Government

For government in linguistics, see Government (linguis-tics).

A government is the system by which a state or commu-nity is governed.[1] In the Commonwealth of Nations, theword government is also used more narrowly to refer tothe collective group of people that exercises executive au-thority in a state.[2][3][4] This usage is analogous to whatis called an "administration" in American English. Fur-thermore, government is occasionally used in English asa synonym for governance.In the case of its broad associative denition, govern-ment normally consists of legislators, administrators, andarbitrators. Government is the means by which state pol-icy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determiningthe policy of the state. A form of government, or formof state governance, refers to the set of political systemsand institutions that make up the organisation of a specicgovernment.Government of any kind currently aects every hu-man activity in many important ways. For this rea-son, political scientists generally argue that governmentshould not be studied by itself; but should be studiedalong with anthropology, economics, environmentalism,history, philosophy, science, and sociology.

1 Political science

1.1 Etymology

FromMiddle English government, from Old French gov-ernment (French gouvernement), from Latin gubernatio(management, government). Government is a com-pound formed from the Ancient Greek (ku-berna, I steer, drive, guide, pilot) and the Latin -mente, ablative singular of mns (mind).

arch-, prex derived from the Greek archon, 'ruler-ship', which means higher in hierarchy.[5] TheGreek word krtos, 'power', which meansright to lead is the sux root in words likearistocrat and democracy. Its mythological personi-cation was the god Kratos, a son of Styx.

1.2 Classifying government

In political science, it has long been a goal to create atypology or taxonomy of polities, as typologies of polit-ical systems are not obvious.[6] It is especially importantin the political science elds of comparative politics andinternational relations.On the surface, identifying a form of government ap-pears to be easy, as all governments have an ocial form.The United States is a federal republic, while the for-mer Soviet Union was a socialist republic. However self-identication is not objective, and as Kopstein and Lich-bach argue, dening regimes can be tricky.[7] For exam-ple, elections are a dening characteristic of a democracy,but in practice elections in the former Soviet Union werenot free and fair and took place in a single party state.Thus in many practical classications it would not be con-sidered democratic.Identifying a form of government is also dicult becausea large number of political systems originate as socio-economic movements and are then carried into govern-ments by specic parties naming themselves after thosemovements; all with competing political-ideologies. Ex-perience with those movements in power, and the strongties they may have to particular forms of government, cancause them to be considered as forms of government inthemselves.Other complications include general non-consensus ordeliberate distortion or bias of reasonable technical def-initions to political ideologies and associated forms ofgoverning, due to the nature of politics in the modernera. For example: The meaning of "conservatism" inthe United States has little in common with the way thewords denition is used elsewhere. As Ribuo (2011)notes, what Americans now call conservatism much ofthe world calls liberalism or neoliberalism.[8] Since the1950s conservatism in the United States has been chieyassociated with the Republican Party. However, dur-ing the era of segregation many Southern Democratswere conservatives, and they played a key role in theConservative Coalition that controlled Congress from1937 to 1963.[9]

Every country in the world is ruled by a system of gover-nance that combines at least 2 (or more) of the followingattributes (for example, the United States is not a truecapitalist society, since the government actually providessocial services for its citizens). Additionally, one per-sons opinion of the type of government may dier from

1

2 2 FORMS OF GOVERNMENT BY ASSOCIATED ATTRIBUTES

anothers (for example, some may argue that the UnitedStates is a plutocracy rather than a democracy since theymay believe it is ruled by the wealthy).[10] There are al-ways shades of gray in any government. Even the mostliberal democracies limit rival political activity to one ex-tent or another, and even themost tyrannical dictatorshipsmust organise a broad base of support, so it is very dif-cult "pigeonholing" every government into narrow cate-gories.

