THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES ST. AUGUSTINE

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

GOVT 2060 International Relations:

Theories and Approaches

Fall 2017

Slides:

ab1234.yolasite.com

Slides:

Readings (at the Caspian Sea University, in Turkmenistan):

Course content • The History and Evolution of the International System • Levels of Analysis and Foreign Policy

POSITIVIST THEORIES MAINSTREAM APPROACHES

• Liberalism • Realism • Neorealism • Neoliberalism

STRUCTURALIST APPROACHES

• Classical Marxism • Dependency Theory • Structural Imperialism • Worlds System Theory

• International Society Theory (The English School)

POST-POSITIVIST THEORIES • Constructivism • Postmodernism • Critical Theory • Feminism

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Topic 1 History and Evolution of the International System

Since IR theory is informed by the realpolitik, it is useful to track the major events in the international system from the birth of the modern state system to the current 21st century. The main question to be addressed here is how did international events influence the major International Relations theories and approaches which emerged in the post-Westphalian era.

Readings: Schmidt, Brian C. “Lessons from the Past: Reassessing the Interwar Disciplinary History of International Relations.” International Studies Quarterly, Sept 98, Vol. 42, Issue 3– Ebsco Host (27p)

At the Caspian Sea University: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B1_Z5ACd6MBPNGJDSUJLX2t4ZG8?usp=sharing Rourke, John T., International Politics on the World Stage (Tenth edition). University of Connecticut, McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, 2005, Chapter 2 The Evolution of World Politics.

D'Anieri, Paul, International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs (Second edition). Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012, Chapter 2 The Historical Evolution of International Politics.

+ any chapter on the evolution of the international system that you can find in most IR manuals

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EARLY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

tribe ≠ territorial state

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THE GREEK CITY STATE (POLIS) (700 BC-300 BC)

Four important IR concepts: �Citizenship - Athenians = world’s first citizens �Sovereignty - Aristotle (384- 322 BC), Politics: supreme

authority = law (a system of government) Nationalism - people ↔ government ↔ territory �Democracy (Athens↑)

An international system similar to the modern one.

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The Peloponnesian War (431 to 404 BC) (→Thucydides=Realism)

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The Roman Empire in 117 AD

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ROME (753 BC - 476 AD) �

city state → universal empire oligarchic republic → absolutist empire

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THE MIDDLE AGES (1000-1500)

Governance → UNIVERSAL AUTHORITY Two layers:

RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY Catholic Church=an integrating force Monarchs=ruled in the name of God= subordinate to the Pope 936 AD Christian-Roman universal state: Otto I=emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

SECULAR AUTHORITY Multi-ethnic empires No ethnic or cultural link → the Emperor Empires progressively supplanted the authority of the church

LOCAL AUTHORITY (THE FEUDAL SYSTEM) God, not monarchs, had authority over territory God’s church gave permission to rulers to rule Autonomous fiefdoms ruled by nobles Nobles more powerful than their monarchs but lacking sovereignty

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The Holy Roman Empire in 1250

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DECLINE OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM Causes:

• Progress of military technology (gun powder)→need of larger states

• Economic expansion

• New commercial activity

• Early stages of mass production (primitive factories) and rise of a powerful commercial class

↓ RISE OF THE BURGHERS commercial class = dominated trade and manufacturing ↓ allied with the kings ↓ kings increased their control over aristocrats ↓ absolutist monarchies ↓ centralized, modern states ↓

↓ DECLINE OF UNIVERSALISTIC AUTHORITY (both Church and Holy Roman empire) ↓ Renaissance (1350-1650) ↓ scientific inquiry, personal freedom ↓ undermined the authority of the church ↓ Protestant Reformation (ex. England's King Henry VIII (1509-1547) rejected papal authority) ↓ Religious wars ↓ Peace of Westphalia (1648) Cuius regio, eius religio ("Whose realm, his religion") = the birth of the modern state system

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Early Nation-State System: The Holy Roman Empire challenged by Protestant Reformation

The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) → Treaty of Westphalia

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Videos: Treaty of Westphalia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-

WO73Dh7rY

George W. Bush-Sovereignty https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdimK1onR4o

Sovereignty-What is it-How do you get it (19min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X63jn9CcFyw

THE MODERN STATE SYSTEM

De facto split of the Holy Roman Empire ↓ - Catholic Habsburg: Austria, Spain - Protestant entities: Holland, many German states + Catholic France, Protestant England etc. ↓ States = successor to the feudal universalistic system of political organization STATES = primary actors in the post-Westphalia international system No higher authority ↓ ANARCHICAL international system based on states

