STRUCTURE AND

BONDING IN MATTER

Grade 10 Advanced

Unit 1

Name: ------------------------------------- Class: -----------1

By the end of the chapter, most students know the mass and

charge in atoms and ions up to element 56 .Show how the electronic

structure explains the patterns of elements in the periodic table and

manipulate quantities such as proton number and mass number. They

understand ionic, covalent and metallic bonding in terms of bond types.

They write balanced molecular and ionic equations for simple reactions.

They explain the macro-properties of the different states of matter in

terms of their micro-structure.

الذرات ف الشحنة و معرفةالكتلة الطلاب معظم من توقع ، الفصل هذا نهاة ف

فسر أن الالكترون للتركب مكن كف الطلاب بن ، 56 العنصر حتى والأونات

.الكتل والعدد البروتونات عدد مثل كمات عالج و الدوري الجدول ف العناصر أنماط

حث من المعدنة الروابط ، التساهمة ، الأونة الروابط فهموا الطلاب على جب

أن.بسطة لتفاعلات متوازنة أونة و جزئة معادلات الطلاب كتب أن .الترابط أنواع

.الجزئة أو الصغرة تراكبها خلال من المختلفة المادة حالات خصائص الطلاب شرح

Unit 1

2

17.1 Describe the distribution of mass and charge within an atom and deduce the numbers

of protons, neutrons and electrons present in both atoms and ions, given proton and

nucleon numbers.

صف توزع الكتلة والشحنة الكهربائة ضمن ذرة وستنتج منها عدد البروتونات والنترونات والالكترونات الموجودة ف 17.1

عطى عدد البروتونات والنكلونات .الذرات وف الأونات ، عندما

Objectives

Students will be able to:

1. Understand that atoms are made up of a

nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons

surrounded by electrons in specific orbital's or

shells.

2. Define and use the terms proton number, Nucleon number.3. Describe the distribution of mass and charge

within an atom and Deduce the numbers of

protons, neutrons and electrons present in both

atoms and ions, given proton and nucleon

numbers.

Structure and properties

التركب والخصائص

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* New

Chemistry

for you :30-

34

Atoms are made up of three different subatomic particles:

protons (p), neutrons (n) and electrons (e).

The nucleus is at the centre of the atom, and contains the

protons and neutrons and the electrons in specific orbital's

around the nucleus.

Atomic Number “Proton Number” (Z): Number of protons.

Mass Number “Nucleon Number” (A): Number of protons +

Number of neutrons.

3

Key Vocabulary

Atom

Nucleus

Proton

Neutron

Electron

Orbital‟s – Shells

Ions

Proton number

Nucleon number

Exercises

Q1- Write down the definition of following terms. اكتب تعرف المصطلحات التالة.

a. The mass number “Nucleon Number” (A) of an atom.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. The atomic number “Proton Number”(Z) of an atom.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Protons.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Electrons.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Neutrons.

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Atom

Atomic

number

Proton

Number (Z)

Mass

number

Nucleon

Number (A)

Number of

electrons

Number of

protons

Number of

neutrons

24 Mg 12

8O 16

Q2- Complete the following table. .أكمل الجدول التال

Q3- Explain why atom is electrically neutral?

لماذا تعتبر الذرة متعادلة كهربائا ؟

Neutral

متعادل

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4

Electronic configuration التوزع الإلكترون

17.2 Deduce the atomic structure of an atom or ion of any given element up to barium (56)

and show how the structures explain the pattern of elements in the periodic table.

، ػصشانجبسو،ج كف أ انزشكت الإنكزش 56انؼصش ػصشيبحزىنزسحأأانزسيانزشكتػهى سزذل 17.2

.فسشأبط انؼبصشف انجذل انذسي

Objectives :

1. Deduce the atomic structure of an atom or

ion of any given element up to barium (56)

and show how the structures.

2. Explain the pattern of elements in the

periodic table.

Key vocabulary:

Atomic structure

Elements

Periodic table.

Electron configuration

http://www.yout

ube.com/watch

?v=EP9EtP3gR

Zo

http://www.mike

blaber.org/oldwi

ne/chm1045/no

tes/Struct/ECon

fig/IMG00006.G

IF

* New

Chemistry for

you :32 and 60

Electron configuration shows the number of electrons in each

Orbital.