1.3 The dialectical forms of governmentMain article: Platos ve regimes

The Classical Greek philosopher Plato discusses vetypes of regimes. They are aristocracy, timocracy,oligarchy, democracy and tyranny. Plato also assigns aman to each of these regimes to illustrate what they standfor. The tyrannical man would represent tyranny for ex-ample. These ve regimes progressively degenerate start-ing with aristocracy at the top and tyranny at the bottom.In Republic, while Plato spends much time havingSocrates narrate a conversation about the city he foundswith Glaucon and Adeimantus in speech, the discussioneventually turns to considering four regimes that exist inreality and tend to degrade successively into each other:timocracy, oligarchy (also called plutocracy), democracyand tyranny (also called despotism).

2 Forms of government by associ-ated attributes

Descriptions of governments can be based on the follow-ing attributes:

2.1 By elements of where decision-makingpower is held

2.1.1 Aristarchic attributes

Governments with aristarchy attributes are traditionallycontrolled and organised by a small group of the most-qualied people, with no intervention from the most partof society; this small group usually shares some com-mon trait. The opposite of an aristarchic government iskakistocracy.

2.1.2 Autocratic attributes

Governments with autocratic attributes are dominated byone person who has all the power over the people in acountry. The RomanRepublic made dictators to lead dur-ing times of war; the Roman dictators only held power for

a small time. In modern times, an autocrats rule is notstopped by any rules of law, constitutions, or other so-cial and political institutions. After World War II, manygovernments in Latin America, Asia, and Africa wereruled by autocratic governments. Examples of autocratsinclude Idi Amin, Muammar Gadda, Adolf Hitler andGamal Abdul Nasser.

2.1.3 Monarchic attributes

Governments with monarchic attributes are ruled by aking/emperor or a queen/empress who usually holds theirposition for life. There are two types of monarchies: ab-solute monarchies and constitutional monarchies. In anabsolute monarchy, the ruler has no limits on their wishesor powers. In a constitutional monarchy a rulers powersare limited by a document called a constitution. The con-stitution was put in place to put a check to these powers.

2.1.4 Pejorative attributes

Regardless of the form of government, the actual gover-nance may be inuenced by sectors with political powerwhich are not part of the formal government. Certain ac-tions of the governors, such as corruption, demagoguery,or fear mongering, may disrupt the intended way of work-ing of the government if they are widespread enough.

2.2 By elements of who elects the empow-ered

2.2.1 Authoritarian attributes

2.2.2 Democratic attributes

Further information: Outline of democracy

Governments with democratic attributes are most com-mon in the Western world and in some countries of theeast that have been inuenced by western society, oftenby being colonised by western powers over the course ofhistory. In democracies, large proportions of the pop-ulation may vote, either to make decisions or to chooserepresentatives to make decisions. Commonly signicantin democracies are political parties, which are groups ofpeople with similar ideas about how a country or regionshould be governed. Dierent political parties have dif-ferent ideas about how the government should handle dif-ferent problems.

2.2.3 Oligarchic attributes

Governments with oligarchic attributes are ruled by asmall group of segregated, powerful and/or inuential

3.2 By signicant constitutional attributes 3

people, who usually share similar interests and/or fam-ily relations. These people may spread power and electcandidates equally or not equally. An oligarchy is dier-ent from a true democracy because very few people aregiven the chance to change things. An oligarchy does nothave to be hereditary or monarchic. An oligarchy doesnot have one clear ruler, but several rulers.Some historical examples of oligarchy are the formerUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics. Some critics ofrepresentative democracy think of the United States asan oligarchy. The Athenian democracy used sortition toelect candidates, almost always male, white, Greek, ed-ucated citizens holding a minimum of land, wealth andstatus.

2.2.4 Other attributes

2.3 By elements of how power distributionis structured

2.3.1 Republican attributes

A republic is a form of government in which the countryis considered a public matter (Latin: res publica), notthe private concern or property of the rulers, and whereoces of states are subsequently directly or indirectlyelected or appointed rather than inherited.