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18TH & 19TH CENTURIES National states consolidated by

• Louis XIV of France (1643-1715), • Frederick II of Prussia (1740-1786), and • Peter the Great of Russia (1682-1725)

Pace of change quickened in the 18th and 19th centuries. Major phenomena:

1. �Popular Sovereignty 2. �Westernization of the international system 3. �Zenith of the Multipolar System

Leading to the 20th century rise of bipolarity and the Cold War

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1. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY Rule by divine right up to the 18th century American Revolution (1776) French Revolution (1789) ↓ People claimed sovereignty for themselves under the doctrine of popular sovereignty ↓ People owned the state instead of kings

Notion of sovereignty = changed Concept of nationalism expanded ↓

• mass identification with and • participation in

the affairs of the state Nationalism

• spread throughout Europe • undermined monarchical

dynasties

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2. WESTERNIZATION OF THE INT. SYSTEM The international system = dominated and shaped by the West Colonial empires Decline and fall of non-European states/empires

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The British Colonial Empire

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The French Colonial Empire

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The German Colonial Empire

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Africa in 1860

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Africa in 1914

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Causes: Renaissance ↓ scientific and technological advances ↓ industrial revolution (started in the mid-17th century in Britain) Industrialization = a Western phenomenon (exceptions - Japan - few and late) ↓ advanced weaponry ↓ advantage over non-industrialized Asia and Africa ↓ colonialism ↓ resources and prestige ↓ Euro-American Imperialism

US: Hawaii and Samoa in 1890s; Guam, P. Rico and the Philippines in 1898 Compromised the independence of Central America, the Caribbean

Colonialism → division of the world → North-South, Rich-Poor, First-Third World

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3. GROWTH OF THE MULTIPOLAR SYSTEM • several major powers: Britain, France, Prussia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, the Ottoman Empire • shifting alliances ↓ preserve the balance of power ↓ prevent any single power / combination of powers to dominate Europe and the rest of the world

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Napoleon’s Empire in 1812

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Congress of Vienna 1814-1815

→ Concert of Europe (a coalition of great powers=multipolarity)

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Concert of Europe - Balance of Power

(a Realist concept)

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England’s Balancing Act

(Effective between the fall of Napoleon and the rise of Germany)

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Rise of Germany → two rigid, almost bipolar pre-1914 alliances

(UK-FR-Russia vs. Germany-Austria Hungary-Italy)

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German Perception of Balance of Power in 1914 → WW I

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Europe 1914: Empires

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Europe 1922: Nation States

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The League of Nations (→"Utopian" Liberalism)

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THE 20TH CENTURY–PERIOD OF RAPID GLOBAL CHANGE Structural changes:

• 1900 Many monarchies • 2000 Most countries = democratic regimes • UN and other international organizations mushroomed • World population increased from 1.5 billion to 6 billion • Era of technological and scientific innovation • Expansion of the world economy and transportation • Pollution, deforestation, depletion of the ozone layer etc.

Evolution of the international system:

• �Momentous and rapid global change • �Rise of International Organizations • �Eclipse of the multipolar world • �Rise of non-European Powers • �Two World Wars • �Rise of Bipolarity • �End of Bipolarity

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Europe • declined as a global power • lost the ability to maintain the balance of power

WWI (1914-1918) - two rigid almost bipolar alliances:

• Central powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey

• Allied Powers – France, Russia, Britain and Italy

↓ League of Nations ↓ Germany was allowed to rebuild its strength

• Britain - fear of France • Britain and France - fear of the

red menace

1900-1940 Rise of Non-European powers • Japan and the US → centre stage • New states = independence • Many non-European countries →

world diplomacy • IR still focused on Europe but

voices of Africa, Asia and Latin America began to be heard

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Balance of Power on Eve of WW II

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The Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, 1939 ("Realpolitik")

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Europe under Nazi domination 1941-42 (→ Morgenthau=Realism)

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Hiroshima

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Yalta, 1945

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The Cold War (1947-1989)

The Cold War in 1959

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Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

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Bipolarity = the most stable system

(Kenneth Waltz=neorealism)

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BIPOLARITY AND THE COLD WAR After WWII = restructuring of the international system European-based multipolar system ↓ Bipolar system dominated by two superpowers ↓ Cold War (Hostility and antagonism, not military clashes) ↓ regional alliances US = NATO (1949) USSR = Warsaw Treaty Organization (1955) + Both funded govts and rebel groups in the Third World

