Governance and Accountability: Governance and Accountability: Lessons (not) LearnedLessons (not) Learned

Mark Schuller Mark Schuller Northern Illinois University / Universite d’Etat Northern Illinois University / Universite d’Etat

d’Haitid’HaitiNovember 24, 2014 – “Fooling the Sun” November 24, 2014 – “Fooling the Sun”

conferenceconference

Research designResearch design

Purposive sample of 8 campsFive weeks of research (June-July 2011):Participant observation Household surveys (791)Semi-structured interviews (88)Interviews with aid workers (58)Follow up – January, summer 2012Eight visits to the camps

Photo: Esaie Jules Gelin

Lesson 1: not built back Lesson 1: not built back betterbetter

People moving into lower-income neighborhoods 56% left the camps because of bad conditions; 17% were forced out 62% report worse economic activity and make

less money now than when living in the camps 53% report access to health services was worse

now than when living in the camps 47% report their access to water is better, 36%

worse, than before the earthquake

Lesson 2: NGOs are Lesson 2: NGOs are private private

Accountable to whom? Look at current reward system Kolonbi – latrines abandoned for 10 months Karade – creation of “haves” and “have nots” WASH services: NGO management – statistically significant But CMAs only in 27% of camps 37.6% of camps didn’t have water (40.5) 25.8% of camps didn’t have toilet (30.3)

Lesson 3: role of govt?Lesson 3: role of govt?

WASH progress concentrated in Cite SoleilDINEPA – co-chaired a clusterCluster system excluded Haitian govt*GBV subcluster / MSPPCoordinationUCAONG / Departmental Councils Municipality matters – Delmas / TabarreCarrefour – “community enumeration”

Lesson 4: local Lesson 4: local participationparticipation

Excluded from institutions and decisionmaking– LogBase and IHRC

Excluded from funding– 1% emergency response to GOH– <10% reconstruction to GOH– <.6% to Haitian NGOs/ businesses

Aid did not match local priorities– 41.5% prioritized housing– 62.7% received a hygiene kit

4.3% - NGO aid explained

Lesson 5: cost of top-down Lesson 5: cost of top-down approachapproach

“Humanitarian gentrification”Housing allowance, etc.Expat v. Haitian salariesHigh-visibility, temporary solutions costlyWater truck v. fix community water tapT-shelter v. own housingLocal materials and knowhowParallel structures / “brain drain”

Lesson 6: Sustainability Lesson 6: Sustainability

The “photo op” Pressure to kick people out of camps at all

cost Where do people go?

– Mon Lopital / Kanaran / other camps – 47% not with family / 32% different neighborhood

Disruption of family, solidarity networks Displacement of collectivist traditions Local capacity not increased Not enough to go around = favoritism, conflict

Recommendations Recommendations Need new models Humanitarian / development / human rights Inclusion / Participation Haitian context – not “one size fits all” Change the reward structure Change how we contract with agencies

– “Tax” aid – support coordination– Require submission to local government– Local participation plan– Accountability to population

Implement Assessing Progress in Haiti Act