Syllabus– Grade 10úIh ksrAfoaYh - 10 jir

1. Investigates the place of the computer in the world of informationmrs.Kl, f,dalfha we;s f;dr;=re yd iïnkaOù mj;sk wdldrh wOHkh lsrSu

1.1 Investigates the contribution of ICT towards national development

cd;sl ixjrAOkhg ICT ys jeo.;alu

Definition of ICT Uses of ICT in society Importance of ICT

1.2 Investigates the computer as asystem for converting data intoinformation

mrs.Klh moaO;shla f,i i,lñka thgo;a; we;=,;a lr tajd f;dr;=re njgmrsjrA;kh jk wldrh wOHkh

Parts of a system Difference between data

and information Data and information as

input and output Processing as the method

for converting data into information

1.3 Explores the evolution ofcomputers to identify its majordevelopments.

mrs.Klfha úldYkh iy kùkmrs.Klh olajd tys is¥jQ m%OdkixjrAOkhka

Computer Generations Hardware changes

Vacuum Tubes

TransistorsIntegrated CircuitsLSIC

VLSIC

Related changes in characteristics

SizeCapacitySpeedAccuracyEfficiency

2. Selects and uses computer hardware

mrs.Kl oDvdx. j, Ndú;h

2.1 Classifies computers using a

variety of methods.

mrs.Kl Ndú;d lrk wdldrwkqj jrA. lsrSu

Computer classifications

Mainframe/Mini/Micro/Super

Digital/Analog/Hybrid

General purpose/special purpose

2.2 Classifies computer peripherals by

function.

mrs.Kl Wmdx. tajdfha l%shdldrs;ajhwkqj jrA. lsrSu

Functions of computer

peripherals

Input

Processing

Output

Storage

Dissemination

2.3 Identifies and connects basic

peripherals to the computer.

uQ,sl mrs.Kl Wmdx. yÿkd .ekSuiy tajd mrs.Klhg iïnkaO lsrSu

Basic computer components

Keyboard, mouse, system unit,

monitor

Ports

PS/2 ports, Serial port, Parallel ports

USB port ,RJ 45

2.4 Uses the basic block diagram to

demonstrate the computer system.

mrs.Klh moaO;sh lÜà rEm igykla weiqfrka meyeos,s lsrSu

Flow path

Data/instruction signals

Control Signals

2.5 Investigates benefits and

concerns of computer networks

for optimal communication.

mrs.Kl cd,hkaf.a yelshdjka iytajd ikaksfõokh i|yd fhdojd.; yels wdldrh

Purpose of computer networks

Data communication

Resource sharing

Components of a network

Network Interface Cards

Internal/External

Transmission Media

Network cable

Twisted Pair, Co-axial, Fiber optics

Microwaves

Client/Server

Computers

Modems

Hub/Switches

Network Operating Systems

Types of computer Networks

LAN, MAN, WAN

Disadvantages of Networks

3. Investigates the methods used for data representation in

computer systems

mrs.Kl moaO;shl o;a; ksrEmkh lsrSu i|yd Ndú;d lrk l%ufõohkawOHkh

3.1. Uses the Binary number system to

represent data in computer

systems

mrs.Kl moaO;shla ;=< o;a; ksrEmKh lsrSu i|yd oaùuh ixLHdmoaO;sh Ndú;d lrhs

Methods for data representation

One and zero to represent two

states

Binary number system to

represent the two states

3.2. Converts decimal numbers to

Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal

oYuh ixLHdjka oaùuh,wIaguh iyIâ oYuh ixLHd njg mrsjrA;kh

Number systems

Decimal

Binary

Octal

Hexadecimal

Methods for related conversions

3.3 Converts Binary numbers to Decimal,

Octal, Hexadecimal numbers and vice

versa

oaùuh ixLHd oYuh,wIaguh iy Iâ oYuh ixLHd njg mrsjrA;kh iy tajdkej; oaùuh ixLHd njg mrsjrA;kh

Methods for relevant conversions

Binary to Decimal

Binary to Octal

Binary to Hexadecimal and vise

versa

3.4 Determines the capacity of

computers in terms of data storage

mrs.Kl ;=< o;a; .nvd lsrSfïOdrs;djhka yÿkd .eksu

Bit

Byte

Kilobyte

Megabyte

Gigabyte

Terabyte

3.5 Uses coding systems in computers

mrs.Kl ;=< Ndú;d jk fla; moaO;s

BCD

EBCDIC

ASCII

Unicode

End Show

What is an Information and Communication Technology ?

Processing of data via computers using the technologies from

Computing, Electronics, Telecommunications, Mechanism and

Mathematics to process, store, manage, use and distribute

information in digital and other forms.

mrs.Kl, bf,lafg%dksl, ÿrl:k ikaksfõok, hdka;%sl iy .Ks;uh;dlaIKhkao fhdod .ksñka, mrs.Kl Ndú;d lsrSfuka o;a; .nvd lr,

l<ukdlrKh lr, Ndú;d lr, ie,iqï lr f;dr;=re njg m;alr tuf;dr;=re wxls; (Digital) fyda fjk;a wdldrhlg f,dalh mqrd fnod yerSuf;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKhg wh;afõ'

End Show

Information and communication technology (ICT) is a broad subject

concerned with technology and other aspects of managing and processing

information, specially in large organizations.

ICT makes us realize how small the world, we live in, can be called as Global

village or Globalization.

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh hk úIh ;dlaIKhka iuÕ ukd iïnkaO;djhlamj;ajd .kakd úIhls. fuys úIh m:h b;d mq¿,a jk w;r f;dr;=re tl;= lsrSu,

ie,iqï lsrSu, l<ukdlrKh lsrSu iy fnod yerSu i|yd úYd, ixúOdkhka;dlaIKh fhdod .kakd wdldrh .ek wOHkh f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh úIhgwh;afõ.

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh wm cSj;a jk f,dalh l=vd lsrSug odhl ù we;.

úYaj .ïudkh fyj;a f.da,ShlrKh hk jpkhka ksrAudKh ù we;af;ao f;dr;=reikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ksidh.

A computer is manmade, electronic, programmable and

multipurpose machine that accepts data ( e.g. raw data, facts &

figures) and process it into information with more faster, accurate

and efficiently. A computer uses stored programmed concept.

ñksid úiska ;kk ,o, bf,lafg%dksl, l%u f,aLkhka Ndú;d lrk,

nyqldrAh hka;%hla f,i mrs.Klh y÷kajhs' mrs.Klh, th ;=,g o;a;we;=,;a lr .ksñka tu o;a; ie,iqïlr f;dr;=re njg mrsjrA;khlsrSu fõ.j;aj, ksjerosj iy ldrAhÌuj isÿlrk l%u f,aLkhka .nvdlr.ksñka ls%hd;aul jk hka;%hls'

What is a computer ?

Importance of ICTf;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha jeo.;alu

• Making learning more interesting specially for hard-to-understand issues

f;areï.ekSug wmyiq lreKq fyd|ska wdlrAIKShj wOHkh l< yelsjSu

• Bridging distances

ÿria: nj wvq lsrSu ex. using e-mails, phone, video conferencing etc.

• Breaking literacy barriers in communication

ikaksfõokfhaoS we;s jk NdIduh .eg¿ wju lr.; yelsùuex. using video,presentation and animation

• Research and useful Information sharing

jeo.;a f;dr;=re .fõIKh yd yqjudre lr.; yelsùuex. using Internet

• Access information on jobs/internships

/lshd i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .; yelsùu

• Creation of new employment opportunities

kj /lshd wjia:d fidhd .ekSug yelsùu

• Enhance interaction with peers over long distances

ÿria: mqoa.,hka iuÕ woyia yqjudre lr .; yelsùu

• Create entertainment opportunities

õfkdaodiajdoh i|yd wjia:d i,id .; yelsùu

ex. games, music, video

• Provide more realistic information on life elsewhere

tosfkod cSú;fhaoS ks;r wjYH jk f;dr;=re imhd .; yelsùu

• Provide educational information (distance learning)

wOHdmkh i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re imhd .; yelsùu

• Provide health information, including on sensitive issues

fi!LH lghq;= j,g wod, úfYaI f;dr;=re ,nd .; yelsùu

More Speed ^ jeä fõ.h &

A computer can do mathematical operations move and copy

documents at a speed in the order of million or billion instructions

per second. Computer speed measure unit is MIPS or BIPS.

