel-delivery systems and related components (e.g., lines, tanks, pumps).

12D.3.1.5 Identify types of vehicle components and accessories requiring operational checks. (A10.4) (Level 1)

12A.3.1.6 Describe the components of automotive charging systems.

12B.3.1.6 Describe the operation of vehicle control systems.

12C.3.1.6 Describe fuel management systems (e.g., carburetors, fuel injection systems, diesel).



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12A.3.1.7 Describe electrical protection devices.

12B.3.1.7 Describe the purpose of vehicle data communication systems (e.g., CANBUS, multiplexing).

12C.3.1.7 Describe the operation of engine-management-related input and output devices.

12A.3.1.8 Describe the purpose of automotive wiring diagrams.

12B.3.1.8 Describe the components of vehicle data communication systems (e.g., CANBUS, multiplexing).

12C.3.1.8 Describe onboard diagnostic systems and their function.

12A.3.1.9 Define terminology associated with electrical, electronic, and magnetic principles. (D1.1) (Level 1)

12C.3.1.9 Describe the components of fuel-injection systems.

12A.3.1.10 Explain basic electrical theory. (D1.4) (Level 1)

12C.3.1.10 Describe safety control components utilized to disable fuel delivery.

12A.3.1.11 Explain Ohm's law and its applications to electrical circuits. (D1.5) (Level 1)

12C.3.1.11 Describe air induction system concepts and components.

12A.3.1.12 Identify types of batteries and describe their characteristics. (D1.7) (Level 1)

12C.3.1.12 Describe exhaust system designs and components.



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12A.3.1.13 Identify types of wire, and describe their characteristics, composition, and applications. (D1.8) (Level 1)

12C.3.1.13 Demonstrate an awareness of alternative propulsion technologies (e.g., electrical, hybrid).

12A.3.1.14 Identify types of electrical components, and describe their purpose and operation. (D1.9) (Level 1)

12C.3.1.14 Describe the fundamentals of hybrid technology. (G1.1) (Level 1)

12A.3.1.15 Identify types of electronic components, and describe their purpose and operation. (D1.10) (Level 1)

12C.3.1.15 Describe differences with high-voltage batteries. (G1.4) (Level 1)

12A.3.1.16 Identify types of electrical/electronic systems, and describe their components and operation. (F1.6) (Level 1)



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Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems. (continued)GLO 3.2: Inspect and diagnose automotive components and systems.

12A.3.2.1 Inspect and diagnose batteries.

12B.3.2.1 Inspect and diagnose vehicle control systems (e.g., supplemental restraint systems, ABS, traction control).

12C.3.2.1 Inspect and diagnose management fuel systems.

12D.3.2.1 Select an appropriate repair procedure to correct customer complaint.

12A.3.2.2 Inspect and diagnose starting systems.

12B.3.2.2 Inspect and diagnose vehicle data communication systems (e.g., CANBUS, multiplexing).

12C.3.2.2 Inspect and diagnose fuel delivery systems.

12D.3.2.2 Determine additional maintenance or repairs required.

12A.3.2.3 Inspect and diagnose charging systems.

12C.3.2.3 Inspect and diagnose engine management systems.

12D.3.2.3 Select the appropriate diagnostic strategies to isolate cause of customer complaint.

12A.3.2.4 Diagnose wiring harnesses.

12C.3.2.4 Inspect and diagnose emission systems.

12D.3.2.4 Perform a comprehensive inspection of a vehicle to determine the vehicle’s condition (e.g., seasonal inspections, potential purchase).

12A.3.2.5 Diagnose electrical protection devices.

12C.3.2.5 Inspect and diagnose exhaust systems.

12D.3.2.5 Interpret diagnostic test results.



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Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems. (continued)GLO 3.2: Inspect and diagnose automotive components and systems. (continued)

12A.3.2.6 Inspect and diagnose automotive electrical systems.

12C.3.2.6 Demonstrate advanced scan-tool information retrieval and analysis (e.g., component testing, reset, live signals).

12D.3.2.6 Identify types and sources of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). (F1.7) (Level 1)

12A.3.2.7 Calculate circuit values using Ohm’s law.

12C.3.2.7 Interpret diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs).

12D.3.2.7 Identify types and sources of wind and water leaks. (F1.9) (Level 1)

12A.3.2.8 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to diagnose circuits and components. (D1.12) (Level 1)

12C.3.2.8 Follow diagnostic procedure based on diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs).

12D.3.2.8 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to diagnose body components and trim. (F1.11) (Level 1)

12C.3.2.9 Perform driveability diagnostic procedures with and without DTCs.