Number of electrons in the outer shell gives the number of Group.

ػذد الإنكزشبد ف انذاس انخبسج نزسح انؼصش ذل ػهى سقى انجػخ

Number of shells give the number of period in the periodic table.

ػذد انذاساد فى انزسح ذل ػهى سفى انذسح ف انجذل انذسي

The table below explains shells and number of electrons.

Shell Electrons number

First 2

Second 8

Third 8

Example 1: 1224Mg Example 2 : 8

16O

Group: ( 2 )Period:( 3 )

Group: ( )Period: ( ) 5

Exercises

Q1: Draw the electronic configuration of the following atoms and determine period

and group number.

:اسسى انزصغ الانكزش نهؼبصش ف انجذل حذد سقى انجػخ انذسح

Element Electronic Configuration Period Number Group Number

5B

13Al

9F

19K

2He

6

Ions

الأونات

In an atom the number of Protons = the number of electrons, So The atom is electrically neutral

In an ion: The number of positively charged protons ≠ number of

negatively charged electrons.

Each atom try to attains the stable electronic configuration as a noble gases

An ion is electrically charged atom

http://www.

youtube.co

m/watch?v

=dHZlMbB

Z0UA

* New

Chemistry

for you 85

Look at the diagrams below which present ions formation states

Ion أون

Atom

ذزح

Lose electrons Gain electrons

7

Writing activity

Use the above diagram to write a short story between sodium and chlorine.

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http://www.you

tube.com/watc

h?v=QqjcCvz

Wwww&featur

e=PlayList&p=

C9D5927352B

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xt_from=PL&pl

aynext=1&inde

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http://www.you

tube.com/watc

h?v=xTx_DWb

oEVs&feature

=related

8

Q1- Calculate the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in

the following:

Exercises

9

Relative isotopic mass, relative atomic mass.الكتلة الذرة النسبة, الكتلة النظائرة النسبة

17.3 Define the terms relative isotopic mass, relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass and relative formula mass based on the carbon-12 scale and be able to calculate

the relative molecular mass of a compound, given its formula and a relative atomic mass

table.

، انكزهخ انسجخ نهجضئ ثبء ػهى يقبط “انكزهخ انزسخ انسجخ”، “ انكزهخ انظبئشخ انسجخ” ؼشف يصطهحبد يثم 17.3

زك ي حسبة انكزهخ انجضئخ انسجخ نشكت يب، ػذيب ك ػهى ثصغز نذخ جذل نهكزم انزسخ انسجخ.12-انكشث

Objectives

1. Define the terms relative isotopic mass,

relative atomic mass.

2. Define relative molecular mass and relative

formula mass based on the carbon-12 scale.

3. Calculate the relative molecular mass of a

compound, given its formula and a relative

atomic mass table.

Key vocabulary:

-Relative isotopic mass

-Relative atomic mass.

-Relative molecular mass

Relative formula Mass and relative molecular mass

The relative formula mass of a substance (or molecular mass Mr )

Is the sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms present in a

formula unit or molecule.

Relative formula massRelative molecular massRelative molecular mass

Hint;

The relative formula mass or molecular mass given as Mr

10

http://ww

w.onlinem

athlearnin

g.com/mo

-lecular

mass.html

http://ww

w.absorbl

earning.c

om/chemi

stry/demo

3/units/LR

.html#C04

alculatingr

elativeato

micmasse

s

* New

Chemistr

y for you

36-37

Exercises

Q1: What is the meaning of the term relative formula mass (R.F.M)?

Q2- Use the following table to calculate the relative formula mass

(R.F.M) or molecular mass for each of the following:

Name Symbol Atomic Number R.A.M

Aluminum Al 13 27

Chlorine Cl 17 35.5

Nitrogen N 7 14

Oxygen O 8 16

Sodium Na 11 23

c) Aluminum Oxide Al2O3

11

b) Sodium chloride NaCla) Nitrogen dioxide NO2

Spectrometry and isotopesقاس الطف والنظائر

17.4 Know that mass spectrometry can furnish information on relative isotopic masses and

isotopic abundance.

