GR.10 DRUGS TG. NOTE-2015 (2).docx

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CHAPTER:15- DRUGS

SYLLABUS:

T.M. ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 1


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Drug : a drug as any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical

reactions in the body.

Medicinal drugs:

Substances used in medicine to help our bodies fight illness or disease.

Antibiotics:

• Antibiotics are substances which kill bacteria, but do not harm other living cells.

• Most of the antibiotics we use made from bacteria or fungi that live in the soil.

• The first antibiotic discovered was penicillin which is made by the mould fungus

Penicillium, growing on decaying fruit.

• Other eamples for antibiotics include streptomycin made by the filamentous

bacteria Actinomycetes.

Antibiotics kill bacteria in many ways:

Some of the antibiotics damage their cell walls and so prevent the bacteria from

reproducing! "ause them to burst open!

Some interfere with protein synthesis and thus arrest bacterial growth.

Antibiotics do not damage human cells because:

o Animal cells donot have cell walls and

o The cell structures involved in protein production are different from bacteria.

Use antibiotics only when they are really needed . This is because:

some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics which reduces the effectiveness

ofantibiotics.

Development of resistant bacteria:

if a course of antibiotics is not completed, some of the bacteria it is being used todestroy will not be killed, but will have been eposed to the drug.

Some of these survivors may be drug#resistant mutants.

$hen they reproduce, all their offspring will have the drug resistance, so the

antibiotic will become less effective. To kill the bacteria, a new antibiotic must be developed.

One type of bacteria that has developed resistance to a number of widely used

antibiotics is called MSA %methicillin#resistant Staphylococcus aureus&. These bacteria

are called as 'superbugs( because they are so difficult to treat. These bacteria are found

living harmlessly on the skin, nose and throat causing mild infections. )t becomes dangerous if there is a break in the skin, allowing it to infect internal organs

and causing blood poisoning.



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Aci!i": 1

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,o!tor"

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go*orr+oea.

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at

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9pre-e*t" &a!ter$a &e!om$*g re"$"ta*t :



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C

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S'gge"t + a*t$&$ot$!" "+o'%, *ot &e '"e, too o)te*.

!3 re"$"ta*t &a!ter$a# "'r-$-e: e-e*t'a%%# a%% &e!ome re"$"ta*t :a*t$&$ot$! *o %o*ger

e0e!t$-e:

,3 E>p%a$* t+e po""$&%e e0e!t o) t+e 9ra" o* t+e &a!ter$a.

,3 9ra" !a'"e, m'tat$o*" : !+a*ge $* DNA :m'tat$o* !a'"e" a*t$&$ot$!

re"$"ta*!e :

999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

9999999999

Antibiotics are not effective against viral diseases. This is because:

o Antibiotics kill bacteria by disrupting structures in bacteria such as cell walls and

membranes, or processes associated with protein synthesis and replication of

*+A.o iruses have totally different characteristics to bacteria:

#they are not cells#have no cell wall,#do not carry out their own metabolism so they are unharmed by antibiotics.

Misuse #$ drugs:Alc#%#l:

-eople drink alcohol because it can make people:

#feel more relaed#release their inhibitions#make it easier for them to enoy themselves and to mi and interact with other

people. Alcohol is !uickly absorbed through the wall of the stomach and small intestine,

and carried all over the body, including brain in the blood. )t is finally broken

down by the liver.

Misuse #$ alc#%#l:

"ffects of e#cessive alcohol consumption:

Alcohol is a powerful depressant drug that slows down the nervous system.

effect on reaction times and self$control :

#small amounts of alcohol affects the brain by slowing down the transmission of

nerve impulses, which lengthens the reaction time %time you take to respond to a

stimulus&.#in some people, reaction time is doubled even when the alcohol in the blood is

below the legal limit laid down for car drivers.

#this can make a big difference to the time needed for a driver to apply thebrakes after seeing a ha/ard such as a child running into the road. )t results in

accidents.

