Gp 2 Forest Ecosystem
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Transcript of Gp 2 Forest Ecosystem
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PRESENTATION
ON
FOREST ECOSYSTEMPRESENTED BY :-
1) Kapil Kulshrestha ( Roll No.19)
2) Amit Kumar (Roll No.7)
3) Nikhil Ranjan Kr. Ratanman (Roll No.23)
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NILGIRI BIOSPHERE
RESERVE(NBR)
Area = 5520 km2
Included in UNESCOs Man and theBiosphere Programme in 2000.
NBR contains
- Dry scrub, dry and moist deciduous
- Semi-evergreen and wet evergreen forests
- Two endangered species- the niligiri tahr
and the lion-tailed Macaque
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Why do different regions have
different biomes?
Major reasons:-
1. Temperature
2. Precipitation
The mean value oftemperature andprecipitation
determines the kind ofbiomes in an area.
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Climate, plants and
animal species of region
varies with latitude and
longitude.
The unique thing is that
every species has
adapted to the climate
and has found its nichein the community.
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WORLD LAND USE PATTERN(FAO IN
MILLER,2004)
BIOME TYPE % OF LAND
FOREST 32
RANGELAND&
PASTURE
26
DESERT 20
CROPLAND 11
TUNDRA & WETLANDS 09
URBAN AREAS 02
TOTAL 100
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Types of forests
Tropical rainforestshot &humid region
-Annual rainfall- 2000 to 4500mm.
- Found in south and centralAmerica, Western & CentralAfrica, South East Asia, andsome islands of Indian &Pacific Oceans.
- Tropical forests areconsidered importantbecause it helps in recyclingwater.
personal.monm.edu/.../tropical-
rainforest.jpg
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Temperate forests
Cold in winter and
warm & humid in
summer.
Annual rainfall is 750-2000 mm
Soil is rich
Found in western andCentral Europe, eastern
Asia and eastern North
America.
ewww.davidsuzuki.org/files/
Forests/rivermeand
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Coniferous forests
Many coniferous trees
are found in this region
like spruce, fir, pine etc.
Found in northern parts
of Northern America,
Europe and Asia.
The soil in these forests
is acidic and humus-
rich.
www.idiotica.com/.../images/co
niferous.jpg
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New projectThe Forest Ecosystem Dynamics (FED) Project is
concerned with modeling and monitoring ecosystemprocesses and patterns in response to natural andanthropogenic effects. The project uses coupledecosystem models and remote sensing models andmeasurements to predict and observe ecosystem
change. The overall objective of the FED project is tolink and use models of forest dynamics, soilprocesses, and canopy energetics to understand howecosystem response to change affects patterns andprocesses in northern and boreal forests and to assessthe implications for global change.
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STATE OF FORESTS IN INDIA
As per report 2003 of Forest survey of India,Dehradun the forest cover in the country is 678,333
sq.km & constitutes 20.63% of its geographical area.
Dense forest contributes 390,564sq.km(11.88%) &
open forest 287,769(8.75%).
In India M.P with 76429 sq.km of forest cover has the
maximum forest among all States/UTs followed by
AP & Chandigarh.
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TREND ANALYSIS OF FOREST
GROWTH IN INDIA (ALL FIGURES IN Sq. km)
633,397637,293
675,538678,333
610,000
620,000
630,000
640,000
650,000
660,000
670,000
680,000
1997 1999 2001 2003
FOREST
COVER
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AS per ministry of Environment and forest
,the total area covered under forest is 757010Sq.km which is 23.03% of total geographical
area of the country.
As per 10th plan Government has targeted to
enlarge the forest cover to 25% of
geographical area by 2007 and 33% by 2012.
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TYPES OF FORESTS IN INDIA
80% of Indian forest is
of four types.
Forest
type
Area in
India
Place
Tropical
moist deci.
37% MP,GUJR
AT,MAHA
.
TROPICAL DRY
DECI.