انظبئشخ انسجخ انكثشحانسجخنهظبئشانكزمػفشيؼهيبدأكانكزهانطفرحهمأؼشف 17.4

17.5 Know that isotopes can be distinguished by their different numbers of neutrons and

explain why the relative atomic mass of many elements is not a whole number.

الأػذاد انخزهفخ نهزشبد انجدح فبششح نبرا انكزهخ انزسخ انسجخ نهؼذذ خلالرضانظبئشيثبلإيكبأؼشف 17.5

.ي انؼبصشغشيكخ ي أػذاد صححخ

Objectives:

1. Describe the mass spectrometer.

2. Explain how mass spectrometry can give

information about masses and abundance of

isotopes.

3. Relate the difference in isotopes to the

different numbers of neutrons.

4. Explain why the relative atomic mass of many

elements is not a whole number.

Key Vocabulary

Mass

Spectrometer

Isotopic

Abundance

A- رجخش انؼخ

B- غشفخ انزأ

C- رسشغ الأبد

D- انجبل انغبطس

E- (monitor)انشاقجخF- إنى يضخخ انزفشغ

ناحذ ي ز ثم انشكم يخططب ثمطيبف الكتلخ ؼشف ( الأبد)نقذ طس جبص نذساسخ كزم الأجسبو يججخ انشحخ

الأجضح أز ف فصم الأبد حست كزهزب انكثشح انسجخ نهظبئش.

Let students watch a short animation / video clip to help them to appreciate how a mass spectrometer works.

The mass spectrometer: is a device that separate

particles based on their mass. The samples must move

through the following steps

1-vaporization- heat the substance to turn it into gas

2- Ionization – to form positive ions.

3- Acceleration – to move the ions fast by an electric

field.

4- Deflection - by magnetic field where ions are

separated according to their mass.

5-detection-where a monitor displays graph of different

ions according to their mass and abundance audio visual

resource. 12

.c2http://www

hemistry.msu.

edu/faculty/re

usch/VirtTxtJ

ml/Spectrpy/

MassSpec/ma

sspec1.htm

* New

Chemistry for

you: 364-6

Isotopes

النظائر

Isotopes are atoms differ in mass because they differ in the number of neutrons.

The relative atomic mass of many elements is not a whole number because of the

presence of isotopes. The average relative atomic mass is the weighted average for all

isotopes of a given element based upon their relative percent abundance.

. رساد رخزهف ف انكزهخ انزسخ لأب رخزهف ثؼذد انزشبد الىظبئس

نؼذد ي انؼبصش نسذ انؼذد انحقق ثسجت جد ظبئش نزهك انؼبصش يؼذل انكزهخ انزسخ انسجخ الكتلخ الرزيخ الىسجيخ

.خ نزاجذبئانص انسج نجغ انظبئش انكخ ثبء ػهى انسجخ ان

http://www.c

olorado.edu/

physics/200

0/isotopes/in

dex.html

* New

Chemistry

for you:35

Example

Chlorine exist as two naturally occurring isotopes Cl-35 and Cl-37 . if the Cl-35

has an abundance of 75.76% and Cl-37 has abundance of 24.24% ,determine

the relative atomic mass of chlorine.

Solution: Ar =

= 35.48

13

:ليوجد ثىاسطخ مطيبف الكتلخ أن لعىصس ثلاثخ وظبئس كتلهب الرزيخ ووسجهب في عيىخ مه العىصس كمب ي. 1

الكتلخ الرزيخ الىسجيخ الىسجخ المئىيخ

27.97792.21%

28.9714.70%29.9743.09%

ومب اسم العىصس؟ . احست الكتلخ الرزيخ للعىصس

Exercises

14

Bonding

الروابط

17.6 describe ionic and covalent bonding.

.والرابطةالتساهمة )التكافإالكهربائارتباط(الرابطةالأونةصف 17.6

Objectives:

1. Relate types of bonding between atoms to its electron configuration.2- Show the role of valence electrons in determining the type of bonds between atoms.3- Represent ionic and covalent bonds using Lewis structures

Key Vocabulary

Electron configurationValence electronsIonic bondsCovalent bondsLewis structures

15

chemical bond ) انشاثطخ انكبئخ (

is a force of attraction between the atoms which holds them

together.