T.M. ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page


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negative social implications:

#alcohol reduces inhibitions because it depresses that part of the brain which

causes shyness. This may be an advantage in 'breaking the ice( at parties. 0ut itcan also lead to irresponsible behaviour such as crime% vandalism% aggression%

violence in the home% etc. Addiction: some people become dependent upon alcohol and are called

alcoholics. They develop a tolerance as more en/ymes that metaboli/e alcohol

are made in the liver. They therefore need to take greater 1uantities of alcohol to

get the same effect. They feel tense and irritable and find it hard to cope with

daily problems without a drink. 2cessive alcohol consumption can cause liver damage: high doses of alcohol

can cause the liver cells to form too many fat droplets and results in growth of

fibres in the liver, leading to the disease called cirrhosis.



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2cessive alcohol drinking damages the brain: alcohol in the body fluid draws

water out of the brain cells by osmosis which causes the cells to shrink andirreversibly damaged. Alcohol inhibits the release of a hormone which stops thekidneys from allowing too much water to leave the body in the urine. So a lot ofdilute urine is produced resulting in low levels of water in the blood.

*rinking large 1uantities of alcohol over many years can lead to stomach ulcers%

heart disease% kidney failure etc.

Misuse #$ %er#in:o 3eroin is a compound modified from morphine. Morphine is a compound

etracted from opium poppies and used as a pain killer in medicine.o 3eroin is a powerful depressant drug. )t means that it slows down many

functions of the brain. &t reduces pain% and slows down breathing .o 3eroin can be addictive. An addictive drug is one which causes a person to

become dependent on the drug. 'he person is unable to stop taking it and

without the drug% he(she will suffer severe psychological and physical symptoms .

The addicted person develops a tolerance to the drug, and it has to be taken in

greater !uantities to feel intense happiness )euphoria*.

o Withdrawal symptoms: a heroin addict who stops taking the drug abruptlye#periences very unpleasant symptoms called withdrawal symptoms . These

include sleeplessness, muscle cramps, sweating, vomiting and nausea.o Social problems: an addicted person may lose any ability to be a part of normal

society. 3e4she may think only of how they will get their net dose. To earn

money to buy the drug, they turn to antisocial activities like crime, prostitution etc.

)t results in losing ob, family breakdown and homelessness.o &n+ecting heroin can cause spread of viral diseases: some people take heroin

by inecting it into their veins by sharing needles and syringes. This is dangerousas the needles used for inection are not sterile, it results in the transmission of

pathogens such as A&DS virus and hepatitis virus from one person to another.

,ow heroin affects the brain )nervous system* and functions of synapse: )n the brain there are many different neurotransmitters that transfer nerve

impulses across synapse from one neurone to another. There are receptors onthe cell membrane of the second neurone, which have a shape into which theneurotransmitter molecules precisely fit. One group of these neurotransmitters iscalled endorphins which help to reduce sensations of pain, affect mood andreduce sensations of hunger and thirst.

,eroin mimics the neurotransmitter substances in synapses in the brain% causing

the stimulation of receptor molecules.

-hen the neurotransmitter endorphine enters the brain% heroin is metabolied tomorphine.

'hese moleules fit into some of the endorphin receptors in the postsynaptic

membrane as their shapes are complementary to the receptor molecules. 'hisgives the person a short lived /high0% which means makes the person feel good .

Taking heroin can reduce the production of natural endorphins, and also affect

the brain(s production of other important neurotransmitters. The users often found



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that they have to keep taking more and more heroin to get the same effect and ifthey stop using it, will suffer withdrawal symptoms.

S'ing and %eal%:

Tobacco smoking has been linked with many diseases. )t can cause chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease )12PD*% lung cancer and coronary heart disease. Main components of tobacco smoke are:

#tar #causes lung cancer and many other kinds of cancer.#nicotine, the drug in cigarette smoke which is addictive#carbon mono#ide#reduces the oygen carrying capacity of the blood.#particulates#damage lung surfaces.

*angers due to smoking eist for both smokers and non$smokers. The possibledamage is ust as real for non#smokers who are in a smoker(s environment. Theybreathe in smoke from burning cigarettes, and from smoke ehaled by smokers. This iscalled passive smoking .

Effects of tobacco smoke on the gas exchange system

Nicotine:• )t is the drug present in cigarette smoke.

• )t is a stimulant which affects the brain and makes the person feel more alert.