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Goal 3: Describe, inspect, diagnose, service, and repair automotive components and systems. (continued)GLO 3.3: Service and repair automotive components and systems.

12A.3.3.1 Service and/or replace batteries.

12B.3.3.1 Service, repair, or replace ignition system components.

12C.3.3.1 Service and repair fuel management systems.

12D.3.3.1 Verify and document customer complaint.

12A.3.3.2 Service and repair starting systems.

12B.3.3.2 Service or repair vehicle control systems (e.g., supplemental restraint systems, ABS, traction control).

12C.3.3.2 Service and repair fuel delivery systems.

12D.3.3.2 Complete required repairs.

12A.3.3.3 Service and repair charging systems.

12B.3.3.3 Service or repair a variety of vehicle data communication systems (e.g., CANBUS, multiplexing).

12C.3.3.3 Service and repair engine management systems.

12D.3.3.3 Inspect vehicle to determine additional maintenance required.

12A.3.3.4 Repair wiring harnesses.

12C.3.3.4 Service and repair emission systems.

12D.3.3.4 Describe and demonstrate the procedures used to adjust, repair, and/or replace body components and trim. (F1.12) (Level 1)

12A.3.3.5 Service and repair electrical accessory components.

12C.3.3.5 Service and repair exhaust systems.

12D.3.3.5 Verify and document repairs.

12A.3.3.6 Service and/or replace electrical protection devices.



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12A.3.3.7 Measure and interpret electrical values in automotive circuits.

12A.3.3.8 Perform repairs to electrical accessories and circuits.

12A.3.3.9 Diagnose and service wiring harnesses.

12A.3.3.10 Diagnose and service electrical accessory components.

12A.3.3.11 Diagnose and service electrical protection devices.

12A.3.3.12 Retrieve and interpret wiring diagrams (e.g., colour coding systems, wire size).

12A.3.3.13 Identify methods of wire repair, and describe/demonstrate their associated procedures. (D1.13) (Level 1)

12A.3.3.14 Describe the procedures used to repair and/or replace circuits and components. (D1.14) (Level 1)



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Goal 4: Describe and apply the transferable cross-curricular knowledge and skills.GLO 4.1: Demonstrate the application of information and communication technologies.

12A.4.1.1 Demonstrate the use of automotive service information retrieval systems unique to the automotive service and repair industry (e.g., Mitchell On Demand, All Data, IATN).

— — 12D.4.1.1 Demonstrate awareness of shop management software (e.g., electronic work order software).

12D.4.1.2 Research topics related to automotive service, repair, and technical bulletins using online resources (e.g., Internet, CDX).

12D.4.1.3 Describe methods of re-programming or updating control modules.


12A.4.2.1 Interpret information pertaining to electrical and electronic components found on drawings and specifications. (D1.3) (Level 1)

— — 12D.4.2.1 Select and interpret the service information documents relevant to the fault.

12D.4.2.2 Interpret service information and bulletins.



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Goal 4: Describe and apply the transferable cross-curricular knowledge and skills. (continued)GLO 4.3: Demonstrate mathematical skills.

12A.4.3.1 Describe “math anxiety” and its remedies. (A7.2) (Level 1)

— — 12D.4.3.1 Describe the practical importance of math disciplines to the automotive service technician trade. (A7.1) (Level 1)

GLO 4.4: Demonstrate skills in the sciences.

12A.4.4.1 Describe atomic structure.

— 12C.4.4.1 Discuss the chemistry of combustion and emissions.

—

12A.4.4.2 Describe electricity.

12A.4.4.3 Describe conventional and electron theory.

12A.4.4.4 Describe principles of magnetism.

12A.4.4.5 Define Ohm’s law.

12A.4.4.6 Describe the properties of electromagnetism related to automotive components.



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Goal 5: Demonstrate awareness of sustainability as it pertains to automotive technology.GLO 5.1: Demonstrate an understanding of sustainability.

12A.5.1.1 Describe and apply efficient materials usage and disposal practices.

— 12C.5.1.1 Describe the requirements and responsibilities for proper battery recycling.

12D.5.5.1 Discuss long-term health concerns related to the automotive service industry.

12C.5.1.2 Discuss the impact of chemical hazards on the environment.

12C.5.1.3 Discuss the relationship between sustainability and the production and use of electric and hybrid-electric vehicles.

12C.5.1.4 Discuss the relationship between emission controls and environmental sustainability.