The atoms combine with one another to reach a noble gas

electronic configuration and become stable and this is why

atoms banded together.

Octet rule ( قبػذح انثبخ )

When atoms combine to form a chemical bond, they gain, lose

or share electrons in such a way that each atom gets noble gas

configuration or 8 electrons in its outer most shell (or 2 electrons

in the outer most K shell.)

Lewis electron dot structure ( تركب لوس )

shows the symbols of elements along with their valence

electrons as dots around them.

http://www.youtu

be.com/watch?v

=QqjcCvzWwww

http://www.youtu

be.com/watch?v

=yjge1WdCFPs

http://www.youtu

be.com/watch?v

=WXyFMJ0eJA0

&feature=related

Valence (outer most) electrons are usually the only electrons used in chemical

bonds. So, only valence electrons are shown in electron dot structure. As you are

familiar that all of the group 1 elements have 1 valence electron so they are

shown with 1 dot. Group 2 elements have 2 dots; group 3 elements have 3 dots

and so on.

Li • • Be • •

• B • •

• C ••

•

: N ••

•

: O •..

. .

: F •..

. .

: Ne :..

16

IONIC BOND

الرابطة الأونة

An ionic bond is formed when a metal atom gives its valence electrons to a non

metal atom. By losing electrons, the metal forms a positively charged ion (cation).

The non- metal atom gains electrons and forms negatively charged ion

(anion).The positively and negatively charged ions attract one another. The

strong force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions is called

ionic bond.

وتتكون على ذرة الفلز شحنة اللافلزإلكتروناتها الخارجة وتعطها لذرة الفلزتتكون الرابطة الأونة عندما تفقد ذرة

وحدث التجاذب الكهرب بن الأونات الموجبة والسالبة و هذا )أنون(وعلى ذرة اللافلز شحنة سالبة) كاتبون (موجبة

.التجاذب الكهرب القوي بن الأونات سمى بالرابطة الأونة

Example of ionic bond formation between Na and Cl

. ..Na + . Cl :

2,8,1 2,8,7

Na+ + :C :l-

2,8 2,8,8

Examples of ionic bond formation in CaF2 and K2 S

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utube.com/wa

tch?v=CGA8s

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1&feature=fv

wp

http://www.yout

ube.com/watch

?v=xTx_DWbo

EVs&feature=r

elated

* New

Chemistry for

you: 248-250

17

Exercises

Q1: Try for ionic bond formation in the following elements:

1. Al and Br

2. Mg and N

3. Mg and O

18

Covalent bonding

التساهمة الرابطة

The chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms of

non-metals is known as a covalent bond. The sharing of electrons takes

place in such a way that each atom in the resulting molecule gets the

stable noble gas electronic configuration. The electron pair which is

shared makes a covalent bond. Covalent bonds are of three types-

single, double and triple covalent bonds.

تكون نتجة لمشاركة ذرات الللافلزات ف الكتروناتها الخارجة تعرف ت الرابطة الت

ثنائة وثلاثة, تنقسم الرابطة التساهمة الى ثلاث أنواع أحادة. بالرابطة التساهمة

a) Single covalent bond ( انشاثطخ انزسبخ احبدخ )

A single covalent bond is formed by the sharing of one pair

of electrons between two atoms:

1) formation of hydrogen molecule

2) Formation of Fluorine molecule

3) Formation of Hydrogen bromide molecule

http://www.yksd.c

om/distanceedcou

rses/Courses09/P

hysicalScience/Le

ssons/SecondQua

rter/Chapter05/05-

02/30CovalentBo

nds.gif

http://ibchem.com/

IB/ibfiles/bonding/

bon_img/cov3.gif

*New Chemistry

for you: 256-257

19

b) Double covalent bond ( انشاثطخ انزسبخ انثبئخ )

A double covalent bond is formed by sharing 2 pairs or 4 electrons

between the two atoms

Formation of oxygen molecule

A triple covalent is formed by sharing 3 pairs or 6 electrons

between the two atoms

Formation of nitrogen molecule

c) Triple covalent bond ( الساثطخ التسبهميخ الثلاثيخ )