( Million / Billion of Instructions Per Second)

More Reliability ^ jeä úYajdi;dj &

Computer output is generally very reliable subject to the conditions

that the input data is correct and the program instructions should be

reliable and correct.

( Garbage In Garbage Out - GIGO concept)

mrs.Klh ,nd fok f;dr;=re j, úYajdih rod mj;skafka mrs.Klh ;=<g wdodkh lrk o;a; iy l%uf,aLkhka j, mj;sk Wmfoia ksjeros jkafka kï muKs.

Characteristic of Computersmrs.Klfha ,ÌK

High Storage capability (Power of Remembering).nvd lsrSfï yelshdj jeäùu ^ u;l Yla;sh jeäùu &

As various computer media can store millions of characters of data in a

condensed form, there is a tremendous saving in the storage area

required to maintain the vital records necessary in a business

environment.

mrs.Kl ;=< úYd, o;a; iy f;dr;=re m%udKhla .nvd lr .; yels neúka fj<|jHdmdr j, mj;sk ish,q f;dr;=re mrs.Klhka ;=< .nvd lr ;nd .kS

Accuracy ^ jeä ksjeros;dj &

Computers are very accurate. They can perform their millions of

operations with great accuracy as their circuits have no mechanical

parts to wear and malfunction.

mrs.Kl ;=< bf,lafg%dksl mqjre wvx.= jk w;r tajd ;=< hdka;%sl fldgia fkdue;sneúka wl%sh;djhkag m;aùu isÿ fkdjk neúka b;d ksjerosj l%shd;aulfõ

Diligence ^WfoHda.su;a nj jeäùu &Unlike human beings, a computer free from tiredness

and lack of concentration.

ñksid fuka fkdj mrs.Klh uykaisùfuka iy wjodkh íojeàfuka f;drjwLKavj ls%hdjkays fhoSu

Versatility ^ nyqldrAh;djfhka hqla;ùu &A computer is capable of performing any task.

iEu ldrAhlau lsrSug we;s yelshdj

No feelings ^ ye.Sï oekSula fkdue;&

Present Role of ICT in Economy

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh wdrAÓlh ;=< ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh

Word

Processing

Calculation

Drawing

Presentation

Medicine

Television

Astronomy

Store Data

Computer

Present Role of ICT in Economy

(1) Education ^ wOHdmkfhaoS &

• Learning ( bf.kSu )CAL – Computer aided learning

• Teaching ( b.ekaùu)

CBT - Computer based teaching

WBT – Web based teaching

• Educational administration( wOHdmk mrsmd,kh)

Computer aided school administration

Computer aided Learning

CAL involves the use of computers in learning and training. At present we

have powerful and friendly application software to design and develop

attractive education software.

CAL software are coupled with Internet we see a new dimension in

education popularly called “e-Learning” with provides opportunities to

deliver education from one corner of the world to another instantly.

CAL uD¥ldx. mrs.Kl ;=< fhdod f.k bf.kSu iy mqyqKq lsrSfï lghq;= fyd|skaisÿl, yel. jrA;udkfha b;d wdlrAIKSh wOHdmk uD¥ldx. ksmoùu i|ydfhdod.; yels Ndú;hg b;d myiq, ksrAudKYS,S fh¥ï uD¥ldx. (Application

Software) mj;S.

CAL uD¥ldx. wka;rAcd,fha fjì wvú (Web Site) yd iïnkaOj mj;sk úgwOHdmkh f,dj mqrd iEu ia:dkhlgu fnod yersh yels fjhs. jrA;udkfha wka;rAcd,h ;=,ska wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSfï l%shdj,sh úoHq;a wOHdmkh f,i yÿkajhs.

Computer assisted school administration

mrs.Kl Wmldrfhka wOHdmk mrsmd,kh

This involves the use of IT to automate activities in school administration

such as keeping records of students, examination results, making school

time table, normal office work and communication with other schools via

e-mail and School Net.

wOHdmk mrsmd,kfha l%shdj,shka jk isiqkaf.a f;dr;=re iy úNd. m%;sm, .nvd lsrSu,

mdi,a ld, igyk iEoSu, mdi,a ldrAhd,fha jev lghq;= iy fjk;a mdi,a iuÕ ikaksfõokhi|yd úoHq;a ;emE, ( E - Mail) yd mdi,a cd,h ( School Net) Ndú;h ;=<ska mdi,a mrsmd,klghq;= iajhxlS%h lrùu i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod .kS.

(2) Accounting and Bankingnexl= iy .sKqï lghq;=

IT is used to automate manual accounting systems such as general ledger, sales and

purchases, stock control ( with point of sales terminal connected to stock data base ) in

banking the use of Automatic Teller Machine is a useful application of IT.

E - Money Transferring ( Debit Card, Credit card)

E – Commerce

Telebanking, PhoneBanking, Netbanking

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌKh, w;ska lrk ,o .sKqïlghq;= j,g iïnkaO m%Odk.Kka fmd;, fj<| lghq;= iy ñ,g .ekSu, nvq f;d. md,kh jeks l%shdjka ( .nvdo;a; mdolhg iïnkaO lrk ,o úl=Kqï ia:dkh i|ydjQ moaO;shla ) ñksidf.aueosy;aùu wvqlsrSu ;=,ska iajhxl%Sh bgqlr .ekSug fhdod f.k we;. nexl= lafIa;%fhaNdõ;d jk iajhxl%%Sh fg,rA hka;% ( ATM) u.ska uqo,a ,nd .ekSu b;d myiq ù we;.

úoHq;a uqo,a yqjudrej ( yr m;, Kh m;)

úoHq;a jdKscHh≥ria: nexl=l%uh

ATM Machine

Point of sales System

(3) Transportation ( m%jdyk lafIa;%h)

IT is used in transportation by railways and airlines for

reservation of seats, control of traffic and maintaining time-

tables of vehicles and duties of crew. It is used all fields of

air traffic. Every air craft has a small computer fitted to help

pilots in various ways.

Air ticket controlling system ( electronic ticket )

Air traffic controlling system

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌKh fhdod .ksñka .=jka yd ≥ïrshwdik fjka lsrSu, udrA. ndOd, ld, igyka iy lKavdhï ldrAhmd,kh ukdj is≥ lr .; yel. .=jka kshuqjdg úúO wdldrhgWoõ lr .; yels l=vd mrs.Klhla .=jkahdkh ;=, iú lrwe;.

.=jka wdik fjkalsrSfï moaO;sh ( bf,lafg%dksl m%fõY m;% )

.=jka .uka md,kh lsrSfï moaO;sh

(4) Medicine ( ffjoH lafIa;%h )

In hospitals special computers are built inside different equipment. For example

CAT scanners ( Computer Axial Tomography ),CT scanners, MRI scanners, ECG

and EEG machines.Further maintenance of patients records in electronic

databases enhances service provided to them.

Tele – Medicine

E - Channeling

úfYaI ldrAhka bgqlsrSu i|yd úúO WmlrK iïnkaO lr f.k l%shd;aul jkmrs.Kl frday,a ;=, we;. WodyrKhla f,i CAT ( Computer Axial Tomography )

Scanners .; yel. frda.Skaf.a f;dr;=re o;a; mdolhla ;=, ( Database ) .nvd lr.ksñka Tjqkag b;d fyd| fiajdjla ,ndosu wo ffjoHjreka úiska is≥ lrhs.

úoHq;a ffjoH l%uhE - Channeling

(5) Engineering ( bx‚fkare lafIa;%h)

Engineers use ICT to prepare drawings of machines, tools, bridges,

buildings.

ex. Computer Aided Design - CAD .

Computers are used to control manufacture of items.

ex. Computer Aided Manufacture - CAM .

The use of Robots in industries is another example.

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌK uD≥ldx. fhdod f.k bx‚fkarejka úiska hka;%, fuj,ï,

md,ï iy f.dvke.s,s ksrAudKh lrhs.