• )t is an addictive drug so that smokers often find it very difficult to stop smoking.

• )t is absorbed very fast through the alveoli to enter the blood stream.

Dangerous effects of nicotine:

o )t interacts with nerve cells at synapses.

o "auses coronary heart disease:

#smoking damages the circulatory system by:# making the heart beats faster and narrows the blood vessels. This canincrease blood pressure leading to hypertension.#as the blood passes through the lungs, it absorbs many substances from thecigarette smoke. Some of them make the walls of the arteries get thicker andharder. The walls cannot stretch and recoil easily as the blood surges throughthem.#smoking also increases the stickiness of blood platelets that promote bloodclotting inside the blood vessels, including the coronary arteries that supply thewall of the heart with oygenated blood.#it increases the risk of coronary heart disease.



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Tar: )t is the black sticky material that collects in the lungs as smoke cools.

Dangerous effects of tar: Tar in the cigarette smoke causes lung cancer .

#some of the chemicals contained in tar are carcinogenic, which means cancause cancer.#these chemicals promote changes %mutations& in the *+A of cells lining the

respiratory passages and the lungs, causing them to divide uncontrollably.#the cells divide over and over again, forming a lump of cells known as a tumour.#)f the tumour is malignant, this is cancer.#"ells may break away from the first tumour and spread to other parts of thebody, where new tumours will grow.

Evidence for the link between smoking and lung cancer Although all forms of air pollution are likely to increase the chances of lung

cancer, many scientific studies show that the vast increase in lung cancer isalmost entirely due to cigarette smoking.

There are at least 56 substances in tobacco smoke known to cause cancer in

eperimental animals, and it is now thought that 789 of lung cancer is caused bysmoking. Table below shows the relationship between smoking and the risk ofdeveloping lung cancer:

+umber of cigarettes per day )ncreased risk of lung cancer

5#5 ;5

=


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1orrelations and causes:

• A correlation between two variables does not prove that one of the variables

causes the other.

• The graphs below show that there is a correlation between the number of

cigarettes smoked per year and the number of deaths from lung cancer:

Use the above graph to describe how:5. The number of cigarettes smoked per year by males changed between 5755 and

=885.9$*!rea"e, )rom a&o't 15 per ear to 44

9per ear &etee* 111 a*, 14: 9,roppe, to 16 per ear & 21:

=. The number of deaths from lung cancer per year in males changed between

5755 and =885.#ro"e )rom a%mo"t $* 111 to a&o't 2 per t+o'"a*, $* 11:

9t+e* )e%% to a&o't 1 per t+o'"a*, & 211



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>. *iscuss the etent to which the graph for males provides evidence that smokingcigarettes causes lung cancer.#curve for deaths from lung cancer follows similar pattern to curve for number of

cigarettes smoked! #with a =< year time lag! #idea that cancer takes time to develop! #reference to a correlation between number of cigarettes smoked and lung

cancer deaths! #idea that correlation does not prove cause and effect!

. )f the graph for females is also considered, does this strengthen or weaken thisevidence@ 2plain your answer.#"$m$%ar patter* "ee* $* )ema%e" a" $* ma%e":

9"'gge"t" t+at t+e !orre%at$o* $" *ot ('"t !o$*!$,e*!e: 9a%t+o'g+ t+e t$me %ag $" "+orter a&o't 2 ear"3: 9&'t "t$%% ,oe" *ot pro-e !a'"e a*, e0e!t:

• The fact that a higher risk of dying from cancer is correlated with heavy smoking

does not actually prove that smoking is the cause of lung cancer. The alternativeeplanation is that people who become heavy smokers are, in some way,

eposed to other potential causes of lung cancer, e.g. they live in areas of highair pollution or they have an inherited tendency to cancer of the lungs . Thesealternatives are not very convincing particularly when there is such an etensivelist of ailments associated with smoking.

• This is not to say that smoking is the only cause of lung cancer or that everyone

who smokes will develop lung cancer. There are likely to be comple interactionsbetween life#styles, environments and genetic backgrounds which could lead tolung cancer. Smoking may be only a part of these interactions.

arbon monoxide: )t is a poisonous gas present in the cigarette smoke, which affects the blood.