:المختلفةالمركباتعددمنفالترابطلبان )وخطوطنقاطمنرسومات(لوسأشكالاستعملوالرابطة التساهمة ف الأمونا –أكسدالمغنسوم ف ولوردالصودومففالرابطةالأونة :مثلاا

.وف المثان.الترابطتكافإلبانإلكتروناتباستخداموحضرعرضاا صمم

.اسزخذو انشاجغ انزبنخ نذسط انشاثظ انكبئخثإيكبك

Activity

Resources used in the section of chemical bonding

1) New chemistry for You ( LawrieRyan ) page 35-36 and page 248-262

2) http://www.youtube.com?v=yMQrDAqvqhs&NR=1

3)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond#Overview_of_main_types_of_chemical_bonds

4) http://chemactive.com/flash_spring/ib/atomic_structure_ppt_2009.swf

20

Metallic bonding

الفلزة الرابطة

17.7 Explain metallic bonding in terms of a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a sea of

mobile electrons and explain the physical properties of metals and alloys in terms of this

bonding.

فسر الرابطة الفلزة بدلالة شبكة من الأونات الموجبة المحاطة بسحابة من الإلكترونات المتحركة، وفسرالخصائص الفزائة 17.7

للفلزات والسبائك بدلالة هذا الأرتباط

Objectives:1. Explain metallic bonding.

2. Explain the physical properties of alloys.

3. Write an example of alloy.

Key vocabulary:

metallic bondingdrift DelocalizedAlloy

Each of magnesium atom gives up its electrons from its outer shell into the

“sea” Or “ cloud” of electrons. The electrons can drift about in the metal.

We call them „delocalized ‟ electrons.

delocalized means "not fixed in one place" or "free to move".

http://www.au

setute.com.au

/metallic.html

http://www.au

setute.com.au

/metallic.html.

*New

Chemistry for

you: 268

وتتحول الى بحر أو الخارج االكترونات من غلافه تفقدكل ذرة من المغنسوم

.الكترونات غر متمركزةنسمها . حول الذرة من الالكترونات" سحابة"

حرة التحركلها “أو " لست ثابتة ف مكان واحد"تعن غر متمركزة الكترونات

21

Exercises

Q1: Mention the properties of metals:

1) 2)

3) 4)

5) 6)

Q2: Why metals are good conductors of electricity?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….…

Q3- Compare between ionic and metallic bonding:

22

http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Metal

http://www.lcc.ukf.net/

chem/metaluses.htm

http://www.creative-

chemistry.org.uk/gcse

/documents/Module5/

N-m05-14.pdf

*New Chemistry for

you: 270- 272

Alloy

السبائك

An alloy is a mixture of metals.

خلط من المعادن: السبائك

Aeroplanes are made from

aluminium alloysPure iron metal Carbon add in to pure iron metal

( Alloy )

Q1: Write three examples of alloys:

a) ………………

b) ……………..

c) ……………..

Q2: State why alloys are widely used in industry:

……………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………..

23

Giant Covalent Molecules

الجزئات العملاقة

17.8 Know that some covalent compounds, such as the element carbon and the compound

silicon(IV) oxide, form giant molecular structures.

. تكون تراكب جزئة ضخمة) IV(عرف أن بعض المركبات التساهمة الترابط مثل عنصر الكربون ومركب أكسد السلكون 17.8

Objectives:

1. Identify the giant covalent molecular.

Key vocabulary:

- giant covalent compounds

Q1:The following figures represents giant molecular structure

a) write the name of each structure using the word in below box

b) Answer the questions below:

1) Which giant molecule is formed from two elements?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2) Mention these two elements ?

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3) Which giant molecules are made of one element only?

………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………

4) Mention that element?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

http://www.

chemguide.

co.uk/atom

s/structures

/giantcov.ht

ml

*New

Chemistry

for you:

258

Diamond , Graphite , Fullerene , Silica

……………………… ……................…….

a b

c d

……………………… ……................…….

17.9 Show an understanding of allotropy.

).اختلاف الشكل وتماثل الترآب الكمائ(فهم معنى التآصل 17.9

Allotropy

التآصل

Allotropes: are different forms of the same element ( in the same state).