WodyrK :- mrs.Kl wdY%s; ksrAudK uD≥ldx. ( CAD )

mrs.Kl fhdod f.k NdKav ksIamdok l%shdj,shka md,kh lrhs.

WodyrK :- mrs.Kl wdY%s; ksIamdok uD≥ldx. ( CAM )

frdafnda ksIamdokfhaoS f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌKh Ndú;h w;HjYH fõ.

Computers are used in Manufacturing

Computers are used in robotics

CAD Software

(6) Defense & Security ( wdrÌl lafIa;%h)

IT is very useful in tracking down of criminals by maintenance of their

databases. In warfare computers are used to guide missiles. The Global

Positioning System (GPS) uses to find out enemy targets.

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌK fhdod f.k wmrdOlrejkaf.a f;dr;=reo;a; mdol ( Dtabase ) ;=, .nvd lr .ekSu ;=,ska Tjqka y∫kd .ekSub;d myiqfõ. hqO lghq;= j,oS ñihs,a md,kh lsrSu i|ydo f;dr;=reikaksfõok ;dÌKh fhdod .kS. i;=rka isák ia:dk y∫kd .eksu i|ydf.da,Sh ia:dk y∫kd .ekSfï moaO;sh ( Global Positioning System )

fhdod .kS.

Security Information Systems

Global Positioning System

(7) Entertainment ( úfkdao lghq;= i|yd)

This basically covers video games, music and movies played back by

computers with multimedia facilities and which helps to feel virtual reality.

nyq udOH ( Multimedia ) myiqlï Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka mrs.Kl, l%Svd, ix.S;iy Ñ;%má ri úkaokh i|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dÌKh fhdod .kS.mrs.Kl nyq udOH ;=,ska mqoa.,hdg icSù nj ( Virtual reality ) ms<sn| yeÛSïwe;sfõ.

Special purpose computers are used in

modern house hold appliances like

washing machines, microwave ovens,

television sets and video cassette players .

kùk .Dy WmlrKhka jk fros fidaokhka;%, microwave W≥ka, rEmjdyskS iyCassette hka;% ;=,o mrs.Kl ;=, wvx.=jk u;lh iy Microchips we;=,;a lrwe;s ksid fuu WmlrK úfYaI ldrAhhkai|yd ieliqKq mrs.Kl f,io y∫kajhs

Using 3D graphical devices

Using MusicOrgan as ainput device

ICT Toolf;dr;=re ;dÌKsl fuj,ï

Tools used in creation, processing, transfer and sharing of data andinformation is called IT tools. IT tools can be referred as hardware, softwareand communication.

f;dr;=re iy o;a; ksrAudKh lsrSug, ie,iqï lsrsug iy yqjudre lsrSug Ndú;dlrk ish¨u foa f;dr;=re ;dÌKsl fuj,ï j,g wh;afõ. f;dr;=re ;dÌKsl fuj,ïf,i oDvdx., uD≥ldx. yd ikaksfõok WmlrK ish,a, ie,lsh yel.

Defining a computer system

mrs.Kl moaO;sh ye|skaùu

A computer has more than one part. All these parts are called hardware of the

computer. And also these parts are the tangible things that make up a computer. A

computer system consists of Display unit, System unit, Keyboard and Mouse.

Computer has no intelligence or IQ ( Quotion of intelligence.)

mrs.Klh ksrAudKhù we;af;a fldgia lsysmhl tl;=fjks. fuu fldgia ish,a,w;ska we,a,sh yels oDvdx. ( Hardware) tl;=ùfuka ksrAudKhù we;. mrs.KlmoaO;shl ms<sônq tallh (Display Unit), moaO;s tallh (System Unit), h;=remqjrej (key Board) iy uQislh ( Mouse) hk fldgia wvx.=fõ. mrs.Klhi;=j nqoaêu;a nfõ M,h ( IQ ) uekSula ke;.

Display Unit

key Board

System Unit Mouse

A computer will not be useful without making a computer system. A computer

system is a combination of six elements.

1. Hardware – Basic electronic and electro - mechanical parts in a computer.

2. Software – instruction to hardware

3. Data and Information

4. Procedures and Instructions

5. People (Live Ware)

6. Communication

mrs.Kl moaO;shla k srAudKhùfuka muKla mrs.Klh iïmQrAK jkafka ke;. thska m%fhdack ,nd .ekSug kï wjhj yhla Bg iïnkaO úh hq;=h.

1. oDvdx. - mrs.Klfha bf,lafg%dksl yd hdka;%sl fldgia j, tl;=j

2. uD≥ldx. - oDvdx. i|yd wjYH Wmfoia ,nd fohs

3. o;a; iy f;dr;=re

4. l%shd ms<sfj, yd Wmfoia

5. mqoa.,hka

6. ikaksfõokh

Data and Information

o;a; iy f;dr;=re

320C

12mm

15Kmh-1

Satellite Picture

No meaning

Facts & Figures

Raw data

How Data becomes Information

o;a; f;dr;=re njg m;ajk wdldrh

Today is a Rainy

Day. Please take

your Umbrella

with you!

Wow,

I got it.

Data ( o;a; )

Data are the basic facts about things, persons, places, business activities and eventsthat in unprocessed form. Data have little meaning and are defined as raw materialsthat inputs into computer. we can not make decisions and forecasting by using data.

hïlsis fohl, mqoa.,hl=f.a, ia:dkhl, fj<| l%shdj,shl iy fkdfhla l%shdjkagiïnkaOj mj;sk ie,iqïlrKhg Ndckh fkdlrk ,o uQ,sl ir, lreKq o;a;f,i y∫kajhs. o;a; b;d l=vd woyila f.k fok mrs.Klh ;=,g wdodkh lrkwuqøjH f,io y∫kajhs. wmg ;SrK .ekSug iy wkdjels m%ldY lsrSu i|yd o;a;Ndú;d l< fkdyel.

E.g. :- Data concerning an employee Wod. :- fiajlhl=f.a o;a; ie,l+ úg

Employee number fiajl wxlhName kuDate of employment fiajhg ne≥kq oskhDepartment fomdrA;fïka;=jJob title /lshdjSalary jegqm

Data Types

o;a; jrA.

Text ( jpk)

Digits – numerical ( b,lalï ) - 0...9

Letters - Alphabetical ( wl=re) - a .. z, A .. Z

Punctuation marks ( úrdu ,l=Kq ) - . , :

Special Characters ( úfYaI wkq,laIK ) - $, # @ ^ * ! Space

Audio ( Yíohka ) - Tones and other sounds, voice

Imaging ( rEm) - Dots, Lines, Circles, rectangles diagrams, images, pictures.

Qualitative data ( .=Kd;aul o;a;)

Ex:- He is a obedient student

He is a good boy

She has a long hair.

Quantitative data ( m%udKd;aul o;a; )

Ex:- Saman is 5 feet tall.

Temperature is 20 C0

He got 90 marks for IT

Nature of Data ( o;a; j, iajNdjh)• Data can be

– Collected and stored.– Retrieved from a storage medium.– Communicated.– Processed.

• Well managed data can

– save time and money

– increase productivity

– enhance decision making

o;a; tl;= lsrSu iy .nvd lsrSu i|yd fhdod .; yel o;a;hka ;ekam;a lr we;s o;a; .nvd ;=,ska kej; ,nd .; yel o;a; ikaksfõokh l, yel o;a; ie,iqï l, yel

o;a; ukd f,i ixúOdkh lsrSu ;=,ska

ld,h iy uqo,a b;srs lr .; yel M,odhs;dj jeä lr .; yel ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj jeä lr .; yel

Information ( f;dr;=re)

Computer data that has been well organized and presented in a systematic fashion

with meaningful way. we can make decisions, planning and forecasting by using

information.

mrs.klh ;=< we;s o;a; ukd f,i ixúOdkh lr, úêu;a wdldrhgwrA:dkaú;j bosrsm;a lsrsu ;=,ska ,efnk m%;s:,h f;dr;=rla f,i ye|skaúhyel. f;dr;=re ;SrK .eksu, l,ska hula ixúOdkh lsrSu iy wkdjels m, lsrSui|yd fhdod .; yel.