2.3.2 Federalism attributes

Federalism is a political concept in which a group ofmembers are bound together by covenant (Latin: foe-dus, covenant) with a governing representative head. Theterm federalism is also used to describe a system ofgovernment in which sovereignty is constitutionally di-vided between a central governing authority and con-stituent political units (such as states or provinces). Fed-eralism is a system based upon democratic rules and in-stitutions in which the power to govern is shared betweennational and provincial/state governments, creating whatis often called a federation. Proponents are often calledfederalists.

2.3.3 Other power structure attributes

3 Forms of government by othercharacteristic attributes

3.1 By socio-economic system attributesFurther information: Economic system

Historically, most political systems originated associoeconomic ideologies; experience with those move-

ments in power, and the strong ties they may have toparticular forms of government, can cause them to beconsidered as forms of government in themselves.

3.2 By signicant constitutional attributesCertain major characteristics are dening of certaintypes; others are historically associated with certain typesof government.

Rule according to higher law (unwritten ethical prin-ciples) vs. written constitutionalism

Separation of church and state vs. state religion Civilian control of the military vs. stratocracy Totalitarianism/authoritarianism vs. libertarianism

Police state Majority rule or parliamentary sovereignty vs.constitution or bill of rights with separation of pow-ers and supermajority rules to prevent tyranny of themajority and protect minority rights

Androcracy (patriarchy) or gynarchy (matriarchy)vs. gender quotas, gender equality provision, or si-lence on the matter

3.3 By approach to regional autonomyThis list focuses on diering approaches that politicalsystems take to the distribution of sovereignty, and theautonomy of regions within the state.

Sovereignty located exclusively at the centre of po-litical jurisdiction.

Empire Unitary state

Sovereignty located at the centre and in peripheralareas.

Hegemony Federation and federal republic Confederation Federal monarchy

Diverging degrees of sovereignty. Asymmetrical federalism Federacy Associated state Protectorate Colonial dependency

4 6 REFERENCES

Thalassocracy League Commonwealth Decentralisation and devolution (powers redis-tributed from central to regional or local gov-ernments)

3.4 Theoretical and speculative attributesThese currently have no citable real-world examples out-side of ction.

4 Maps

States by their systems of government. For the complete listof systems by country, see List of countries by system ofgovernment.presidential republicssemi-presidential republicsparliamentary republicsparliamentary republics, an executive presidency elected by anddependent on parliamentparliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarchdoes not personally exercise powerconstitutional monarchies in which the monarch personallyexercises power, often alongside a weak parliamentabsolute monarchiesstates whose constitutions grant only a single party the right togovernstates where constitutional provisions for government have beensuspended

Countries highlighted in blue are designated "electoral democra-cies" in Freedom Houses 2015 survey Freedom in the World,covering the year 2014.[44] Freedom House considers democracyin practice, not merely ocial claims.

A world map distinguishing countries of the world as monarchies(red) from other forms of government (blue). Many monar-chies are considered electoral democracies because the monarchis largely ritual; in other cases the monarch is the only powerfulpolitical authority.

5 See also Central government Civics Comparative government Constitutional economics Legal rights List of countries by system of government List of European Union member states by politicalsystem

Ministry Political economy Politics State (polity) Voting system World government

6 References[1] government. Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford Uni-

versity Press. November 2010.

[2] government.. Oxford Dictionaries e. Oxford UniversityPress. Retrieved 7 December 2014.

[3] Bealey, Frank, ed. (1999). government. The Blackwelldictionary of political science: a users guide to its terms.Wiley-Blackwell. p. 147. ISBN 0631206957.

[4] government.. Macquarie Dictionary. Macmillan Pub-lishers Group. 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.

[5] archon. Online Etymology Dictionary. Etymonline.com.Retrieved on 2013-03-15.