)ف نفس الحالة( أشكال مختلفة لنفس العنصر : التآصل

Q1- The following figures represents allotropes of carbon , write the

name of each structure:

…………………. …..……………

Q2- Fill in the table below with the Physical properties of diamond

and graphite, using New chemistry for you 258-259

Point of comparison Diamond Graphite

Hardness

Type of bonding

Melting point

Electric conductivity

http://www.

ausetute.co

m.au/allotro

py.html

http://en.wi

kipedia.org/

wiki/Allotro

py

Objectives:

1. Define allotropy

2. Explain the physical properties of some

allotropy

Key vocabulary:

Allotropy

24

25

Properties Covalent and ionic compounds

خصائص المركبات التساهمة والأونة

17.10 Explain the differing physical properties of covalent and ionic compounds in terms of their bonding and

be able to deduce the type of bond from information about physical properties.

ع الاسرجبط ي انؼهيبد حل انخصبئص ػهى سزطغ الاسزذلال رسبخ أخ ثذلانخ ساثطببد ششح انخصبئص انفضبئخ انخزهفخ نشكج17.10

انفضبئخ نز انشكجبد

Objectives:

1.Explain the differing physical properties of covalent and ionic compounds.2. Deduce the type of bond from information about physical properties.

Key vocabulary:

metals

non-metals

Ionic

Covalent

Metallic

The bonding and structure of a substance explain its properties; the table

below summarizes this relation so that you can compare the different types of

structure and bonding:

Bonding

Ionic

(Between metals and

non-metals)

Covalent

(between non-metals)

Metallic

(between

metals)

Structure Giant ionic Giant covalentSimple

molecularGiant metallic

Melting point high high low high

Conduct

electricity

Not when solid, but

they do when molten

or dissolved in

water.

(when ions are free)

No/except

graphiteno

Yes

(has free

electrons)

Example

Sodium chloride Diamond Water Zinc

26

Exercises

Q1: Study the table below then answer the following questions:

The properties of substances A, B, C, D, E and F are given below.

a) Which substances have a giant ionic structure? ....................

b) Which substances have a simple molecular structure? ....................

c) Which substances have a metallic structure? ....................

d) Which substances have a giant molecular structure? ....................

e) Which substances are liquids at room temperature (25oC)? ....................

f) Which substances are gases at room temperature (25oC)? ....................

g) Which two substances are most likely to dissolve in an organic solvent? ................

Substance Melting point 0C Boiling point 0C

Electrical

conductivity

when its solid

Electrical

conductivity

when its liquid

or molten

A 651 1100 Good Good

B 790 1250 Poor Good

C 5 80 Poor Poor

D 803 1430 Poor Good

E -138 0 Poor Poor

F 3500 ? Poor Poor

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond2.html

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/compounds/ionicvscovalent.shtml

27

Ionic compounds

المركبات الأونة

17.11 Explain why molten ionic compounds and solutions of ionic compounds conduct electricity.

.انشكجبد الأخ رصم انكشثبءيحبنمانصشحالأخنبراانشكجبدششح 17.11

Objectives :

1. Molten ionic compounds conduct electricity.

2. Solutions of ionic compounds conduct

electricity.

3. Solid ionic compounds can‟t conduct

electricity.

Key vocabulary:

-Molten ionic compounds

Ionic compounds made up of ions (charged particles) .Solid sodium

chloride contain fixed ions can‟t move to the electrodes. So, it can‟t

conduct electricity.

However, when they are melted or dissolved in water, the ions become

free to move around. So, it can conduct electricity.

Write another paragraph for sodium chloride

Writing activity

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

28

Lab activity

1. Set up the circuit as shown

2. Dip the electrodes into some solid sodium chloride.

- Did the solid conduct the current?

……………………………………..

3. Now half-fill the beaker with water, and stir.

- Does the blub light up now?

……………………………………..

- Does the solution conduct electricity?

………………………………………

4. Switch off your power pack as soon as the test is completed.

Q1) Why do the solutions of ionic compound conduct electricity?