Processing into

meaningful form

Data Information

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Characteristics of Information

( f;dr;=re j, ,ÌK)

Information

• is meaningful• is a surprise element• is an action• is an action motivator• confirms and refreshes previous knowledge• is considered an economic resource• is an economic commodity which helps to stimulate the worldwide growth

of a new segment of national economics• can only be shared in transactions and not exchanged.• is relative.

f;dr;=re

• wrA:dkaú;hs• uú;h okjk wjhjhls• l%shdjla we;s lrhs• l%shdjla lsrSu i|yd fmd<Ujhs• l,ska ,nd.;a oekqu ;yjqre lsrSu iy kej; fufkys lsrSu is≥ lrhs• wdrA:slfha iïm;la f,i i,lhs• wdrA:sl øjHhla th cd;sl wdrA:slh jrAOkh lsrSug odhl jk idOlhls• NdKav fuka fjka fjkaj yqjudre l, fkdyels w;r fldgia jYfhka yqjudre

lr .; yel• iïnkaO;djka fmkajhs

Factors that improve the quality of information

f;dr;=rl .=Kd;aul nj jeäùu flfrys n,mdk idOl

• Relevance wod, nj• Completeness iïmQrAK nj• Accuracy ksjeros nj • Clarity (Clearness) meyeos,s nj• Timeliness wjYH kshï; fõ,djg ,nd .; yels nj• Make of Communication ikaksfõokfhaoS fyd|ska Ndú;d l, yels nj• Origin W;amdokh jQ m%Njh / uQ,drïNjQ ia:dkh

Uses of information

f;dr;=re j, Ndú;h

• Day – to – day routine work tosfkod jev lghq;= i|yd• Knowledge oekqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd• Planning wkd.; ie<iqï i|yd• Forecasting wkdjels m< lsrSu i|yd

End Show

Value of information

f;dr;=rl jákdlu

The value of information is determined on the basis of its relevance. The moment

you create or receive information, it has a great value but this drops rapidly with

time. This leads to a very important rule called the ‘Golden Rule’ of information.

It states that the highest value of information occurs at time zero.

f;dr;=rl jákdlu ;SrKh lsrSu flfrys f;dr;=frys wod, nj iy tuf;dr;=r b;d wvq ld,hloS ,nd .; yelsùu hk idOl jeo.;afõ. tA wkqjwod, jk f;dr;=rla b;du wvq ld,hloS ,nd .; yels jkafka kï tuf;dr;=rg ‘Golden Rule’ ixl,amh we;=,;a ù w;ehs i,lhs. fuu ixl,amhgWmrSu jákdlu ,efnkafka f;dr;=r ,nd .ekSug lsisu ld,hla jeh fkdjkafkakï muKs.

Methods of converting data into information

o;a; f;dr;=re njg m;aùfï l%u

1) Data received by a computer via its input devices

mrs.Klfha wdodk WmlrK j,ska mrs.Klhg o;a; we;=,;a lsrSu

2) Stored in memory prior to processing

wNHka;r u;lh ;=, ie,iqï lrk f;la ;djld,slj .nvd lsrSu

3) Data get processed

o;a; ie,iqï lsrSu

4) Results (Information) sent to the output devices

f;dr;=re m%;sodk WmlrK j,g heùu

Memory ProcessorKey board

History of Computers

Ancient Times

In the beginning, man used his fingers and

toes to perform simple computations such as

addition and subtraction.

uq,a ld,fhaoS tl;= lsrSu iy wvq lsrSu jeks .Ks;lrAu lsrSu i|yd ñksid úiska ;u w;af,a iy mdofhaweÛs,s Ndú;d lrk ,oS.

3000 BC - The first man-madecomputing device is the “Abacus”. Inthe Abacus, small beads are arrangedon a series of vertical rods in a mannerthat by manipulating them, it is possiblewith some skill and practice, to makerapid calculations.

l%s. mq. 3000 oS muK ñksid úiska .KkalsrSu i|yd m%:u mrs.Kl WmlrKh f,iwenli hka;%h Ndú;d lrk ,oS. wenlihisyska ;Sre iys; ,S rduq j,g iú lrk ,ofnda, j,ska hqla;h. .egΩjg wkqj fuufnda, tyd fuyd lrñka tu .egΩj úi|shyel. yelshdj iy mqyqKqj u.ska .Ks;lrAu úi|Su jvd fõ.fhka is≥ lr .;yel.

Abacus

1617 – Napier's Bones

• John Napier (1550-1617), a Scottishmathematician, invented the Napier’sBones - an aid to multiplication withusing log tables.

• A set of bones consisted of nine (9)rods, one for each digit 1 through 9. Arod is essentially one column of amultiplication table.

1617 fcdaka fkamshrA úiska ,>q .Klj.= Ndú;fhka .=K lsrSu i|ydfkamshrA fndkaia Ndõ;d lrk ,oS.

m;=re iuqyh ;=, l+re 9la wvx.=fõ.tu l+re j, 1 isg 9 olajd wxl fhdodwe;. l+re ( Rod ) jeä lsrSu i|ydfhdod .kakd j.=fõ tla ;Srhlafõ.

John Napier

Napier’s Bones ( Napier's Rods )

Can Multiply two numbers

1642 - Blaise Pascal, a French

mathematician, invented an adding

machine. The machine has adopted

partly the principles of the abacus but

did away with the use of the hand to

move the beads or counters. Instead,

Pascal used wheels to move counters.

1642 oS m%xY cd;sl .Ks;{hdwdl,k hka;%h ( Adding machine)

ksrAudKh lrk ,os. fuu hka;%fhawenlifha uq,OrAu Ndú;d jk w;rfnda, ( Beads ) yqjudre lsrSu i|ydw; Ndú;h wvq fldg tA i|yd oe;sfrdao Ndú;d lrk ,oS.

Pascaline Machine

1674 - German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz made

improvements on Pascal’s machine. With Leibnitz’s improvements, it

was possible for the machine to divide and multiply as easily as it could

add and subtract.

1674 oS crAuka cd;sl .Ks;{hl= jk Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz

úiska meial,a ksrAudKh lrk ,o hka;%h oshqKq lrñka tl;= lsrSu iy wvqlsrSug wu;rj jeä lsrSu iy fnoSu i|ydo fhdod .; yels whqrska ilialrk ,os.

Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage the first person introduced the stored

program concept and built mechanical memory. And also he

introduced input, processing, storing and output units in his

Analytical engine machine. He laid the foundation for the

modern computer. Charles Babbage is credited with being

the “Father of Computer”.

l%uf,aLk .nvd lsrSu iy hdka;%sl u;lhla ksrAudKh lrk ,om%:u mqoa.,hd jkafka pd,aia nefícah. Tyq ksrAudKh lrk ,oAnalytical Engine WmlrKh ;=, kùk mrs.Klhl wka;rA.;wdodk fldgi, ie,iqï fldgi, .nvd lsrSfï fldgi iy m%;sodk

fldgi wvx.=fõ. tu ksid fudyq mrs.Klfha mshd f,io y≥kajhs.

Analytical

EngineDifference Engine

DIFFERENTIAL ENGINE (In 1822)

ANALYTICAL ENGINE (In 1833)

1880 – Dr.Herman Hollerith developed the punched card ( is≥rem;a ;dlaIKh) that would contain data coded in form of punched holes.

World famous IBM computer production company was established

by Dr. Herman Hellorith.

PUNCHED CARD MACHINE

(Tabulating Machine)Herman Hollerith

1840 – Ada Augusta Lovelace, the first programmer

suggested binary data storage. ( Machine Language )

1944 – Howard Aiken built Mark 1 the first automatic,

sequence controlled calculator (MARK 1) used by military.

Electromechanical Relays ( úoHq;a hdka;%sl fldgia ) were

used in MARK 1.

1945 - John von Neumann introduced the stored various programs

in a computer and used that programs for multipurpose

task.

1. First Generation (1939-1957) - vacuum tube

2. Second Generation Computers (1957-1959) - transistor

3. Third Generation Computers (1959-1971) - IC

4. Fourth Generation (1971-1990) - microprocessor

5. Fifth Generation ( Present and beyond ) – Artificial Intelligence

Generation of Computers

1947 – Mauchy and Eckert built ENIAC – 1st Electronic digital computer. 18000

Vacuum tubes were used in ENIAC.