5[6] Lewellen, Ted C. Political Anthropology: An Introduc-tion Third Edition. Praeger Publishers; 3rd edition (30November 2003)

[7] Comparative politics : interests, identities, and institutionsin a changing global order, Jerey Kopstein, Mark Lich-bach (eds.), 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, 2005,ISBN 0521708400, p. 4

[8] Leo P. Ribuo, 20 Suggestions for Studying the Rightnow that Studying the Right is Trendy, HistoricallySpeaking Jan 2011 v.12#1 pp 26, quote on p. 6

[9] Kari Frederickson, The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End ofthe Solid South, 19321968, p. 12, "...conservative south-ern Democrats viewed warily the potential of New Dealprograms to threaten the regions economic dependenceon cheap labor while stirring the democratic ambitionsof the disfranchised and undermining white supremacy.,The University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8078-4910-1

[10] Plutocrats The Rise of the New Global Super-Rich andthe Fall of Everyone Else Chrystia Freeland is GlobalEditor-at-Large at Reuters news agency, following yearsof service at the Financial Times both in New York andLondon. She was the deputy editor of CanadasGlobe andMail and has reported for the Financial Times, Economist,andWashington Post. She lives in New York City.

[11] Ernst R. Berndt, (1982).From Technocracy To Net En-ergy Analysis: Engineers, Economists And Recurring En-ergy Theories Of Value, Studies in Energy and the Amer-ican Economy, Discussion Paper No. 11, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, Revised September 1982

[12] American 503

[13] Fotopoulos, Takis, The Multidimensional Crisis andInclusive Democracy. (Athens: Gordios, 2005). (Englishtranslation of the book with the same title published inGreek).

[14] Victorian Electronic Democracy : Glossary. 28 July2005. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007.

[15] Field Listing :: Government type. CIA The World Fact-book. Retrieved on 2013-03-15.

[16] American 1134

[17] Waibl, Elmar; Herdina, Philip (1997). Dictionary ofPhilosophical Terms vol. II English-German / Englisch-Deutsch. Walter de Gruyter. p. 33. ISBN 3110979497.Retrieved September 18, 2012.

[18] Corporatocracy. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved May29, 2012. /krprtkrs/ .... a society or system that isgoverned or controlled by corporations:

[19] Spencer Heath MacCallum (June 1, 1998) A PeacefulFerment in Somalia. The Independent Institute. Indepen-dent.org. Retrieved on 2013-03-15.

[20] American 1225

[21] Plutocracy Rising Moyers & Company. Billmoy-ers.com (2012-10-19). Retrieved on 2013-03-15.

[22] American 1793

[23] "Decentralism: Where It Came From-Where Is It Going?".Amazon.com. ISBN 1551642484.

[24] Anarchy. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford UniversityPress. 2004. The rst quoted usage is 1667

[25] Anarchy. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford UniversityPress. 2004. The rst quoted usage is 1552

[26] Anarchy. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford UniversityPress. 2004. The rst quoted usage is 1850.

[27] Noam Chomsky on the history of Anarchy.Youtube.com. 2011-09-07. Retrieved 2012-01-30.

[28] A discussion on what anarchy is, by those that self-identify as anarchists. anarchy.net.

[29] Marshall, Monty G.; Cole, Benjamin R. (1 Decem-ber 2011). "Global Report 2011: Conict, Governance,and State Fragility" (PDF). Vienna: Center for SystemicPeace. Retrieved 2012-08-15.

[30] Vernon, Phil; Baksh, Deborrah (September 2010).Working with the Grain to Change the Grain: MovingBeyond theMillenniumDevelopment Goals (PDF). Lon-don: International Alert. p. 29. Retrieved 2012-08-15.

[31] Richard Alan White (1984). The Morass. United StatesIntervention in Central America. New York: Harper &Row. p. 319. ISBN 9780060911454.

[32] Big-business Greed Killing the Banana (p. A19)". TheIndependent, via The New Zealand Herald. 24 May 2008.Retrieved 24 June 2012.

[33] O. Henry (15December 2009). Cabbages and Kings. Mo-bileReference. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-60778-412-8. Re-trieved 15March 2013. While he was in Honduras, Portercoined the term 'banana republic'

[34] Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1.