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video: Warsaw Pact troops on attack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9YUaKynXy8

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Major episodes of the Cold War

nuclear weapons → direct confrontation impossible

Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962)

US involvement in South Vietnam (1964-1973) Soviet intervention in Afghanistan (1979-1989)

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Cold war key concepts

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Détente 1971-1979

Under Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982) Richard Nixon (1969-1974), Gerald Ford (1974-1977), Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) US-Soviet relations improved: SALT I treaty, Helsinki Accords Nixon also improved relations with China Détente came to an end with the 1979 Soviet invasion in Afghanistan It was followed by a new genuine Cold War episode, the "second Cold War"

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Mikhail Gorbachev

End of the Cold War (→ The End of History, Francis Fukuyama=Liberalism)

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1985 Mikhail Gorbachev = Soviet leader • Domestic policy

glasnost and perestroika: reforms to � ease the Soviet repressive political system � restructure its cumbersome bureaucratic and economic

systems • Foreign policy

better relations with the West � to reduce the USSR’s military burden � to receive more favourable trade terms

↓ End of the Cold War 1989 Eastern Europeans allowed to become democratic 1990 East Germany absorbed by West Germany end 1991 USSR collapsed; its constituent republics declared independence

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Berlin Wall

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Unipolar World

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The three-layered chess game model of Joseph S. Nye:

Top chessboard

strategic ("hard

power")

military power is largely unipolar

US = hegemon

Middle chessboard economic

US = important but not a hegemon

it must bargain as an equal with EU or China

Bottom chessboard

transnational sociopolitical

processes

power = chaotically dispersed No unipolarity, hegemony or

American empire

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Inspired by Hedley Bull (The Anarchical Society, 1977) of the English School:

Chessboards Main actors

strategic nuclear deterrence United States Soviet Union

conventional military strength

United States Soviet Union + China (less important)

international monetary affairs, trade and investment

United States Japan

influence derived from ideological appeal

China

Both chessboards and actors have changed considerably.

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THE 21ST CENTURY

• International Security • New Global Disorder • The Environment • Globalization and McWorld • Interdependence • Political Integration • Economic Integration • Trade liberalization (free trade) • Ethnic Wars • New Regimes

unipolar system → multipolar system

(US, EU/Germany, China, Russia, India) Hegemonic war?

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Please avoid the following statements taken from past exam scripts. They are MISTAKEN:

The Cold War (1947-1989):

the conflict between the capitalist U.S.A. and the "Iron Curtain" began at the Valta conference

American President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Josef and Soviet leader Stalin met after World War II (...). Stalin voted communist, whereas Roosevelt and Josef thought ...

During the period of 1939-1989, there was a Cold War that...

The Cold War ended in the 1960s.

The Cold War started in the late 1960s and ended in 1991.

Under the Bretton Woods meeting of the 1940s, the top states like U.S., the Soviet Union, France and Germany agreed ...

America was a Communist and believed that that is the ideal style

which resulted in the removal of the blockade and the division of Berlin into West Germany (communist) and East Germany (capitalist).

The Berlin Wall was created preventing the West from entering their territory.

Each side, Kennedy and Gorbachev, verbally attacked one another especially via the media

The stage where Gorbachev had sent missiles to Cuba

Eventually President Kennedy met with Gorbachev

They made (the USSR and US) a deal where the US would leave Cuba if the USSR was given a base in Hungary.

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President Jimmy of the US

When Mikhail Gorbachev came into power in the 1960s

Guvachev

Ghubachev

[during the 1980s] the Soviet President implemented a series of reforms and the US President Nixon began to hold talks with them. (...) Communism came to an end.

When Kennedy visited Germany for the Summit the decision was made and he declared that the Berlin [wall?] was destructed, uniting East and West Berlin, Germany.

NATO /

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization:

the North Atlantic Peace Treaty (NAPT)

the North Atlantic Trade Organization

the Nations Alliance Treaty Organization

the National Alliance Treaty Organization

Soviet Union / USSR / The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics:

the United Socialist Soviet Republic

the United Soviet State of Russia

was Bolshekia Revolution of 1917. No leader of Bolshekia became ...

The Warsaw Pact included Central and Eastern European states, the USSR and the Soviet Union and any other communist country.

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Slides:

ab1234.yolasite.com