28% HIMALAYA TO
KANYAK
UMARI
SUBTROP
ICALPINE
7% HIMALA
YAS
INDIAN FOREST SURVEY
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Impact of human activities and
natural forces on the forest of India
Clearing and burning of the forests for
agriculture,cattle rearing and timber extraction.
Clear cutting and conversion of forest land in hillyareas for agriculture,plantation and housing.
Forests affected by acid deposition originating from
industries.
Pesticides spraying to control insects in forest
plantation leads to poisoning all the way up the food
chain and unintended loss of species.
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Contd
Dams build in forest areas for hydropower andwater drown huge areas ,destroying speciesand depriving people of their land.
In wilderness areas like the Arctic ,oilexploration and military activities disrupt theecosystem ,contaminating areas and lead todecline of species.
The harvesting of old growth forests destroyscrucial habitat for endangered species.
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GRASSLANDS
Grasslands are regions where average
precipitation is high(250-1500mm) for grass
and for trees to grow.
Rainfall are erratic and uncertain in these
regions.
Regions found is central &south America,sub
equitorial Africa &south Australia ,South India.
Soils rich and deep ideal for grasses.
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Contd
Used as grasslands for grazing livestock.
Savanas are tropical grasslands with widelyscattered clumps of low trees.
Large scale conversion of grasslands intocroplands as they are well suited to agriculture.
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DESERT
A desert is a landscape form or region thatreceives very little precipitation.
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It covers 1/5thof earths land surface.
Most of the deserts are composed of sand(ergs) and rocky surface (reg).
Other deserts known as cold desert is fully
covered by ice and almost no vegetation. Temperature ranges from 50 degree C to
nearly zero level within a single day.
These have high biodiversity. Plants andanimals have different morphological and
anatomical modifications to reduce water loss
from the body.
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Water budget =P-PE(+/-)S
where P = precipitationPE = potential evaporation
S = amount of surface storage of
water
If PE exceeds enormously from P then a dry
condition prevails and if it continues thendeserts get formed.
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Types of desertsHot desert
Formed of ergs or regs Water is very scarce.
Temperature is very high during day and very low atnight.
Vegetations known as xerophytes havemodifications like pulpy stem to store water and waxcovered thorny leaves to reduce transpiration. Theroots are very long to reach the water table.
Animals such as reptiles, rodents, wolves etc hidethemselves in daylight and come out at night.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:D%C3%A9sert-du-Thar.jpg -
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Contd
Cold deserts Commonly known as tundra
Land is covered by a thick layer of ice.
Whatever falls remain frozen. Vegetation is very on the surface.
The leaves are covered by wax.
Animals have thick layer of fat under the skinand a fur coating above it.
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The Thar desert
Third largest desert in the world. Most populous desert.
Spread over four states in India and two in
Pakistan. Annual rainfall is 100-500mm
The only river in the region is Ghaggar.
shrubs and grasses like babul, khejra and treeslike berare found.
Many reptiles and snakes are endemic to theregion also.
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Importance for man
We think desert as a non arable waste land but itcontains lot of minerals which can be
harvested by making judicial use of it.
The top soil is fertile but very susceptible toerosion. It can be saved by afforestation.
Minerals like silica, gypsum, borates are very
commonly found.Its a very big area which should be converted
into arable.
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MOUNTAINS
Mountain is a landform that extends above thesurrounding terrain in a limited area.
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Characteristics
Mountains cover 20% of the land area.
Going up the mountain is similar to moving
from equator to north pole.
Mountain are the reservoirs of water.
A big bank of biodiversity.
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HIMALAYA
It is the highest mountain range.
Flora fauna of himalayas varies with the
altitudes. Like lowland forests to alpine trees.
It is the energy bank in terms of wind energy
and hydro energy almost all rivers of north
india originates from himalayas.
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source
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
Forest survey of India
http://www.google.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.google.com/ -
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