1951 – Mauchy and Eckert built UNIVAC 1 – 1st commercially sold.

1957 - IBM 704 was developed by IBM corporation.

1. First Generation (1939-1957) - Vacuum Tube

Characteristic of first generation computers

1. Using magnetic drum for main memory.

2. Generate lot of heat

3. Need high Voltage

4. Computers are very large and required very large space

5. Using machine language for programming

Atanasoff-

Berry Computer

1939, from IEEE

magnetic drum

memory of the

Atanasoff-Berry

Computer 1939,

from Smithsonian

NMAH

Whirlwind core

memory 1951,

from IEEE

UNIVAC 1951,

from Smithsonian

NMAH

UNIVAC I ca.

1955, from

Smithsonian

"First transistor (model), December 1947. Constructed by

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley at

Bell Laboratories,"

2. Second Generation Computers (1957 -1959) – Transistor

John Barden, Walter Brattain and william Shockly constructed the first Transistor.

IBM introduced the 702 business computer

Bendix G-15A small business computer sold for only $45,000

designed by Harry Huskey.

Characteristic of Second generation computers

1. Reduce the heat generation

2. Increase the storage capacity

3. Increase in speed

4. Computers are smaller than 1st generation computers

5. No need high Voltage

3. Third Generation Computers (1959 -1971) – IC

1959 - Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first integrated circuit

and he made his first germanium IC in Oct. 1958.

1964 - IBM produced SABRE, the first airline reservation tracking system

for American Airlines

1968 - DEC introduced the first "mini-computer", the PDP-8

1969 - Development began on ARPAnet

Characteristic of Third generation computers

1. Using keyboard and monitors

2. Computers are very smaller than 2nd generation computers

3. Using the portable disk pack

4. Manufactures produced similar and compatible computers

End Show

4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) – microprocessor

1971 - Gilbert Hyatt at Micro Computer Co. patented the microprocessor;

Ted Hoff at Intel in February introduced the 4-bit 4004.

1972 - Intel made the 8-bit 8008 and 8080 microprocessors

1973 - IBM developed the first true sealed hard disk drive, called the "Winchester"

1976 - Jobs and Wozniak developed the Apple personal computer

1984 - Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh personal computer January 24

Intel 4004 microprocessor in 1971,

from Intel Museum

Wozniak and Jobs

introduced Apple II

in 1977, from History

of Apple

Apple I of 1976, from

Smithsonian NMAH

Characteristic of fourth generation computers

1. Use mini computers ( l=vd m%udKfha mrs.Kl ) and Micro computers ( iQlaIu mrs.Kl )

2. Produced very small computers

3. Using large memory and high storages

4. Using Mouse, Joys stick and scanners as input devices

5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

1991 - World-Wide Web (WWW) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee.

1994 - Internet browser Navigator 1.0 was released Dec. 1994.

1996 - Microsoft failed to recognized the importance of the Web, but finally

released the much improved browser Explorer 3.0.

This generation of computers represents a unification of four separate areas of

research.

1. Artificial Intelligence

2. Knowledge base expert system

3. Very high level programming languages

4. Very large scale Integration technology

mrs.Kl mrïmrdfõ fuu wjêh ms,sn|j wOHkh lsrSfïoS my; oelafjk lreKqy;r fj; úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduq lr we;.

1. lD;su nqoaêh2. oekqu mokï fldg .;a úfYaI« moaO;s3. b;d by< iSudfõ l%uf,aL NdIdj4. w;ss WÉp mrsudfõ ixhqla; ;dlaIKh

Technical Evolution of Computers

• Increase in speed

• Increase in storage capacity

• Increase in reliability

• Increase in efficiency

Period Circuitry Input Output Storage Language Typical

computers

1951-

1959

Vacuum

Tubes

Punched

cards &

magnetic

tapes

Punched

cards

Magnetic

Tapes

Machine

Assembly

UNIVAC-1

1959-

1965

Transistors Punched

cards &

magnetic

tapes

Punched

cards

Magnetic

Tapes

Magnetic

disk

High level

languages

FORTRAN

IBM 1400

1965-

1971

Integrated

Circuits

Keyboards Monitors Magnetic

disks

PASCAL IBM

System/360

• Increase in accuracy

• Reduction in system cost

• Reduce the size

Classification of Computersmrs.Kl jrA.SlrKh

• According to generation – mrïmrdj wkqj• According to computational method – ksrAudK ;dlAIKh wkqj• According to Size and capability – m%udKh yd yelshdj wkqj• According to Purpose – lrk ldrAh wkqj

Selects and uses Computer hardware

mrs.Kl oDvdx. j, Ndú;h

Classification based on Computational method (Technology)

1. Digital – ixLHdxl mrs.Kl2. Analog – m%;siu mrs.Kl3. Hybrid - ñY% fyda fouqyqï mrs.Kl

Digital Computers

They recognize data by counting discrete signal representing either a high or low voltage

(1 and 0 ) state of electricity. The input devices convert data into electronic pulses.

Advantages of the use of digital computers is that they are very accurate and hence are

most suitable for business applications.

The main disadvantage is their high cost and the complexity in programming.

fuu mrs.Kl o;a; y∫kd .ekSu i|yd fjka fjkaj msysgk ix{d f,i ú≥,sh jeäiy wvq ;;ajhka folla (1 iy 0) Ndú;d lrhs. wdodk WmlrK u.ska o;a; mrs.Kl;=,g we;=,q lsrSfïoS tu o;a; 1 iy 0 njg m;a lrhs.

ixLHdxl mrs.Kl j, jdishla f,i b;d ksjerosj l%shd;aulùu ie,lsh yel. tu ksidfj<| lghq;= i|yd fuu jrA.fha mrs.Kl Ndú;h jvd iq≥iqfõ.

jeä ñ, iy l%uf,aLkhka Ndú;h ixlSrAKùu fuu mrs.Kl j, we;s wjdisfõ.

Analog Computers

These computers recognize data as a continuous measurement of a physical property (voltage,

pressure, speed and temperature).

Example: Automobile speedometer, Electric current Meter

Analog computers process data input in a continuous form. Data such as voltage, resistance or

temperature are represented in the computer as a continuous, unbroken flow of information, as

in engineering and scientific applications, where quantities to be processed exists as waveforms

of continually rising and falling voltages, pressure and so on.

The analog computer offers low cost and ease of programming.

The main disadvantage of an analog computer is the accuracy factor, and the limited storage

capacity. Hence it is not suitable for processing business data.

fuu jrA.fha mrs.Kl o;A; y≥kd.ekSfï oS wLKavj .,d hk fN!;sl idOlhkaf.a( fjda,aàh;djh, mSvkh, fõ.h, WIaK;ajh) ñKqï Ndú;d lrhs.

Wod :- jdykhl fõ.udkh

fuu mrs.Kl j, ix{d .uka lrkafka taldldrj jk w;r tu ix{d fjda,aàh;djh,

m%;sfrdaOh,mSvkh jeks fN!;sl idOl wvq jeäùfuys ;rx.dldrh wkqj o;a; ,nd .ekSu iyilia lr f;dr;=re ,ndoSu is≥ lrhs.

wvq ñ, iy l%uf,aLkhka Ndú;h myiqùu fuu mrs.Kl j, we;s jdisfõ.

m%;siu mrs.Kl j, wjdis f,i b;d ksjerosj l%shd;aul fkdùu;a,wvq Odrs;djh;a ie,lshyel. tu ksid fj<| lghq;= i|yd fuu jrA.fha mrs.Kl Ndú;h jvd iq≥iqfkdfõ.

Digital Computer Analog Computer

Hybrid Computer

A computer can also be built using some parts employing digital computations

and some parts based on Analog principles. Such computers are called Hybrid

Computers.

Ex:- Modern Fuel filling Machines

m%;siu iy ixLHdxl hk fojrA.fhau ix{d hgf;a l%shd l, yels, fohdldrfhkauf;dr;=re ,ndoSfï yelshdj we;s mrs.Kl fuhg wh;afõ.