Q2) Explain: molten potassium bromide conduct electricity?

http://www.c

hem.iastate.

edu/group/G

reenbowe/se

ctions/projec

tfolder/flashfi

les/electroC

hem/conduct

ivity.html

* New

Chemistry

for you: 252

29

Writing chemical equationsكتابة المعادلات الكمائة

17.12 Write equations with state symbols for simple reactions, including ionic equations for reactions in

aqueous solution, given the formulae of reactants and products.

كتب معادلات تحتوي على الرموزالت تدل على حالة المادة لتفاعلات بسطة ،بما فها معادلات أونة 17.12

غ المواد المتفاعلة ونواتجها .لتفاعلات تحصل ف محلول مائ ،عندما عرف ص

Objectives :

Write equations with state symbols for simple reactions

Key vocabulary:

- symbols

- reactions

- ionic equations

- aqueous solution

-Reactants

- products

What is a chemical equation?مبهي المعبدلخ الكيميبئيخ ؟

When a chemical reaction occurs, it can be described by an equation. This shows the chemicals that react (called the reactants) on the left-hand side, and the chemicals that they produce (called the products) on the right-hand side .Unlike mathematical equations, the two sides are separated by an arrow, that indicates that the reactants form the products and not the other way round.

How to write the chemical equations? كف تكتب المعادلة الكمائة

المعادلة قد تكون لفظة أو رمزة ولكتابة المعادلة الرمزة جب التقد بالشروط اللازمة لكتابة الرمز الكمائ

اما المركبات فتكتب بصغها الكمائة . H2 , N2, O2الغازة تكتب ف شكل جزئات ثنائة العناصر, للمادة

MgO, NaCl . العناصر الصلبة مثل الفلزات والكربون تكتب ذراتها المفردةMg, Na, C . بعد ذلك تتم

.موازنة المعادلة بحث تكون عدد الذرات المتفاعلة تساوي عدد الذرات الناتجة

can be represented by their names or by their chemical symbols. Symbols of Chemicals

element gases are diatomic like H2 , N2, O2 . Solid elements can be represented by simples

like Mg, Na, C, Al. Compounds are represented by their chemical formula like MgO, NaCl.

For metals with different oxidation states ,add Roman number when represented by

their names e.g Copper(II) oxide (CuO)There are reversible reactions, which

means that the reactants react together to form the products, but as soon as the

products are formed, they start to react together to reform the reactants! Reversible

reactions are indicated with a double arrow as shown in the example below:

30

ز صغرة تعبر عن حالات المادةولتكون المعادلة أكثر وضوحا تكتب رم

To make a chemical equation complete, the state of matter of each

substance should also be included. This indicates whether the substance is:

(s) solid

(l) liquid

(g) gas

(aq)aqueous (dissolved in

water)

* In this example, solid magnesium ribbon burns in oxygen gas to form solid

magnesium oxide: 2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) -- 2 MgO (s)

http://www.yout

ube.com/watch

?v=YDJFfZ5Wq

ZQ&feature=Pl

ayList&p=C983

2A956597F2C3

&playnext=1&pl

aynext_from=P

L&index=65

*New

Chemistry for

you: 26-28

Student activity (1):

Use your periodic table and table of poly atomic ions to write the

chemical formulas for the following compounds.

Show the following steps;

Step one - Write the symbols for the elements or the polyatomic

ions in the compound.

Step two - Look up the valence numbers of the elements or the

polyatomic ions involved and write them as superscripts to the right

of the elemental symbols.

Step three - Use the correct combination of ions (and the

polyatomic ions) to produce a compound with a net charge of zero.

Multiple ions are indicated with subscripts.

Teacher will be provide periodic table to students with a table of polyatomic ions

31

Q1) Write the correct chemical formulas for the following:

1. Lithium oxide 2. Potassium chloride

3. Calcium oxide 4. Barium bromide

5.Lead(IV) carbonate 6. Copper(II) nitrate

7. Iron(III) oxide 8. Tin(IV) fluoride

9.lead(II) carbonate10. copper(I) sulfate

Exercises

. كتب رقم التؤكسد بالأرقام الاتنهالفلزات متعددة حالات التؤكسد

:مثال

Iron(II) oxide FeO

Iron(III) oxide Fe2 O3

32

a) Hydrogen reacting with nitrogen to produce ammonia gas.

b) Silver nitrate solution reacting with hydrochloric acid to give sliver chloride

and nitric acid

c) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide give water and oxygen

d) The reaction of carbon monoxide with iron(III) oxide to give iron and carbon

dioxide. This reaction occurs at high temperatures in the blast furnace.

