GOUT-NURAINI ENSIU (PHY001171010)ALZHEIMER DISEASE-UMI HABIBAH SUAIB (PHY001121010)

Neurological Disease

What is gout?

Gout, a disease long known through history as "The Disease of Kings" or the "Rich Man's disease", is a severely painful condition caused from too much uric acid (monosodium urate) in the body. 

How does it occur?

1-Gout happens when the excess uric acid in the blood crystallizes into needle-like shapes within the synovial fluid.

2-The immune system tries to purge the foreign objects when they sensing that the uric acid crystals do not belong in the synovial fluids.

3-The immune system attacking the uric acid causes swelling to occur.

4-As this swelling worsens, painful arthritis develops within the afflicted joint. This arthritis causes almost unbearable pain.

A stages of gout

Stage 1 ( Asymptomatic ) During the first stage,the patients

develop hyperuricemia ( urate levels rise but do not produce symptoms )..

Hyperuricemia---> abnormally high amount of uric acid in the blood stream.

Stage 2 (acute) During this stage, patient

experiences painful swelling and tenderness. Symptom usually lead the patient to seek medical attention.

Stage 3 ( intercitical ) The third stage, the intercritical

stage may last for months to years. The patient may be asymptomatic or experience exacerbations.

Stage 4 ( chronic ) Chronic stage is gout is charaterized

by tophi, large masses of urates within the subarticular bone or surrounding soft tissues. Less commonly, tophi form in the internal organs.Tophi deposists precipate joint erosion and tendon rupture

Acute gout - swelling redness and heat in the joint

Chronic joint involvement with crystal accumulation - tophus

Early crystal accumulation at the elbow - tophus

Neglected chronic gout with tophi

Causes A tendency towards gout can be

hereditary. I t can begin as a result of joint

injury, surgery, chemotherapy or even losing weight rapidly on a crash diet.

However, the main causes are fatty red meats, certain seafood and all alcohol.

Symptom of gout.. Severe pain in the joints. Itchy and peeling skin later. Redness and inflammation. Red/purplish skin. Fever . Less flexibility . Nodules.

TreatmentSELF CARE AT HOME Take medications as prescribed. 

While a joint is hot and swollen, you may want to use a cane or similar support to keep your weight off that joint.

It may be helpful to keep the swollen joint elevated above your chest as much as possible. 

Ice packs can be helpful in relieving pain and reducing inflammation.

Treatment Maintaining adequate hydration is key for

minimizing the frequency and intensity of attacks.

Cherry juice may decrease the intensity and severity of attacks.

CHERRY JUICE

Treatment

Stretching and flexibility Exercises

Aim: Reduce stiffness. Increase circulation. To help strengthen the muscle.

Example:Performing simple stretches, such as knee bends, helps relieve tension in the joints and reduce inflammation.Yoga.Taichi.

Treatment

Endurance ProgramAim: Improve blood circulation, heart function

and relieve symptoms of gout. Because gout often attacks your feet, it's

important to engage in low-impact exercises that won't put any additional strain on your lower extremities. Physical therapy will include a swimming or stationary cycling program.

Preventing futher attacks of gout

Use medications that help you excrete uric acid (a class of drugs known as uricosuric agents)

Use medications that help you decrease the production of urate (e.g., Allopurinol)

Lose weight slowly.  (Fast weight loss tends to cause further attacks.)

Cont..

Diet Changes.  This means avoiding increasing fluid intake and avoiding: Alcohol (especially red wine and beer) Meats, poultry, fish and seafood.   Fatty foods Certain vegetables--asparagus, cauliflower, beans,

peas, mushrooms and spinach  Protect the joint from further trauma by

wearing loose shoes, and avoiding occupations that are hard on the feet.

Follow up regularly with your physician. After their first attack, patients should be seen every couple months for a year and then every 6  months.

Beware !!

What is Alzheimer’so Alzheimer's is a type of dementia

that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. Symptoms usually develop slowly and get worse over time, becoming severe enough to interfere with daily tasks.

o AD begins slowlyo AD usually begins after age 60

How it happens???o The cause of Alzheimer’s disease is

unknown, but there are factors are thought to contribute:

Viral factor such as slow-growing CNS viruses

Trauma Genetic factors

Sign of Alzheimer’s Memory loss that disrupts daily life Confusion with time or place Trouble understanding visual image and

spatial relationship New problem with word in speaking or

writing Withdrawal from work or social activity Difficulty having a conversation Difficulty manage a budget

Stages of Alzheimer’s

Stage 1 No impairment (normal function)

Stage 2 Very mild cognitive decline (may be

normal age-related changes or earliest signs of Alzheimer's disease)

Stage 3 Mild cognitive decline (early-stage

Alzheimer's can be diagnosed in some, but not all, individuals with these symptoms)

Stage 4Moderate cognitive decline(Mild or early-stage Alzheimer's disease) 

Stage 5 Moderately severe cognitive decline

(Moderate or mid-stage Alzheimer's disease) Stage 6 Severe cognitive decline

(Moderately severe or mid-stage Alzheimer's disease)

Stage 7 Very severe cognitive decline

(Severe or late-stage Alzheimer's disease)

Risk factor

Age Family history Sex Gender Genetic

Reducing risk factor Eating a well-balanced and healthy diet Avoiding smoking and excess alcohol Maintaining your weight Keeping your cholesterol and blood pressure levels

in check Exercising regularly Getting regular sleep Maintaining a social network Stimulating your brain by doing the crossword,

taking dance lessons, or learning a new language Protecting your brain by wearing a helmet when

you bike

Physiotherapy management

Balance exercise Strengthening exercise Stretching exercise Endurance exercise

Doctor management

Medication-aricept,cognex,exelon,rezadyne