[35] Republic. Encyclopdia Britannica.

[36] republic. WordNet 3.0 (Dictionary.com). Retrieved 20March 2009.

[37] Republic. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 14 August2010.

[38] Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws, Bk. II, ch. 23.

[39] Shiach, Morag (2004). Modernism, Labour and Selfhoodin British Literature and Culture, 1890-1930. CambridgeUniversity Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-521-83459-9

[40] Zwick, Mark and Louise (2004). The Catholic WorkerMovement: Intellectual and Spiritual Origins . PaulistPress. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-8091-4315-3

[41] Boyle, David; Simms, Andrew (2009). The New Eco-nomics. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-84407-675-8

[42] Novak, Michael; Younkins, Edward W. (2001). Threein One: Essays on Democratic Capitalism, 1976-2000.Rowman and Littleeld. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7425-1171-2

6 9 EXTERNAL LINKS

[43] Storck, Thomas. Capitalism and Distributism: two sys-tems at war, in Beyond Capitalism & Socialism. Tobias J.Lanz, ed. IHS Press, 2008. p. 75

[44] Freedom in The World 2015 (PDF)

7 Bibliography American Heritage Dictionary of the English Lan-

guage (4th ed.). 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA02116: Houghton Miin Company. ISBN 0-395-82517-2

8 Further reading Krader, Lawrence (1968). Formation of the State, in

Foundations of Modern Anthropology Series. Engle-wood Clis, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. x, 118 p.

9 External links The Phrontistery Word List: Types of Governmentand Leadership

What Are the Dierent Types of Governments? Types of Governments from Historical Atlas of the20th Century

Other classications examples from Historical Atlasof the 20th Century

World Aairs: Types of Government Regime Types CBBC Newsround: types of government Bill Moyers: Plutocracy Rising Phobiocracy by Chris Claypoole Forms of Government