Wod :- kùk f;,a msrjqï hka;%

Classification based on Size and Capability

1. Super Computer ( iqmsrs mrs.Kl )

2. Mainframe computer ( uyd mrs.Kl )

3. Mini Computers ( uOH mrs.Kl )

4. Micro Computer ( laIqø mrs.Kl )

Super Computer

These are the largest and fastest computers available but are typically not used for commercial

data processing. Instead they are used in specialized areas as in Defense, Aircraft design,

Artificial intelligence, Scientific and nuclear experiments and weather research. Suppliers of

supercomputer are CRAY, CDC, FUGITSU, NEC . Supercomputers can process 64 bits or more

at a time. Their processing speed ranges from 10,000 million instructions per sec (MIPS) to 1.2

billion instructions per sec. They can support 10,000 terminals at a time. They have huge

numbers of storage and other devices connected to them.

fõ.j;au iy úYd,u mrs.Kl jk iqmsrs mrs.Kl jdKscuh o;a; ie,iqï lsrSu i|ydidudkHfhka fhdod fkd.kS. tu ksid fuu mrs.kl wdrlaIl, .=jkahdkd ksraudK, lD;su nqoaêh,

úoHd;aul iy kHIaál w;ayod ne,Sï iy ld,.=K f;dr;=re wëlaIK jeks úfYaI lghq;=

i|yd fhdod .kS. iqmsrs mrs.Kl ksIamdok wdh;k f,i CRAY, CDC, FUJITSU, NEC

ye|skaúh yel. iqmsrs mrs.Kl 64 bit fyda Bg jeâ ie,iqï lsrSï i|yd fhdod .kS. fuumrs.kl j, ie,iqï lsrSfï fõ.h 10,000 MIPS j, isg 1.2 BIPS w;r mrdihlmj;S. tljr terminals 10,000 iuÛ jqjo, iqmsrs mrs.Kl l%shd;aul l, yel. fuumrs.Kl iuÛ wdphk tall iy fjk;a WmlrK úYd, m%udKhla iïnkaO l< yel.

Cray T 90

Mainframe

Mainframes are less powerful and cheaper than Super computers. However, they are big

general purpose computers capable of handling all kinds of scientific and business

applications. Mainframes can process several million instructions per second. More than

1000 remote terminals can be supported by a Mainframe. Mainframes have large on-line

secondary storage capacity. A number of different types of peripheral devices like

magnetic tape drivers, hard disk drive, visual display units, plotters, printers and

telecommunication terminals can be attached to Mainframe computers. Mainframes are

used for payroll computations, accounting, business transactions, information retrieval

and airline seat reservations.

Mini Computers

This type of computer performs data processing activities in the same way as the Mainframe

but on a smaller scale. The cost of minis is lower. As the name implies, a minicomputer is

small compared to a Mainframe and may be called a scaled down Mainframe as the processor

and the number of peripherals are physically smaller. A mini computer can typically support

10 to 50 terminals. The most popular Minicomputers or minis are Nova, Dec, PDP_II and

IBM series.

Micro Computers / Personnel Computers (PC)

This is the smallest category of computers, consisting of a microprocessor and associated

storage and input/output devices. These are also called Personal Computer systems.

Microcomputers were first available for widespread use in the 1970’s, when it became possible

to put the entire circuitry of computers (CPU) in to a small silicon chip.

Ex:- Desktop - Computers that can be placed on top of a desk but are not very portable

Laptop - that are small enough to be set up on the lap of a user

Note book – Computers that are the size of a book

Palmtop / PDA ( Personal Digital Assistant )- that can be put in a pocket or palm

Workstation – That are same as desktop. But more powerful than desktop. Use for

3D graphic design and animations.

DesktopPDA Lap Top Note Book

Portable

Computers

Classification based on Purpose

1. General purpose Computers

( idudkH lghq;= i|yd Ndõ;d lrk mrs.Kl )

2. Special Purpose Computers

( õfYaI ldrAh i|yd Ndõ;d lrk mrs.Kl )

1. General purpose Computers

A General Purpose Computer is a machine that is capable of carrying out some

general data processing under program control.

2. Special purpose Computers

A computer that is designed to operate on a specific class of

problems.

Use special purpose computer equipment to

obtain patient diagnostic information.

Basic function of a computer

Basic organization of computer performs five major operations.

1. The input functions – accepts data or instructions by way of input.

( wdodkh fyj;a o;a; iy Wmfoia we;=Ω lsrSu )

2. The storage function - Stores data and instructions

( wdphkh fyj;a o;a; f;dr;=re ;ekam;a lsrSu )

3. The processing function – processes data by required by user

( ieliSu )

4. The output function - gives result in form of output

( m%;sodkh fyj;a o;a; f;dr;=re msg;g ,ndoSu )

5. The control function - controls the all operations inside the computer

( md,kh )

Basic organization of a computer

Block Diagram of a computer

In a computer system 4 main elements uses to perform the function.

1. Central Processing Unit – uOH ieliqï tAllh2. Input unit – wdodk tallh3. Output unit – m%;sodk tallh4. Storage unit – wdphk tallh

Central Processing Unit – uOH ieliqï tAllh

It contains main 2 parts.

1. Control Unit - md,k tallhInterprets stored instructions in sequence. Issues command

to all elements of the computer.

mrs.Klfha ish,qu md,k lghq;= is≥lrkq ,nkafka fuu tallh u.sks. wjYH lrk wjia:d j,oS wjYH wdldrfhka jq wK lsrSu ,nd foñka mrs.Klfha ish,q fldgia md,kh lrhs,

2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit - wxl .ksluh iy ;dr®lsl tallhPerforms all arithmetic and logic operations.

ish,qu wdldrfha jq wxl .Ks;uh ldr®hhka iy ;dr®lsl lghq;= is≥ lrhs.

Input unit ( wdodk tallh )

Input devices are used to input data that is to be processed and programs that includes

processing instruction to the computer.

wdodk WmlrK u.ska ie,iqï lsrSu i|yd wjYH jk o;a; we;=,a lsrSu;a, l%uf,aLkhka ;=, mj;sk ie,iqï lsrSug wod, úOdkhka we;=,a lsrSu;a is≥ lrhs.

Input Devices

Key Board ( h;=re mqjrej )

Mouse ( uqislh )

Track Ball

Joy Stick

Touch Screens ( iamrAY ;srh )

Digital camera / Web camara

Digitizer

Light Pen ( m%ldY mEk )

Scanners

Image scanners

Fingerprint scanners

Bar code reader

optical Character recognition (OCR)

Optical Mark recognition (OMR)

Magnetic Ink Character recognition (MICR)

Microphone

Keyboard ( h;=re mqjrej )

The most common keyboards are:

1. 101-key Enhanced keyboard

2. 104-key Windows keyboard

3. 82-key Apple standard keyboard

4. 108-key Apple Extended keyboard

Main keyboard layout are QWERTY layout and DVORAK layout.

Keyboard keys can be classified into six groups.

1. Alphabet keys

2. Number keys

3. Function keys

4. Numeric key pad

5. Arrow keys

6. Special keys

Shift key

Enter key

Backspace key

Caps lock keys

Control key

Delete key

Mouse (uQislh)

Ball Mouse

Optical Mouse

A ball underneath rolls as the

mouse moves across the mouse

pad.

Mice first broke onto the public stage with the introduction of the Apple

Macintosh in 1984 .

Trackball Mouse

Touch sensitive pad

Track ball is a movable ball, that is rotated with

the fingers or palm of the hand.

Advantage of track ball is that, it does not need

as much desk space as a mouse.

Use in note books and laptops.

Joystick

It consists vertical handle like a gear shift

lever mounted on a bas e with one or two

buttons. It uses in games and engineering

controlling.

Touch Screen

Touch screen is a video display screen

that receives input from the touch of a

finger or stylus.

Digital Camera

Web Camera

• video conferencing

• Chatting

• Capture small video Clips

Using to input pictures and images.

Digital camera Normal camera

No Need film roll Need film roll

No developing cost Have Developing cost

Can erase the pictures Cannot erase the pictures

Can crop the image Cannot crop

Can Zoom in and out Cannot Zoom in and out

Digitizer

Recognize drawings by hand. Using

architectures and Designers.