)t diffuses from the lungs into the blood, and combines permanently withhaemoglobin inside the red blood cells.

)t reduces the volume of oygen that the blood can carry.

The body cells are therefore deprived of oygen.

)t also deliver less oygen to the heart muscles, by the blood flowing through the

coronary arteries. )f a woman smokes during pregnancy there may not be enough oygen in the

blood for the fetus to develop properly. *ue to this the baby may have a smallerbirth weight and is some times premature.

igarette smoking causes !"D #chronic obstructive pulmonary disease$:

"O-* covers a number of lung diseases which include chronic bronchitis andemphysema. A person suffering from "O-* will eperience difficulties with breathing,mainly because of narrowing of the airways, bronchi and bronchioles. Symptoms of"O-* include breathlessness when active, fre1uent chest infections and a persistentcough with phlegm %sticky mucus&.



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hronic bronchitis:Tobacco smoke irritates the lining of the airways.)t causes the goblet cellsto produce more mucus in response, but cilia on theciliated cells lining the air passages stop beating.Thus dust, dirt and bacteria that sticks to the mucus trickles down to the lungsand collect in the lungs and bronchi.The bronchi become blocked as there is lessspace for air to flow.The mucus provides a good place for bacteria to breed and this can cause

chronic infections in the lungs and bronchi.arge amounts of phlegm %a miture of mucus, bacteria and $0"s& areproduced. This condition is chronic bronchitis.The person finds it difficult to move air into and out of their lungs as the bronchiare partly blocked by mucus.

Emphysema:

• 2mphysema is a breakdown of the alveoli.

• Smoke particles, bacteria and tar reach the alveoli.

• )n order to get rid of these invading particles from the alveoli, phagocytes reach

the alveoli by breaking down the elastin fibres in their walls, which make the wallto stretch and recoil.

• *amage of elastin fibres weakens the walls of the alveoli which results inbreaking down of the delicate walls of the alveoli.



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%lveolus with broken elastin fibres healthy alveolus

• The irritant substances in the smoke cause a 'smokers( cough( and the coughing

bursts some of the weakened alveoli.

• 0reaking of the alveoli reduces the surface area of the lungs for gas echange.

• This condition is emphysema.

• The person finds it difficult to get enough oygen in to the blood or remove

carbon dioide efficiently which makes the person breathlessness andehausted.



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Use #$ %#rnes # i&(r#!e s(#ring (er$#r&anceo )n the last >8 years, some athletes and sports persons have made of drugs to

boost their performance. Some of these drugs are synthetic forms of hormones.o These hormones belong to a class of chemicals called steroids.

o Steroid hormones include the reproductive hormones testosterone, oestrogen

and progesterone.o Many steroid hormones stimulate anabolic reactions in the body cells. Anabolic

reactions are those which build up large molecules from small ones. Steroid

hormones that stimulate anabolic reactions in the body cells are called anabolicsteroids.

Tes#ser#ne: )t is made in the testes of males and is responsible for promoting male primary

and secondary seual characteristics. Sport persons use testosterone supplements, known as 'doping0 . This hormone:

#make more proteins from amino acids in muscles, so that muscles becomelarger and stronger.#the practice therefore has the potential to enhance a sportsman(s performance.

Ana)#lic ser#ids:• These are synthetic derivatives of testosterone.

• They affect protein metabolism, increasing muscle development and reducing

body fat.

• Athletes have taken these steroids to increase their muscle si/e and strength.

• These hormones can help athletes to train harder and for longer periods of time.

• They also increase aggression, which could give someone an edge in

competition.

3ong term effects of taking anabolic steroids:

The use of anabolic steroids in sport is banned because apart from giving someonean unfair advantage, taking these steroids carries a serious health risk.'hese substances:

• decrease the ability of the immune system to destroy pathogens.

• damage the liver

• causes sterility

• masculini/ation in women

• kidney malfunction

)n most sports there is a testing regime that checks for the presence of anabolic steroidsin a person(s blood or urine. The tests can be done at any time, not ust when a personis competing. This is because these drugs can have effects that last long after the timewhen the drugs are still present in the body.



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