Homework

Write word and formula equations for the chemical reaction that occur when

aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is added to hydrochloric acid to give

sodium chloride and water.

Q2) Write full balanced equations, including state symbols, for the

following reactions:

33

Kinetic particle theory

17.13 Use the kinetic particle theory to explain the main characteristics of the three states of matter and

changes between the states:

•the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to an ideal gas;

•the liquid state, including melting, vaporisation and vapour pressure;

•the lattice structure of a crystalline solid.

راتالثلاثالمادةلحالاتالرئسةلتفسرالخصائصالجزئةالحركةنظرةستخدم17.13 :الأخصبنها،وعلىفماوالتغ

غازمثال؛علىفتطبقهاالجزئةالحركةلنظرةالأساسةالافتراضات•

:والتبخروالضغطالبخاريالانصهارفهابماالحالةالسائلة•

.صلبةبلورةلمادةالشبكالتركب•

Objectives :

1. Know the basic assumptions of the kinetic

theory as applied to an ideal gas.

2. Use the kinetic particle theory to explain the

main characteristics of the three states of matter

and changes between the states.

Key vocabulary:

- kinetic particle theory

-ideal gas

-lattice structure

-crystalline solid

-vaporisation

a) Basic assumptions of the kinetic theory:

1. A gas has no fixed shape or volume, but always spreads out to fill any container.2. There are almost no forces of attraction between the particles so they are completely free of each other.3. The particles are widely spaced and scattered at random throughout the container so there is no order in the system.4. The particles move rapidly in all directions, frequently colliding with each other and the side of the container.5. With increase in temperature, the particles move faster as they gain kinetic energy.

34

Gases have a very low density („light‟) because the particles are so spaced

out in the container (density = mass / volume).

Density order: solid > liquid >>> gases

Gases flow freely because there are no effective forces of attraction between

the gaseous particles - molecules.

Ease of flow order: gases > liquids >>> solids (no real flow in solid unless

you powder it!)Because of this gases and liquids are described as fluids.

Gases have no surface, and no fixed shape or volume, and because of lack

of particle attraction, they always spread out and fill any container (so gas

volume = container volume).

Gases are readily compressed because of the „empty‟ space between the

particles.

Ease of compression order: gases >>> liquids > solids (almost impossible

to compress a solid)

Gas pressure

When a gas is confined in a container the particles will cause and exert a gas

pressure which is measured in atmospheres (atm) or Pascals (Pa = N/m2) -

pressure is force/area on which force is exerted.

The gas pressure is caused by the force created by millions of impacts of

the tiny individual gas particles on the sides of a container.

For example - if the number of gaseous particles in a container is doubled,

the gas pressure is doubled because doubling the number of molecules

doubles the number of impacts on the side of the container so the total impact

force per unit area is also doubled.

This doubling of the particle impacts doubling the pressure is pictured in the two

diagrams below.

Using the particle model to explain the properties of a Gas

2 x

particles

===>

P x 2

http://www.docbrown.info/page03/3_52states.htm

http://ww

w.docbro

wn.info/pa

ge03/3_5

2states.ht

m

35

Exercises

Q1) Draw simple diagrams to show the three states of matter?

Solid particles Liquid particles Gas particles

Q2) Use assumptions of the kinetic theory and the shapes of the three states

of matter to complete the following table:

Property Solids Liquids Gases

Order of particles

تستيت الجسيمبد

Kinetic energy

الطبقخ الحسكيخ

Intermolecular forces

قىح التجبذة ثيه الجزيئبد

Shape

الشكل

Spacing of particles

المسبفخ ثيه الجسيمبد

Compressibility

القدزح على الضغظ

Conduction of heat

تىصيل الحسازح

Q3) Which of the three states of matter:

a. Have the most ordered molecules--------------

b. Take the shape of the container.---------------

c. Have very weak forces between its molecules--------------.

d. Have fixed shape.--------------

e. Have the higher kinetic energy molecules.--------------

f. Have higher compressibility.------------------------