Light pen

The user can bring the pen to the desired

point on the screen. When pen touches the

screen, it sends the information available at

the location to the computer.

Scanners

Image scanner

Uses to input images, drawings and pictures

Finger printer Scanners

Uses to input human’s finger marks

Bar code reader

Uses to input data about items such as unit price, code

number, expire date , manufacture date and weight.

optical Character recognition (OCR)Uses to input Characters

Optical Mark recognition (OMR)

Uses to correct MCQ papers

Magnetic Ink Character recognition (MICR)

Uses to read cheques

Microphone

Use to input sound

Output Unit

These devices allow the computer to output information for the benefitof the users.

1. Hard copy - Output can be printed on paper or otherpermanent media.

2. Softcopy - Output can be displayed on a screen or output byother non-permanent means.

ex. :- Floppy Disk, CD

Output devices

Monitors / Visual display unit

Printers

Plotters

Speakers

Projectors

Monitors / Visual display Unit

Screen Size - 14” 15” 17”

CRTcathode-ray tube

LCDliquid crystal

display

Digital Analog

CRT Monitors LCD monitors

Need high voltage No need high voltage

Very heavy Less heavy

Need more space No need more space

Less mega pixel High mega pixel

More heat generation Less heat generation

Different between CRT and LCD screens

Plasma Screens

These are used for very large screens and in some modern laptops.

They are flat screens with good colour, but are quite expensive.

Abimantha Niit

Printers

Dot-matrixInkjet /

Bubble Jet Laser

Measurement of printing

• Dots-per-inch (dpi)

Different between dot matrix and inkjet printers

Dot-matrix Printer Ink-Jet Printer

Impact printer Non- impact printer

Very noisy Less noisy

Use ribbon cartridge Uses ink cartridge

Can take multiple printouts at once Can’t take multiple printouts at once

Can’t get quality printouts Can get quality printouts

Need supervision No need supervision

Less speed More speed than dot-matrix

Less cost for maintenance High cost for maintenance

Different between dot matrix and Laser printers

Dot matrix printers Laser printers

Plotters

Plotters are designed to produce high-quality graphics in variety of colours.

Plotters are specially useful for creating maps and architectural drawings. It

uses to get printouts about charts and graphics.

SpeakersUse to output alerts, music and voice.

Projectors

Projectors are used in presentation. We can make large Visual

display area by using projectors.

Storage devices ( wdphk tAll )

Can be divided into two categories.

1. Secondary storage devices

2. Primary storage device ( Internal storage / RAM )

1. Secondary storage ( oaù;shsl .nvdj )

can be divided into three categories.

1. Magnetic Media

2. Optical Media

3. Electronic Media ( Flash drives)

Secondary StorageBacking Storage ( ndysr .nvdj )

Magnetic Optical Flash Memory

Hard Disk

Floppy Disk

Zip Disk

Magnetic Tape WORM CD

RW CD

DVD

Flash Drive

Pen Drive

Data Traveler

Memory Chip

( in Digital Cameras & Mobile Phones)

End Show

Magnetic Media

Magnetic tape

Advantages

Magnetic tapes is the cheapest storage

medium.

It can handle large amount of Data.

Disadvantage

Magnetic tape is the slowest for

retrieval data.

Data can be read on sequentially. ( One

after another.)

End Show

Magnetic Disk / Floppy Disk ( kuH ;eá )

51/2 Floppy disk

31/2 Floppy disk (1.44 MB)

Floppy Disk insert into a floppy Drive and it copies or reads data into a floppy

disk. The big advantage of floppy disk is that they are portable.

End Show

Zip Disk / Jazz Disk

These disks can store more capacity than Floppy

Disk. Zip disk can store 100MB to 750 MB and

Jazz Disk can store 1GB to 2GB.

Hard Disk ( oDv ;eá )

This is a main storage media for a computer to store data. (non-removable storage

media ) Data access is very fast, measured in milliseconds.

End ShowOptical media

CD 650/900MB

Compact disk ( ix.; / ixhqla; ;eá )

Types of CDs(650MB/900MB

Diameter 12cm

Thickness 1.2mm

• CD- ROM = Compact Disc Read Only Memory

• WORM = Write Once read Many Disk

• CD-RW= Compact Disc Rewritable (Many time)

End Show

DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)

ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá

Types of DVDsSingle Side Single layer = 4.5GB

Double Side Single layer = 9.4GB

Single Side Double layer = 8.54GB

Double Side Double layer = 17GB

Digital Versatile Disk

Industry standard and recognized by the DVD

Forum:

DVD-R = DVD RecordableDVD-RW = DVD Rewritable

DVD-RAM = DVD Random Access Memory

Differences between the CD and DVD

CD DVD

Flash Memory

Flash drive / Thumb drive / Pen Drive

There are no disks inside the storage unit. It's

a memory module with a larger storage

capacity than a floppy disk. This kind of unit

is mainly used for transporting data from one

PC to another. It's small and light and fits

into your pocket.

Memory Chip

2. Primary storage device ( Internal storage)

Use in digital camera and hand phones as a storage.

Primary storage can be divided into three types.

1. Random Access Memory

2. Read Only Memory

3. Cache memory

1. Random Access Memory

iiïNdù msõiqï u;lh

RAM or the main memory is the computer’s short-term memory that temporarily

holds data and instructions, which will be needed shortly by the CPU. Data and

instructions can be stored and retrieved from anywhere in the RAM. RAM is

volatile ( kIH u;lh ), which means that it loses its data when the computer is

turned off. RAM is supplied in modules, small circuit boards which can be plugged

into the motherboard in special sockets.

DDR-RAM

RAMBUS

DIMM-RAM

2. Read only memory

mGk ud;% u;lh

Computers almost always contain a small amount of read-only memory that

holds instructions for starting up the computer. ROM is Non-volatile ( kIHfkdjk u;lh ), which means that it doesn’t loses its data when the

computer is turned off. These programs will be supplied by the

manufacturers permanently kept inside the ROM. ROM consists software

called BIOS. (Basic Input Output System)

3. Cache memory ( jdrl u;lh)

Special memory is built in between RAM and CPU called Cache memory.

Cache memory is attached into the CPU or the Main board. Cache memory

is more faster than RAM. The performance of the CPU is increase while the

CPU uses the Cache memory.

Cache memory can be two types.

1. Primary Cache memory / Level 1 [ L1] m%d:ñl jdrl u;lh

Primary Cache memory is attached into the CPU and it

contains small amount of memory storage. It is the speediest memory.

2. Secondary Cache memory / Level 2 [ L2] oaù;shsl jdrl u;lh

Secondary Cache memory is built in Mother board and it is

also near the CPU. It contains large amount of memory storage. It is

slower than Primary Cache memory .

CPU Cache memory RAM

Connecting peripherals

mrs.Kl Wmdx. iïnkaO lsrSu

Ports (flfjks)

1. PS2 port – Keyboard and mouse

2. USB port - (Universal serial bus)

Keyboard, mouse, Printer, Scanner,

digital Camera etc…

õYaj fYa%Ks.; nia flfjks

3. Serial port – (male)

(Communication port / com port)

There are two versions

• 9 pin

• 25 pin

Modems, serial mouse etc…

fYa%Ks.; flfjks

4. Parallel port - (25pin Female)

(Printer port / LPT)

Printers / Scanners

iudka;r flfjks

5. Video Graphic Array (VGA) mrs.Kl ;sr flfjks

1. Colour (15pin Female)

2. Monochrome (9 pin Female)

Monitors / projectors

6. Sound and Game YÄo Wmdx. flfjks

Speakers, Microphones, external sound devices,

joy sticks/ game pads

7. Network Ports (cd,lrK flfjks )

Connect computers in the network

RJ45

BNC

8. Modem

Connect to the Internet

RJ11

RJ11

Wireless Link - Infrared / Bluetooth

Bluetooth Infrared

1. Bluetooth has got much higher transfer rate than Infrared.

2. Bluetooth doesn't require line of sight as in the case of

infrared where the infrared ports of both the devices need to

face each other in a line of sight.

3. In the case of Bluetooth, the devices can be placed anywhere

within the range of the device, which ranges from 10 to 100

meters.