710 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses10.1 Text

Government Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government?oldid=651792505 Contributors: The Cunctator, Mav, Manning Bartlett,Jeronimo, Seb, Andre Engels, SimonP, Heron, Vovkav, R Lowry, Atlan, Stevertigo, Lir, D, Michael Hardy, Pit, Owl, Vera Cruz, Shellreef,Gabbe, Pandora, Sannse, Ahoerstemeier, Angela, Glenn, Vzbs34, Palfrey, Astudent, Cherkash, Ruhrjung, Adam Bishop, Timwi, Jame-sAngel, Hydnjo, Andrewman327, Jogloran, Dtgm, Tpbradbury, Freechild, Morwen, ZeWrestler, Shizhao, Joy, Jeanmichel, Fvw, ScottSanchez, Pakaran, Jusjih, Francs2000, Madelinefelkins, Owen, Gromlakh, Robbot, Pigsonthewing, Kizor, RedWolf, Nurg, Romanm, SamSpade, Academic Challenger, AaronS, Caknuck, Andrew Levine, Wlievens, Hadal, HaeB, Dmn, Terjepetersen, Alan Liefting, MaGioZal,Christopher Parham, MPF, Nikodemos, Robin Patterson, Mintleaf, Dorond, Tom harrison, Ferkelparade, Wilfried Derksen, Peruvianllama,Everyking, Bkonrad, NoGuru, Jacob1207, Curps, Alison, Hans Zarkov, Gamaliel, Bensaccount, Ace Diamond, 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Dycedarg, SRF, Brownings, JohnCD, MFlet1, Thomasmeeks, Imaginationac, Lazulilasher, Shizane, Penbat, Xaro, Lupinpooter,Slazenger, Themightyquill, Cydebot, Mblumber, Kanags, Mualphachi, Tahu199397, SyntaxError55, Gogo Dodo, TicketMan, Flower-potman, Nick2253, Skittleys, Joyradost, Tawkerbot4, DumbBOT, Chrislk02, Waxigloo, NorthernThunder, Lewisskinner, SpK, Dudez rgood, Makwy2, Aazn, Omicronpersei8, Satori Son, Benny1boy93, CieloEstrellado, Barticus88, Tepidpond, Ultimus, Auror, Pha teleg-rapher, N5iln, PerfectStorm, Mojo Hand, Mereda, IanA, Pjvpjv, Marek69, John254, Mrmrbeaniepiece, Frank, James086, Skovoroda,Dfrg.msc, J. 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8 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Alexlaker, Binksternet, Fyyer, The Thing That Should Not Be, Rodhullandemu, Mattgirling, Boki13, Dean Wormer, Jan1nad, Chimpanz6,SuperWikiDoom2, Mstercrack, Jye18, Blue bear sd, Niceguyedc, Xenon54, Harland1, Conrad5501, Secret (renamed), Passargea, Jimmy-boi1, MindstormsKid, WingateChristopher, Mrkuhn, DragonBot, Excirial, CohesionBot, Bounc3, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Robbie098, Gilad-pokemon, SuperStrags, Panyd, Sourabhchopra, Hellboy999, Mumia-w-18, XxBrewKrewwwwxX, Jonhson12, Sun Creator, Johnsonjody,Orangefruitman, Qwqwqwqwqwqwqwqwqwqw, Tacoman2, Jaime Saldarriaga, JamieS93, Singhalawap, Mrmanilow, Razorame, Jado818,Dekisugi, Extracurricular activities, Ergjnijvnrtjhnbinb, Al-Andalusi, Aprock, Darren23, Aitias, Nlvwarren, Stivsommers, NJGW, No-goodusernamesleft, Thdrits, Egmontaz, Moogletw, Party, Homa Alona, Hotcrocodile, Spitre, Gnowor, Tarlneustaedter, Gonzonoir, Fresh-bakedpie, AkatDemonSuki, Timschocker, Ost316, P30Carl, Little Mountain 5, Skarebo, Frood, RP459, Mm40, Vianello, Str8Cool,Charphil, Thatguyint, Mfranklin427, King Pickle, Addbot, Gock, Bkepisto, Some jerk on the Internet, Gary-bob32, SpeedFreakMATT,Jojhutton, History6621, Crazysane, Chook01isdabest, Ronhjones, Wingspeed, Jncraton, TGoold6511, Kingeli516, Warpspeed555, Down-load, Cambalachero, Chamal N, CarsracBot, Glane23, Favonian, SpBot, Exor674, West.andrew.g, 5 albert square, Coreyhunter1, AldrichHanssen, Numbo3-bot, Abiyoyo, Tide rolls, OlEnglish, BennyQuixote, Jarble, LuK3, Luckas-bot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, Ojay123, ECEs-tats, MacTire02, Bbb23, Frederic Bastiat, AnomieBOT, nfoCan, Floquenbeam, Jim1138, 90, AdjustShift, Kingpin13, Flewis, Materialsci-entist, 90 Auto, Citation bot, Wng, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Gsmgm, Bekiroaz, Xqbot, Autorads, Linburats, Timir2, Intelati, Addihockey10,Cipika, TechBot, Jerey Mall, GrandKokla, The Evil IP address, Tyrol5, Srich32977, - ), Mikkelanjelo, Omnipaedista, RibotBOT, Sas-soBot, Mvaldemar, Mathonius, Amaury, Basharh, Sophus Bie, AlasdairEdits, E. 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Political scienceEtymology Classifying government The dialectical forms of government

Forms of government by associated attributesBy elements of where decision-making power is held Aristarchic attributes Autocratic attributes Monarchic attributes Pejorative attributes

By elements of who elects the empowered Authoritarian attributes Democratic attributes Oligarchic attributes Other attributes

By elements of how power distribution is structured Republican attributes Federalism attributes Other power structure attributes

Forms of government by other characteristic attributes By socio-economic system attributes By significant constitutional attributes By approach to regional autonomy Theoretical and speculative attributes

Maps See alsoReferences BibliographyFurther readingExternal links Text and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license