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Goal 6: Demonstrate ethical and legal standards.GLO 6.1: Demonstrate ethical and legal standards.

12A.6.1.1 Demonstrate an awareness of liability concerns related to automotive systems and service.

— 12C.6.1.1 Discuss ethical and legal standards related to catalytic converters.

12D.6.1.1 Demonstrate ethical behaviour while working on customers’ vehicles.


12A.7.1.1 Demonstrate problem-solving skills.

12B.7.1.1 12C.7.1.1 12D.7.1.1

12A.7.1.2 Demonstrate critical-thinking skills.

12B.7.1.2 12C.7.1.2 12D.7.1.2

12A.7.1.3 Demonstrate regular attendance and punctuality.

12B.7.1.3 12C.7.1.3 12D.7.1.3

12A.7.1.4 Demonstrate accountability by taking responsibility for their actions.

12B.7.1.4 12C.7.1.4 12D.7.1.4

12A.7.1.5 Demonstrate adaptability, initiative, and effort.

12B.7.1.5 12C.7.1.5 12D.7.1.5



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Goal 7: Demonstrate employability skills. (continued)GLO 7.1: Demonstrate employability skills. (continued)

12A.7.1.6 Demonstrate the ability to accept and follow directions and feedback.

12B.7.1.6 12C.7.1.6 12D.7.1.6

12A.7.1.7 Demonstrate teamwork skills.

12B.7.1.7 12C.7.1.7 12D.7.1.7

12A.7.1.8 Demonstrate the ability to stay on task and effectively use time in class and shop environments.

12B.7.1.8 12C.7.1.8 12D.7.1.8

12A.7.1.9 Communicate respectively and effectively with coworkers and customers.

12B.7.1.9 12C.7.1.9 12D.7.1.9


— — — 12D.7.2.1 Describe the procedures used to prepare and/or complete trade-related documents. (A6.4) (Level 1)

12D.7.2.2 Prepare estimates and communicate information to customer.



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Goal 8: Understand educational and career opportunities.GLO 8.1: Understand educational and career opportunities.

12A.8.1.1 Demonstrate the skills and resources used to obtain and sustain employment in the automotive service and repair industry.

12B.8.1.1 Demonstrate an awareness of specialized occupations related to vehicle systems.

12C.8.1.1 Discuss career and educational opportunities related to electric and hybrid electric vehicles.

12D.8.1.1 Explore career opportunities related to emerging automotive technology.

12A.8.1.2 Demonstrate an awareness of specialized occupations in automotive electrical systems.

12D.8.1.2 Describe the Manitoba Automotive Service Technician Apprenticeship program. (A1.2) (Level 1)

12D.8.1.3 Describe special opportunities and challenges re: automotive service technician training. (A1.3) (Level 1)



Systems (12A)40S / 40E / 40M

8701Vehicle Systems

Part 1 (12B)40S / 40E / 40M

8702Vehicle Systems

Part 2 (12C)40S / 40E / 40M


Goal 9: Explore evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends.GLO 9.1: Explore evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends.

12A.9.1.1 Demonstrate an understanding of the evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends in automotive electrical systems.

12B.9.1.1 Describe the changes in technology related to computerized vehicle systems.

12C.9.1.1 Demonstrate an understanding of the evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends in vehicle systems.

12D.9.1.1 Demonstrate an understanding of the evolution, technological progression, and emerging trends in diagnostic strategies.

12A.9.1.2 Describe emerging technologies related to automotive charging systems.

12B.9.1.2 Identify emerging diagnostic technologies (e.g., wireless communication).

12C.9.1.2 Demonstrate an understanding of hybrid vehicle systems.

12D.9.1.2 Explore emerging automotive technology.

12A.9.1.3 Describe emerging battery technology.

12B.9.1.3 Describe emerging technologies related to automotive ignition systems.

12C.9.1.3 Describe differences with high-voltage batteries.

12D.9.1.3 Describe emerging vehicle designs.

12C.9.1.4 Describe the need, benefits, and regulation of reprogramming control modules.

12D.9.1.4 Explore material selection used in vehicle manufacturing.

12D.9.1.5 Describe emerging vehicle safety technologies.

12D.9.1.6 Describe emerging technologies in computerized vehicle systems management.

12D.9.1.7 Identify emerging diagnostic technologies.

b i b l i o G r a p h y

73B i b l i o g r a p h y

b i b l i o G r a p h y

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Stockel, Martin W., Martin T. Stockel, and Chris Johanson. Auto Fundamentals. 11th ed. Tinley Park, Il: The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., 2015.

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