TV/FM card

Communication and Computer Networks

o;a; ikaksfõokh iy mrs.Kl cd,

Introduction to communication

Communication is the sharing of information of messages

between two or more entities.

Importance of communication

1. Discuss some subject matter

2. Inform my abilities to another person

3. Get an appointment

4. Have a chat with my friend

5. Transfer a file

6. Send E – Mails

7. SMS

Components of data communication system

o;a; ikaksfõok moaO;shl uQ,sl fldgia

We can identify three basic elements of any communication.

1. Sender / Source o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; ksmojk ia:dkh

2. Data communication medium o;a; iïfma%IK udOH

3. Receiver / Sink o;a; ,nd .kakd

Sender Receiver

Medium

Data communication medium o;a; iïfma%IK udOH

Can be categorized in two ways.

1. Guided media kshuq udOH

2. Radiated media jhr rys; udOH

1. Guided media kshuq udOH

Twisted pair iudjD; / weTreKq lïì hq.,

A basic twisted-pair cable consists of two strands of copper wire twisted together.

This twisting reduces the sensitivity of the cable to electro magnetic

interference.

Shielded twisted pair wdjrKh lrk iudjD; / weTreKq lïì hq.,

Shielded twisted-pair cabling consists of one or more twisted pairs of cables

enclosed in a foil wrap and woven copper shielding. The shield further reduces the

tendency of the cable to radiate EMI and thus reduces the cable’s sensitivity to

outside interference.

Unshielded twisted pair

Unshielded twisted-pair cable doesn’t incorporate a braided shield into its structure.

RJ 45 Connector

Coaxial Cable iudlaIl fhd;a

Coaxial cables were the first cable types used in LANs. Gets its name because

two conductors share a common axis; the cable is most frequently referred to

as coax.

Fiber Optics m%ldY ;ka;=

The centre conductor of a fiber-optic cable is a fiber that consists of highly refined

glass or plastic designed to transmit light signals with little loss. A glass core

supports a longer cabling distance, but a plastic core is typically easier to work with.

The fiber is coated with a cladding that reflects signals back into the fiber to reduce

signal loss. A plastic sheath protects the fiber.

2. Radiated Media úlsrK udOH

1. Radio Transmission .=jka ú≥,s ;rx.

2. Infra Red wfOdarla; lsrK

Law frequency light waves uses in wireless

mouse, printers and keyboard.

3. Micro Waves laIqø ;rx.

High frequency short waves. Micro waves can

transfer data in long distance.

4. Communication Satellites ikaksfõok pkaøsld

Can transfer data in long distance.

Data Transmission Types o;a; iïfm%aIK wdldr

1. Serial Data Transmission ( fY%aKs.; o;a; iïfm%aIKh)

Uses one wire for data transmission and data flows one behind

another. Data transfers in bits through Networks.

2. Parallel data Transmission ( iudka;r o;a; iïfm%aIKh)

Uses more wires ( most time uses 8 wires) for data transmission and

transfers more bits at a time.

Data transmission Speed ( o;a; iïfm%aIK fõ.h)

Measures by bits per seconds ( bps )

kilo bits per second ( kbps )

megabits per seconds ( Mbps )

gigabits per second ( Gbps )

Data transmission modes (o;a; iïfm%aIK úê )

1. Simplex ( talm: )

Data flows only one direction.

ex:- Television, radio, Magazines, Newspapers

2. Half-duplex ( wrAO oaùm:)

Data flows both directions but at a time data flows only

one directions. That means both direction data can’t be crossed.

ex:- Walkie -Talkie , Fax

3. Duplex ( oaùm:)

Data flows both direction at any time. Both direction data

can be crossed.

ex:- Telephone, Internet, Mobile Phones

Computer Networks mrs.Kl cd,

A computer network is an interconnection of various computer

system located at different places. In a computer network two or

more computers are linked together with a medium and data

communication devices for the purpose of communicating data and

sharing resources.

Network Topology cd, ia:, úoHdjThe term “Topology”, in communication networks, refer to physically how

machines of network are linked together.

1. Star topology ;re wdldrfha cd, .; lsrSu

In star topology computers are directly connected to a central

computer (server) or central node (Switch or Hub). The central node

controls all the activities of the network.

Advantage of star network

Easy to add and disconnect computers from the network.

Easy to find out the problems in network.

Breakdown of one computer does not effect any other.

Disadvantage of star network

Need more wires to connect the computers in entire network.

Failure of the central node disables the entire network

operations.

2. Ring Topology uq≥ wdldrfha cd, .; lsrSu

Advantage of Ring network

Any signal transmitted on the network passes through all the Network computers.

No need more wires to connect the computers in entire network.

Disadvantage of Ring network

Breakdown of any one computer on the ring can disable entire system.

Data is transmitted in one direction only. ( Clockwise or anti-clockwise)

3. Bus topology nihl wdldrfha cd, .; lsrSu

Advantage of Bus Network

Easy to built and no need more wires.

Data is transmitted in both ways.

Disadvantage of Bus Network

Entire network based on Main wire.

Any break in the bus is difficult to identify.

4. Tree topology .il wdldrfha cd, .; lsrSu

Tree topology combines characteristic of bus and star topology.

Advantage of Tree topology

Easy to controls the branches separately.

Supports different hardware platforms.

Disadvantage of Tree topology

The main bus fails it effects the entire network.

Difficult to build and control the network.

Star network

Main Bus Wire

Main type of computer Network

m%Odk mrs.Kl cd, jr®.

1. LAN ( Local Area Network )

ia:dkSh m%foaY cd,

2. MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network )

mqrjr m%foaY cd,

3. WAN ( Wide Area Network)

mqΩ,a m%foaY cd,

Local Area Network (LAN) - LANs are networks usually confined to

a geographic area, such as a single building or a college campus. LANs can be

small, linking as few as three computers, but often link hundreds of

computers.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - MAN is basically a bigger

version of a LAN and normally uses similar technology. It might cover a group

of near by corporate offices or a city and might be either private or public.

Wide Area Network (WAN) - Often a network is located in multiple

physical places. Wide area networking combines multiple LANs that are

geographically separate. This is accomplished by connecting the different

LANs using services such as dedicated leased phone lines, dial-up phone lines,

satellite links, and data packet carrier services.

Types of Network

Wide Area Network (WAN)

End Show

An example for a WAN

(Wide Area Network)

Telecommunication Satellite

Connectivity Devices

Network Hubs / Network Switch cd,lrK kdNsh/

The hub's major function is to replicate data it receives from one device attached

to it to all others.

Repeaters

Any electrical signal reaching the repeater from one segment, will

be amplified and retransmitted to the other segment. Using

repeaters slows the signal's propagation, and thus the amount of

repeaters should be limited.

Bridges

Bridges are used to increase the number of addressable nodes on a network or to

link two geographically distant but similar networks.

RoutersA major feature of a router is that it chooses the best route between networks

that may have multiple paths between them. IP addressing and subnet

masking are used to route packets

ModemsA modem is a device that converts digital data originating from a computer to

analog signals used by voice communication networks, such as the telephone

system. A modem may also convert analogue data originating from a (say, a

telephone line) to digital data for use by a computer.

Digital

Signal

Analog

Signal

Modulation

Demodulation

Modem

Computer

Digital DeviceAnalog Device

Digital SignalsAnalog Signals

Telephone

End Show

Digita Signal

Analog Signal

Internal

ModemExternal

Modem

End Show

• Server - Computer that provide shared resources to

networks

Printer

Microcomputer

Printer

Client

Server

Microcomputer

Minicomputer

• Client - Computer that access shared networks resources

provided by server

Gateways

Gateways interface two dissimilar networks. Gateways translate

one network protocol into another, thus overcoming both hardware

and software incompatibilities.

Advantages of Computer Networks

Sharing of expensive resources (e.g. A Laser printer,

HDD, Internet)

Sharing of databases and other software

Communication among different computer systems

Transfer of multimedia files

Entertainment – (Eg. Play multiple-player computer

games from different locations)

Faster transfer of data

Back-up your files on multiple computers

Disadvantages of Computer Networks

Initial cost

Security of information (viruses, hackers, ..)

System failures